CHAPTER 2

REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN STUDIES

This study investigated fuel briquettes made from charcoal particles of

Idigbo wood, pinewood sawdust, and their mixtures using gelatinized cassava

peels as a binder. Briquettes were produced at various blending ratios, and their

properties were analyzed. Higher charcoal content increased fixed carbon and

heating value, while higher pine sawdust content raised volatile matter and

reduced heating value. Pure charcoal briquettes had the highest heating value

and ash content. The briquettes showed improved combustion properties

compared to raw charcoal, pine dust, and cassava peel. Overall, the study

suggests that these briquettes could be effective as fuel for domestic and

industrial use (Ajimotokan et al., 2019).

The study on fuel briquettes made from charcoal particles and pinewood sawdust

provides valuable insights for the upcoming fire starter development using

kangkong wax, waste paper, and sawdust. The focus on blending ratios and their

impact on key properties, such as heating value and ash content, guides us in
optimizing the composition. The study highlights the trade-off of higher

charcoal content enhancing heating value but increasing ash content, a

consideration for the formulation. With the goal of creating a long-lasting fire

starter for cooking, the study emphasizes the importance of adjusting material

ratios for optimal burning properties. Overall, it suggests that a well-optimized

blend of materials could result in an effective and efficient fire starter suitable for

various uses.

The study examines the influence of agricultural residue type, binder type,

and amount on carbonized briquette properties, utilizing biochars from groundnut

shells, sugarcane bagasse, coffee husks, and rice husks. Using a cost-effective

compression method, the research reveals significant effects on physical

properties (fixed carbon, ash content, volatile matter, and moisture) and calorific

values. With only cassava starch binder, residue type plays a crucial role, while

increasing the binder amount has minimal impact. In experiments with both

cassava and wheat starch binders, briquette properties are notably influenced by

residue and binder type. Calorific values for groundnut shell and bagasse

briquettes peak with 30 g of cassava starch binder, and changes in binder

amounts have negligible effects on heating values for these briquettes

(Lubwama et al., 2020).

The study on carbonized briquettes using different agricultural residues and

binders provides insights applicable to the development of a fire starter made of

kangkong wax, waste paper, and sawdust. The research emphasizes the

influence of binder type, amount, and agricultural residue type on briquette

properties and calorific values. For the fire starter project, experimenting with

various binders may impact burning characteristics, and the choice of agricultural

residue could influence burning efficiency. The study also highlights differences

in calorific values based on residue types, offering valuable information for

optimizing the energy content of the fire starter. While materials differ, the study

provides a foundation for refining the fire starter's composition and improving its

performance for prolonged and efficient cooking. Further experiments, inspired

by the study's findings, could contribute to the development of a long-lasting and

effective fire starter.

The study seeks to create efficient cookstove fuel from various agricultural

wastes through fast pyrolysis, adjusting particle sizes, and compacting

pressures. Palm kernel shell briquettes excelled in key characteristics, boasting

high calorific value, volatile matter content, and fixed carbon while maintaining

low ash and moisture content. In rapid water boiling tests, palm kernel shell and

sawdust briquettes reached 100 ℃ within 10 minutes. Notably, palm kernel shell
briquettes of 0.60 mm particle size and 30 MPa compacting pressure exhibited

outstanding performance across multiple parameters (Sunnu et al., 2021).

The study on efficient cookstove fuel production, highlighting the success of palm

kernel shell briquettes, offers valuable insights for our fire starter research. The

exceptional performance of these briquettes, achieved through optimizing particle

sizes and compacting pressures, suggests potential improvements for our fire

starter composed of kangkong wax, waste paper, and sawdust. Notably, the

rapid water boiling tests showcase the promising performance of sawdust

briquettes, indicating that incorporating sawdust with similar adjustments may

contribute to our goal of creating a long-lasting fire starter for cooking food. The

study's practical guidance, especially regarding sawdust, provides valuable

direction for refining our fire starter formulation.

The study focuses on exploring the potential of biomass residues,

including coffee husk, sawdust, khat waste, and dry grass, for biofuel production.

