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S. No. Contents

1. 30 Years Of Project Elephant 4

2. India Justice Report 2022 6

3. Global Buddhist Summit 8

4. Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023 10

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5. UN Population Report 12

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6. Project Tiger 14

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7. Nato And Cptpp 16

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8. Foreign Trade Policy 2023 18

9.

10.
National Electricity Plan For 2022-2027

Issues In Same-Sex Marriage

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23

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11. Ligo India 25

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12. Deep Sea Mining 28

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13. Karnataka: Reservation For Muslims Under The Obc Category 30

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14. Prayag Platform 33

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15. El Nino And La Nina 35

16. Current Affairs Practice Sheet 52

17. National 58

18. International 73

19. Science & Technology 78

20. Appointmens & Resignations 81

21. Awards & Recognition 86

22. Important Days 90

23. Obitury 101

24. Ranking 104

25. Sports 106

26. Summit's & MoU's 108

27. Banking And Economy 115

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28. 120

29. Consumer Forum Not Empowered To Decide Cases Involving Tortious Acts Or 123
Criminality: Supreme Court
30. Only Chief Justice Of India Can Reassign Cases, Not Puisne Judges: Supreme Court 124

31. Central Government Notifies Online Gaming Rules; Self-Regulatory Bodies To Verify 125
Whether Games Involve Wagering
32. Lack Of Criminal Antecedents Of Convict Not Sole Criterion To Decide Whether Case Is 126
'Rarest Of Rare': Supreme Court
33. Supreme Court Overrules 2015 Judgment Which Held High Courts Cannot Entertain 127
Article 226 Petitions Against Armed Forces Tribunal Orders
34. Competition (Amendment) Bill, 2022 Passed In Lok Sabha 129

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35. Ncpcr Issues Guidelines For Assessment Of Child Suspects In Heinous Offences 130

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36. 132

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37. 132

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GA L AXY April, 2023

30 YEARS OF PROJECT ELEPHANT

Why in news
President Droupadi Murmu on Friday took part in Gaj Utsav at Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR) in

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Assam to mark 30 years of Project Elephant. “To ensure more success to Project Elephant, all stakeholders must work

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together in a coordinated manner. It is also important to spread awareness and sensitivity about elephants among school

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children,” the President said in her address.

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Project Elephants

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“Project Elephant was started in 1992 with the aim of increasing the population of elephants and to secure their habitat.

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In these 30 years, we have been able to set up 33 elephant reserves across the country. As per Elephant Census conducted

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in 2017, Karnataka has the highest number of elephants (6,049), followed by Assam (5,719) and Kerala (3,054),

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respectively.
The Supreme Court (SC) recently upheld the Madras High Court (HC) order on the Nilgiris elephant corridor,

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confirming the animals' right of passage and ordering the closure of resorts in the area. States are receiving both

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financial and technical assistance to help them achieve the Project's goals. Other states with small elephant populations
are also helped with censuses, field staff training, and human-elephant conflict mitigation. The IUCN Red List of

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Threatened Species classifies Asian elephants as "Endangered." According to current population estimates, there are
approximately 50,000-60,000 Asian elephants in the world. India is home to more than 60% of the world's elephant
population.

Some facts about Elephants

Elephas maximus is found in the central and southern Western Ghats, north-east India, eastern India, and northern
India, as well as some parts of southern peninsular India. The elephant is the Natural Heritage Animal of India. It is
listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, as well as Appendix I of the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). It is found in 16 of the country's 28 states and is becoming
more common across its distributional range. Its population in 2007 was estimated to be between 27,657 and 27,682,
while the population in 2012 was estimated to be between 27,785 and 31,368. According to the most recent count in 2017,
India had 29,964 elephants. Elephants’ gestation (pregnancy) period, which can last up to 680 days (22 months), is the
longest known gestational period among any mammals.
Almost 40% of elephant reserves are vulnerable because they are not located within protected parks or sanctuaries.
Furthermore, the migration corridors are not legally protected. The primary threat is habitat loss due to fragmentation
and destruction caused by development activities such as building, roads, railways, vacation resorts, and the installation
of solar-powered electric fencing, among others. The two "single biggest threats" to elephant corridors in central India
are coal mining and iron ore mining. Orissa, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh are mineral-rich states, but they also have
the most elephant corridors in the country, making them notorious for elephant-man conflicts. Elephant herd sizes in
Asia are far smaller than those of African savannah elephants. The largest and oldest female elephant herd member is
in charge (known as the matriarch) of the herd. Females between the ages of 14 and 45 may give birth to calves every
four years on average, increasing to five years by age 52 and six years by age 60.

