A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT ON

FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE

SUBMITTED AS A PART OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AW ARD OF DEGREE

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:

Vishavdeep Singh – 2106538 Nadeem Nabi – 2106557

Faisal Ahmad Bhat – 2106552 Fazil Bleem – 2106525
Hatim Siddique Bhat – 200624 Mosharraf Afzal – 2006253
Najm u Saaqib Wani – 2106558

SEMESTER: 7

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

QUEST INFOSYS FOUNDATION GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, JHANJERI
AUG-DEC, 2023
QUEST INFOSYS FOUNDATION GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, JHANJERI

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 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is presented in the report, entitled as “Fibre Reinforced

Concrete” in fulfillment of requirement of the degree in I.K.G. Punjab Technical University,

Kapurthala, Punjab, India is an authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from

10/10/2023 to 25/11/2023 under the supervision of Mr. Akash Doomra, Head of Department,

Department of Civil Engineering,. The matter embodied in the report has not been submitted by us for

the award of any other degree of this or any other University/Institute.

Name of Candidates : Vishavdeep Singh, Mosharraf Afzal, Nadeem Nabi, Hatim Siddique,

Faisal Ahmad Bhat, Najm U Saaqib Wani, Fazil Bleem.

University Roll No.: 2106538, 2006253, 2106557, 2006243, 2106552, 2106558, 2106525

The Project Viva-Voce examination of ________________________has been held

on______________________ and is accepted/rejected.

Sign.of Guide

Signature of Internal Examiner Sign. of External Examiner

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 Abstract

Concrete is the most widely used constituent in the construction industry as a construction
material due to its wide range of applications to civil infrastructure works. However, the use of
concrete has been limited due to its certain deficiencies such as brittleness, low tensile strength,
proneness to crack opening and propagation and low durability. To subdue these drawbacks,
researchers have modified concrete by adding various synthetic and natural fibers to upgrade the
nature of concrete. The demand for high strength and cracks resistant concrete led to the
development of fiber-reinforced concrete. This report reviews the effects of fiber inclusion on
the performance of concrete. Generally, the addition of fibers improves tensile strength, flexural
strength, and durability performance. Moreover, incorporating fibers reduces the shrinkage
cracks of concrete. However, incorporating fibers in concrete has some negative effects like low
workability. The usefulness of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) in various civil engineering
applications is indisputable. Fiber reinforced concrete has so far been successfully used in
slabs on grade, architectural panels, precast products, offshore structures, structures in seismic
regions, thin and thick repairs, crash barriers, footings, hydraulic structures and many
other applications. Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is gaining attention as an effective way to
improve the performance of concrete. Fibers are currently being specified in tunneling, bridge
decks, pavements, loading docks, thin unbounded overlays, concrete pads, and concretes
slabs. These applications of fiber reinforced concrete are becoming increasingly popular and
are exhibiting excellent performance. Concrete needs to be reinforced in order to improve
its engineering qualities. Plastic fibers were employed for this study since, they are
widely accessible and come in big numbers. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete
containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete
fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass
fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers. The study includes a comparison of the qualities of
regular concrete and concrete reinforced with plastic fiber based on laboratory experimentation.
Better management of these waste fibers will result from the usage of plastic fibers. The
study discovered that 1%, 2% and 3% of ideal fiber content (by weight of cement). To identify
the ideal range of fiber content so that fiber reinforced concrete can be made, additional effort is
needed by adjusting the fiber content and aspect ratio.

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 Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many
people and we are extremely fortunate to have this all along the completion of our project work.
Whatever we are able to achieve is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not
forget to thank them all.

Furthermore, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have
contributed towards the successful completion of this project on fiber reinforced concrete. Firstly,
we would like to thank our project supervisor Ms. Samridhi and our head of department Mr.
Akash Doomra for providing us with invaluable guidance and support throughout the project.
We are eternally grateful for your time and efforts.

Special thanks to our mentor Mr. Manish Bedi for his invaluable advice and suggestions
throughout the year. We are eternally grateful for your time and efforts.

Their expertise in the field of concrete technology has been instrumental in shaping this project.
We also extend our thanks to all the staff members of Quest Group of Institutions who provided
us with access to necessary resources such as moulds, tray, shovel, cement, sand, steel bars,
aggregate, compression testing machine, weighing machine facilities that were required for
carrying out this work. Furthermore, we would like to acknowledge each project member’s
contribution during various stages of project. Our team worked collaboratively towards
achieving common goals while leveraging each other’s strengths. Once again, we express
our appreciation towards everyone involved in making this project a success.