Utilizing waste paper pulp and clay soil as binders, the biomass and binders were

combined in various ratios and densified using a piston press machine. The

briquettes were produced with a manually operated press at an average pressure

of 2 MPa. Analysis of the briquettes revealed favorable qualities, particularly

those produced from sawdust residue and paper pulp binder, showcasing

high fixed carbon content and calorific value. This suggests the viability of these

briquettes as an alternative energy source and an effective waste management

solution to reduce reliance on wood for fuel (Kebede et al., 2022).

The study on biomass residues and biofuel production suggests that adopting

waste paper pulp as binders for sawdust can enhance burning characteristics.

Key considerations for the fire starter research include experimenting with ratios

of kangkong wax, waste paper, and sawdust, adjusting binding materials, and

exploring variations in compacting pressures and particle sizes of the materials.

Emphasis on high fixed carbon content and calorific value for improved efficiency

and an extended burning duration. Incorporating other biomass residues may

also contribute to sustainability. Testing and refining based on these principles

may lead to a competitive and eco-friendly fire starter.

The study investigated briquettes made from groundnut shells, corn cobs,

and Anogeissus leiocarpus wood residues, as well as mixtures with starch

binders. The experiments focused on density, volatile matter, ash content, fixed

carbon, and the specific heat of combustion. Groundnut shell briquettes exhibited

the highest density, while A. Leiocarpus and corn cob particles showed the
lowest and highest ash content, respectively. Briquettes from A.

leiocarpus particles and a mixture of groundnut shell and A. Leiocarpus particles

with a 25% starch binder demonstrated superior quality in terms of density and

combustion properties. This suggests their suitability as an environmentally

friendly alternative energy source (Falemara et al., 2018).

The study on briquettes made from groundnut shells, corn cobs, and Anogeissus

leiocarpus wood residues, with starch binders, provides valuable insights for

enhancing the fire starter made of kangkong wax, waste paper, and sawdust. By

analyzing factors such as density, ash content, and combustion properties,

parallels can be drawn to optimize the fire starter's composition. The superior

quality demonstrated by A. Leiocarpus and groundnut shell mixtures with starch

binders in the study suggest a potential edge for the fire starter about to be

created in terms of environmental friendliness and combustion efficiency. To

improve the fire starter, adjusting particle sizes or exploring additional binders

may be considered. Incorporating information gathered from the study on the

optimal characteristics of briquettes could contribute to achieving the goal of

creating a long-lasting fire starter capable of effectively cooking food for over an

hour.
FOREIGN LITERATURE

This study in Maroua addresses the waste management issue by

quantifying paper and cardboard trash and evaluating its potential for

combustible briquette manufacturing. The annual rejected paper waste collected

from families, public sectors, corporate entities, and retail centers weighs around

81,713.00 kg. When processed with alkali solution, combustible briquettes with a

moisture percentage of 4.020.47% and greater fixed carbon content could be

formed, with an estimated yearly production of 102.141 tons. This may effectively

replace around 153.2 tons of firewood, demonstrating the potential to

dramatically reduce firewood usage and deforestation through the use of

recycled paper and cardboard waste for cooking energy (Dzokom et al., 2021).

The findings can be used as a foundation for our future research into using paper

waste in combination with other substances as fire starters in cooking. The study

provides critical insights into the viability and scalability of our proposed solution

by estimating the annual rejected paper waste and analyzing its potential for

combustible briquette production. The examination of physicochemical factors,

such as moisture content and fixed carbon content, gives important data for

guiding our fire starter manufacturing process. In addition, the investigation of

alkali solution pretreatment provides prospective strategies for improving

briquette characteristics and burning efficiency. The study highlights the

significant potential of our research to contribute to a reduction in firewood

consumption and align with sustainability and deforestation reduction objectives,

with an estimated yearly production of combustible briquettes capable of

replacing around 153.2 tons of firewood.

This article proposes an Ecological Fire Starter (EFS) built from sawdust

and vegetable oils to address indoor air pollution in Cameroon's Far North area.

