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ANNUAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Emerging pollutants in water environment: Occurrence,

monitoring, fate, and risk assessment

Yankui Tang,1 Maozhong Yin,1 Weiwei Yang,1,2 Huilan Li,1 Yaxuan Zhong,1 Lihong Mo,1
Yan Liang,1 Xiangmeng Ma,1 Xiang Sun1

1
School of Resources, Environment and
• Abstract
Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, The occurrence of emerging pollutants (EPs) is continuously reported worldwide.
China Nevertheless, only few of these compounds are toxicologically evaluated due to their
2
College of Civil Engineering and
vast numbers. Reliable analytical methods and toxicity assessment methods are the
Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, basis of either the management or the elimination of EPs. In this paper, literature
China published in 2018 on EPs were reviewed with special regard to their occurrence,
­detection methods, fate in the environment, and ecological toxicity assessment.
Received 31 May 2019; Accepted 12 June Particular focus was placed on practical considerations, novel processes, and new
2019 ­solution strategies.    © 2019 Water Environment Federation
The Natural Science Foundation of China,
• Practitioner points
Grant/Award Number: 15XKS018 and
• Literature published in 2018 on emerging pollutants were reviewed.
51668006
• This review article is with special regard to the occurrence, detection methods, fate
Correspondence to: Yankui Tang, School and toxicity assessment of emerging pollutants.
of Resources, Environment and Materials, • Particular focus was placed on practical considerations, novel processes and new so-
Guangxi University, Nanning, China. lution strategies.
Email: [email protected]
• Key words
ecological risk; emerging pollutants; fate; occurrence
Published online 6 July 2019 in Wiley
Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com)

DOI: 10.1002/wer.1163
Overview
© 2019 Water Environment Federation
Emerging pollutants (EPs), also known as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs),
are the substances that are released in the environment for which no regulations are
currently established. They are mainly organic compounds present as pharmaceuticals
and personal care products, hormones, food additives, pesticides, plasticizers, wood
preservatives, laundry detergents, disinfectants, surfactants, flame retardants, and other
organic compounds in water generated mainly by human activities.
Since the time when EPs attracted wide attention, many attempts have been made
to shed light on the concern of EPs release into environment and further promote poli-
cymakers to take related measures to prevent the ecological risks. In 2018, several review
papers provided meaningful overview of the research progress in this field.
Sanganyado, Rajput, and Liu (2018) presented a review on the bioaccumulation
of legacy pollutants and EPs in Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis),
which inhabit shallow coastal waters often impacted by anthropogenic activities. Philip,
Aravind, and Aravindakumar (2018) explored the stepwise progress of Indian research
on EPs. Qi et al. (2018) comprehensively reviewed the contamination of EPs in landfill
leachate in China. Starling, Amorim, and Leão (2019) gathered the studies performed in
Brazil with regard to the occurrence, control, and fate of EPs in environmental compart-
ments and compared published data with obtained data in developed and developing
countries. Gong, Li, Wu, Wang, and Sun (2018) provided an overview of the applica-
tion of typical passive samplers for monitoring polar organic pollutants. Gogoi et al.
(2018) reviewed various treatment techniques with their removal efficacy pertaining to
EPs and pointed out that future research perspective should focus on the development