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 CONTENTS
Topic Page No.

Candidate’s Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgement iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 08-17
1.1 GERENAL 08
1.2 HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE 09
1.3 MIXTURE COMPOSITTION AND PLACING 10
1.4 TYPES OF CONCRETE FIBERS 13
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 17-18

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTATION 19-26

3.1 METHODOLY AND PROCEDURE 19-20
3.2 OBJECTIVES 20
3.3 MATERIALS USED 20-21
3.4 CUBE COMPRESSION TEST 22
3.5 TENSILE STRENTH TEST 23
3.6 CASTING OF SPECIMEN 24
3.7 CURING OF SPECIMEN 26

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26-27

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 28 - 29

5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Future Scope

REFERENCES 30

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 List of Figures

Fig. No Title Page No.

1.1 Steel Fibers 14
1.2 Glass Fibers 15
1.3 Synthetic Fibers 15
1.4 Asbestos Fibers 16
1.5 Carbon Fibers 17
3.1 Cube Test 22
3.2 Specimen Casting 24
3.3 Casting Mould 25

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 List of Tables

Table Title Page No

No
3.1 Average compression strength 23
3.2 Average tensile strength 23
4.1 Effect on compression strength in FRC 26
4.2 Effect on flexural strength in FRC 27

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Compared to other building materials such as metals and polymers, concrete is significantly
more brittle and exhibits a poor tensile strength. Based on fracture toughness values, steel is
at least 100 times more resistant to crack growth than concrete. Concrete in service thus
cracks easily and this cracking creates easy access routes for deleterious agents resulting
in early saturation, freeze-thaw damage, scaling, discoloration and steel corrosion. The concerns
with the inferior fracture toughness of concrete are alleviated to a large extent by reinforcing it
with fibers of various materials. The resulting material with a random
distribution of short, discontinuous fibers is termed fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and is slowly
becoming a well accepted mainstream construction material. Significant progress has been made
in the last thirty years towards understanding the short and long-term performances of
fiber reinforced cementitious materials, and this has resulted in a number of novel and
innovative applications. Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials. It can be cast
to fit any structural shape from a cylindrical water storage tank to a rectangular beam or
column in a high rise building. The advantages of using concrete include high compressive
strength, good fire resistance, high water resistance, low maintenance, and long service life. The
disadvantages of using concrete include poor tensile strength, low strain of fracture and
formwork requirement. The major disadvantage is that concrete develops micro cracks
during curing. It is the rapid propagation of these micro cracks under applied stress that
is responsible for the low tensile strength of the material. Hence fibers are added to
concrete to overcome these disadvantages. The addition of fibers in the matrix has many
important effects. Most notable among the improved mechanical characteristics of Fiber

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Reinforced Concrete (FRC) are its superior fracture strength, toughness, impact resistance,
flexural strength resistance to fatigue, improving fatigue performance is one of the primary
reasons for the extensive use of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete(SFRC)in pavements, bridge
decks, offshore structures and machine foundation, where the composite is subjected to
cyclically varying load during its lifetime. The main reasons for adding steel fibers to
concrete matrix is to improve the post-cracking response of the concrete, i.e., to improve
its energy absorption capacity and apparent ductility and to provide crack resistance and
crack control. Also, it helps to maintain structural integrity and cohesiveness in the material.
The initial researches combined with the large volume of follow up research have led to the
development of a wide variety of material formulations that fit the definition of Fiber Reinforced
Concrete. Steel fiber’s tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, stiffness modulus and
mechanical deformations provide an excellent means of internal mechanical interlock. This
provides a user friendly product with increased ductility that can be used in applications
of high impact and fatigue loading without the fear of brittle concrete failure. Thus, SFRC
exhibits better performance not only under static and quasi-statically applied loads but also
under fatigue, impact, and impulsive loading
Fibers, are usually short, discontinuous, and every which way distributed throughout the concrete
member to provide a composite construction material called fiber ferroconcrete (FRC). Fibers
utilized in cement-based composites are primarily made from steel, glass, and chemical
compound or derived from natural materials. Fibers can control cracking more effectively due to
their tendency to be more closely spaced than conventional reinforcing steel bars. It ought to be
highlighted that fiber used because the concrete reinforcement isn't a substitute for standard steel
bars. Fibers and steel bars have totally different roles to play in advanced concrete technology,
and there are several applications during which each fibers and continuous reinforcing steel bars
ought to be used.

