Evolution History of

Diversity of Life Evolutionary

“Nothing in biology
makes sense EXCEPT
Thought
in the light of
evolution.”
Theodosius Dobzhansky

Early Ideas on Earth’s Early Ideas On Earth’s

Organisms Organisms
_________________ believed species Carolus _____________- _________
were fixed creations arranged by ______________________________
their ____________________. and assign them Latin names
(Example- earthworms less complex — Two word name (Genus
than snakes) species)
— Idea lasted approximately — Known as _____________
__________ years. ________________________.
Example- humans= “Homo
sapiens”
3 4
 Charles Lyell Principles of Geology
Principles of ______________ published by Lyell just before
— Proposed theory of the beagle set sail -- read by Charles Darwin
_______________________.
— Explained geological processes that shaped the earth
— Geological processes at — Helped Darwin understand _______________________
uniform rates building &
wearing down Earth’s ____________________________________________________
crust. — __________________________________________________
— Proposed that the Earth
was millions of years
instead of a few
thousand years old.

5 6

Jean Baptiste Lamarck Lamarck’s Idea of Evolution

— Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Idea called _______________________________.
1809
— One of first scientists to
understand that change
___________________________
— Stated that changes are
___________________________
— acquired in an organism’s
lifetime
— If a body part were used, it got stronger
— Said acquired changes were
_____________________________ — If body part NOT used, it deteriorated
7 8
 Lamarck’s Idea: Use and Lamarck’s Mistakes
Disuse Lamarck did NOT know how traits were
Use & Disuse - organisms could inherited (traits are passed through ________-
change the size or shape of organs by not common knowledge during his time.)
using them or not using them
Examples — Genes ____________________________________
— Blacksmiths and their sons — Change in genes is through ___________ that
(muscular arms) occurs _________ an organism is ________.
— Giraffes’ necks _____________ (from
stretching for food)
— Snakes’ legs _________ because
they were not using them.

9 10

Lamarck’s Contributions
Lamarck is credited towards today’s modern theory of Population Growth
evolution because he acknowledged that the
______________ __________________ in shaping the — Thomas Malthus, 1798
species that live in it. — __________________
Lamarck held that evolution was a constant process of — Observed babies being born
striving toward greater complexity and perfection. faster than people were dying
— Even though this belief eventually gave way to Darwin's — _____________________________
theory of natural selection, Darwin ____________________
_____________________________________________________
by resources such as the food
supply
— Darwin concluded evolution was based on ____________
________________, rather than striving towards a goal
(perfection).

12
 Population Growth
Population Growth — Darwin realized Malthus’ principles were
— Malthus reasoned that if visible in nature.
the human population — Plants & animals produce far ________________
continued to grow ____________________________________________
unchecked, sooner or — Most die; otherwise the Earth would be
later there would be _______________________.
insufficient living space
& food for everyone

— Death rate will increase

to ____________________
_______________________
13 14

The Galapagos Islands

Charles Darwin the — Group of 16 Islands 1000 km West of
________ ___________; part of ___________
Naturalist

15
 The Galapagos islands are named after the unique
The Galapagos Islands giant _______________ that live there.

— Varying ____________ among the islands

— Animals On Islands Unique
— ______________
— ______________
— ______________

In Spanish, “galápago” means tortoise.

The Voyage of the Beagle The Galapagos Islands & Darwin

The ______________________ sailed “It is like witnessing the appearance of new beings on
from England on December 27th, earth” –Charles Darwin in regards to his trip to the
1831 and returned on October 2nd,
1836. Galapagos islands.
Darwin enjoyed observing the giant tortoises; it was
The Beagle sailed across
the Atlantic Ocean to do detailed pointed out to him that you could tell which tortoise
hydrographic surveys around the came from which island simply by observing its shell.
southern coasts of The Beagle arrived at
______________ _____________. the Galapagos islands
The Captain, Robert _____________, on September 15th,
invited Charles Darwin because he _________.
wanted a naturalist to accompany
him. However, it was the FINCHES of the Galapagos that
gave Darwin his “aha” moment!
 The Galapagos Islands & Darwin
The Galapagos Islands Darwin concluded that one type of finch from ________
— Finches on the islands resembled a ____________ had arrived on the recently-risen _________ and,
___________________. like the tortoises, had _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
— ________ types of finches appeared on the
Later, On the Origin of Species, Darwin drew heavily on the
islands where the _______________________
animals he saw in the Galapagos, to advance his radical notion
_____________(seeds, nuts, berries, insects…) that their creation was not a single event, but a ______________
____________, from _____ _________, _________________________.
— Finches had different types of beaks
__________ to their type of food gathering

Darwin’s Darwin’s
— _________________
_________________ —Both living organisms &
were shown ___________ collected
— _______________ —Fossils included:
adaptations in —______________
organisms
—Giant ground sloth of
— Species __________ South America
__________________
__________________
— Australia, Kangaroos, This species NO longer existed.
but No Rabbits
What had happened to them?
— S. America, Llamas
24
Flying squirrel-
North America Sugar glider- Australia
 Darwin’s Darwin’s
— Left unchecked, the number of • Individuals of a population
organisms of each species will vary extensively in their
_______________ ______________, characteristics with no two
generation to generation individuals being exactly
alike.
— In nature, populations tend to
____________ ___________in size
• Much of this ____________
— Environmental resources are between individuals is
_______________. _________________.