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ANNUAL LITERATURE REVIEW

of risk‐based screening models and framework. In view of the artificial sweetener (acesulfame) and a corrosion inhibitor (2‐
fact that microplastics are also classified as EPs, the interaction hydroxybenzothiazole) were the most ubiquitous compounds
between microplastics and pollutants was reviewed by Barboza, (Mijangos, Ziarrusta, Olivares, et al., 2018; Mijangos, Ziarrusta,
Dick Vethaak, Lavorante, Lundebye, and Guilhermino (2018) Ros, et al., 2018). Multiclass EPs occurred in tropical coastal
who summarized that marine microplastic debris may com- sediments of anthropogenically impacted Klang River estuary,
promise human food safety and health. In view of the fact that Malaysia, where amoxicillin, bisphenol A, diazinon, proges-
conventional sewage treatment processes are not capable of terone, and estrone (E1), were detected in all sampling sites
treating EPs at very low concentrations. Taheran, Naghdi, Brar, studied, and other compounds (primidone, diclofenac, tes-
Verma, and Surampalli (2018) presented a review suggested the tosterone, 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethynyl estradiol (EE2)
secondary treatment be integrated with an advanced treatment were ubiquitously present in sediment samples, with percent-
scheme to polish the effluent and hence remove EPs. age of detection range from 89.04% to 98.38% (Omar, Aris,
In this paper, literature published in 2018 on EPs were Yusoff, & Mustafa, 2018). Among the studied EDCs (endocrine
reviewed with special regards to their occurrence, detection disrupting chemicals), nonylphenol was the most ubiquitous
methods, fate in the environment, and ecological toxicity compound in marine sediments from the vicinities of subma-
assessment. Particular focus was placed on practical consider- rine sewage outfalls (SSOs) along the São Paulo State Coast
ations, novel strategies, and new solution processes. (Brazil) and the diversity of EDCs increased with an increase in
populations serviced by SSOs (Santos, Buruaem, et al., 2018).
Occurrence
Source water and drinking water
Rivers Emerging pollutants have been proven to enter human daily
In 2018, there were many studies continuously reported EPs life, notably the drinking water. A total of 65 emerging trace
being detected in rivers around the world. In the Yangtze River organic pollutants were detected in Shanghai’s source water,
Delta area (China), 44 analytes were ubiquitous at all 28 sam- China (Sun, Luo, et al., 2018; Sun, Chen, Lin, & An, 2018). A
pling sites and most of them were industrial chemicals includ- total of 33 pharmaceuticals and their metabolites were detected
ing 1H‐benzotriazole and organophosphate flame retardants in the surface waters of the Yangtze River and the Han River,
(PFRs; Peng et al., 2018). In total, 22 out of the 235 EPs moni- which serve as sources of drinking water for the adjacent com-
tored were present at all 55 sampling sites in the Danube River munities. EPs were found in drinking water treatment plants in
and 125 were found in at least 50% (Ginebreda, Sabater‐Liesa, Northwestern Italy though at low concentration (Magi, Carro,
Rico, Focks, & Barceló, 2018). Seven pharmaceuticals for Mirasole, & Benedetti, 2018).
human use, three steroid hormones, and one personal care
product were determined in surface water, suspended partic- Other environmental media
ulate matter, and sediment of Piraí Creek and Jundiaí River, Rainwater. Notably, over 700 organic compounds belonging
Brazil (de Sousa, Mozeto, Carneiro, & Fadini, 2018). Efavirenz, to the various classes of chemicals were detected in the
nevirapine, and carbamazepine were detected in all water rainwater sampled in Moscow, and among them, pyridines,
samples taken from Hartbeespoort Dam catchment in South organophosphates, and dichloronitromethane may be
Africa (Rimayi, Odusanya, Weiss, Boer, & Chimuka, 2018). A considered as EPs (Polyakova, Artaev, & Lebedev, 2018).
comprehensive study revealed that sterols were quantified with
high frequency in nearly 100% of investigated samples in the Groundwaters. The occurrence of EPs was widely detected in
river sediments in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, and the rivers the groundwaters and wastewaters in Poland, and it was found
were moderately contaminated mainly by domestic wastewa- that EPs in surface water mainly came from drainage of sewage
ter (Škrbić, Kadokami, Antić, & Jovanović, 2018). EPs in urban treatment plants, which only partly remove EPs, while the EPs
waters in Ukraine were found exceeding EU standards and in groundwater mainly came from the infiltration of landfill
the highest loading from Ukrainian cities into EU rivers can leachate (Kapelewska et al., 2018). Artificial sweeteners were
be over 0.7 t/ac for diclofenac and 0.4 t/ac for nonylphenols widely detected at high levels in groundwater and surface water
(Vystavna et al., 2018). of Dongjiang River basin in south China (Yang et al., 2018).