1.2 HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

A French gardener by name Joseph Monier first invented the reinforced concrete in the
year 1849. If not for this reinforced concrete most of the modern buildings would not
have been standing today. Reinforced concrete can be used to produce frames, columns,
foundation, beams etc. Reinforcement material used should have excellent bonding
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characteristic, high tensile strength and good thermal compatibility. Reinforcement requires
that there shall be smooth transmission of load from the concrete to the interface between
concrete and reinforcement material and then on to reinforcement material. Thus the
concrete and the material reinforced shall have the same strain.

1.3 MIXTURE COMPOSITIONS AND PLACING

Mixing of FRC can be accomplished by many methods [2]. The mix should have a
uniform dispersion of the fibers in order to prevent segregation or balling of the fibers
during mixing. Most balling occurs during the fiber addition process. Increase of aspect
ratio, volume percentage of fiber, and size and quantity of coarse aggregate will intensify
the balling tendencies and decrease the workability.
To coat the large surface area of the fibers with paste, experience indicated that a water
cement ratio between 0.4 and 0.6, and minimum cement content of 400 kg/m[3] are required.
Compared to conventional concrete, fiber reinforced concrete mixes are generally characterized
by higher cement factor, higher fine aggregate content and smaller size coarse aggregate. A fiber
mix generally requires more vibration to consolidate the mix. External vibration is preferable to
prevent fiber segregation. Metal trowels, tube floats, and rotating power floats can be
used to finish the surface. Mechanical Properties of FRC Addition of fibers to concrete
influences its mechanical properties which significantly depend on the type and percentage of
fiber.
Fibers with end anchorage and Properties and Applications of Fiber Reinforced Concrete.
High aspect ratio were found to have improved effectiveness. It was shown that for the same
length and diameter, crimped-end fibers can achieve the same properties as straight fibers
using 40 percent less fibers[S]. In determining the mechanical properties of FRC, the same
equipment and procedure as used for conventional concrete can also be used. Below are
cited some properties of FRC determined by different researchers.

Compressive Strength: The presence of fibers may alter the failure mode of cylinders, but the
fiber effect will be minor on the improvement of compressive strength values (0 to 15 percent).

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Modulus of Elasticity : Modulus of elasticity of FRC increases slightly with an increase
in the fibers content. It was found that for each 1 percent increase in fiber content by volume
there is an increase of 3 percent in the modulus of elasticity.

Flexure : The flexural strength was reported to be increased by 2.5 times using 4 percent fibers.

Toughness : For FRC, toughness is about 10 to 40 times that of plain concrete.

Splitting Tensile Strength : The presence of 3 percent fiber by volume was reported to increase
the splitting tensile strength of mortar about 2.5 times that of the unreinforced one.

Fatigue Strength : The addition of fibers increases fatigue strength of about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static strength at 2 x 106 cycles for non-reverse and full reversal of loading,
respectively.

Impact Resistance : The impact strength for fibrous concrete is generally 5 to 10 times
that of plain concrete depending on the volume of fiber.

Corrosion of Steel Fibers: A l year exposure of steel fibrous mortar to outdoor weathering
in an industrial atmosphere showed no adverse effect on the strength properties. Corrosion was
found to be confined only to fibers actually exposed on the surface. Steel fibrous mortar
continuously immerse in seawater for 10 years exhibited a 15 percent loss compared to 40 percent
strength decrease of plain mortar. Structural Behavior of FRC Fibers combined with reinforcing
bars in structural members will be widely used in the future. The following are some of the
structural behavior.

Flexure : The use of fibers in reinforced concrete flexure members increases ductility,
tensile strength, moment capacity, and stiffness. The fibers improve crack control and
preserve post cracking structural integrity of members.

Torsion : The use of fibers eliminate the sudden failure characteristic of plain concrete beams.

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It increases stiffness, torsional strength, ductility, rotational capacity, and the number of
cracks with less crack width.

Shear : Addition of fibers increases shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams up to

100 percent. Addition of randomly distributed fibers increases shear friction strength, the first
crack strength, and ultimate strength.

