‫‪Dr Usama Konbr, 00201000236257, [email protected].

eg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ‪:Wooden Construction‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣَﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪ .Timber‬ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻀﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻮﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﴼ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1/1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻟﻸﺷﺠﺎﺭ ‪:Organic Composition of Trees‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗُﻄﻌﺖ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟُﻠﺐ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺬﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺧﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﻭﻳﻨﻌﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻟﺴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺒﺎﺩ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻘﺮﻉ ﻟﻠﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻧﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺣﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻼً ﺗﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻌﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻓﻴﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺧﺸﱯ ﺫﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻡ ‪‬ﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻧـﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺗﺸﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/1‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Wood Composition‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ %60‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪ Cellulose‬ﻭﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ %28‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ‪%12 ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻓﻴﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ‪.‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫‪ 3/1‬ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ‪:The Engineering Properties of Wood‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﲟﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﰐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﴼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﳌﻨﺸﺂ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ü‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 350‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ü‬ﺭﺧﻴﺺ ﰲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ‪:Types of Trees‬‬

‫ﺗُﻘَﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﲔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/2‬ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ‪:Softwood Trees‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﺇﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﻀﺮﺍﺭ ‪ Evergreen Trees‬ﻛﺎﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ،Pine Coniferous Trees‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﻨﺔ ‪ Softwood‬ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﴽ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﺟﺬﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮُﻉ ﻟﺘُﻨﻘِﻞ ﻋُﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗُﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﺷﻴﺪﺯ ‪ Tracheids‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﲔ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻼﺑﺘﻪ ﻭﻣﻠﻤﺴﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/2‬ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪:Hardwood Trees‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻒ ‪،Deciduous Trees‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ‪ Hardwood‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ‪ Long Fibers‬ﻭﲜﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻴﺴﻴﻠﺰ ‪ Vessels‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﳕﻮ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ‪:Growth of Wood‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲰﻚ ﺍﳉﺬﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ‪ Cambium‬ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻛﻞ‬

‫]‪[2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺭﺑﻴﻌﻲ ‪ Spring Wood‬ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺻﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫‪ Summer Wood‬ﻭﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﲰﻜﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺟﺬﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻧﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ‪ Circular Rings‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻛﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﻓﻤﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺑﻴﻊ ﺣﱴ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،Annual Rings‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﴼ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ‪Rays‬‬
‫ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ‪ Pith‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ‪ 30‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 100‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﳕﻮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺸﺒﻬﺎ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Wood Cutting‬‬

‫ﺗُﺰﺭﻉ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗُﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﴼ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﺔ ‪ Axe‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺷﲑ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ‪ Hand Sawing‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺷﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ .Sawing Machines‬ﰒ ﺗُﻨﻘَﻞ ﺟﺬﻭﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ‪ drying‬ﻭﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﲟﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺷﲑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫§ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ ‪ :Slabs Sawing‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗُﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻼﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺠﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺷﻘﻲ ‪ :Rift Sawing‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُﻘﻄﻊ ﺟﺰﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺗُﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ 45‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﳑﺎﺱ ‪ :Tangential Sawing‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ‪ :Radial Sawing‬ﺗُﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺑﻴﻠﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ‪ :Veneer Sawing‬ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ‬
‫ﻗﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺎﺭ ‪ :Sawing‬ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻮﻱ ‪ :Rotary‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻴﻨﺔ ‪ Knife‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺸﲑ ‪.Peeled‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﺢ ‪ :Slicing‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Wood Drying‬‬

‫ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺎء ﺑﺎﳋﺸﺐ ‪ minimizing the juice and water in the wood‬ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛُﻠْﻴَﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﲤﺎﻣﴼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺎء ﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻔﺔ ﻫﺸﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ‪ .Brittle‬ﻭﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻬﺎﲨﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﲤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪Fiber-‬‬
‫‪ Saturation Point‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ %30‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺟﺬﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ‪ Logs‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﺼﺎﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ‬

‫]‪[4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ‪.Warp‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲡﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻳُﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺅﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﳎﻔﻒ ‪.Dry Weight Wood‬‬
‫ﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ‪ Dry‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪ Moisture‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ .% 22- 15‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﺘُﻌﺘﱪ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪.% 15 :9‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ = ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺭﻃﺐ‪-‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪:Air Drying‬‬

‫ﺗُﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻈﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺻﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﴼ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻒ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻮﺍء ﻭﻳﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎء ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﲔ ﻟﻴﺠﻒ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺛﻨﲔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﱡﻠْﺐ ﻓﻴﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﴼ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪ Moisture Content‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ‪%20- 10‬‬
‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪:Kiln Drying‬‬