Estuary areas
Screening and Detection Methods
Estuary areas, which have always been developed as eco-
nomic zones, are heavily urbanized and industrialized. Frequent discovery of EPs has aroused serious concern about their
Anthropogenically generated organic pollutants are easily potential environmental risks. However, because EPs exist at trace
adsorbed on the surface of particulate matter in water and levels in the environment, difficulties in water sample enrichment,
these suspended solids carried by river streams are subjected interference of environmental matrix effect, and complex analysis
to settling out in estuaries due to the decreased flow rate. In process are still obstacles to further study of EPs.
three estuaries of the Basque Country, Spain, anti‐inflam- In 2018, many studies were still attempting to develop
matory drugs (diclofenac and acetaminophen), hypertensive sensitive methodologies and techniques for suspect screening,
drugs (irbesartan and valsartan), a stimulant (caffeine), an sampling, preconcentration, and detection of EPs.

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ANNUAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Screening Improvement and optimization of SPE

Suspect screening is an effective approach for identifying Solid phase extraction, followed by liquid chromatography or
unknown compounds based on specific compound informa- gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry, is still con-
tion derived from different sources including research litera- sidered as a relatively fast, accurate, and reliable method for
tures and online databases. Asghar, Zhu, Sun, Peng, and Shuai the analysis of a large number of EPs. The optimization of solid
(2018) developed a systematic method via solid phase extrac- phase extraction method and the improvement of adsorbent
tion (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography–high‐resolu- are the focus of current studies. Miniaturization of SPE sys-
tion mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS) for suspect screening and tems, maintaining the quality in the extraction and preconcen-
target quantification of the human pharmaceutical residues in tration while reducing the use of organic solvents are especially
surface water. Hermes, Jewell, Wick, and Ternes (2018) devel- current tendency. Development of new extraction systems
oped a direct injection and multiresidue analytical method that can be fitted to in situ continual monitoring buoys is also
separated in two chromatographic runs by utilizing scheduled needed. A first model of a low‐pressure micro‐SPE (m‐SPE)
analysis to simultaneously quantify 154 compounds, 84 pre- was developed for in situ EPs monitoring, which reduces the
cursors, and 70 transformation products or metabolites. volumes of sample and solvents required in the laboratory in
comparison with conventional SPE. This low‐pressure m‐SPE
Sampling and preconcentration technique is expected to be applied in robotic or automated
Passive sampling coupled with liquid chromatography–tan- systems in marine gliders and marine oceanographic buoys
dem mass spectrometry has been profitably employed to detect (Abaroa‐Pérez, Sánchez‐Almeida, Hernández‐Brito, & Vega‐
EPs in waters at very low concentration levels. Although polar Moreno, 2018).
organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) used in passive Osorio, Schriks, Vughs, Voogt, and Kolkman (2018) devel-
sampling can be purchased commercially to use, but the stor- oped a novel sample preparation procedure relying on SPE by
age lifetime of a sampler should be taken into account. Magi et preparing a cartridge (an 6 ml empty glass column) filled with
al. (2018) reported that the sampling rates obtained for com- 350 mg of a mixture of Strata X‐AW, Strata X‐CW, and Isolute