Column : The increase of fiber content slightly increases the ductility of axially loaded specimen.
The use of fibers helps in reducing the explosive type failure for columns.

High Strength Concrete : Fibers increases the ductility of high strength concrete. The use
of high strength concrete and steel produces slender members. Fiber addition will help in
controlling cracks and deflections.

Cracking and Deflection : Tests have shown that fiber reinforcement effectively controls
cracking and deflection, in addition to strength improvement. In conventionally reinforced
concrete beams, fiber addition increases stiffness, and reduces deflection.

Necessity : The use of concrete as a structural material is limited to certain extent by

deficiencies like brittleness, poor tensile strength and poor resistance to impact strength, fatigue,
low ductility and low durability. It is also very much limited to receive dynamic stresses caused
due to explosions.
The brittleness is compensated in structural member by the introduction of reinforcement
(or) pre-stressing steel in the tensile zone. However, it does not improve the basic property
of concrete. It is merely a method of using two materials for the required performance.
The main problem of low tensile strength and the requirements of high strength still remain and
it is to be improved by different types of reinforcing materials. Further concrete is also deficient
in ductility, resistance to fatigue and impact. The importance of rendering requisite quantities in
concrete is increasing with its varied and challenging applications in pre-cast and pre-fabricated
building elements. The development in the requisite characteristics of concrete will solve
the testing problems of structural engineers by the addition of fibers and admixtures. The
role of fibers are essentially to arrest any advancing cracks by applying punching forces at the
rack tips, thus delaying their propagation across the matrix. The ultimate cracking strain of the
composite is thus increased to many times greater than that of unreinforced matrix. Admixtures

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like fly ash, silica fume, granulated blast furnace slag and metakaolin can be used for such
purposes.
However addition of fibers and mineral admixtures posses certain problems regarding mixing,
as fibers tends to form balls and workability tends to decrease during mixing.

1.4 TYPES OF CONCRETE FIBERS USED IN FIBER REINFORCED

CONCRETE

STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Steel fiber-reinforced concrete is basically a cheaper and easier to use form of rebar reinforced
concrete. Rebar reinforced concrete uses steel bars that are laid within the liquid cement, which
requires a great deal of prep work but make for a much stronger concrete. Steel fiber-reinforced
concrete uses thin steel wires mixed in with the cement. This imparts the concrete with greater
structural strength, reduces cracking and helps protect against extreme cold. Steel fiber is often
used in conjunction with rebar or one of the other fiber types.

Figure 1.1

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GLASS REINFORCED CONCRETE

Glass fiber-reinforced concrete uses fiberglass, much like you would find in fiberglass insulation,
to reinforce the concrete. The glass fiber helps insulate the concrete in addition to making
it stronger. Glass fiber also helps prevent the concrete from cracking over time due to
mechanical or thermal stress. In addition, the glass fiber does not interfere with radio signals
like the steel fiber reinforcement does.

Figure 1.2

PLASTIC OR SYNTHETIC REINFORCED CONCRETE

Synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete uses plastic and nylon fibers to improve the concrete's
strength. In addition, the synthetic fibers have a number of benefits over the other fibers. While
they are not as strong as steel, they do help improve the cement pumpability by keeping it from
sticking in the pipes. The synthetic fibers do not expand in heat or contract in the cold
which helps prevent cracking. Finally synthetic fibers help keep the concrete from spalling
during impacts or fibers.

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 Figure1.3

NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Historically, fiber-reinforced concrete have used natural fibers, such as hay or hair. While these
fibers help the concrete's strength they can also make it weaker if too much is used. In
addition if the natural fibers are rotting when they are mixed in then the rot can continue while
in the concrete. This eventually leads to the concrete crumbling from the inside, which is
why natural fibers are no longer used in construction.

ASBESTOS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

• Mineral fiber, most successful of all as it can be mixed with portland cement.
• Tensile strength of asbestos varies between 560 to 980 N/mm2.
• Asbestos cement paste has considerably higher flexural strength than
Portland cement paste.
• For unimportant concrete work, organic fibers like coir, jute and cane-splits are
also used.

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 Figure 1.4

CARBON FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

• Possesses very high tensile strength 2110 to 2815 N/mm2 and Young’s
modulus.