‫ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬

‫]‪[5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻥ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪ Timber Kiln‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﺹ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻮﺍء‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻗﺪ ﻳُﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺣﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳَﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻭﻳَﺘﺮُﻙ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ %10‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Wood Defects‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/ 6‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪:Natural Defects‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ‪ :Knots‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺠﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﰲ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺗُﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ‪ :Checks‬ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻠَﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲡﻔﻴﻔﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻴﺔ ‪ :Splits‬ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ ‪ :Shakes‬ﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻃﻮﱄ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﻭﻋﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ‪ :White Speck & Honey Comb‬ﲢﺪﺙ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ Fungi‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻀﺎء ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﺶ‬

‫]‪[6‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻞ ﻓﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻭﺃﻋﻤﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﲢﻠﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻭﲡﻔﻴﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ‪ :Twisting‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧـﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔً ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻬﻪ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻋﻮﺟﺎﺝ ‪ :Crooking‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧـﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻣﻨﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﺱ ‪ :Bowing‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧـﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍء ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/6‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪:Structural Defects‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﻭﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﺱ‪ :‬ﻳﺄﰐ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ‪ Termites‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ﺃﺧﻄﺮﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫‪ Subterranean Termites‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﻨُﻘﻞ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﻳُﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﺜﲑﴽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ‪ :moldiness‬ﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ‪ :combustibility‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﴼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎﺵ ‪ :Stretching and contraction‬ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Wood Grading‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/7‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺠﺮﺩﺓ ‪:Visual Grading‬‬

‫ﻳُﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻴﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ‪.Knots‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ ‪.Shakes‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﺍﻟﺸﻄﻒ ‪.Wanes‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ‪ :General Structures‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ :Special Structure‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/7‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ‪:Mechanical Grading‬‬

‫ﻳُﺨﺘﱪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺻﻼﺑﺘﻪ ‪ Stiffness‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺒﻮﻃﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ‪‬ﻢ ﻛﺎﻹﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻋﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺧﺘﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﺘﺒﲔ ﺻﻨﻔﻪ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 1‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 2‬ﻭﺗُﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﳋﺸﺐ ﺗُﻌﻄﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ‬

‫]‪[8‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﱡﻠْﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎء ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 16‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .8‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Wood Properties‬‬

‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺗﺒﻌﴼ ﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳋﺸﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳُﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻌﻴﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﴼ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻳُﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪ Lamination‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻹﻋﻄﺎﺋﻪ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺘﺸﺒﻴﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ‪ Impregnating‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ‪.Bonding‬‬

‫‪ .9‬ﳒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ‪:Woodworking‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﳒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/9‬ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ‪:Carpentry Works‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﺭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﲨﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻘﻒ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ،Temporary Carpentry‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ‪ Nails‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻂ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ‪ .Clamps‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺔ )ﳒﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳒﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ( ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/9‬ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪:Joinery Works‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺠﻤﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮء ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ‪:Types of Wood‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻟﻘﺴﻤﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1/10‬ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ‪:Soft Wood‬‬