mercial POCIS samplers, which had been stored for over nine ENV+ in a ratio of 1/1/1.5 (X‐AW/X‐CW/ENV+) at the bot-
years, were excessively low, showing a possible alteration of the tom and 200 mg Oasis HLB on top and found this optimized
sorption capacity of the samplers. mixed‐bed method displayed more efficient for the recovery of
Gabbana, Oliveira, Paveglio, and Trindade (2018) devel- the wide scope of studied chemicals.
oped a new cell configuration for in situ extraction and pre- Jadhav, Nisticò, Magnacca, and Scalarone (2018) reported
concentration (based on liquid–liquid microextraction) and the synthesis, characterization, and testing of hybrid SPE car-
further electroanalysis for EPs determination in water at tridges based on poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐grafted silica
trace‐level. nanoparticles and their work constitutes an important step
Abujaber et al. (2018) proposed magnetic cellulose toward the development of hybrid thermoresponsive SPE beds
nanoparticles (MCNPs) coated with 1‐butyl‐3‐ methylimidaz- casted into portable devices.
olium hexafluorophosphate [C4MIM][PF6] ionic liquid (IL) Česen et al. (2018) compared Oasis HLB and Oasis Prime
through electrostatic interactions for the first time as sorbents cartridges for SPE and found that recovery of 8 EPs in surface
in a magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method for the water and 13 EPs in wastewater was higher (≥40%) with Prime
determination of EPs (ibuprofen, paracetamol, naproxen, and than HLB cartridges. The advantage of Prime cartridge is that
diclofenac) in natural waters. The extraction recoveries ranged it omits conditioning step and subsequently reduces sample
from 85% to 116%, indicating that the method is simple, rapid, preparation time and solvent consumption, although both car-
and environmentally friendly. tridges contain the same sorbent (N‐vinylpyrrolidone and divi-
Mijangos, Ziarrusta, Olivares, et al. (2018), Mijangos, nylbenzene copolymer). This advantage makes extraction with
Ziarrusta, Ros, et al. (2018) developed a new procedure using Prime much “greener.”
polyethersulfone (PES) microextraction followed by liquid
chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) Emerging methods
analysis for the simultaneous determination of 41 multiclass Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmos-
priority and EPs in seawater, WWTP effluents, and estuary pheric pressure photoionization (APPI) analyses have been
samples. In contrast to the SPE protocol, the PES method introduced to use more selective ionization to reduce inter-
allowed a cost‐efficient extraction of complex aqueous samples ferences from matrix, increase selectivity, and subsequently
with lower matrix effect from 120 ml of water sample. enhance the ratio of signal to noise for target compounds in
Rocío‐Bautista et al. (2018) synthesized the CIM‐80 mate- matrix‐rich aqueous samples (Mirabelli & Zenobi, 2018; Yuan,
rial (aluminum(III)‐mesaconate) in high yield through a novel Benskin, Chen, & Bergman, 2018). A reliable analytical method
green procedure involving water and urea as co‐reactants. The to measure progestogens in surface water and wastewater was
CIM‐80 material was tested in a microextraction methodology developed using SPE followed with LC‐APCI/APPI‐HRPS (liq-
for the monitoring of up to 22 water pollutants while present- uid chromatography–tandem atmospheric pressure chemical
ing little environmental impact and the average extraction effi- ionization/atmospheric pressure photoionization with/atmos-
ciency can reach values up to 70% for two EPs (triclosan and pheric pressure photoionization with a hybrid quadrupole/
carbamazepine). orbital trap system operated in high resolution product scan