• Cement composite consisting of carbon fibers show very high modulus

of elasticity and flexural strength.

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 Figure 1.5

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Zoran J. Grdic et al. (2012): The authors concluded that: Abrasive resistance of concrete is
reduced with the increase of water/cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.7 which is reflected in the increase
the addition of fibers increases tensile strength across the whole range of W/C factors from 0.5
to 0.7 in respect to the benchmark concrete. The concretes with extreme compressive and tensile
strength (at bending) have higher abrasive resistance, so these limits may serve as indicators of
the abrasive–erosive resistance of concrete. The polypropylene fibrillated fibers verified better
in respect to the monofilament fibers in terms of abrasive– erosive resistance of concrete.

S.Sharmila et al. (2013): The authors indicated that: The effect of adding hybrid fibers influence
the behavior of beams by increasing the ductility characteristics by 80% and energy absorption
characteristics by more than 160%. Instead of adding single fiber, the combination of different
types of fibers (Hybrid fibers) increases the energy absorption capacity substantially.

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Gurunathan k et al. (2014): The authors conversed that the tallying of polypropylene fibers,
reckons fibers, fly ash and silica fume in different concrete mixes marginally improve the
compressive strength at 28 days. The least percentage of fly ash and silica fume were added in
concrete so that the presentation of the concrete increases. There is an increase from 3% to 9%
in split tensile strength for all fiber mixes when equated with that of control mix. Then from the
test results the authors determined that the volume fraction of hybrid fiber concrete.

D. Chaitanya Kumar (2016): Study where carried out using an M20 grade of concrete and glass
fiber is added as 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. And the specimens are cast for a compressive and tensile
test of the concrete. In this experiment, concrete achieves strength when 2% of the fiber is added
to the concrete and when 3% fiber is added to the concrete the strength of concrete declines.
When the fiber is added 2% the strength of the concrete attains 26.98 Mpa of compressive
strength, 2.94 Mpa of Flexural Strength and 3.57 Mpa of the Tensile strength of the concrete
after 28 days of curing. In this experiment, the author mentioned that the work ability of the
concrete is increased and thus the glass fiber reduces the crack under different loading.

Majid Ali: He studied the mechanical and dynamic properties of plastic fiber reinforced concrete
(CFRC). He investigated then the mix proportions of 2%, 3% and 5% fiber contents by mass of
cement and fiber lengths of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 cm is investigated. Noor Md. Sadiqul Hasan, etc. They
have investigated the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete after adding plastic
fiber on a volume basis. Mahyuddin Ramli: Studied the strength and durability of plastic fiber
reinforced concrete in aggressive environments. The aim was to reduce the enlargement of cracks
in structures by introducing plastic fibers.

Domke P. V et.,(4) had investigated the use of natural and agricultural waste products like plastic
fibers and rice husk ash to enhance the properties of concrete and their studies describes the
strength of the concrete.

Foti (2013): Investigate use of different forms of reinforcements with pet bottle viz circular
fibers, half bottles and rectangular strips. The tests resulted in high concrete PET adherence.
Further, more ductile behavior was observed when subjected to bending load.

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 3. EXPERIMENTATION

3.1 Methodology and procedure

METHODOLOGY : Methodology of this project includes all the methods we used to complete
this project and achieve sufficient strength and results. A M25 grade concrete was used for test
samples for strength test. After that we used a fiber reinforced M25 grade concrete cube for the
same test. We made three sample blocks of fiber reinforced concrete using 1%, 2%, 3%
plastic fibers by weight of the concrete. We got sufficient test results in our second concrete block
strength test. Once testing was complete we started working on our main project. In our project
we decided to cast a fiber reinforced concrete structure using M25 grade concrete.
The structure decided was a concrete table. This table had two components – 1. Top slab and 2.
Cylinderical base. The top slab had dimensions 50X45X18cm (LXBXH). And the base was
cast using a PVC pipe of diameter 15 cm and it had a height of about 60cm, resulting in a total
height of structure at 78cm. Furthermore, this structure was supposed to be set up at the site we
were designated by our department, to do so we used additional M25 grade concrete to set the
structure at the site.

