Intel Microprocessor 8086

Intel 8086

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Intel 8086

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8086 Clock generator (8284)

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Instruction Queue

• Up to six instruction at a given time

• Speed up in instruction execution
• Supports pipelining

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Memory Segmentation

• Segmentation is the process

in which the main memory of the

computer is logically divided into

different segments and each

segment has its own base address.

• CS, DS, SS, ES
• What are the advantages?
• Note that the 8086 does not work

the whole 1MB memory at any given

time (k4 KB max).

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Advantages of Segmented Memory

• Powerful memory management mechanism.

• Data related or stack related operations can be performed in different
segments.
• Code related operation can be done in separate code segments.
• It allows to processes to easily share data.
• It allows to extend the address ability of the processor, i.e. segmentation allows
the use of 16 bit registers to give an addressing capability of 1 Megabytes.
Without segmentation, it would require 20 bit registers.
• It is possible to enhance the memory size of code data or stack segments beyond
64 KB by allotting more than one segment for each area.

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Data Access Strategy of 8086

• 8086 access memory with even address

• If the data is in 30024h then, for a 16 bit data 8086 can bring it for operation
using one access (30024h and 30025h together
• On the other hand for off address such as 40005h, it has to bring 40004h +
• 40005h. Again, 40006h + 400007h
• Discard 40004h and 40007h
• Finally, result is in 40005h and 40006h. Two access.

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8086 Architecture

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Logical to Physical Address Calculation

• BIU/EU
• BIU does the address calculation
• Programmer provide the Code segment (16bit) and Instruction pointer
offset(16bit) values
• BIU calculate the 20 bit physical value
• 4 bit Left shift of CS value and add the IP offset values

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Logical to Physical Address Calculation

• Imagine, the content of CS is 1601h. IP contains 1010h. Both are 16 bit contents.
• BIU is responsible for the physical address calculation. What is the 20 bit physical
address based on current values of CS and IP?
• 17020h

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Addressing Modes of 8086

• Five groups

–Register and Immediate mode

–Memory mode

–I/O mode

–Relative addressing mode

–Implied addressing mode

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Addressing Modes of 8086

Register and Immediate Addressing Mode

• Register Addressing Mode
MOV DX, CX

MOV AL,DL

• Immediate Addressing Mode

MOV CL, 03H

OR

VALUE EQU 03H

MOV CL,VALUE

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Addressing Modes of 8086

• Direct Addressing Mode

MOV CX, DS:START

START=0040h, [DS]=3050h, What are addresses from which data will be transferred in CX?

30540h to CL, 30541h to CH

• Register Indirect Addressing Mode

MOV [DI],BX

[DS]=5004h, [DI]=0020h, [BX]=3456h

Then, after the execution of above instruction, what will happen?

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Addressing Modes of 8086

• Based Addressing Modes

(Uses DS, SS, BX, BP)

MOV AL, START [BX]

MOV AL, [BX+START]

• Indexed Addressing Mode

MOV BH, ARRAY[SI]

• Based Indexed Addressing Mode

MOV ALPHA[SI][BX]

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8086 Pins

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8086 Pins

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8086 Pins

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8086 Pins

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8086 Pins

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Minimum Mode Pins

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Minimum Mode Pins

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Maximum Mode Pins

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Maximum Mode Pins

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Maximum Mode Pins

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Address Latch Enable (ALE)

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8086 Interrupt

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Types of Interrupt

• Hardwired Interrupt/Software Interrupt

• Vectored Interrupt/Non vectored Interrupt
• Maskable Interrupt/Non maskable Interrupt

Software Interrupt
• 0-4 = Predefined Interrupts
• 5-31 Reserved by Intel for future use
• 32-255 Maskable interrupt

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Predefined Interrupts

• TYPE 0 interrupt represents division by zero situation.

• TYPE 1 interrupt represents single step execution during the debugging of a
program.
• TYPE 2 interrupt represents non maskable NMI interrupt.
• TYPE 3 interrupt represents break point interrupt.
• TYPE 4 interrupt represents overflow interrupt.

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CS and IP Calculation

• INT nn
• Address for IP = 4 * nn
• Address for CS ==(4 * nn ) + 2
• Remember nn should be in decimal

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CS and IP Calculation

• A user calls INT 21H, then from which physical address the value will be loaded to
CS and IP?
• If CS and IP will load with the value 40ADh, and 0FD84H, then what will be the
physical address of the ISR?
–21H is 33 in decimal

–IP address 4 33 132 84H

–CS address = (4*33)+2 = 134 = 86H

–84 th and 85 th contains 0FD84H

–86 th and 87 th contains 40ADH

–Thus, 20 bit physical address for ISR is 50854 H

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