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ANNUAL LITERATURE REVIEW

mode) and in which, whole water samples can be used in the chemical detection methods. Efforts aiming to identify reli-
SPE system and sample filtration as well as extraction can be able effect‐based methods (EBMs) for screening of endocrine
conducted in one step (Golovko, Šauer, Fedorova, Kroupová, disrupting compounds (EDCs), to harmonize monitoring and
& Grabic, 2018). data interpretation methods have been made by researchers.
The significant environmental persistence and bioaccu- Könemann et al. (2018) analyzed estrone, 17β‐estradiol and
mulation potential of some EPs have spawned an ongoing effort 17α‐ethinyl estradiol using chemical analyses and EBMs and
to introduce replacement compounds which pose less toxico- the results show that 17β‐estradiol equivalents are highly cor-
logical risk. However, many of these emerging chemical species related among EBMs, indicating that in vitro EBMs integrate
lack validated quantitative methods and appropriate analytical effects of mixtures of chemical compounds with the same mode
standards for accurate monitoring and identification. To fill this of action and the researchers highly recommended implemen-
knowledge gap, McCord, Newton, and Strynar (2018) attempted tation of EBMs in the water framework directive. A comple-
to validate a general method for the quantitative determination mentary chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay approach was
of perfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) by LC–MS/MS successfully applied to evaluate endocrine activity in drinking
on spike‐recovery samples in surface, drinking, and wastewater water, surface water and treated wastewater sampled from
for a variety of perfluorinated ether standards and found that Germany, Australia, France, South Africa, the Netherlands and
the relative error measurements for spike‐recovery samples in Spain (Leusch et al., 2018).
each matrix and the coefficient of variation (CV) for each com- Houtman, Broek, and Brouwer (2018) applied in vitro
pound are within acceptable range, proving the reliability of the reporter gene bioassays and a UPLC‐tQ‐MS target analysis
method. method for measuring 25 steroid hormones used in high vol-
At present, how to enhance identification rates of EPs for umes in pharmacy and demonstrated that it was possible to
policymakers or taking control measures in time is one of the link observed activities to compounds measured in the same
major concerned issues for researchers. Gago‐Ferrero, Krettek, samples by using an integrated approach of bioassays (a panel
Fischer, Wiberg, and Ahrens (2018) used advanced liquid chro- of CALUX bioassays) and chemical analysis. All five types of
matography (LC)–HRMS‐based suspect screening strategies activities tested were observed in the WWTP samples.
to search for the selected compounds in 24 hr composite sam- Monitoring networks (MNs) of a river largely relies on
ples from the effluent of three major WWTPs in Sweden and discrete spatial and temporal observations carried out at cer-
demonstrated that regulatory databases combined with the tain sites located throughout the catchment. The distribution
latest advances in high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) of sampling sites, the dynamics of the variable considered and
can be efficiently used to prioritize and identify new, poten- the river hydrological conditions might constrain the function
tially hazardous pollutants being discharged into the aquatic of MNs. In Ginebreda’s study, all three aspects mentioned above
environment. were captured and quantified by applying a spatial autocorrela-
QuEChERS (an acronym for Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, tion modeling approach and the results show that spatial auto-
Rugged, and Safe) is a commonly used technique employed correlation modeling approach can be introduced to aid water
in most multiresidue pesticide test laboratories. Miossec, managers to improve the design of river MNs (Ginebreda et
Lanceleur, and Monperrus (2018) found that QuEChERS al., 2018).
method can be adapted and validated by gas chromatogra-
phy–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) to simultaneously determine
Transport, Transformation and
priority and EPs in sediments. The sample preparation was
Bioaccumulation
adapted by modifying the nature of the extraction solvent and
optimizing clean‐up and evaporation steps. The method shows For a long time, studies have focused on the occurrence and
good linearity and repeatability. detection of EPs in environmental media. However, EPs can
Buckypaper (BP) is a strong and lightweight substance migrate to water bodies through various direct and indirect
manufactured from compressed carbon nanotubes. Tomai et routes from point to nonpoint sources and can be bioaccumu-
al. (2018) reported, for the first time, the use of oxidized BP lated through food webs, causing health risks to wildlife and
as a sorbent membrane of a stir‐disc SPE module. The origi- humans. Therefore, their fates and bioaccumulation have been
nal device consisted of a BP disc (d = 34 mm) enveloped in a the focus of many studies.
polypropylene mesh pouch. It was designed to extract organic Nagy‐Kovács et al. (2018) studied the effects of banks fil-
micropollutants from water samples in dynamic mode and tration on EPs and found that the removal for different pol-
HPLC‐MS/MS was then used to analyze the extracts. They lutants was significant differences by the banks filtration in
found that hydrophilic compounds with logP < 1 showed poor Danube River and the concentration range in bank filtrate was
affinity for the oxidized BP, compounds having logP > 1 exhib- much lower compared to river water, revealing the equilibration
ited recoveries ranging between 50% and 100% depending on effect of bank filtration for water quality.
their pKa, while compounds with pKa between 6 and 7.5 gave Trček, Žigon, Zidar, and Auersperger (2018) provided
low yields irrespective of their logP. the first evidence for relevant benzotriazoles (BTs) degrada-
For those steroidal estrogens, which were included in the tion products (BTTPs) in urban aquifers that may impact the
“watch‐list” of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), their groundwater quality. They found that sediments with a lower
extremely low concentrations in water require much sensitive hydraulic conductivity give rise to perched aquifer conditions

