CHƯƠNG 4: VẬN TỐC

1.Các loại vận tốc EpiPen

1.1 Indicated airspeed (IAS)

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 1

 CHƯƠNG 4: VẬN TỐC

1.Các loại vận tốc EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 2

 CHƯƠNG 4: VẬN TỐC

1.Các loại vận tốc EpiPen

1.1 Indicated airspeed (IAS)
STATIC PRESSURE
- It is the atmospheric pressure.
- It is exerted equally in all directions regardless of motion.
DYNAMIC PRESSURE
- It is the pressure exerted by the air as an object moves through it
- It is proportional to the airspeed and air density.
TOTAL PRESSURE
- It is the sum of the static pressure and the dynamic pressure.
PHAN THI DIEU THUY 3
1.Các loại vận tốc
1.1 Indicated airspeed (IAS) EpiPen
AIRSPEED INDICATOR (ASI)
- Indicates the speed of the aircraft in relation
to the air.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 4

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.1 Indicated airspeed (IAS)
EpiPen
- The airspeed indicator must receive dynamic pressure information in
order to give a speed reading

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 5

1. Các loại vận tốc
EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 6

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.1 Indicated airspeed (IAS)
EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 7

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.1 Indicated airspeed (IAS) EpiPen
- This is the speed indicated on the instrument.
- It does not include any correction.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 8

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.2 Calibrated airspeed (CAS) EpiPen
INSTRUMENT ERROR
- Small manufacturing imperfections and gear wear of the instrument.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 9

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.2 Calibrated airspeed (CAS) EpiPen
POSITION ERROR
- Pitot static system errors in pressure measurement due to
maneuvers or changes in aircraft configuration.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 10

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.2 Calibrated airspeed (CAS) EpiPen

- IAS corrected for instrument and position errors.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 11

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.2 Calibrated airspeed (CAS) EpiPen
AIRSPEED CALIBRATION
TABLE
- The manufacturer will publish a
calibration table in the aircraft
manual to determine the CAS
based on the certain
configuration and indicated
airspeed (IAS)

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 12

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.3 Equivalent airspeed (EAS) EpiPen
COMPRESSIBILITY ERROR
- In the design of the pitot- static system, air is assumed to be an
ideal (imcompressible) gas.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 13

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.3 Equivalent airspeed (EAS) EpiPen
- It is CAS corrected for air compressibility errors

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 14

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.4 True airspeed (TAS)
EpiPen
DENSITY ERROR
- The dynamic pressure depends not only on the airspeed, but also
on the density of the air.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 15

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.4 True airspeed (TAS)
EpiPen
- It is the airspeed corrected for density error (temperature and
pressure).
- It is the real speed of the air relation to the air.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 16

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.4 True airspeed (TAS)
EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 17

1.Các loại vận tốc
10000ft
1.4 True airspeed (TAS)
EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 18

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.4 True airspeed (TAS)
EpiPen

130 kts

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 19

1.Các loại vận tốc
1.4 True airspeed (TAS)
EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 20

1.Các loại vận tốc
EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 21

2. Tam giác vận tốc
EpiPen

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 22

2. Tam giác vận tốc
2.1 The Components Of The Triangle Of Velocities
EpiPen

- The components of the triangle of velocities are the air vector, the
wind vector, and the ground vector. The ground vector is the
vector sum, or resultant, of the other two components.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 23

2. Tam giác vận tốc
2.1 The Components Of The Triangle Of Velocities
EpiPen
THE AIR VECTOR
the path of the aircraft through the
air. The heading is the direction the
aircraft flies in relation to the air
mass. The aircraft’s speed through
the air is the true airspeed. The two
subcomponents of the air vector are
heading (HDG) and true airspeed
(TAS).

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 24

2. Tam giác vận tốc
2.1 The Components Of The Triangle Of Velocities
EpiPen
THE WIND VECTOR
the movement of the air mass through
which the aircraft is travelling, over the
surface of the Earth. Wind velocity, when
written, includes the direction from which
the wind is blowing and the speed
(usually in knots). It is written as a 5 or 6
figure group, as shown below:
330/25
330/125
PHAN THI DIEU THUY 25
2. Tam giác vận tốc
2.1 The Components Of The Triangle Of Velocities
EpiPen
THE GROUND VECTOR
This describes the direction and
speed of the aircraft over the ground.
It comprises track (TRK) and
groundspeed (GS).
The angle between the heading and
the track is the drift angle.
- If blown to the right,it is Right Drift
- If blown to the left, it is Left Drift

