SECOND PRELIMINARY

Week No.: 6
Module No.: 5
Main Topic: Architecture

Josefina V. Estolas, Clarita G. Javier and Nieves Pada-

Payno, Introduction to humanities ( arts for fine living),
References:
National book store, 1995.

Architecture
The Meaning and Importance of Architecture
Architecture is defined as the art and science of des and erecting buildings. The term also
connotes the style method of design and construction that reflect the culture and religious temper
of the era. Design is further influenced by the functional demands that arise from nature and man
alike as well as the medium of construction available.
Styles and construction designs of buildings depends the prevailing climate. If the climate
is cool, bthe design of building should be on how to keep it warm. If the climate warm, the
emphasis of the design is to keep it cool place is frequently visited by typhoons, the houses in
places are low and sturdy. If the place is in the earthquake belt, the construction and style are
likewise made to consider the condition. In Japan, for example, which is situated in the
earthquake belt and tremors are expected, architectures are devised foundations with rollers so
that the buildings swa during the tremors instead of crumble. In warm countries like the
Philippines and other countries in the torrid zone, buildings have wide windows to let in the light
and the breeze. In countries where winter or cold spells are felt the windows are small and tightly
secured to prevent the com air from entering.
The design includes heating provisions like fireplace which is not present in homes in
warm countries. In dry warm countries like Egypt and Greece and also in the Philippines, a fiat
roof or a veranda can be used as an sitting room or a bedroom during warm, sultry nights.
However, in countries where there is much rain, slope roofs are preferred. For countries with
heavy snow, the roofs are steeply pitched to allow snow to slide off easily.
The Eskimos in Alaska have home whose style is unque because of the climatic
conditions prevailing in the state. The Igloo, the Eskimo's home, is made of very thick mud with
massive walls. There are barely no window opening except the entrance and exit doors. The style
of this home architecture fits the harsh, snowy weather. In Batanes, Philippines, a place
frequented by typhoons, the style of the homes of the inhabitants is different in looks from those
of homes in other provinces of the country. For countries where there is strong winds,
windbreakers are provided for and living rooms are not on the wind's path. In warm climate with
temperate places, the houses take in the breeze.
 Massive materials are used for cold climate countries but light materials are used for
warm climate countries.
More verandas are evident on colonial types of architecture for the Southern States of
USA while less verandas can be found in the Northern States. Different constructions are
presented pictorially in Figures 1-6, to visualize why styles and construction are different for
various countries.

Structural Materials
The designer and architect takes into account at least three different basic materials for a
building. These are materials for the roof, the walls and the floors. He has to think of appropriate
blending of materials considering Structural Materials strength and aesthetic appeal.
The three main qualities to be considered are the following:
Structure. This determine how the structure reacts to the wind, floods, water, movement
and the like. This is reaction to stress. The structural design and form are directly part of these
considerations.
Texture. This has to do with the roughness or smoothness of the material. It directs the
choice of tools to use. This should blend with the internal structure of the building.
Aspect. This refers to particular colors and outside skin after tooling. This is an apparent
feature to the layman. Every material's intrinsic qualities are looked into. This is important to
achieve consistency in design.
Structure is the most important quality of design. Some materials used are rock materials
like stone and clay; organic material like wood; metal and synthetic materials like glass and
plastic; and hybrid materials like adobe and bricks. These are shown in Figure 7.

