Fractions, Decimals, Approximations
And Percentages:
Objectives at the end of this class, students should be able to:
1. Perform basic operations (x,+,-,÷) on fractions and decimals
2. Evaluate expressions using BODMAS.
3. Solve problems involving percentage error and simple Interest
Definition: A fraction is a part of a whole number. There are various types of fractions. For
example three-quarter is a fraction.
Decimals can be termed as a combination of an integral part and a fractional part separated by
a decimal point. For example, 2.5 is a decimal where 2 is the integer placed before the decimal
point, and 5 is the fractional part after the decimal point.
In simple terms, percent means per hundred. So it is a number expressed as a fraction with a
denominator that is 100. Hence percentages are also used to describe parts of a whole number.
10
So, 10 % = 100 =0.1
10
Where 10% is a percent, 100 is a fraction, and 0.1 is a decimal.
BODMAS stands for Bracket, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and
Subtraction. The BODMAS is used to explain the order of operation of a
mathematical expression. In some regions, the BODMAS is also known as PEDMAS
which stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and
Subtraction.
Percent error: Percentage error calculation helps us to know how close a measured
value is to a true value. Percent error formula is the absolute value of the difference
of the measured value and the actual value divided by the actual value and multiplied
by 100.
The formula to calculate Percent Error is:
Percentage Error=
[ Exact Value ]
Approximate Value – Exact Value
× 100
Absolute Difference
Or Percentage Error= Accepted Value ×100
Simple Interest
Simple Interest (S.I) is the method of calculating the interest amount for some
principal amount of money.
Simple interest formula is given as:
PTR
SI =
100
Where SI = simple interest
P = principal
R = interest rate (in percentage)
T = time duration (in years)
In order to calculate the total amount, the following formula is used:
Amount (A )=Principal(P)+ Interest (I )
Where,
Amount (A) is the total money paid back at the end of the time period for which it
was borrowed.
The total amount formula in case of simple interest can also be written as:
A=P(1+ RT )
Here,
A = Total amount after the given time period
P = Principal amount or the initial loan amount
R = Rate of interest (per annum)
T = Time (in years)
Today’s Problems on Fractions, Decimal and Approximation
1. Simplify
7
8 (3 1
+ 3 +1
5 8 ) A. 2
8
15
3
B. 5 5
7
C. 6 8
1
D. 8 3
2. (1 13 ÷ 49 ) ÷ 165 × 4 16 Simplifies to? A. 20 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50
3. A scale measures wrongly a value as 8cm due to some marginal
errors. Calculate the percentage error if the actual measurement of
the value is 12cm. A. 73.3% B. 33.3% C. 35% D. 33.6%
4. John takes a loan of $10000 from a bank for a period of 1 year. The
rate of interest is 10% per annum. Find the interest he has to pay at
the end of a year. A. $920 B. $1100 C. $1000 D. $1200
5. Mohit pays #9000 as an amount on the sum of #7000 that he had
borrowed for 2 years. Find the rate of interest. A. 13% B. 20.2% C.
29% D. 14.29%
6. I thought 70 people would turn up to the concert organized. But on
the day of the performance, only 80 people came. Find out the
percentage error in my calculation. (Assignment).
Solutions
1.
7
8 (3
+ 3 +1
5
1
8 ) =
7 18 9
+ +
8 5 8
7 144+ 45 7 189
= 8 +( 40 )= 8 +( 40 )
309+189 224 28 3
= 40 = 40 = 5 =5 5 B
2. (1 13 ÷ 49 ) ÷ 165 × 4 16 ¿( 43 ÷ 49 ) ÷ 165 × 256
¿ ( 43 × 94 )÷ 165 × 256
5 25
¿3÷ ×
16 6
16 25
¿3× ×
5 6
¿ 8 ×5=40 B.
3. Given,
Approximate value = 8 cm
Exact value = 12 cm
Percentage Error = ( ApproximateExact
Value−Exact Value
Value
× 100)
8 – 12 4
Percentage Error = 12 × 100= 12 ×100
= 33.3% =B
4. Here, the loan sum = P = $10000
Rate of interest per year = R = 10%
Time for which it is borrowed = T = 1 year
P×R×T ( 10000× 10 ×1 )
Thus, simple interest for a year, SI = = =$ 1000 C
100 100
5. A = # 9000
P = # 7000
SI =A – P=9000 – 7000=¿ 2000
T = 2 years
R=?
P×R×T
SI =
100
SI ×100
R=
P ×T
R= ( 2000
7000 ×2 )
×100
=14.29 %
Thus , R=14.29 % D
Summary:
Note that interest and amount are distinct.
When finding absolute difference under percentage error, you ignore the
negative sign whenever you come across one.
Assignment: I thought 70 people would turn up to the concert organized. But on the
day of the performance, only 80 people came. Find out the percentage error in my
calculation.
Profit and loss percent; profit and loss are used to refer to the amount of profit or loss
that has been incurred in terms of percentage. The following formulas are pivotal in solving
profit & loss problems.
Net profit ¿ S . P−C . P
Net loss ¿ C . P−S . P
S . P−C . P
Profit %= C .P
×100
C . P−S . P
Loss %= C .P
×100
Selling Price¿ list price ( 100−20
100
%
)
Ratio, proportion and rate;