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 26

2. Tam giác vận tốc
2.2 PRACTICE
EpiPen
Exercise 1: Given:

Heading: 100°T
TAS: 210 kt
Wind Velocity: 020/25
Find the track and groundspeed?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 27

2. Tam giác vận tốc
2.2 PRACTICE
EpiPen
Exercise 2: Given:

Heading: 270°T
TAS: 230 kt
Track: 280°T
Ground speed: 215 kt
Find the wind velocity?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 28

2. Tam giác vận tốc
2.2 PRACTICE
EpiPen

Exercise 2: Given:

TAS: 220 kt
Track: 230°T
Wind Velocity: 270/50
Find the heading and ground speed?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 29

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Khái niệm
EpiPen
Relative velocity is the apparent motion of a body relative to
another. Three basic situations have to be addressed:
• Aircraft on the same or opposite tracks
• Aircraft on different tracks
• Aircraft starting from different positions

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 30

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
(Aircraft on the same or opposite tracks)EpiPen

- In the simplest situation, aircraft on the same track are

either closing or going away from each other.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 31

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
(Aircraft on the same or opposite tracks)EpiPen

- In the simplest situation, aircraft on the same track are

either closing or going away from each other.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 32

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
(Aircraft on the same or opposite tracks)EpiPen

- In the simplest situation, aircraft on the same track are

either closing or going away from each other.

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 33

 3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
MEETING
Example: The distance between Aerodrome A and Aerodrome
B is 1000 nm. At 0900, Aircraft 1 leaves A for B at a ground
speed of 300 kt. Aircraft 2 leaves B for A at 0930, flying at a
groundspeed of 400 kt.
At what time will the aircraft pass each other?
At what distance from A will the aircraft be?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 34

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
MEETING

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 35

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
MEETING

- The closing speed of the aircraft: 400 + 300 = 700 knot

- The distance remaining between the 2 aircraft at 09h30:
850 NM : 700 kt = 1,21 (h) = 72min 36
- Time of meeting is: 09h30 + 72min 36 = 10h42min36
- The distance from A is:
150 nm + (72,6 x 300 kt)= 515 NM (from A)
PHAN THI DIEU THUY 36
3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
OVERTAKING
Ex2: Aircraft 1 leaves point A at 1015, with a groundspeed
of 250 kt. Aircraft 2 leaves A at 1045, groundspeed 350 kt.
At what time will Aircraft 2 overtake Aircraft 1? At what time
will the aircraft be 30 nm apart?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 37

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
OVERTAKING

Aircraft 1 will travel 125 nm in 30 minutes.

The closing speed: 350 – 250 = 100 kt

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 38

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
OVERTAKING
Aircraft 2 has 125 nm to close at a closing speed of 100 kt.
125 nm : 100 kt = 1,25h = 75 minutes
Overtake time = 10h45 + 75 min = 12h00

To find where the aircraft are 30 nm apart:

Aircraft 2 would have 125 – 30 nm to close = 95 nm
95 nm : 100 kt = 57 minutes
Time that the aircraft are 30 nm apart is 11h42
PHAN THI DIEU THUY 39
3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
OVERTAKING

Ex3: Aircraft 1 flying at a groundspeed of 360 kt is

overtaking Aircraft 2. Aircraft 2 is 50 nm ahead of Aircraft 1.
Aircraft 2 is overtaken in 25 minutes. What is the ground
speed of Aircraft 2?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 40

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
OVERTAKING
Distance to close is 50 nm.
Time to close is 25 minutes = 0,42h
Closing speed is 119 kt = 120kts

Groundspeed Aircraft 1 – Groundspeed 2 = Closing Speed

360 – 120 = 240 kt
Groundspeed Aircraft 1 = 240 kt

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 41

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
SPEED ADJUSTMENT

Ex4: An aircraft flying a groundspeed of 300 kt estimates

Coventry at 1200. ATC tells the captain to delay arrival by 5
minutes. The planned reduction in groundspeed is to 240 kt.
What is the latest time to reduce speed and at what distance
from Coventry?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 42

3. Vận tốc tương đối
3.1 Hai tàu bay trên cùng một đường bay
EpiPen
DISTANCE BETWEEN BEACONS
Ex5: Aircraft 2 flying a groundspeed of 360 kt reports at
VOR A 5 minutes behind Aircraft 1, groundspeed 300 kt.
Aircraft 2 then reports overhead VOR B 3 minutes ahead of
Aircraft 1. What is the distance between VOR A and VOR
B?

PHAN THI DIEU THUY 43