Ancient relics and old castles and temples show the richness and beauty of ancient
civilization and culture. Their architectural designs and styles are the forerunners of the 19th and
20th century architecture. The historical past depicts the religious as well as traditions which are
vividly in the architectural artistry and design inherent to the country or era of origin.
Egyptian Architecture. The Egyptian architecture which dates back 4,000 to 2,280 B. C.
is characterized by enormous pyramidal structures. This is evident in many Egyptian temples. A
huge gateway covers the entire front of building called pylon and rows of columns support the
huge structure. Egyptian columns are of two types, the flower columns with wide, bellshaped
capital; and the bred columns of which the uppermost part of the capital is smaller than the lower
like bud of flower.
Mesopotamian architecture. The Mesopotamian architecture is characterized by a brisk
tower called ziggurat built at successive level having the form of a pyramid of successively
reading stories. The Assyrians developed the arch and its multiple, the canopy-shaped vault-the
most important and influential architectural design.
Greek Architecture. Greek architecture in 1100 to 100 BC uses the post-and lintel
construction as in the Egyptian temples but at lower height and of smaller proportion. There are
three styles or orders of Greek architecture namely: the Doric (eg Temple of Apollo at Old Crintz
and in the Parthenon), the tonic (e. g. Altena Nike); and the Corinthian (e. g., The Temple of
Zeus at Athens).
In Corinthian style, the column is taller than the lonic and its capital shows two rows of
acanthus leaves with volutes. It has an ornamented horizontal band or strip on the wall, with a
face, forehead or frontal surface. It also has a square slab having 2 vertical groves or gliphs in the
middle and a half grove at each end. Roman Architecture.
Roman architecture which dates front 1000 B.C. to 400 A. D. is similar to that of the
Greek's with some innovations. They built not only temples but also buildings, baths, law courts,
amphitheaters, aqueducts and bridges. They utilize the arch and the first round dome as
illustrated in the Patheon.
Eastern Byzantine architecture started from 200 A. D. up to the 6th century after Christ. It
is characterized by a central dome supported by curved triangles (pendentives great synagogues
and Istanbul structure.

Architectural development in the West in the Middle Ages (400-1500 A. D.) passed
through these stages known as early Christian, the Romanesque and Gothic. The basic plan
building divided by pillars into a central nave and aisles on of these two styles are a Roman
Basilica, a rectangular both sides. The nave is higher than the aisle and the window gives
adequate lighting. In between the windows and the column are triforium spods.
In the early Christian church (400-700 A. D.), the highest of the nave and choir is heavy
and the windows are story small . The columns have round arches between the round interiors
and are decorated with mosaics. The roof is flat under and is simple.
Romanesque Architecture. This developed in the 11th to 12th century. The structure is
characterized with very heavy walls with small window opening stone arch or inverted roof
window. They have a wide nave and narrow and lower side aids with tranusepts. This resembles
the Russian style.
France, Germany, Spain and all of Europe adopted the Romanesque style (like Notre
Dame la Grande, Poetries). Italy, however, adopted the Early Christian style-light basilica style
typical of which is its cathedral.
Gothic Architecture. This developed from 1194 to 1500. The structure is characterized
with pointed arch, making the building larger and taller, and buttresses to support the building.
Decorations are more elaborate. Sculpture forms the decoration on the three postals which are
heavy with religious depictions and relics. Gothic cathedrals usually have two towers.
Renaissance Architecture. It developed in the 15th and 16th century. It was influenced by
Greek and Roman styles comes to the fore but with a difference. These are the over-hanging
cornice, the string course, the pilaster and the ornamental pediment. The dome is made much
steeper and is adopted in smaller buildings and symmetrical structures of great simplicity and
beauty apparent in England and is known as the Georgian style and in the U. S. as the American
colonial style.
Baroque Architecture. This developed in the 17th century and in the early 18th century. It
is characterized by elaborata sculptural ornamentation. Columns and entablaturates were
decorated with garlands of flowers and fruits, shells and water.
Nineteenth century architecture is a period of eclecticism, which means freedom to use
the styles of the past. At this period, churches go gothic, thentus, baroque. Government buildings
go renaissance, thus, different styles of architecture
Modern Architecture. This characterized the 20th century structure which developed two
new materials: structural steel water. could be seen in many structures. and reinforced steel
which gave rise to skeleton and cantilever construction of modern skyscrapers and buildings of
any shape: semi-circular, round or square. The cantilever was used by Frank Lloyd Wright, an
American architect to supplement columnars or pillars for verandas.
Twelfth century buildings are categorized into two styles (1) international style and (2)
the organic style. The International style has severe horizontal and vertical lines, white walls and
flat roofs with simple designs and no ornaments. It gives a cool and forbidding facade like that of
the Seagram Building. The building is "a bronze and glass shafts and every dimension, from the
biggest to the smallest level, determined by an arbitrary modular system." The organic style has
organic unity in planning, structure materials, and site; it is designed to meet exact needs of
factories, typical office buildings, laboratories, national state schools, hospitals, airports, theaters,
etc. Examples are Johnson Wax Company of Rheene, Wisconsin, USA and Stephens Colleges
chapel by Eeno Snariven. Organic architecture is a "natural architecture, the architecture of
nature for nature".
European Architecture
European architecture is rich with old and medieval architectural design such as
Byzantine, Greek, Roman, Gothic Baroque and Renaissance. These are evident in the old
temples, cathedrals, and amphitheaters and civic buildings.
Ancient Greek architecture left marks in the ruins of its Greek temples like the Temples
of Apollo at Old Crintz and Temple of Zeus at Athens with Corinthian style.
Roman architecture is still evident in the ruins of amphitheaters such as the Oasthem and
the Coliseum. Romanesque style of Basilica are adopted in France, Germany and other European
centers. Notre Dame la Grande is a typical example.
Gothic architecture with flying buttresses are seen at the Amiens Cathedral of Notre
Dame, Paris.
Renaissance architecture with strong course and the cornic surrounded by a balustrade are
exemplified by Michelangelo's Palace of the Senate of Rome. St. Peter's Cathedral's apse and
dome is renaissance. This structural beauty is adopted in England and is known as the Georgian
style.
 Baroque architecture is shown in Modern St. Peter's Cathedral facade.