25

Darwin’s Conclusion Darwin’s Conclusion

• Production of more • Individuals who
individuals than can be _____________________
supported by the _____________________
environment leads to a _____________________
______________________ _______________ are
_____________________. likely to leave ________
• Only a fraction of ______________ than
offspring survive each
less fit individuals.
generation

• ______________________
27 28
 What is natural selection?
Darwin’s Evolutional _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Theory _________________________________________________
of _______________________________.

Natural Selection — Survival of the fittest!!!!

— Acts on a range of _______________
in a __________________.
— NOT Individuals!!!!!!!!!

Population- ______________________
_________________________________

So what is Evolution?
_______________
Evolution ________________________________
All the alleles in a population
__________________________________________
— Creating new ________________
But how can things change??????

__________________________________ allelic frequency

(how often it appears)

— How many alleles are in the gene pool? ____

— How many alleles are red? _______
— Allelic frequency? _______________
 Now take the same gene pool What can cause genetic
*What would happen to the pool if any changes?
individual that had a red allele
didn’t survive? *Mutations*Environmental changes
1. __________________________________ *Radiation *Chemicals
_______________.
Some examples are:
2. ______________________________
Reproductive isolation-______________________________
3. ______________________________
___________________________________________________

Gradualism-_______________________________________

___________________________________________________

Adaptation Adaptation
— Adaptations can be:
An adaptation is an inherited
characteristic that _________ — ___________________
___________________________ — Speed, camouflage, _________,
___________________________ quills, etc.
___________________________. — ____________________
Could be a behavior, sound, — Solitary, ________, packs, activity, etc.
appearance, etc.
Individuals do not get to pick and choose
Adaptations become their adaptations.
____________ in a species. The Adaptations are qualities already present
among some individuals in a population
more common it is; the more (luck of the draw). As the adaptations
___________ the species is. become more common, the species adapts.
 Mimicry Camouflage
When one species is able to resemble Used to resemble surroundings- a defense
another. mechanism or predator advantage used by many
— ________________________________________ animals!
_______________________________________ — Fish
— Crabs
— Bugs
— Snakes
— Frogs

Can you think of any others?

1 Can you find In other words…..

the animals in — Natural Selection is:
these 2 — When certain variations survive, reproduce and
pictures? pass their ___________ to the next
_____________.
— Take many generations to develop
2
p les? Examples?
E xam

Examples? le s?
Ex am p
 Natural Selection Natural Variation and Artificial
Selection
— Adaptations are a “luck of the draw”- ____________________
___________________________________. Chances are slim. — Natural Variation
— Any individual CANNOT change __________________; it can — Differences among individuals of a
however pass changes (__________________________) onto its species
offspring.
— Artificial Selection
— Natural selection does not “give” organisms what they need;
it is a _______________ that _______________ — Selective breeding to
______________________________. _______________________
— The driving mechanism behind the process of natural ______________________________________
selection is ________________ _______________. __.
— Natural selection _______________________________________(the
physical quality of an organism)- which as a result causes a
change in the __________ __________– genes determine the
phenotypes.

Examples of Selective
Breeding The Origin of Species
Darwin’s _________________________ was
published on November 24th, __________.

(Full title: On the Origin of Species by

Means of Natural Selection, or the
Preservation of Favored Races in the
Struggle for Life.)

Darwin initially only shared his research

with a select few.
Darwin published because Charles Lyell
urged him to after Alfred Russel Wallace
published an article with ideas similar to
Darwin’s.
 Mendel’s studies are the This is NOT Evolution
missing link.
• No mechanism to explain natural
selection
• How could _______________________
__________________________________
_______ to later generations?