PROCEDURE : Concrete mix (M25) used for casting the specimens contained 0.27kg/m3 of
cement, 0.41kg/m3 of sand, and 0.81kg/m3 for the 1 cube sample specimen. After concrete
mixing the fiber reinforced concrete was moulded into 3 samples of cube 150mm x 150mm x
150mm for the tests. Cubes are cast for each percentage of fiber. After the completion of 48
hours, the sample specimens were de-moulded and were cured in curing tank with maintained
temperature of 300C and 75-100% relative humidity for next 28 days. And then they were tested
in strength testing machine. On achieving sufficient test results we started our project work.
Which included the following steps.

Firstly, we used a wooden frame for casting fiber reinforced concrete slab. We reduced the
reinforcement steel bars by 10% and used 3% fibers by volume in our final structure. Then we,

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oiled the frame’s perimeters and started pouring the concrete mix of M25 grade with 3% plastic
fibers into the frame. Then frame was left for 2 days to set and was sprayed with water for curing.
Once, curing was complete the slab was taken out of frame, and the results were good and we
were successful in our first step.

Secondly, we fixed the base with slab, this was done before pouring in concrete on slab. Then
after the slab was pored with concrete we also filled this PVC pipe with M25 concrete so, that
we get monolith homogenous structure as a result. The str3ucture was complete in a span of 2
days. Now, we had another challenge on our way for site selection. We shortlisted three sites out
of which, we found the best suited site but, at the last moment we were forced to move to a new
site by our faculty. We were unhappy with that decision but, we had to complete our project.

Lastly, at the site we dig a small section of size 20X20X12cm (LXBXH) and compacted it using
hand compactor and water. Then we poured in some M25 grade concrete mix and placed our
structure which had additional lateral reinforcement bars at the ends so, it was easy to set it on
the concrete base. We also used some supports to make sure it is in a right angle erect position.
After two days it was set and was rock solid and at the end we installed our project members
name plate on it.

3.2 Objectives

Fiber-reinforced concrete is ideal for improving the durability and toughness performance of
concrete and mortar. Fibers in concrete help reduce shrinkage cracks, increase strength, increase
energy absorption and reduces dangerous spalling at high temperatures.

3.3 Materials Used

Cement: Cement is a first-rate gray powder used as a binding fabric with inside the concrete
mix. The cement is blended with satisfactory aggregates, coarse aggregates, without or with
admixtures and water. The regular cement includes simple components particularly argillaceous
and calcareous. In argillaceous, clay is the main fabric while calcareous carries excessive

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percentage of calcium carbonate with inside the shape of calcite or aragonite. In this undertaking
we're the usage of OPC fifty three grade that is commercially to be had and maximum typically
utilized in concrete structures. The bodily and lab checks are carried out for the cement. The
cement is in uniform colour and loose from lumps.
Fine aggregate: Aggregate between 4.75mm to 0.075mm are considered as fine aggregates.
Locally and nearly available river sand is used as fine aggregate. The sand particles should also
pack to minimum void ratio. Higher void content leads to requirement of more mixing of water.
Locally available river sand passed through 4.75mm IS sieve is used as fine aggregate. River
sand conforming to zone II as per IS-383-1970 and with a fineness modulus of 2.46 is used this
project.
Coarse aggregate: Coarse aggregates refer to irregular and granular materials such as sand,
gravel, or crushed stone, and are used for making concrete. In most cases, Coarse is naturally
occurring and can be obtained by blasting quarries or crushing them by hand or crushers. It is
imperative to wash them before using them for producing concrete. Their angularity and strength
affect the concrete in numerous ways. Needless to say, the selection of these aggregates is a very
important process. Materials that are large enough to be retained on the 4.7mm sieve size usually
constitute coarse aggregates and can reach a maximum size of 63mm. Coarse aggregate above
20mm upto 30mm used in project.
Plastic Fiber: There are two types of plastic fibers, brown fiber extracted from matured plastics
and white fibers extracted from immature plastics. Plastic fibers are stiff and tough and have low
thermal conductivity. Plastic fibers are commercial available in three forms, namely bristle (long
fibers), mattress (relatively short) and decorticated (mixed fibers). Plastic plastic has a tensile
strength of 15 to 327 MPa, an elongation of 10 to 75%, and has various sizes. Their diameter is
from 0.1 to 0.6 mm, and its length is from 50 to 350 mm. It consists of 40% lignin, 54% cellulose,
and 6% other water soluble substances. Due to the high lignin content, plastic plastic degradation
can occur up to 10 years, taking longer than other natural fibers . Cellulose provides higher
mechanical strength (tensile and flexural) and rigidity than other fibers. Plastic fibers maintain
their tensile strength in wet conditions, have a higher coefficient of friction and are more elastic
than synthetic fibers.
Water: Water is an critical factor of concrete that chemically reacts with cement and enables in
binding of material. Since it allows in binding, the great and amount of water must be measured
very carefully. So PH price of water ought to be maintained among 6 -8. Quantity of water is
likewise maintained flawlessly because, if amount of water is excessive it can will increase
workability however it damages the slump. If it's miles low it damages the layout of mix. So