American Architecture
American home design evolved from the log cabins. When one hears of log cabin, he
relates it to the early American settlers' homes in the prairies. To date, there are still log cabins
which are now generally used as vacation houses in the mountains or in the prairies. Log cabin
homes, as the term represents, is made out of logs and stones. Generally, the walls are made of
logs. The porch too is made of wood. The flooring could be made of stones put together by
cement or it could even be made of wood. The roofs are made of wood shafts or grass or
galvanized iron.
Then came the American colonial designs, concrete and wooden homes. The roofing is
generally made of wood that are better-shaped.
In the 19th century, there was no definite Americans architectural design that could be
called purely American in style. The taste of the time was eclectic. This means combination of
styles . for massive churches, the Gothic design was usually used. Samples of home styles using
the different kinds of building materials.
Philippine Architecture. The architectural structure and design of the Filipino homes
evolved from the nipa hut combination of different materials like nipa, palm leaves, wood and
bamboo. The climate, rainfall, weather conditions, and the availability of materials are the
factors that influenced the structure and design of the Filipino nipa hut.
Other types of houses in the Philippines are made of stronger materials like stones,
cement, bricks, wood and tiles. They show influence of Spanish architecture. The windows are
wide for free circulation of air. These are made of wood and Capiz shells. The roof are steep and
made of tile.
Nowadays, Filipino modern houses are influenced by western style of architecture. They
are made of cement, wood, marble floor, tiles, galvanized iron and glass or for the windows and
doors. They use the post-and-lintel form of support.