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ANNUAL LITERATURE REVIEW

that lead to the temporal storage of leaking effluents and they an important source of OHCs so far in industrialized and
presumed that methylation and tautomerization play import- urbanized watershed in China and no health risk was related
ant roles in the transformation of BTs. The leakage of waste- to the daily intake of the existing individual contaminant, but
water pipelines is most probably the source of BTs and more Sun et al. suggested vigilance be needed for recent inputs of
stable BTTPs enter the saturated zone of the aquifer, bringing a pollutants originated from e‐waste recycling activities.
contamination risk for groundwater that is or may be used as a Emerging pollutants are also frequently detected in cul-
source for drinking water. tured aquatic products. Pesticides were found present in the
Dsikowitzky et al. (2018) revealed based on a mass flux fish samples from Northeast China. Among them, atrazine and
approach assessment that the Ciliwung River (the largest city linuron were far above those of other pesticides in fish samples
bound river of Jakarta) annually transports around 5–17 tons from Liaoning province and Inner Mongolia, respectively. The
of the quantified pollutants (including EPs) into the Java Sea. findings provide a warning that the potential risk of consuming
Plastic polymers act as passive samplers in air system and aquatic products should be paid more attention (Fu, Lu, Tan,
concentrate hydrophobic organic contaminants by sorption Wang, & Chen, 2018).
or specific interactions, which can be transported to other The emergence of various EPs in organisms means that
systems such as the marine environment. Recently, more and they may bring about ecological risks and subsequently affect
more attention has been paid to littoral plastics debris, which human health through the food webs. There are few reports on
can actually be regarded as passive samplers. EPs are taken up the transformation mechanisms and EP metabolites in organ-
through adsorbing or interacting with microplastics and then isms. More discoveries are expected in these areas in the future.
brought from littoral into the ocean, thus affecting the habitat
of marine plankton (León et al., 2018). Studies have shown that
Risk Assessment
even marine benthic biodiversity is affected by pollutants car-
ried by microplastics (D’Alessandro et al., 2018). Although EPs frequently occur in various environmental media
Destruction marine ecosystems biodiversity can lead to in the world, the knowledge of their behaviors and hazard/
a decline in marine productivity, while pollution of the ocean ecological risks is extremely insufficient. Acknowledging the
poses a risk to the safety of harvested seafood, which are nowa- complexity and diverse classes of EPs, it is necessary to develop
days a global concern. reliable methods for risk assessment of these contaminants.
Emerging pollutants in wildlife were continuously
reported in 2018. For example, multiple classes of pharma- Risk quotient and hazard quotient methods
ceutical, pesticides, and phosphorus‐based flame retardants Both risk quotient (RQ) and hazard quotient (HQ) are fre-
occurred at low μg/kg levels in marine bivalves collected quently used to describe the risk category of a chemical sub-
adjacent to point source municipal wastewater and land- stance. RQ is the ratio of a point estimate of exposure and a
fill leachate effluent discharges in Hong Kong (Burket, point estimate of effects, which is primarily used by US EPA
Sapozhnikova, Zheng, Chung, & Brooks, 2018). Sea urchins to assess the ecological risk of pesticides. HQ is the quotient of
are a highly prized worldwide delicacy. However, (Rocha et a measured or estimated environmental concentration (MEC)
al., 2018) reported for the first time the contamination lev- and an effect concentration (EC).
els of a large set of 99 emerging and persistent organic con- An environmental risk assessment was conducted based
taminants in roe/gonads of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, on a deterministic approach by using the RQ method, and the
though the contents of pollutants indicate that sea urchins results suggested a high‐risk potential in some of the investi-
collected in South West Atlantic coast are safe for human gated submarine sewage outfalls (SSOs). The ecotoxicological
consumption. Sposito et al. (2018) analyzed changes in the data of the target compounds in waterborne exposures were
expression of zebrafish target genes exposed to the mixtures obtained from previous studies and also from the ECOTOX
of most frequently detected EPs (caffeine, imidacloprid, 2‐ database of USEPA. The predicted environmental risk assess-
hydroxy atrazine, tebuthiuron, atrazine, and bisphenol A) ment suggested a high‐risk potential in some of the investigated
at three different levels and found all the mixtures induced SSOs (Santos, Buruaem, et al., 2018). In the Slovene aqueous
the expression of cyp19a1b (a marker for (xeno‐) estrogen environment, two UV filters (oxybenzone and dioxybenzone),
exposure). Though the studied rivers show no indication of estrone and triclosan, were assessed with RQ methods and the
any harmful effects on the zebrafish due to low PE levels, results showed they posed a medium to high environmental
the researchers pointed out that the frequent and intensive risk with RQs between 0.282 (for HM‐BP) and 15.5 (for E1)
agricultural activities in the vicinity can aggravate contami- (Česen et al., 2018).
nation, lead to unsuspected peaks of EP pollution, and sub- Peng et al. (2018) investigated the complexity and diversity
sequent negatively affect habitat of living organisms. Sun, of EPs in surface water in the Yangtze River Delta area and used
Luo, et al. (2018), Sun, Chen, et al. (2018) measured the legacy Screening ecological risk assessment to evaluate the potential
and emerging organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in ecological risks based on HQ approach. They used the 95th per-
edible wild aquatic organisms sampled from the Pearl River centiles of measured environmental concentrations (MEC95)
and Dongjiang River in a representative industrial and urban (or single concentration) as the MEC values. For EC, they used
region in China. They observed high concentrations of tar- the 5th percentile of the reported acute ECs (EC05) derived
get contaminants. Although agrochemical inputs remained from the ECOTOX database (USEPA).

