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Chapter1 3

Uploaded by

hoanvaong
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Computer architecture

1
An advertisement of a computer

2
What is inside your computer?

3
Computer Architecture

• General Model of a Computer


• The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory
• Input-Output Devices
• Buses

4
General Model of a Computer

• Computer Operations
• Architecture of Computer Systems
• The Fetch – Execute Cycle

5
Computer Operations

A computer is a programmable electronic device that


can store, retrieve and process data

• Data Processing
• Data Storage
• Data Retrieve
• Programmable

6
Parts that Build Up A System Unit

• Casing or cover • Sound card


• Power Supply • Floppy disk drive
• Motherboard • Hard disk drive
• Microprocessor • CD-ROM drive
• Memory • MODEM
• Video Card
Casing or cover

• The box or outer shell that houses most of the computer,


it is usually one of the most overlooked parts of the PC.
• Protects the computer circuits, cooling and system
organization.
Power Supply

• Responsible for powering every device in your


computer.
• Parts of a Power supply:
• Disk drive connectors
• Motherboard connector
• Power supply fan
• Power switch
• Input voltage selector
• Cover
• Power plugs receptacle
Motherboard

• The physical arrangement in a computer that contains


the computer’s basic circuitry and components.
• Components are:
• Microprocessor
• (Optional) Coprocessors
• Memory
• Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
• Expansion Slot
• Interconnecting circuitry
Expansion Slots

• Graphic cards
• Sound cards
• Modem cards
• Network interface cards/network adapter
The von Neuman Architecture

13
Computer Organization

• CPU - central processing unit


o Where decisions are made, computations are
performed, and input/output requests are delegated
• Memory
o Stores information being processed by the CPU: data

and instructions
• Input devices
o Moves data from outside word into the computer

• Output devices
o Moves results from inside the computer to the outside
world

14
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Brains of the computer


• Arithmetic calculations are performed using the
Arithmetic/Logical Unit or ALU
• Control unit decodes and executes instructions
• Arithmetic operations are performed using binary
number system
• CPU is contained on one (or a small number of)
integrated circuits called microprocessors

15
Basic Model of the Central Processing Unit (CPU)

16
Arithmetic Logic Units (ALU)

• Performs the arithmetic and logical operations on the


binary data .
• Most model ALU have small amount of registers

17
Control Unit

• In charge of the fetch-execute cycle


• Include 2 registers
• IR (instruction register) : instruction to be executed
• PC (program counter): the address of the next
instruction

18
Registers

• Temporary storage units within the CPU.

• Some registers, such as the program counter and


instruction register, have dedicated uses.

• Other registers, such as the accumulator, are for


more general purpose use.

19
Fetch-Execute Cycle

• Fetch the next instruction


• Decode the instruction
• Get data if needed
• Execute the instruction

20
Clock

• A circuit in a processor that generates a regular


sequence of electronic pulses used to synchronize
operations of the processor's components.
• Clock rate (frequency):The number of pulses per second
• The higher clock rate, the quicker speed of instruction
processing

21
Memory

• Computer components, devices and recording media


that retain digital data used for computing
• Includes internal and external memory

22
Internal memory

Accessible by a processor without the use of the


computer input-output channels

• Main storage: RAM & ROM


• Cache memory
• Special registers

23
RAM and ROM

• RAM (Random Access Memory), computer memory that


can be read from and written to in arbitrary sequence.

• ROM (Read-Only Memory), a class of storage media used


in computers and other electronic devices. This tells the
computer how to load the operating system.

• Storage capacity: the total amount of stored information


that a storage device or medium can hold. It is expressed
as a quantity of bits or bytes

24
External Memory (secondary storage)

• Holds information too large for storage in main memory.


• Information on external memory can only be accessed by
the CPU if it is first transferred to main memory.
• External memory is slow and virtually unlimited in
capacity.
• It retains information when the computer is switched off;
used to keep a permanent copy of programs and data.

25
Secondary Storage Devices

• Attached to the computer system to allow you to store


programs and data permanently for the purpose of
retrieving them for future use.
• Floppy disk, Hard disk, CD Rom DVD
External memory
Floppy disk Compact disk USB flash drive

Hard disk External hard disk Compact flash card

27
Address of the Memory

• Each cell in the memory Address Content


has a unique physical 00000000 11100011
address
• Most computers are byte- 00000001 10101001
addressable … …
• n bits can address 2n
different locations 11111101 00000000
11111110 11111111
11111111 10100010

256 cell (byte) are addressed

28
Buses

• Transfers data or power between computer components


or between computers.
• Logically connects several peripherals over the same set
of wires.
• Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug
devices, cards or cables together.

29
Input-Output Devices

30
Input Devices

• Allows data and programs to be sent to the CPU.


• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Microphone
• Webcam
• Scanner
Output Devices

• Media used by the computer in displaying its responses


to our requests and instructions.
• Monitor
• Audio Speakers
• Printer
• Plotter
The Monitor

• Display device that operates like a television


• Controlled by an output device called a graphics card
• Displayable area
• Measured in dots per inch, dots
are often referred to as
pixels (short for picture 1280 1024
element) pixels pixels
• Standard resolution across down
screen
is 1280 by 1024 screen
• The card of my computer supports
resolution of 1920 by
1080
• Number of colors supported varies from 16 to billions

33
Typical types of printers

Dot matrix printer

Laser Inkjet printer


printer

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