TRUE OR FALSE STATEMENT

Text I

Delivering medicine to the world’s poorest people is a challenge. Hot, poor places such as Tanzania have
many microbes but microscopic health budgets. Dangerous myths deter many sick rural folk from
seeking medical help. Even if they do seek help, it is often unavailable, for they do not have the money
to pay for it, and their government rarely has the money to give it to them for free. Because they cannot
afford adequate health care, poor people are sick a lot of the time. And because they are sick a lot of the
time, they find it hard to put in the long hours of productive labour that might make them less poor.

All hope is not lost, however. A recent experiment in Tanzania has shown that a small health budget can
go a long way, provided that the money is spent with care. With the help of a Canadian charity, the
Tanzanian health ministry set up a health project in two rural districts, with a combined population of
about 700,000. Five years ago, annual health spending in Tanzania was about 8 a head. This figure
included an estimate for the annual cost of trained staff. The charity added 2 a head to the pot, on
condition that it was spent rationally. By this, the donors meant that the amount of money spent on
fighting a particular disease should reflect the burden that disease imposed on the local population.

This may sound obvious; however, in this region, no one had a clue which diseases caused the most
trouble, so the first task was to find out. Researchers were sent out to carry out a door-to-door survey,
asking representative households whether anyone had been ill or died recently, and if so with what
symptoms. These raw numbers were then crunched to produce a ‘burden of disease’ profile for the two
districts. In other words, researchers sought to measure how many years of life were being lost to each
disease, including the damage done to families when breadwinners die.

They then compared their results with the amount spent by the local health authorities on each disease
and found that it bore no relation whatsoever to the harm which the disease inflicted on local people.
Some diseases were horribly neglected, such as malaria, which accounted for 30% of the years of life
lost but only 5% of the health budget. Other conditions, meanwhile, attracted more than their fair share
of cash. Tuberculosis, which accounted for less than 4% of years of life lost, received 22% of the budget.

This tiny infusion of cash from the Canadians, in the form of an extra 2 a head, was enough to allow the
districts health authorities to make their spending reflect the disease burden. The results of all this were
stunning. Infant mortality fell by 28% between 1999 and 2000 and the proportion of children dying
before their fifth birthday dropped by 14%

1. Which of the following statements about the text is FALSE?

(A) The additional amount donated by the Canadian charity was carefully spent.
(B) The budget allocated for each person included the training cost for the medical staff.
(C) The presence of myth in Tanzania may have discouraged people to go to doctors.
(D) A serious disease probably affected not only the patient but also the family.
(E) The amount of budget allocated to each disease depended on how harmful a disease was.

aIs it true that animals tell us about bad weather is coming? If your dog always comes inside right
before it rains, you may think that animals can predict the weather. You might hear that cats get frisky
as kittens when a bad storm is approaching. It’s probably more accurate to say that animals react to
certain environmental signals that accompany weather changes, not to the weather it self.

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 A prevalent opinion is that animals can detect certain events, like earthquakes, as soon as they
happen, even if the originating event is a great distance away. While this ability wouldn’t make much of
a difference to people at the scene of the disaster, it could conceivably assist those located farther from
the epicenter. Some researchers even believe animals may be able to sense the precursors to these
events before they actually strike. They are saying that animals make greater use of their existing five
senses, especially when compared to humans. However, hard evidence of this is extremely limited;most
of the evidence is anecdotal.

The most critical sense is hearing. There are some sounds people can’t hear. On the low end of the
scale are infrasonic, low-pitched sound vibrations on the hertz frequency scale falling below 20 hertz
(Hz). On the other end are high-pitched sounds, like dog whistles. People typically hear in a range
between 20 and 20,000 Hz (middle-aged adults usually don’t hear beyond 12,000 or 14,000 Hz).
Elephants, however, generally hear between 16 and 12,000 Hz. Cattle also start hearing sound at 16 Hz,
but can continue to hear all the way to 40,000 Hz. And earthquake shockwaves and ocean waves produce
sounds in the infrasonic range.

Some researchers think certain animals, like elephants, get an early earthquake warning because
they can sense shockwaves in the ground through their large feet. They don’t hear the sound but they
do sense distant, unfamiliar vibrations rolling in that terrify them into fleeing for safety. How animals,
not just elephants, sense these vibrations is generally unknown. Researchers are examining different
organs, body parts and nerve chains in a variety of species that may be able to pick up sound vibrations
that humans just can’t sense.