988 Tang et al.

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ANNUAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Emerging methods and novel considerations these pollutants may transform into intermediates or metab-
With efforts of researchers, new methods and considerations olites under the interaction with the environment (such as
are being introduced to risk assessment of EPs. light degradation, oxidation & reduction, and microbial
A challenge of risk assessment is how to compare diver- decomposition). The risk analysis of these pollutants remains
gent field data collected in concentrations expressed on a mass insufficient.
or lipid basis to toxicity levels expressed typically on the basis In a study in Europe, it was found that levels of UV filters
of volume or mass. Woodburn, Seston, Kim, and Powell (2018) HM‐BP and DH‐BP, estrogen E1 and triclosan in water envi-
proposed a fugacity approach as a unit conversion to obtain ronment pose a medium/high environmental risk and bisphe-
a common basis for comparing concentrations and success- nol S was quantified in surface water for the first time, while, a
fully used this method to assess the probability risk of benthic novel diclofenac transformation product was quantified >LOQ
organisms by applying different matrices (sediment and biota) (limit of quantitation) in surface water and wastewater (Česen
in comparison to standard chronic toxicity benchmarks. et al., 2018).
Nowadays, tests employed to risk assessment of chemicals As for novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs), there
(including EDCs) rarely address persistent effects arising from is little information available about their trophodynamics in
early‐life exposures. Desirable testing demands fast, mecha- the aquatic food web and their subsequent relationships to
nism‐based approaches, considering the 3R principle (replace- compound metabolism. After assessed the trophodynamics of
ment, reduction, and refinement of animal‐based tests). NR seven emerging BFRs in the aquatic food web of Lake Taihu,
(nuclear receptor) assays have been a key instrument for testing South China, and measured the metabolic rates of 17 species
and assessment of EDCs, but they are mostly based on verte- (including plankton, invertebrates, and fish), Zheng et al. (2018)
brate NRs. Santos, Ruivo, Capitão, Fonseca, and Castro (2018) revealed that ATE(2,4,6‐tribromophenyl allyl ether), BTBPE
proposed that invertebrate NRs could be replaced by inverte- (1,2‐bis(2,4,6‐tribromophenoxy)ethane) and TBPH (bis(2‐
brate nuclear receptors and put forward that the resources are ethylhexyl)‐3,4,5,6‐tetrabromo‐phthalate) were resistant to
available for implementing a mechanistic‐based assessment of metabolism in all fish microsomes. TBCT (tetrabromo‐o‐chlo-
EDCs and other EPs across metazoans. rotoluene) and PBBA (pentabromobenzyl acrylate) exhibited
Despite a growing scientific attention on ecological significant trophic magnifications in the food web and more-
impact of individual of EPs, knowledge gaps remain regarding over, both of them showed metabolic resistance in high‐tro-
mixture toxicity and effects on aquatic organisms. Compared phic‐level fish.
to single‐compound toxicity, the joint‐toxic effects can lead to Human beings are continuously exposed to EPs through