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highest quality content material of water have to be maintained

3.4 Cube compression test

M25 cube made of plastic fiber reinforced concrete is used in compression test.
A brief state-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced concrete is presented. Our understanding of
fiber-matrix interaction, reinforcement mechanisms and performance characteristics is fairly
advanced. Fiber reinforced concrete is a promising material to be used in the Middle-East for
sustainable and long-lasting concrete structures. Its performance has already been proven in other
hot and arid climates and in other chemically deleterious environments. Effects of Steel Fiber
Percentage and Aspect Ratios on Fresh and Harden Properties of Ultra-High Performance Fiber
Reinforced Concrete.

Figure 3.1

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AVERAGE COMPRESSION STRENGTH IN KN/ SqMM

Table 3.1

2.55 3.54 4.81

PCC
HSFRC 1% 4.01 5.66 6.37

HSFRC 0.5% 2.9 4.76 5.19

CSFRC 0.5% 3.4 5.02 4.83

CSFRC 1% 3.82 5.29 6.27

3.5 Tensile Strength Test

AVERAGE TENSILE STRENGTH IN KN/ SqMM

Table 3.2

Specimen type 3 days 7days 28 days

PCC 25.27 39.59 59.89

HSFRC 24.50 37.29 58.24

0.5%

CSFRC 27.38 39.76 58.43

0.5%

HSFRC 1% 26.32 38.48 59.01

CSFRC 1% 40.35 32.17 60

Fiber reinforced concrete pavements prove to be more efficient than conventional RC pavements,
in several aspects. Compressive strength for fibre reinforced concrete is seen to be improved. It
can be clearly seen that strength at 28 days for CSFRC 1% is better than other cases hence
recommended. Tensile strength for fibre reinforced concrete is increased. Strength at 28 days for

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HSFRC is better than other cases when compared. HSFRC seen to given better strength at 3 day
and 7th day as well.

3.6 Casting of specimen

The materials were weighed accurately using a digital the mixture machine and mixed
thoroughly for three minutes. Plastic fibers were mechanically sprinkled inside the mixture
machine after thorough mixing of the ingredients of concrete. For preparing the specimen for
compressive, tensile, and flexure strength permanent wood moulds were used.

Figure 3.2

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 Figure 3.3

Wooden moulds
Wooden moulds were fabricated to cast the test specimens for panel testing. Six wooden moulds
were fabricated to facilitate simultaneous casting of test panels. Two different thicknesses were
adopted for the panels; the panel sizes adopted were 500×500×50mm and500×500×100mm.
Before mixing the concrete the moulds were kept ready. The sides and the bottom of the all the
mould were properly oiled for easy demoulding. The panel was kept at an angle of 45° and then
the concrete was splashed over the panel from a distance of one meter. Then the top surface was
given a smooth finish.

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3.7 Curing of specimen

The test specimens were stored in place free from vibration and kept at a temperature of 27˚±2˚C
for 24 hours ± ½ hour from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period,
the specimen were marked and removed from the moulds and immediately submerged in clean
fresh water and kept there until taken out prior to test. The specimens were allowed to become
dry before testing. The panels were cured by dry curing method, i.e. moist gunny bags were
covered over the panels.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this present work M25 grade of concrete is selected for the proportions of 1:1:2 and water
cement ratio of 0.45 and various studies are conducted to observe the responses. In addition to
general ingredients plastic and glass fibers are added of percentages 0, 0.5,1,2 and 3. These results
show the differences in strength of glass fibers and plastic fibers.

Effect of Compressive Strength in FRC

The compressive strength results are tabulated in table 4.1.