‫ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻘﺼﻒ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﳌﺮﻭﻧﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[9‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺡ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ‪:White Pine‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺭﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﺓ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗُﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﲣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 12 :2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﻮﺡ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﲰﻜﻪ ‪ 0.5‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺑﻨﺪﻕ ﻭﲰﻜﻪ ¾ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻟﻮﺡ ﻻﺗﺰﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﲰﻜﻪ ‪ 1‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺑﻨﻄﻲ ﻭﲰﻜﻪ ‪ 3‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲟﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫§ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﻕ‪ :‬ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﲟﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 2‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 4‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻳﻦ ‪ :Purlins‬ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ‪ :Joints‬ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪ 3×2‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 4×2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩﱄ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺘﺨﺎﻧﺔ ‪ 1 :0.8‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ‪ 4- 1.5‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺡ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ‪:Yellow Pine‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻜﻲ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩﻩ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗُﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻐﺮﺯﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﳒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫§ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 9‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﲰﻚ ﻣﻦ ¾‪ 4 :‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 8‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﲰﻚ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3 :1‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 6‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 7‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﲰﻚ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2.5 :1‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 4‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﲰﻚ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 4‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﲰﻚ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻐﺮﺯﺓ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 4.5‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻭﲰﻚ ﻣﻦ ‪ 9.5‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺡ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ‪:Red Pine‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﲜﻤﺎﻝ ﺳَﻤَﺮَﺓ ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﻱ ‪ :Pitch Pine‬ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 10‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﺏ‪ :‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﰲ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟـ‪ .‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺷﺮﺑﲔ‪ :‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﻥ ﲰﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺳﱪﻭﺱ ‪ :Spruce Fir‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎءﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/10‬ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ‪:Hard Wood‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎء ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻭﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﲜﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﱂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺐ ﻏﲏ ﻭﲦﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﳒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﻭﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻟﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻳُﻌﻤﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭ ‪ :Oak‬ﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 800‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻢ‪ 2‬ﻭﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﺮﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺎﺟﻲ ﺩﺍﻛﻦ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﳒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﱂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻠﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﲪﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﻫﻮﺟﲏ ‪ :Mahogany‬ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﲏ ﻗﺎﰎ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻼﲪﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮﺟﲏ ﻛﻮﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﻭﺭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻚ ‪ :Teak‬ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﲏ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠُﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻁ ‪ :Ash‬ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﲏ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻄﻴﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ‪ :Rose Wood‬ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﲏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻘﻊ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺸﺮﺗﻪ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺴﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﳉﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﳉﻮﺯ ‪ :Walnut Wood‬ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﲏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﲰﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺛﺎﺙ ﻭﻳُﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﻛﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻮﺯ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺑﻌﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ ‪ :Beech Wood‬ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﲏ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﴼ‪ .‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ 650‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ‪.3‬‬

‫] ‪[ 11‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺕ ‪ Mulberry‬ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻴﺰ ‪ Sycamore‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺰ ‪Cherry‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺑﻮ ﻓﺮﻭﺓ ‪ Chestnut‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺲ ‪ Box‬ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻨﻮﺱ ﻭﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌُﺼﻔﻮﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3/ 10‬ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ‪:Manufactured Timber‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛَﺜُﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻُ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ‪ :Plywood‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻮﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗُﺮﺗﺐ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺗُﻠﺼﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺿﻐﻄﻬﺎ ﺿﻐﻄﴼ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﴼ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺑﺲ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰒ ﲡﻔﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻯ ﺃﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 5‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 7‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﻠﺼﻖ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﱐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﻮﻣﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺛﲏ‬

‫] ‪[ 12‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﲟﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪122×244‬‬
‫ﺳﻢ‪ 122×200 ،‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺑﺴﻤﻚ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 4‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 5‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 6‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 12 ...‬ﻣﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻐﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﴽ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻮﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ :Interior Plywood‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ‪ :Exterior Plywood‬ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗُﻜﺴﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻮﻩ ‪ :Butten Board‬ﻳُﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬

‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻜُﻮﻧﺘَﺮ ﺑِﻼﻛﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﻬﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻮﻩ ﺑﻠﺼﻖ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 3‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﻠﺼﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺸﺮﺗﲔ ﺧﺸﺐ ﰒ ﻳُﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﲟﻜﺎﺑﺲ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺲ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﳌﺠﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﱯ ‪ :Particle Board‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲟﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺨﻠﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﰒ ﺗُﻀﻐﻂ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﺑﺲ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 366‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ‪ 122‬ﺳﻢ ﻭﺑﺘﺨﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ 32 ،26 ،22 ،19 ،16 ،13 ،8‬ﻣﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺸﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ‪ Plywood‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﻮﺡ ﺭﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﻼﻣﲔ ‪ Melamine‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﻴﻜﺎ ‪ Formica‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻹﻋﻄﺎﺋﻪ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 13‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳊﺒﻴﱯ ﻓﺘﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫‪ û‬ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻮﺍء‪.‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﻳﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻕ ﺍﳌِﺴْﻤَﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻣِﺴْﻤَﺎﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﻮﺓ‬
‫ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ û‬ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﴼ‪ :‬ﺧﺸﺐ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﳎﻤﻌﺔ ‪ :Glued Laminated Timber‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺃﻭ ﲬﺲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﲰﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲝﻴﺚ ﺗُﻠﺼﻖ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻟﺼﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍء ‪ Adhesive‬ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳُﺼﻨﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﻒ ﲝﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﻣﺒﲎ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺲ ‪:Pressed Boards‬‬

‫ﻳُﺸﻜَﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﴼ ﰲ ﻭﺭﺷﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺧﺸﱯ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﰒ ﻳُﻠﺼﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﺃﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻛﺒﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 14‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﴼ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮﺗﻜﺲ ‪:Silotex Hard Board‬‬