• With the rediscovery of

_________________________________
• in the first half of the 20th century,
the missing link in evolutionary
.
theory was found

— Evolution is more like a branch, or a ___________, Common Descent with Modification

rather than a lineage.
— Darwin proposed that
“I think case must be that one
organisms descended from
generation should have as many ___________ ______________.
living as now. To do this and to have — Idea that as individuals of a
as many species in same genus (as is) species reproduce, they
requires extinction . Thus between A change over time,
+ B the immense gap of relation. C +
___________________________
B the finest gradation. B+D rather
greater distinction. Thus genera
______________.
would be formed. Bearing relation" — These changes could lead to
(next page begins) "to ancient types _____________ from a
with several extinct forms”. ___________ _________.
- Darwin as written in his journal
from the Voyage of the Beagle
— Caused evolution of
__________________.
 Descent With Modification
— Takes place over long periods of time
— Natural selection can be ______________ as
changes in
— ____________ __________
— Ecological niches
— ________________

Descent With Modification Divergence

— Species today look different Divergence is the accumulation of differences among two
from their ancestors. groups of the same species, which can then become so different
that they can no longer interbreed, developing a new species.
— Each living species has
Yet, the common ancestor remains (descent with modification).
_____________________
_____________ from other
species over time.
 Speciation Two Models of Evolution
— The formation of a new species= ________________. 1. ___________: a model
— Divergence is the driving force behind speciation. or hypothesis of
evolution in which
— Species can have subspecies; ________ ________ occurs
— EXAMPLE) over a long period of time.
All dogs are the same species (Canis familiaris)
Due to artificial selection, they are very different (Great
Dane vs. Chihuahua) thus resulting in _________________.

Subspecies- members of the 2. ___________ ___________: a

_______ _________ that model of evolution in which
__________ ______________ periods of _________ _________
because of __________ in species are separated by
________ ____________. periods of little or no change.

Evolutionary Evolutionary
Time Scales Time Scales
Macroevolution: Microevolution:
Long time scale ________ _________
events that create scale events
and destroy (generation-to-
species. generation) that
change the genotypes
and _____________ of
populations.
 Microevolution
— Evolution that we can
see in action during a
short amount of time.
(remember evolution
is change {in _______}
over time).
— Examples include
Peppered moths,
antibiotic resistance,
pesticide resistance in
insects.

Evolution of
pesticide
resistance in
response to
selection.

Evolution of drug-resistance in HIV

 The idea is
Biological Molecules
simple: Similarities in _______
_________________-
__________________
__________________ The more alike two
__________________ organisms are, the more
__________________ ___________ _________ they
(and vice versa). have in common (genetic
sequence).
What does this Examples) Chimpanzees and
diagram tell us? humans share a nearly
identical amino acid
Similarities in DNA Sequence sequence.

Homologous Body Structures Homologous Body

— ______________ structures that are inherited from Structures
a ___________ ______________. — Scientists noticed animals with backbones
(vertebrates) had similar __________ _____________.
— Structures have ___________ __________ _________,
but develop from the __________________________. — May differ in form or function
— _________________________________________________.
— Strong evidence that all four-limbed animals with — Arms, wings, legs, flippers
backbones descended, with modification, from a
common ancestor.
 Vestigial Structures
Structures that are
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
_________________________.

— Examples: legs on
skinks, pelvic bone of
whales

Homologous Structures

Evidence for Evolution - Comparative Embryology

Similarities in Early
Development
— Embryonic structures of different species
show significant similarities
— Embryo – early stages of vertebrate
development

Similarities In Embryonic Development

 The Fossil Record
Chicken Turtle — FOSSIL RECORD: all information about past life that
can provide evidence about the ___________________
_______ on Earth.
— The fossil record is ________________, because not
all organisms become fossilized after death.
Pharyngeal — Over ______ of all species that have ever lived on
arches are Earth have become _____________.

Rat during
present Human
embryonic
development.

Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record

Thank you so much for supporting biology roots
I am so excited that you will be using my resources to benefit your classroom.
Listed below are some categories of products that I offer in my TpT store:
Digital Interactive Notebooks Complete Units- No prep!
Paper Interactive Notebooks Super Duper Science Sub Plans
Exhibition Stations Terrific Task Cards

Copyright Notice and Terms of Use © Vanessa Jason (“Biology Roots”)

All rights reserved by author. This product is to be used by the original purchaser
only. This purchase grants one license for personal use. Duplication for other classes
or by other teachers or for use in school wide distribution is strictly forbidden.
Posting Biology Roots products on the internet in any form is strictly forbidden
and violates the DMCA. Not for public display, including ANY websites. Violations
are subject to the penalties of the Digital Millennium CopyrightAct.

It IS Okay to… It is NOT Okay to…

Use this for personal • Share this resource with your coworkers or
use only in your friends unless you buy additional licenses,
classroom as often as • (1 per each additional teacher), which are
you would like, every offered at a discount.
year! • Post this item to your school website, personal
b
71 website, file-sharing website, ANY website,
without consent from the author, Vanessa Jason.