Chapter 7

SECTIONING

Dr. Pham Minh Tuan

 Introduction
For an object with many interior details, it is difficult to represent it
using orthographic projection views only since there are many
hidden lines and the resulting drawing is unclear.
To overcome such limitation, the sectional views are developed
and widely used in technical drawings.

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 Sectional view
FUNDAMENTAL
A section view is a view used on a drawing to show an area or
hidden part of an object by cutting away or removing some of that
object, the cut line is called a cutting plane.

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 Representation
An object can be cut by one or many cutting planes, the view of the
object obtained by projecting it from the cutting plane is called a
sectional view.
Sectional view is considered as an orthographic projection of a part
of the object (between the cutting plane and the projection plane)
onto the projection plane.

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 Indication of cutting plane
The position of cutting plane is drawn by thick line.
The lines are located at the beginnings, the ends, the intersections
and the transitions of cutting planes.
The arrowhead shows the view direction.

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 Cross hatching
Lines drawn by continuous thin line, is used to indicate the
material of the object’ section. The lines are parallel with 3 – 5 mm
distances and an inclined angle of 45o (30o, 45o) measured from the
horizontal direction or boundary of the section.

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 Cross hatching
NOTICES
The inclined angle and offset distance between lines must be
unique through all section.
Sections of two objects must have different inclined angles.
The offset distance can be adopted depending on how large the
section is.
For small section areas, they are allowed to be filled with black
color.

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 Cross hatching
The cross hatching can represent the material of the section.

Metal Transparent glass

Soil Liquid

Stone Plastics

Brick Reinforced concrete

Concrete Woods

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 Classification
BASED ON POSITION OF CUTTING PLANE
Front section: Cutting plane is parallel to the Front projection
plane.

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 Classification
BASED ON POSITION OF CUTTING PLANE
Top section: Cutting plane is parallel to the Top projection plane.

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 Classification
BASED ON POSITION OF CUTTING PLANE
Side section: Cutting plane is parallel to the Side projection plane.

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 Classification
BASED ON POSITION OF CUTTING PLANE
Auxiliary section: Cutting plane can be at an arbitrary position, the
sectional view can be rotated a suitable angle with an arc arrow.

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 Classification
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CUTTING PLANES
Simple sections: only has one cutting plane, normally is parallel or
normal to the object’s axis.

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 Classification
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CUTTING PLANES
Offset sections: Cutting planes are parallel and offset each other a
specific distance.

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 Classification
BASED ON THE NUMBER OF CUTTING PLANES
Aligned sections: To include in a section certain angled features,
the cutting plane may be bent to pass through those features.

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 Special sectional view
Broken-Out Sections: only a partial section of a view is needed to
expose interior shapes. This section is limited by a break line.

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 Special sectional view
Half sections:
Symmetrical objects can be sectioned using a cutting plane passing halfway
through an object.
A half section exposes the interior of one half of the object and still shows
the exterior of the other half.

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 Special sectional view
Partial views:
In case the thick line is coincident to the center line of an object, a
continuous thin freehand line is used to split the projection view and
sectional view.

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 Special sectional view
Partial views:
Be useful in showing both interior and external details of an object.

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 Example
SHAFT BRACKET

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 Cross-section
Used to show the shape of cut features that is difficult to show in
projection views.

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 Cross-section
FUNDAMENTAL
Cross-section is the resulting image that is obtained in a projection
plane after using such plane to cut an object.

Sectional view Cross-section

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 Classification
Interposed and removed cross-sections: used to show details of
object having complex profile, the exterior profile is drawn by
thick line.
Removed cross-section is located outside of object while interpose cross-
section is located inside the broken area of the object.

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 Classification
Revolved cross-section: located on the projection view, external
profile is drawn by continuous thin line, existing thick lines at the
area of the revolved cross-section are remained.

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 Notices
The cross-section must be drawn based on projection view
represented by the arrowhead and can be located at an arbitrary
position on the drawing.

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 Notices
For auxiliary sectional view or cross-section, an arc arrow must be
put above the name of the rotated section.

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 Notices
If the cutting plane goes through the center axis of a revolve
feature, the exterior of such feature need to be fully drawn.

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 Notice
In special cases, a curvature cutting plane can be use and the
sectional view or cross-section must be included flattened under
the name of the section.

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 Detailed view
A view that is created by taking a portion of an existing view and
scaling it for dimensioning and clarification purposes.

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 Notices
The detailed view can be named by capital letters or Greek
numbers, the boundary for the detailed view can be represented a
circle drawn by thin continuous line.
Detailed views are normally located near its main projection view
together with an enlargement scale factor.

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 Example
SHAFT DRAWING

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END OF CHAPTER 7