‫ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ ﰒ ﺗُﻜﺒﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺧﺸﻦ ﳏﺒﺐ ﺃﻭ ﳐﺮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﳑﻮﺝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ‪ 2.40×1.20‬ﻡ ﻭﺑﺴﻤﻚ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6- 3‬ﻣﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .11‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ‪:Preservatives‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﺗﻠﻔﻪ ﻭﻓﺴﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﻮﺍء‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ‪ Insects‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ‪ Bacteria‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ Fungus‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ‪.Fire‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪ ،Deterioration‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫§ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪ :Decay‬ﻳَﺤﺪُﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ Fungus‬ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﴽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻭﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﲢﻠﻞ ﻟﻸﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﻌﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻑ ﻭﺟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳُﻮﺿﻊ ﻏﺎﻃﺲ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﴽ ﲤﺎﻣﴼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍء ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫§ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ‪ :Insects‬ﺗُﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺗﺼﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲢﺖ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻭﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ Subterranean And Non Subterranean Termites‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ‪ Isopteran‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ‪ Weevil‬ﻓﻴُﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﻭﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ ‪ Coleopteran‬ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﲟﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﲎ‪.‬‬

‫§ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ‪ :Birds‬ﺗُﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﺎﳍﺎ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺎﺗﻮﺯ ‪ Cocatus‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟَﻨُﻮﺏ ﺇﳒﻠﺘﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺠﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﻷﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1/11‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ‪:Types of Wood Preservatives‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫] ‪[ 15‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻮﺯﻭﺕ ‪ Creosote‬ﻭﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒِﺘﺮﻭﻝ ‪.Petroleum Solutions‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﴰﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﻲ ‪.Petroleum Solutions‬‬

‫ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ‪:‬‬

‫‪.Brushing‬‬ ‫§ ﺩﻫﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺷﺔ‬
‫‪.Dipping‬‬ ‫§ ﻏﻤﺲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫§ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻷﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2/11‬ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ‪:Treated timber in the markets‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻً‪ :‬ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪ :Pentachlorophenol Pressure Treated‬ﺗُﺪﻫﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﴼ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻮﺯﻭﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﻥ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺱ ‪Termites‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﲝﻘﻨﻬﺎ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﻟﺘُﻌﻄِﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﰿ ﲤﺎﻣﴼ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﴼ‪ :‬ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ‪ :KP Resin Impregnated Wood‬ﺗُﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺑﺘﺸﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﲟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻌﻲ ‪ Phenolic Resin Solution‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﱡﻠْﺐ ‪ Hard Maple‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺡ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ‬
‫‪.Southern Pine‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﴼ‪ :‬ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ‪ :Wood Fire Resistive Treatment‬ﻳُﻐﻤﺲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ‪ Ammonium‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳُﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻮﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳊﺮﻕ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﻫﻼﻛﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ‪ :Fire Retardant Treated Wood‬ﻳُﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ‪ Relative Humidity‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪.% 80‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ‪ :MCX Fire Retardant Treated‬ﻳُﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﲎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪.% 80‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫‪ .12‬ﺛﲏ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ‪:Wood Bending‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺛﲏ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻂ ‪ Clamps‬ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍُﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﴽ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺛﲏ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﻼﻛﺎﺵ ﻓﻨﻈﺮﴽ ﳌﺮﻭﻧﺘﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺛﻨﻴﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .13‬ﺃﻣﺮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ ‪:Wood Ordering‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻗَﺪﻡ ﻟُﻮﺡ ‪ :Board Foot‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺮﺍء ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺧﺸﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 1‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﻃﻮﱄ × ‪ 1‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﲰﻚ × ‪ 12‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻟﻮﺡ ﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ )ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﻡ( × ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ )ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ( × ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ )ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺗُﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﲰﻲ ‪ Nominal Thickness‬ﰒ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.12‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﻃﻮﱄ ‪ :Linear Food‬ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﺍء ﺃﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺑﺰﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗُﺤﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻃﻮﺍﳍﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻮَﺣﺪﺓ ‪ :Unites‬ﺗُﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻮَﺣﺪﺓ )ﺑﺎﻟﻌَﺪﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺳﺘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪ Shingles‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻛﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ‪ :Weight‬ﺗُﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺷﻄﻒ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺑﲑ )ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﻳﺮ(‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 17‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫‪ .14‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Standard Rules for Wood Sizes‬‬