Techniques used to save Elephants

The National Portal on human-elephant conflict called “Surakshya” for the collection of real-time information & also
for managing the conflicts on a real-time basis. The government is using LiDAR technology in order to provide fodder
and water augmentation in forest areas so that animals will get food and water in forest areas and will not come outside.
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Under the Project RE-HAB, bee boxes will be used as a fence to prevent the attack of elephants. The bee boxes are set
up in the passageways of human-elephant conflict zones to block the entrance of elephants to human habitations.
The MIKE programme, mandated by a CITES COP resolution, began in South Asia in 2003. MIKE is an international
collaboration that tracks elephant mortality rates, trends, and causes. MIKE's data base is used to aid international
decision-making regarding elephant conservation in Asia and Africa. The data and analyses are also presented at annual
CITES meetings and CoP meetings. The MIKE Programme has one of its primary mandates to build capacity in elephant
range states. MIKE is entirely reliant on donations. Since 2001, the European Union has been the largest donor to the
MIKE programme in Africa, and since 2017, it has been the largest donor in Asia.

Government initiatives on saving of elephants

In 2010, the Union government established the Elephant Task Force (ETF) under the leadership of historian Mahesh
Rangarajan to review India's current elephant conservation policy and formulate future interventions. In August of that
year, the task force issued a comprehensive report titled Gajah: Securing the Future of Elephants in India. According to

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the government, there are approximately 32 elephant reserves in India. Project Elephant established India's first

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elephant reserve in Jharkhand in 2001.

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1. In which year Project Elephant was introduced? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1991 (b) 1992 (c) 1 and 3 only (d) All of the above.

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(c) 1981 (d) 1982

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4. India’s First Elephant Reserve under Project

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2. To commemorate the successful completion of 30 Elephant was established in which state?

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years of Project Elephant in 2022, the environment (a) Bihar (b) Karnataka
ministry has decide to hold Gaj Utsav 2023 at which (c) Jharkhand (d) Kerala

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place?

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(a) Kaziranga National Park 5. Which of the following statements about

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(b) Shivalik Elephant Reserve government initiatives to save elephants is

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(c) Singhbhum Elephant Reserve incorrect?
(d) Mahanadi Elephant Reserve (a) Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants

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(MIKE) Programme, mandated by a CITES COP
3. Consider the following statement about Elephants resolution, began in South Asia in 2003.

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and mark the correct answer: (b) The Ministry of Environment and Forests
1) The elephant is the Natural Heritage Animal (MoEF) launched the Haathi Mere Saathi
of India campaign in collaboration with the Wildlife
2) Elephants’ gestation (pregnancy) period, which Trust of India (WTI).
is 22 months, is the longest known gestational (c) The Haathi Mere Saathi was launched in 2011 at
period among any mammals. the "Elephant- 9" Ministerial meeting in Delhi.
3) Among the States in India, the highest elephant (d) Union government established the Elephant
population is in Kerala. Task Force (ETF) under the leadership of
4) India is home to more than 70% of the world's historian Mahesh Rangarajan to review India's
elephant population. current elephant conservation policy and
formulate future interventions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