Table 4.1
Sr. NO % of addition Plastic fiber Glass fiber

1 0 22.56 22.56

2 0.5 24.06 27.06

3 1 26.00 28.46

4 2 27.66 26.98

5 3 28.15 26.10
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)
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Effect of Flexural Strength in FRC

The Flexural strength results are tabulated in table 4.2.

Table 4.2
Sr. No. % of addition Plastic fibre Glass fibre

1 0 3.73 3.73

2 0.5 3.9 2.45

3 1 4.4 2.94

4 2 4.75 2.6

5 3 5.20 2.45

FLEXURAL STRENGTH (N/mm2)

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5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Conclusion

A brief state-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced concrete is presented. Our understanding

of fiber-matrix interaction, reinforcement mechanisms and performance characteristics is
fairly advanced. Fiber reinforced concrete is a promising material to be used in the
Middle-East for sustainable and long-lasting concrete structures. Its performance has already
been proven in other hot and arid climates and in other chemically deleterious environments.
Fiber reinforced concrete pavements prove to be more efficient than conventional RC
pavements, in several aspects Compressive strength for fibre reinforced concrete is seen to be
improved. It can be clearly seen that strength at 28 days for CSFRC 1% is better than other cases
hence recommended. Tensile strength for fibre reinforced concrete is increased. Strength at 28
days for HSFRC is better than other cases when compared. HSFRC seen to given better strength
at 3rd day and 7th day as well.

5.2 Future Scope

The future scope of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is promising, with ongoing research and
advancements in construction materials. FRC offers several advantages, including increased
durability, crack resistance, and enhanced structural performance. Key areas of development
include: Material Innovation: Continuous research is focused on developing new types of fibers,
such as carbon fibers, basalt fibers, and hybrid combinations, to improve the mechanical
properties of FRC and cater to specific construction needs. Performance Enhancement: Future
FRC formulations aim to enhance properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact
resistance, making it a preferred choice for various applications, including high-performance
structures and earthquake-prone regions.
Smart Concrete: Integration of sensors and smart technologies into FRC can enable real-time
monitoring of structural health. This can contribute to proactive maintenance and early detection
of potential issues.
Sustainability: With a growing emphasis on sustainable construction practices, the incorporation
of recycled or waste materials into FRC formulations is likely to increase. This aligns with global
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efforts to reduce the environmental impact of construction.
3D Printing: FRC's ability to flow and set in complex shapes makes it suitable for 3D printing
applications. Future developments may lead to more widespread use of FRC in additive
manufacturing for construction.
Infrastructure Rehabilitation: FRC's ability to prevent and control cracks makes it valuable for
rehabilitating aging infrastructure. As societies globally face the challenge of maintaining
existing structures, FRC's role in renovation and repair is likely to expand.
In summary, the future of fiber reinforced concrete is likely to witness advancements in material
science, mix design, smart technology, and expanded applications. These developments aim to
address current challenges in the construction industry and contribute to the creation of more
resilient, sustainable, and high-performance structures.

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REFERENCES:

1. K. Dharunsankar (2016) An Experimental Study on Concrete with hybrid Fibers.

ASCE, 02(10), 103-110.IS 516-1959. “Method of Test of Strength of Concrete”, BIS.

2. Narayanan, R. and Darwish, I. Y. S. “Use of Steel fibers as shear Reinforcement”, ACI

structural Journal. Vol. 84, No. 3.

3. Zoran J. Gradic (2012) “Abrasion resistance of concrete micro-reinforced with

polypropylene fibers”.Grija.S, Shanthini.D, Abinaya.S (December 2016) : “A Review
On Fiber Reinforced Concrete”

4. S. Sharmila and Dr. G.S. Thirugnanam (2013):“Behavior of Reinforced Concrete

Flexural Member with Hybrid Fibre under Cyclic Loading.”

5. D. Maruthachalam, B. G. Vishnuram, K. Gurunathan and I. P admanaban (May-2011):

“Durability properties of fibrillated polypropylene fibre reinforced high performance
concrete.”

6. J.D.Chaitanya kumar, G.V.S. Abhilash, P.Khasim Khan,G.Manikanta sai, V.Taraka ram

(2016): “Experimental Studies on Glass Fiber Concrete.”

7. Ms. K.Ramadevi, Ms. R. Manju (2012): “Experimental Investigation on the Properties

of Concrete with Plastic PET (Bottle) Fibres as Fine Aggregates.”

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