This theory could also account for the just-in-time-reactions of other animals with less acute hearing
just prior to the tsunami. Researchers note that infrasonic sound produces uneasiness and nausea in
people. Animals may perceive these sound vibrations as dangerous and instinctively seek safety

2. All of the following statements about animals behavior prior to bad weather are stated in the
text, EXCEPT ... .
(A) Elephants will fly to find refuge.
(B) Dogs will lie quietly outside the door.
(C) Cats will roam the house impatiently.
(D) Dogs will find refuge in the house.
(E) Kittens will jump around the house.

A forgotten issue in urbanism is land use during the night time, with problems such as noise
and dirt, which could be improved with information from Twitter. At least this is what Enrique and
Vanessa Frías-Martínez believe, computer science researchers at Telefonica Research and the University
of Maryland (USA) respectively, who have suggested using geolocalized tweets for urban planning and
land use.

Enrique Frías-Martínez explained that geolocalized tweets can be a very useful source of
information for planning since it is an activity carried out by a large number of people who provide
information on where they are at a specific time and what they are doing. The researcher points out that
thanks to the increased use of smartphones, social networks like Twitter and Facebook have made it
possible to access and produce information ubiquitously.

These networks generate tagswith the event’s geolocation. The new technique "automatically
determines land uses in urban areas by grouping together geographical regions with similar patterns of
Twitter activity," says the researcher. Using aggregate activity of tweets, the Frías-Martínez siblings

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have studied land use in Manhattan, Madrid and London. In the first two cases they identified four uses:
residential, business, daytime leisure (mainly parks and tourist areas) and nightlife areas. The study has
determined that, in Madrid, night-time tweet activity is concentrated on weekends and in Manhattan,
on weekdays. On the other hand, London is characterized by its tweeting activity in daytime leisure
areas

3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE about the study?
(A) It shows that people in London mostly tweet in daytime leisure areas.
(B) The focus of the study is land use in Manhattan, Madrid and London.
(C) Residential, business, daytime leisure and nightlife areas could be identified.
(D) Manhattan and Madrid’s night-time tweet activities are concentrated differently.
(E) The researchers could identify four land uses in Manhattan,Madrid and London.

Although gluten has gained a bad reputation, the majority of people would struggle to explain what it
actually is. The truth is that gluten is just a mixture of proteins found in the seeds of certain cereal plants:
wheat, rye and barley. Gluten is stored in a tissue inside the seed called the endosperm, which surrounds
the plant embryo and provides a dense source of energy as the plant starts to grow. In wheat, gluten is
formed when the proteins glutenin and gliadin cross-link into a net-like structure that provides elasticity
(stretchiness) and viscosity (thickness).

Once food reaches the stomach it must be broken down by enzymes in the process of digestion. Large
proteins are broken up into chains of amino acids called peptides. Normally these peptides are easily
broken down further; however, the gliadin peptides in gluten are difficult to break down as they are part
of a group of peptides called prolamins. Prolamins are made up of lots of glutamine and proline amino
acids, which digestive enzymes have difficulty breaking up. This means that unlike most proteins gluten
digestion can leave strands of amino acids intact in the small intestine. These strands can be up to 10
amino acids long and are known as oligopeptides. For most people gliadin oligopeptides are harmless.
However, a small proportion ofthe population will produce an immune response known as coeliac
disease, a condition caused by the body'simmune systems mistakenly attacking itself. Coeliac disease is
caused by a reputation to gluten.

4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is FALSE …

(A) Most people are actually unsure about gluten
(B) Coealiac disease occurs in many people
(C) Endosperm is a food reserve tissue inside the seeds
(D) Endosperm nourishes the developing embryo
(E) Gliadin is a protein difficult to digest

Strategic flooding is a highly risky tactic. It can only be successful if there’s a well-thought-out backup
plan and a plan for fast repairs. Floods can result in loss of life and damage homes and businesses, and
when the water remains inland for a long time, it can change the landscape through erosion and
deposition, forming new tidal channels and creeks.

During the Eighty Years War, as the Spanish army fought to recapture territory in what is now northern
Belgium and southwestern Netherlands in the late sixteenth century, the Dutch rebels led by William of
Orange decided to use the low-lying, flood-prone landscape to their advantage. In an attempt to liberate
Bruges, Ghent and Antwerp from Spanish dominance and defend their territory, the rebels destroyed
seawalls at strategic places from 1584 to 1586 to cause deliberate, large-scale floods.

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The area flooded during the Eighty Years War became part of a strategic line of defense and remained
inundated for more than 100 years in some places, with profound consequences for the landscape. The
plan got completely our of hand, and it came at the expense of the countryside of northern Flanders,
now Zeeland Fanders.

After the waters receded, a thick layer of clay covered all remnants of buildings and roads in the area.
As sea water was used, soil salinity increased, affecting agricultural yields, being as damaging as floods
caused by heavy rainfall or storm surges.