‫ﻳُﻌﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﺍء ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ )ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ × ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ × ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪ 8 :‬ﻗﺪﻡ × ‪ 2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ×‪ 4‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳌﻘﺎﺱ ‪ 4×2‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ ﻳُﻌﲎ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﲰﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫‪ Actual Size‬ﺑﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺬﻳﺒﻪ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ‪ 3.5×1.5‬ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺆﺧﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﺘُﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳُﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﻻﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻌﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺸﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﲰﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﲰﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ‬

‫½ ‪3 ½ ×1‬‬ ‫‪4×2‬‬ ‫¾×½‪1‬‬ ‫‪2×1‬‬

‫½ ‪5 ½×1‬‬ ‫‪6×2‬‬ ‫¾ ×½ ‪2‬‬ ‫‪3×1‬‬
‫½ ‪5 ½×3‬‬ ‫‪6×2‬‬ ‫¾×½‪3‬‬ ‫‪4×1‬‬
‫½ ‪5 ½ ×5‬‬ ‫‪6×6‬‬ ‫½ ‪1 ½ ×1‬‬ ‫‪2×2‬‬
‫½ ‪7 ½ ×7‬‬ ‫‪8×8‬‬ ‫½ ‪2 ½×1‬‬ ‫‪3×2‬‬

‫] ‪[ 18‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫‪ .15‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ‪:Wood Joining‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺭﺑﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲰﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﴼ ﻳُﻘﺴﻢ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﰱ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﻳُﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﳋﺸﺎﰉ ‪ :Nails‬ﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓً ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﲣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌِﺴْﻤَﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ﻭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﲟﺼﺮ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓُﻴﻘﺎﺱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌِﺴْﻤَﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﴼ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﳋﺸﺎﰉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺳﻨﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺒﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺲ ﺭﺅﻭﺳﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺤﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻼﻭﻭﻅ ﺍﳋﺸﺎﰉ ‪ :Screws‬ﺗُﺴﻤﻰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ‬

‫ﺑُﺮﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﰲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ :Bolts and Nails‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﻭﺻﻮﺍﻣﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﰲ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ‪ Machine Bolts‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻣﲑ ﺗﻮﺟﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺟﻴﻨﺔ ‪Toggle‬‬
‫‪ Bolts‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :Metal Connectors‬ﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﴼ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﺼﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍء ‪ :Adhesives‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍء ﻟﻠﺰﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ‬

‫ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍء ‪ Glue‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺤﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺮﺯ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬

‫] ‪[ 19‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺯﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺸﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪ :Wood Joins‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻌﺸﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻪ ﻭﺗُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﴽ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .16‬ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ‪:Wooden Frame‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﱂ ﺗُﻠﻎِ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻷﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻤﴼ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 20‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫‪ .17‬ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ‪:Woodworks Finishing‬‬

‫ﺗُﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣُﺮﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳُﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻜﺴﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﴽ ﲨﻴﻼً ﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﴼ ﻣﺎ ﺗُﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫‪ .18‬ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪:Advantages of wooden constructions‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻤﺪﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﴼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﹷﺠﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﴼ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﲟﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﻨﺴﺒﻴﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗُﻤﻜِﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻳُﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ‬
‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭﴽ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﴼ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﴽ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﻠﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺸﺐ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟـ‪ .‬ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ :‬ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲡﺪﻳﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﲤﺘﺺ ﻭﺗُﺨﺰﻥ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳋﺸﺐ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﻉ ﳕﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﰒ ﺯﺭﻉ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 22‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻣﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣُﻨﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﻔﺔ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺭﺧﺺ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﻮﺿﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺧﺸﱯ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫـ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺭﻃﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎء‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺸﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ‪ .‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﲨﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ :‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5000‬ﻧﻮﻉ‬

‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺸﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫] ‪[ 23‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺪﱐ‬

‫ﺱ‪ .‬ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻱ‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﲞﺸﺐ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻝ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﴽ ﺻﺤﻴﴼ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺗُﻮﺿﺢ ﺩﻳﻜﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﲟﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺧﺎء‬
‫ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻭء ﲟﺘﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣـ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻌﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﺜﺎﱄ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺻﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺃﳓﺎء ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ‪ Echo‬ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﴼ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻷﻧﻪ ﳜﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻭﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﴼ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﳜﻠﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﱠﻐْﻤَﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻁ‪ .‬ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺃ ‪ :Corrosion‬ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺼﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔً‬
‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺼﺪﺃ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ‪.‬‬

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