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LECTURE - 51 Mixed Method Research Approach

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LECTURE - 51 Mixed Method Research Approach

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PRIYA MISHRA
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Research Methodology for Planning and Architectural Studies

Lecture 51: Mixed Method Research Approach

DR. SHUBHAJIT SADHUKHAN


DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING
What will we learn from this lecture?
• Mixed Method Research Approach

• Steps for Mixed Method Research

• Utility of Mixed Method Research

• Design of Mixed Method Research

• Advantages of Mixed Method Research

• Limitations of Mixed Method Research

• Summary

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Mixed Method Research
• It integrates quantitative and qualitative approaches to
research in order to answer research questions

• Analyze data using statistical methods for numerical data


and content analysis for narratives

• Integrating insights from both types to form overarching


conclusions in response to research questions A simplified juxtaposition of the three paradigms.
Illustration created by Scrached (cc by-nc 3.0).

• According to Greene et al. (1989), mixed-methods


researchers combine the characteristics of quantitative
and qualitative traditions that yield answers to questions
that neither method alone can answer
Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6
Greene, J. C., Caracelli, V. J., and Graham, W. F. (1989). Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 11, 255–274.

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Steps for Mixed Method Research
1. Determine if a mixed methods study is feasible

2. Identify a rationale for a mixed methods study

3. Identify the data collection strategy and type of design

4. Develop quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods questions

5. Collect quantitative and qualitative data

6. Analyse data separately or concurrently

7. Write the results as a one-or two-phase study

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Utility of Mixed Method Research
• Complementarity: Using mixed methods for the purpose of
integrating two expertly different but related answers to the
research question, one gathered from using a qualitative and the
other from a quantitative approach

• Completeness: The expectation is that such a more complete


understanding will emerge if the inferences from qualitative and
quantitative components of a study are merged effectively

• Development: Mixed methods is conducted with the explicit


(preplanned or emergent) purpose of obtaining research
questions, sampling framework, or data sources of a second (e.g.,
a qualitative) strand of the study from the first strand (e.g.,
quantitative)
Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6

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Utility of Mixed Method Research…contd.
• Expansion: expanding the answers already obtained in a previous
strand of a study

• Confirmation: Integrates methods to evaluate the credibility of


inferences obtained from a (qualitative or quantitative) strand of a
study

• Compensation: It compensates the weaknesses of one approach


(e.g., data correction errors/biases) with the strengths of the other

• Diversity: Conducting mixed methods with the hope/ purpose of


comparing and contrasting divergent pictures of the same
phenomenon

Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6

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Design of Mixed Method Research
There are 4 methods to design a mixed method research

1. Parallel

2. Sequential (QL → QN and QN → QL)

3. Conversion (QL QN and QN QL)

4. Fully integrated (combination of above 3)

Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6

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Parallel Design Mixed Method Research
QL QL QL
Data Collection Data Analysis Inferences
Research
Questions Meta inference
QL/QN

QN QN QN
Data Collection Data Analysis Inferences

• Multiple data collection, inferences bring together the


findings of two strands

• A final set of integrated meta-inferences


Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6

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Sequential Design Mixed Method Research
Research QL QL QL Research
Questions 1 Data Collection 1 Data Analysis 1 Inferences 1 Questions 2

QN QN QN
Meta inference
Inferences2 Data Analysis 2 Data Collection 2

• (QL→QN) mixed-methods design in which research questions


of the second strand emerge from the findings of the first

• A final set of integrated meta-inferences are made on the basis


of both sets of findings

Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6

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Conversion Design Mixed Method Research
Research QL QL QL
Questions Data Collection Data Analysis Inferences

QN QN
Meta inference
Data Analysis Inferences

• (QL QN) mixed-methods design in which one type of data


that are also transformed and reanalyzed

• Final integrated meta-inferences are made based on both


sets of findings
Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6

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Integrated Design Mixed Method Research
QL QL QL
Data Collection Data Analysis Inferences

Research
Meta inference
Questions

QN QN QN
Data Collection Data Analysis Inferences

• Stages of the design are iterative, both within and across the
two strands (i.e., one is modified based on the other)
• Final integrated meta-inferences are made based on all the
findings
Source: Tashakkori, A. (2010). International Encyclopedia of Education || Mixed Methods. , 514–520. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.00287-6

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Advantages of Mixed Method Research
• Comprehensive Insight: Offers a thorough understanding of
research by combining qualitative depth with quantitative breadth

• Triangulation: Enhances validity by cross-verifying findings from


different methods, uncovering inconsistencies, and refining
interpretations

• Complementary Strengths: Combines qualitative richness with


quantitative precision, leveraging the unique strengths of each
method

• Enhanced Validity and Reliability: Increases credibility by


integrating diverse data sources and analysis techniques

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Advantages of Mixed Method Research…contd.
• Flexibility: Allows for tailored research designs to suit specific
questions and contexts

• Addressing Complexity: Ideal for tackling multifaceted research


questions that require nuanced exploration

• Cross-Validation: Validates findings through multiple methods,


mitigating biases and increasing confidence in results

• Engagement with Stakeholders: Facilitates interaction with diverse


stakeholders, enriching the relevance and applicability of research
findings

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Limitations of Mixed Method Research
• Complexity in Design: Designing and executing mixed methods
studies can be complex and resource-intensive

• Integration Challenges: Merging qualitative and quantitative data


poses challenges in synthesis and interpretation

• Resource Intensive: Requires more time, funding, and personnel


compared to single-method approaches

• Potential for Conflicting Results: Qualitative and quantitative findings


may not always align, leading to discrepancies

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Limitations of Mixed Method Research…contd.
• Generalizability Concerns: Findings may be less generalizable due
to context-specific qualitative data and sampling issues

• Sampling Challenges: Selecting appropriate samples for both


qualitative and quantitative components can be challenging

• Time Constraints: Mixed methods research often requires a longer


timeframe, impacting project deadlines

• Potential for Bias: Mixing methods may introduce bias, requiring


vigilance to minimize subjective influence

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Summary
• Mixed Method Research Approach

• Steps for Mixed Method Research

• Utility of Mixed Method Research

• Design of Mixed Method Research

• Advantages of Mixed Method Research

• Limitations of Mixed Method Research

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Further Reading
• Kothari, C. R. (2009). Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques, New Age International Publishers.

• Ewing, R. and Park, K. (2020). Basic Quantitative Research Methods for Urban Planners, Routledge Taylor & Francis.

• Silva, A. E., Heasley, P., Harries, N., Broeck, P. V. (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Planning Research Methods, Routledge Taylor &
Francis.

• Jonker, J. and Pennink, B. (2010). The Essence of Research Methodology: A Concise Guide for Master and PhD Students in Management
Science, Springer.

• Thomas E. Scruggs, Margo A. Mastropieri (2006). Applications of Research Methodology, Elsevier.

• Wang, X. and Hofe V. R. (2007). Research Methods in Urban and Regional Planning, Springer.

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Lecture 52: Mixed Method Research – Case Study

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Thank You

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