5. According to the text, which of the following statements is FALSE?

(A) Agricultural crops are disturbed because of the rise of soil salinity brought by sea water.
(B) The Dutch utilized the landscape which was easily flooded to beat the Spanish.
(C) Fast restoration was one of the ways to ensure the success of strategic flooding.
(D) Three cities were affected by the flood strategy used by the Dutch.
(E) Erosion caused by floods will alter the landscape.

Despite their advantages, technological advancements have led to the polarization of the labor market.
While middle-skill jobs become increasingly automated, high-skill jobs that require a combination of
cognitive skills, creative acumen and leadership expertise have not been affected. Similarly, low-skill
jobs that require customer service have been drastically changed by automated systems. Therefore, it is
the low-class and middle-skill routine occupations that have been decimated by the technological
revolution.

As low-skill and middle-skill opportunities shrink, giving rise to high jobs, wages also become either
high or low. This disparity has already impacted the economy and will continue to change the labor
market’s landscape. Although it naturally impacts current employees, students and job-seekers should
also take heed of the patterns that have emerged. Since the jobs that are harder to automate involve
creativity, cognition and social skills, job-seekers should develop these intangible qualities to make
themselves more valuable to potential employers.

The medical field has also been impacted by automated machines. Many diagnostic tests and surgical
tools have become automated by complex machines and programs. However, the human touch in the
medical field is essential as it ensures that a patient is being treated as a human instead of just as a body.
A nurse’s interaction with his or her patients is invaluable and impossible to effectively replicate.
Similarly, while machines can assist with tasks before, during, and after a surgery, a machine cannot
replace a skilled human surgeon since it lacks intuitions and instincts.

6. The following are questions that the passage tries to address EXCEPT. . . .
(A) Who is affected by the automation of jobs?
(B) How has the labor market become polarized?
(C) What is the impact of automation to wage conditions?
(D) How can the government balance automation and human labor?
(E) Why is human touch irreplaceable in the medical field

The benefits of fasting must be preceded by a look at the body's progression when deprived of food.
Due to the lack of incoming energy, the body must turn to its own resources, a function called autolysis.
Autolysis is the breaking down of fat stores in the body in order to produce energy. The liver is in charge
of converting the fats into a chemical called a ketone body, and then distributing these bodies
throughout the body via the blood stream. The less one eats, the more the body turns to these stored
fats and creates these ketone bodies, the accumulation of which is referred to as ketosis.

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Detoxification is the foremost argument presented by advocates of fasting. “Detoxification is a normal
body process of eliminating or neutralizing toxins through the colon, liver, kidneys, lungs, lymph glands,
and skin. This process is precipitated by fasting because when food Is no longer entering the body, the
body turns to fat reserves for energy.

A second prescribed benefit of fasting is the healing process that begins in the body during a fast. During
a fast energy is diverted away from the digestive system due to its lack of use and towards the
metabolism and Immune system. The healing process during a fast is precipitated by the body’s search
for energy sources. Abnormal growths within the body, tumors and the like, do not have the full support
of the body's supplies and therefore are more susceptible to autolysis.

In addition, there is a reduction in core body temperature. This is a direct result of the slower metabolic
rate and general bodily functions. Following a drop in blood sugar level and using the reserves of glucose
found in liver glycogen, the basal metabolic rate is reduced in order to conserve as much energy within
the body as can be provided. Growth hormones are also released during a fast, due to the greater
efficiency in hormone production.

Finally, the most scientifically proven advantage to fasting is the feeling of rejuvenation and extended
life expectancy. Part of this phenomenon is caused by a number of the benefits mentioned above. A
slower metabolic rate, more efficient protein production, an improved immune system, and the
increased production of hormones contribute to this long-term benefit of fasting. In addition to the
Human Growth Hormone that is released more frequently during a fast, an anti-aging hormone is also
produced more efficiently.

7. The text states all the following, EXCEPT ...

(A) Detoxification is the primary advantage of fasting
(B) The less one eats, the more ketone bodies are created
(C) One benefit of fasting is a curative process
(D) The most scientifically proven benefit of fasting is the feeling of rejuvenation
(E) There is a production in core body temperature during a fast

What is happening in Egypt is the latest example of the interplay between democracy, protest and
government efficacy. Democracy is a way of deciding the decision makers, but it is not a substitute for
making the decision. I remember an early conversation with some young Egyptians shortly after
President Mubarak's downfall. They believed that, with democracy, problems would be solved. When i
probed on the right economic policy for Egypt, they simply said that it would all be fine because now
they had democracy: chance of working.