synergistic or antagonistic interactions, leading to the cock- various routes. Therefore, health impact data from biomoni-
tail effect (Di Poi, Costil, Bouchart, & Halm‐Lemeille, 2018). toring (HBM) are vital reference for policymakers to evaluate
Investigation on EPs should be expanding and is encouraged public health programs. However, there are many limitations
in finding the appropriate method for environmental risk in HBM, such as high costs, long time consuming, sampling
assessment. biases, complexity of data elaboration, etc.). Urban wastewater
Disturbance of the sea floor caused by pollutants may analysis can be best described as a large‐scale urine test and
variate the community of benthos, damaging firstly sensitive thus wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) is considered as
species and then the food chains, causing loss of biodiversity. a complementary tool to overcome some of the limitations in
D’Alessandro et al. (2018) revealed that anthracene, zinc and HBM. Gracia‐Lor, Rousis, Hernández, Zuccato, and Castiglioni
chromium were the most abundant chemical compounds (2018) suggested a panel of new potential WBE biomarkers for
in analyzed sediments sampled at Augusta site located in the monitoring human exposure to some of the most widespread
MSFD Ionian sub‐region of the central Mediterranean Sea, pollutants, including some EPs. Yang et al. (2018) conformed
Italy. This finding prods us into paying more attention to the that sucralose, an artificial sweetener and sugar substitute, was
risk assessment of joint contamination of EPs and other pollut- a suitable indicator to qualitatively and quantitatively assess
ants in the future. domestic wastewater contamination in surface water and
Effluent from WWTPs is considered to be one of the groundwater.
major sources, along with agricultural usages and storm run-
off. Wastewater effluents increase the nutrient load of receiving
water bodies and at the same time, they introduce various EPs
Conclusion
that serious affect the local biota. Subirats et al. (2018) inves- Despite much progress has been made in the 2018, signifi-
tigated the effect of the combined stress of nutrient load and cant obstacles still remain restricting the fast and efficient
EPs on genes encoding resistance and their studies first demon- detection for studying the behaviors and removal approaches
strated the contribution of nutrients on the maintenance and of EPs. For risk assessment, challenges center around the
spread of antibiotic resistance genes in streambed biofilms extrapolation of effects of single EP found in the laboratory
under controlled conditions. They also proposed that nutrients or effects observed in individual organism or species in the
could enhance the effect of EPs on the dissemination of antibi- field to influences of multiple stressors on aquatic organisms
otic resistance. in food chains. Therefore, study is needed in the future to
There are many literature reporting environmental risk explore how these challenges can be addressed to fill knowl-
assessment of EPs. However, after entering the environment, edge gaps.

Water Environment Research • 91: 984–991, 2019 989

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ANNUAL LITERATURE REVIEW

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