1. (b) It is a project introduced by the Government of long-term survival of elephants in their natural
India in 1992 to provide financial and technical habitats.
support to wildlife management efforts by states 3. (a) The oldest female in an elephant herd is the
for their free-ranging populations of wild Asian group's leader. She guides the group in their
Elephants. search for food and water. The breeding pair's
2. (a) President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated the gestation period is nearly 22 months, resulting
'Gaj Utsav 2023' at the Kaziranga National Park in a single baby. South Indian states have the
in Assam to mark 30 years of Project Elephant. greatest number of elephants. Karnataka leads
Project Elephant is a Centrally-sponsored the south Indian states with 6,049 elephants,
Scheme launched in 1992 by the Ministry of followed by Kerala. India is home to more than
Environment to support states to ensure the 60% of the world's elephant population.
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4. (c) According to the government, there are campaign in collaboration with the Wildlife
approximately 32 elephant reserves in India. Trust of India (WTI). The campaign was
Project Elephant established India's first launched in 2011 at the "Elephant- 8" Ministerial
elephant reserve in Jharkhand in 2001. The meeting in Delhi. India, Botswana, the Republic
Supreme Court (SC) recently upheld the Madras of Congo, Indonesia, Kenya, Sri Lanka,
High Court (HC) order on the Nilgiris elephant Tanzania, and Thailand comprise the E-8
corridor, confirming the animals' right of countries. This public initiative aimed to raise
passage and ordering the closure of resorts in public awareness and foster friendship and
the area. companionship between people and elephants.
5. (c) The Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF) launched the Haathi Mere Saathi

INDIA JUSTICE REPORT 2022

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Why in news
Karnataka has the best administration in terms of formal justice sytem among the large and mid-sized states of the

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country, revealed the third edition of India Justice Report (IJR). IJR has remained the only comprehensive quantitative
index in the country, which used the government’s own statistics to rank the formal justice system of 18 large and mid-

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sized states with a population above 10 million and seven small-sized states with a population of up to 10 million.

What is Indian Justice Report

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The third edition of the report, which was launched on April 4, has been prepared by representatives from a number of
civil society organisations, including the Centre for Social Justice, DAKSH, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human

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Rights Initiative, TISS-Prayas and Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy. As power IJR 2022, Karnataka topped the large and

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mid-sized states in formal justice system with an overall score of 6.38, followed by Tamil Nadu and Telangana, both

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scoring 6.11, respectively.

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Uttar Pradesh continued at the bottom of the table for the third time in a row, scoring 3.78. As per the report, small yet
consistent improvements could lead to quite dramatic rises. Improvements in one indicator, such as filling a vacancy

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or building more diversity into a system, would have a positive ripple effect on other indicators and cumulatively affect
overall rankings, it noted.

Findings of the report

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The IJR 2022 observed that decades of continuing disrepair had intensified the justice delivery system’s incapability to
deliver timely justice, with the heaviest toll falling on the justice user. The report has been a collaborative effort
undertaken in partnership with DAKSH, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, Common Cause, Centre for Social
Justice, Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy and TISS-Prayas. First published in 2019, the third edition of the IJR has added an
assessment of the capacity of 25 State Human Rights Commissions. It continued to track improvements and persisting
deficits in each state’s structural and financial capacity to deliver justice based on quantitative measurements of budgets,
human resources, infrastructure, workload, and diversity across police, judiciary, prisons and legal aid for all 36 states
and UTs.

Detailed analysis of state and UT’s

It is considered as first-of-its-kind national periodic reporting that ranked the capacity of states to deliver justice. Except
for two union territories, Delhi and Chandigarh, no state spends more than 1 per cent of its total annual expenditure on
the judiciary. Through the filters of human resources, infrastructure, budgets, workload and diversity, the report
assessed the capacity of four core pillars of the justice system to deliver to mandate: police, prisons, judiciary and legal
aid. By comparing data over a five-year period, the IJR assessed efforts made by the governments year on year to improve
the administration of justice. Uttar Pradesh has the highest average pendency; cases remain pending for an average of
11.34 years.

