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Unit 1 Programming in C and Primitive Data Types

The document discusses the C programming language including its background, structure, comments, identifiers, variables, constants, data types, and sizeof operator. C was developed in the 1970s and is a high-level structured programming language commonly used for system and application programming.

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113 views

Unit 1 Programming in C and Primitive Data Types

The document discusses the C programming language including its background, structure, comments, identifiers, variables, constants, data types, and sizeof operator. C was developed in the 1970s and is a high-level structured programming language commonly used for system and application programming.

Uploaded by

jhaa98676
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21CSC201J

DATA STRUCTURES AND


ALGORITHMS
UNIT-1
Topic : Programming in C and
Primitive Data Types
Programming in C - Background
• C was originally developed in the 1970s, by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc

• C is a structured programming language.

• It is considered a high-level language because it allows the programmer to concentrate on


the problem at hand and not worry about the machine that the program will be using.

• That is another reason why it is used by software developers whose applications have to run
on many different hardware platforms.

• C contains certain additional features that allows it to be used at a lower level , acting as
bridge between machine language and the high level languages.

• This allows C to be used for system programming as well as for applications programming
Programming in C – Structure of C Program
Programming in C – Example of C Program

The Greeting Program


Programming in C – Example of C Program
The Greeting Program
Programming in C – Comments
Example of Block Comments
Programming in C – Comments
Example of Line Comments
Programming in C – Identifiers

• One feature present in all computer languages is the identifier.


• Identifiers allow us to name data and other objects in the program.
Each identified object in the computer is stored at a unique address.
• Rules for Identifiers:

Note
C is a case-sensitive language.
Programming in C – Identifiers

• Examples of Valid and Invalid identifiers:


Programming in C – Identifiers (Keywords)
auto double int struct
• Keywords are nothing but system defined
identifiers. break else long switch
• Keywords are reserved words of the
case enum register typedef
language.
• They have specific meaning in the char extern return union

language and cannot be used by the const float short unsigned


programmer as variable or constant
names continue for signed void

• 32 Keywords in C Programming default goto sizeof volatile

do if static while
Programming in C – Variables

• Variables are named memory


locations that have a type, such as
integer or character, which is
inherited from their type.
• The type determines the values that a
variable may contain and the
operations that may be used with its
values.
Programming in C – Variable Declarations
Examples of Variable Declarations

Examples of Variable Initialization


Programming in C – Constants
• Constants are data values that cannot be changed during the execution of a
program.
• eg. const double PI = 3.14
• Here, PI is a constant. Basically what it means is that, PI and 3.14 is same for this
program.
• Like variables, constants have a type.
Integer constants
• A integer constant is a numeric constant (associated with number) without any
fractional or exponential part. There are three types of integer constants in C
programming:

• decimal constant(base 10)


• octal constant(base 8)
• hexadecimal constant(base 16)
Programming in C – Constants
Floating-point constants
• A floating point constant is a numeric constant that has either a fractional form
or an exponent form.
• For example: 2.0,0.0000234,-0.22E-5
Character constants
• A character constant is a constant which uses single quotation around characters.
For example: 'a', 'l', 'm', 'F'
String constants
• String constants are the constants which are enclosed in a pair of double-quote
marks.
• For example: "good" ,"x","Earth is round\n"
Programming in C – Escape Sequences
• Sometimes, it is necessary to use characters which cannot be typed or has special
meaning in C programming.
• For example: newline(enter), tab, question mark etc. In order to use these
characters, escape sequence is used.
Sequences Character
• \b Backspace
• \f Form feed
• \n Newline
• \r Return
• \t Horizontal tab
• \v Vertical tab
• \\ Backslash
• \' Single quotation mark
• \" Double quotation mark
• \? Question mark
• \0 Null character
Programming in C – Data Types

• Each variable in C has an associated data type.


• It specifies the type of data that the variable can store like integer,
character, floating, double, etc.
• Each data type requires different amounts of memory and has some
specific operations which can be performed over it.
• The data type is a collection of data with values having fixed values,
meaning as well as its characteristics.
Programming in C – Data Types
Programming in C – Primitive Data Types
• Integer Data Type
• The integer datatype in C is used to store the whole numbers without
decimal values. Octal values, hexadecimal values, and decimal values
can be stored in int data type in C.
• Range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
• Size: 4 bytes
• Format Specifier: %d
Programming in C – Primitive Data Types
• Integer Types

Note
sizeof (short) ≤ sizeof (int) ≤ sizeof (long) ≤ sizeof (long long)
Programming in C – Primitive Data Types
Typical Integer Sizes and Values for Signed Integers
Programming in C – Primitive Data Types
• Float Data Type
• Float in C is used to store decimal and exponential values. It is used to
store decimal numbers (numbers with floating point values) with
single precision.
• Range: 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38
• Size: 4 bytes
• Format Specifier: %f
Programming in C – Primitive Data Types
• Floating Point Types

Note
sizeof (float) ≤ sizeof (double) ≤ sizeof (long double)
Programming in C – Primitive Data Types
• Void Data Types
• The void data type in C is used to specify that no value is present. It
does not provide a result value to its caller.
• It has no values and no operations. It is used to represent nothing.
• Void is used in multiple ways as function return type, function
arguments as void etc.
Programming in C – Sizeof Data Types

• Size of Data Types in C


• The size of the data types in C is dependent on the size of the
architecture, so we cannot define the universal size of the data types.
• For that, the C language provides the sizeof() operator to check the size
of the data types.
Programming in C – Sizeof Example
// C Program to print size of different data type in C
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int size_of_int = sizeof(int);
int size_of_char = sizeof(char);
int size_of_float = sizeof(float);
int size_of_double = sizeof(double);

printf("The size of int data type : %d\n",


size_of_int);
printf("The size of char data type : %d\n",
size_of_char);
printf("The size of float data type : %d\n", Output
size_of_float); The size of int data type : 4
printf("The size of double data type : %d", The size of char data type : 1
size_of_double); The size of float data type : 4
The size of double data type : 8
return 0;
}

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