Plastic garbage is currently widely used to start solid fuel fires, creating health

dangers, particularly to women and children who cook. According to the report,

many people use different plastics as fire starts. The usage of plastic in the

region might result in significant yearly CO2 eq emissions. Despite the fact that

EFS has a manufacturing capacity of 1000 tons, the expected requirement in

2022 is 894 tons. With flexible lower heating settings, EFS provides

environmental, health, and economic benefits. Advocacy is done to encourage

the use of EFS in poor countries (Kodji et al., 2023).

The researchers pull ideas from an article suggesting an Ecological Fire Starter

(EFS) built from sawdust and vegetable oils in their research targeted at

constructing a long-lasting fire starter utilizing kangkong wax, waste paper,

sawdust, and other ingredients. While the primary goal is to create an

effective fire starter, the inclusion of sawdust and vegetable oils in the EFS

reflects the researcher's desire to include ecologically beneficial components.

The article emphasizes the health concerns of utilizing plastic waste for cooking,

compelling the researchers to consider health consequences in the design of

their fire starter. Despite the fact that the main focus does not directly address

environmental concerns, the article's mention of potential CO2 emissions from

plastic use demonstrates the researcher's understanding of the additional

environmental advantage of developing an eco-friendly fire starter.

Sawdust, a substantial byproduct of Manicaland province's sawmills in

Zimbabwe, poses an environmental threat when incinerated or left to

accumulate. This study explores the potential of converting this waste into

briquettes using banana waste pulp as a cost-effective local binder. The quality

of the fabricated briquettes improves with higher binder ratios, with the 1:4

sawdust-binder ratio demonstrating optimal qualities. Evaluation criteria include

relative density, shatter index, ignition time, burning rate, and water boiling time.

Utilizing a factor rating method, the study identifies the top five binder

formulations based on factors such as time taken to boil water and shatter index,
with banana-pseudo stem-pith and ripe banana in a 3:1 ratio ranking highest

(Nyathi et al., 2022).

The study on converting sawdust into briquettes using banana waste pulp as a

cost-effective binder provides valuable insights for fire starter research with

kangkong wax, waste paper, and sawdust. The optimization of briquette qualities

through varying binder ratios aligns with the goal of creating a fire starter that

lasts for more than an hour and effectively cooks food. The evaluation criteria

used in the study offer a framework for assessing the performance of the fire

starter. Additionally, the exploration of different binder formulations, particularly

the success of banana-pseudo stem-pith and ripe banana in a 3:1 ratio, suggests

experimenting with various binders, potentially including kangkong wax or

exploring other alternatives. The study provides a foundation for refining the fire

starter composition and optimizing its qualities to meet the specified goals.

The study focuses on assessing the combustion properties of briquettes

made from Ficus exasperata sawdust and Cassava peel using various binders.

Different binder ratios were employed, including top bond, starch, and cattle

dung. Proximate composition analysis indicates a significant difference in ash

content. Binder evaluation highlights starch as having the highest heating value
(HV), while cattle dung has the lowest. The substrate analysis reveals that

sawdust achieves the highest HV, while cassava peel has the lowest,

accompanied by a significantly higher ash content. The study concludes that

briquettes consisting of a sawdust and cassava peel mixture, bonded with starch,

exhibit optimal burning characteristics, presenting a viable alternative energy

source (Ogunjobi et al., 2023).

The study on the combustion properties of briquettes made from Ficus

exasperata sawdust and cassava peel using various binders provides valuable

insights for fire starter research. The use of different binders, including top bond,

starch, and cattle dung, allows for an exploration of binding agents to consider,

such as kangkong wax or other materials in the fire starter. The analysis of ash

content and heating value (HV) in different combinations of substrates and

binders helps understand the burning characteristics and energy efficiency of the

briquettes. The study suggests that the choice of binder, such as kangkong wax,

can influence heating values and burning efficiency, potentially affecting the

duration for which the fire starter can sustain and successfully cook food.

Emphasizing the optimal burning characteristics observed in briquettes with a

sawdust and cassava peel mixture bonded with starch, the study supports the

notion that a well-selected binder is crucial in achieving efficient burning for

prolonged cooking purposes.

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