The Cultural Center of the Philippines

The Cultural Center of the Philippines in architecture in the Philippines. It is
contemporary and functional in structure, simple and elegant in tone. It rises on reclaimed land
jutting out into the Manila Bay along the The Center is one of the modern and famous landmarks
twenty-one hectare (210,000 square meters) piece of Roxas Boulevard. This is one of the most
beautiful sites in the country.
The architectural complex in figure 13 consists of a theater, fully air-conditioned and
equipped, is set against wide reflecting pools. It contains: (1) a main multi-purpose auditorium
for opera, ballet and symphonic orchestra performance with a sitting capacity of two thousand,
(2) a small experimental theater in the basement for dramas, chamber music, lectures, and art
films, with a sitting capacity of four hundred and forty, (3) a restaurant that can accommodate
200 people, with a bar space for 40 people, (5) recording, audition, dressing and guest rooms, (6)
rehearsal halls, and (7) space for offices in the upper storey available for rent to private parties.
The multi-purpose auditorium is divided into floor levels: the orchestras, the box section,
the gallery, and the upper gallery. Escalators transport the audience to the different levels.
The experimental theater is used for staging plays, poetry, and dramatic readings, and the
showing of art films. The Museum and Art Gallery complex is surrounded by high walls to
create different world of art, sparkling waters, fountains, and gardens. It is composed of four
pavillions and connected to one another by a system of open courtyards and covered walks. The
main features of the museum are:
1. A Painting and Sculpture Hall with special section of contemporary art. (Siamese)
excavated in the Philippines. Separate section for Filipino folk and primitive art.
2. A Colonial Art Pavillion split into two levels with a chapel in which the San Jose
Church baroque altar was donated by Antonio Bantug.
3. The De Santos Pavillion contains the large and magnificent De Santos Art Collection,
an outstanding collection of European Spanish colonial art in the Philippines, gold and other
artifacts and one of world's largest collection of export ceramics (Chinese, Annamese and
Siamese) excavated in the Philippines.
4. The Filipino Muslim Pavilion which houses the Filipino Muslim art collection of
Potenciano Badillo, and a separated section for Filipino folk and primitive art.
5. A Library for Art and Music. The architect designed a museum of a complex of
smaller structures surrounded by gardens, playing fountains, serene reflecting pools and plazas.
One goes from one pavilion to the other and walks through the lush gardens and shaded covered
area.
A grand staircase leads to the upper decks. One climbs to the upper gardens interspersed
with sculpture and tropical plants to view historic Manila Bay and its colorful sunsets.
Five artists contributed their works and services to the Center.
1. Hernando Ocampo donated his painting "Genesis" with tapestry weaves in Kyoto,
Japan utilized as the design for the curtains of the Center's Theater for the Performing Arts;
2. Fernando Zobel, Arturo Luz and Cesar Legazpi did murals for various areas of the
Center;
3. Vicente Manansala gave the bronze wall sculpture that dominates the entrance of the
theater.
4. Mrs. Pacita Keller designed the Philippine-made Capiz chandeliers in the Center's
foyer.
5. Federico Aguilar Alvarez evolved the curtain's design for the smaller experimental
theater. is Leandro V. Locsin. He is known for his bold modem
 6. The architect of the Cultural Center of the Philippines is Leandro V. Locsin. He is
known for his bold modern and vigorous design many which are im architectural landmarks
found the most progressive business sector in the country.
Architect Locsin made the Center a complex of pavilions linking one to the other
interspersed by plazas, lush gardens, serene reflecting pools and shaded covered objective is to
beguile the public at every time as new vistas unfold.
Locsin tastefully creates a successful blend of modern and functional architectural
concepts with Filipino indigenous art forms.
Sound factors are likewise important elements in architectural design. The use or function
of the buildings also determine the structural design. Cathedrals or churches are buildings
designed as places of worship. They are large and open to accommodate many people. Greek
temples, however, are small to accommodate only few people at a time because they are
primarily shrines for the worship of their god
It is worthwhile to know some edifices and places of worship of Catholic and Protestant
Christians, the Islamic, Buddhists and Muslims. Figure 14 shows the architectural structure and
design of the Bali Temple in Baguio City; the Ma Cho Temple in San Fernando, La Union, and
the Taoist Temple in Cebu.
Chinese Temples: The Chinese legacy in the Philippines.
They depict the Chinese architecture structures and designs
Another place of worship is the PAOAY church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is
sturdy and large to accommodate a large number of Catholic Christian worshippers. Mindanao.
An example of a modern mosque in Lanao Lake region in Mindanao which depicts the
dome and minaret architectural style.
There are a good number of well known architects in the Philippines. Foremost among
the country's modern architects are: Leandro Locsin and his massive Cultural Center of the
Philippines, Jose Mañosa and his San Miguel Corporation
 ACTIVITY NO. 5
Name: _________________________________________________ Date:
_________________
Course and Year: _______________________________________ Block:
________________

Answer the following questions:

1. What does architecture connote? construction design of the buildings. the style and construction design of
buildings, 2. Characterize the construction designs of building in 3. the earthquake belt 4. the torrid zone
5.countries with winter or long cold spell 6. countries with dry and warm climate 7. countries often visited by
typhoons 8. Give examples of buildings that use the following: 9 post-and-lintel 10. cross-vault 11. barrel vault
12.dome 13. Cite the three types of columns and entablatures called orders in Greek architecture. Describe each
type. 14. Show the differences and similarities of architectures of homes in the Philippines and in other countries.