I am a strong supporter of democracy. But democratic government does not on its own mean effective
government. Today, efficacy is the challenge. When governments do not deliver, people protest. In fact,
as Turkey and Brazil show, they can protest even when, on any objective basis, countries have made
huge progress But as countries move from low to middle income status, the people's expectations rise.
They want quality services, better housing, good infrastructure, especially transport.

This is a sort of free democratic spirit that operates outside the convention of democracy that elections
decide the government. It is enormously fuelled by social media, itself a revolutionary phenomenon. And
it moves very fast in precipitating crisis. It is not always consistent or rational. A protest is not a policy,
or a placard a programme for government. But if governments don't have a clear argument with which
to rebut the protest, they're in trouble.

In Egypt, the government's problems were compounded by resentment at the ideology and intolerance
of the Muslim Brotherhood. Across the Middle East, for the first time, and this is a positive development,

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there is open debate about the role of religion in politics. Despite the Muslim Brotherhood's superior
organization, there is probably a majority for an intrinsically secular approach to government in the
region.

Society can be deeply imbued with religious observance, but people are starting to realize that
democracy only works as a pluralistic concept where faiths are respected and where religion has a voice,
not a veto. For Egypt, a nation with an immense and varied civilization, around 8 million Christians and
a young population who need to be connected to the world, there Isn't really a future as an Islamic state
that aspires to be part of a regional caliphate.

8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

(A) Muslim Brotherhood insists to replace secular government into Islamic one
(B) The author perceives negatively the current political trend in Egypt
(C) Egypt is the largest country in the Middle East
(D) Egyptian society do not like mixing religion and politics
(E) Religion's role is important in democracy to voice the truth

TEXT A

In today's economy vocational jobs are becoming more and more important. This is why vocational
education programs are popular. Vocational education training provides career and technical education
to interested students. These students are prepared as trainees for jobs; jobs that are based upon
manual or practical fields or jobs that are related to specific trades, occupations, and vocations.

Instructors teach students the knowledge required for their field. Community colleges have long been
offering vocational education. These colleges around the country provide certificates in various
vocational fields. They also offer certain degree programs that focus on some popular occupations. The
vocational field expands each year to include new fields.

The training for vocational jobs requires less education than four year degree programs. They are also
much less expensive. Instructors at this level of education use traditional methods of teaching. They use
lesson plans, teacher resources, worksheets, an other tools in this process. One difference toother
education programs is the on-the-job training component. Many students will have the opportunity to
work in their field while being educated. Some will be accepted into valuable apprenticeship programs.
Some of the jobs in vocational fields include construction workers, blacksmiths, and steelworkers.
Today, there are other great choices of vocational jobs. These include retail, tourism, and cosmetology.
Also, there are some portions of the information technology field taught. This allows students to decide
from a variety of career choices.

The retail field is one of those growing career opportunities. Workers can start as trainees and then
reach management position. Most retail companies have their own training programs for specific jobs.
These make retail even more welcoming to new employees. Tourism is also a great field to consider in
the vocational field. This area includes planning trips to being a tour guide.

9. The following statements are true based on the passage, except ....
(A) Tourism is a potential field in vocational education
(B) Every year new areas of vocational education are developed
(C) On-the-job training is a typical component of vocational education programs
(D) Retail companies open new opportunities for vocational jobs
(E) Nowadays young people prefer practical jobs

Text 1

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By, 2050, there will be another two to three billion people on Earth, and the planet’s population will
consume twice as much food as now. For 50 years farmland has grown at the cost of natural habitat and
biodiversity, and already more than two thirds of agricultural land is either in use or protected.

As a result, we need to develop the technology to double the output of the 10 – 15 main calorie crops,
particularly if we are to alleviate the burden on developing countries of feeding a rapidly growing
population, argues Jason Clay of the WWF in the journal Nature. He makes some strategic suggestions—
described as ―food wedges‖ for Africa, the continent that faces the greatest challenge of increasing food
production. Clay believes the responsible use of genetics is one of the keys. He suggests that mapping
the genomes of staple food crops such as yams, plantains and cassava, and selecting genetic traits, can
both increase production and improve drought tolerance, disease resistance and nutrient content.

Improving agricultural inputs and practice is also essential, he argues. It currently take one liter of water
to produce one calorie of food. Even if we halved water use and doubled production, food deficiency
would still increase fourfold. Technologies already exist to achieve this, but in Africa they have often not
been taken up. Mulching, for example, can help rebuild soil fertility and reduce water usage, and is
suitable for use even in household gardens, without need for hightech tools.

10. All of the following attempts are potential to increase food production in the future, except …
a. Sequencing the right genomes of staple crops
b. Conducting careful, attentive selection of main crops
c. Maximizing the use of technology to the crop output
d. Compost making with chemical fertizilers combination
e. Cultivating the likely genetic traits of main crop elements

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