Overview of Indian Justice system

The Indian Constitution has established an integrated judicial system with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by
the High Courts. There is a hierarchy beneath a High Court such as district courts and other lower courts. This unified
judicial system, which was adapted from the Government of India Act of 1935 is responsible for enforcing both central
legislation as well as state legislation. The judges of the SC are appointed by the President The chief justice is appointed
by the president after consultation with such judges of the SC and high court as he deems necessary The other judges

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of the SC are appointed by President after consultation with the chief justice and such other judges of the SC. The Chief
Justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (duly qualified for
appointment as a Supreme Court judge) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. He can do so
only with the previous consent of the President and also of the person to be so appointed. Such a judge is entitled to
such allowances as the president may determine. He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge
of Supreme Court. The consultation with chief justice is obligatory in the case of appointment of a judge other than
Chief Justice. The Supreme Court of India has power to review its own judgement or order. Thus, it is not bound by its
previous decision and can depart from it in the interest of justice or community welfare. As a court of record, a high
court also has the power to review and correct its own judgement or order.

6. According to the India Justice Report (IJR) 2022, 8. According to the India Justice Report (IJR) 2022,
which state has achieved among the states in which state high court has the highest pendency of
delivery of justice with populations over one crore? the cases?

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(a) Tamil Nadu (b) Kerala (a) Tripura (b) Bihar

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(c) Karnataka (d) Telangana (c) Jharkhand (d) Uttar Pradesh

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7. Consider the following statements about India 9. Except for two, (x), no State/UT’s spends more than
Justice Report (IJR) 2022, and mark the correct 1 per cent of its total annual expenditure on the

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statement. judiciary. Replace X with appropriate option.

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1) The IJR is an initiative of Tata Trusts in (a) Delhi and Chandigarh

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collaboration with Centre for Social Justice, (b) Delhi and Kerala

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Common Cause and Commonwealth Human (c) Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
Rights Initiative among others. (d) Telangana and Maharashtra

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2) It was first published in 2019.

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3) This report is based on overall data of 3 pillars of 10. With reference to the Indian judiciary, consider the

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justice delivery namely Police, Judiciary, following statements:

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Prisons. 1) Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India
4) The IJR 2022 also separately assesses the can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme

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capacity of the 24 State Human Rights Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the
Commissions in the country. prior permission of the President of India.

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2) A High Court in India has the power to review
Which of the above statements are correct? its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

6. (c) According to the India Justice Report (IJR) 2022, 8. (d) Meanwhile, the State of UP is at the lowest rank
Karnataka has achieved the top rank among the (18th) among mid-sized and large States having
18 large and mid-sized states in delivery of population over 1 crore, while the State of Goa is
justice with populations over one crore. Tamil at the lowest rank (7th) among the small States
Nadu has ranked in the second position; with a population less than 1 crore. At High
Telangana third; and Uttar Pradesh is at rank 18 Court level, Uttar Pradesh has the highest
which is the lowest. average pendency; cases remain pending for an
7. (a) The IJR is an initiative of Tata Trusts in average of 11.34 years, and in West Bengal for 9.9
collaboration with Centre for Social Justice, years. The lowest average High Court pendency
Common Cause and Commonwealth Human is in Tripura [1 year], Sikkim [1.9 years] and
Rights Initiative among others. It was first Meghalaya [2.1 years].
published in 2019. This report is based on overall 9. (a) Although states have increased budget
data of 4 pillars of justice delivery namely Police, allocation for legal aid, legal aid clinics reduced
Judiciary, Prisons, and Legal Aid. The IJR 2022 by 44 per cent between 2019 to 2021. Except for
also separately assesses the capacity of the 25 two union territories, Delhi and Chandigarh, no
State Human Rights Commissions in the state spends more than 1 per cent of its total
country. annual expenditure on the judiciary.
Concerning budgets, the report states the
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national per capita spend on legal aid, including can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court
the expenditure of the National Legal Services or a retired judge of a high court (duly qualified
Authority (NALSA) and the state/UT for appointment as a Supreme Court judge) to
governments themselves, is a “meagre Rs 4.57 act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a
per annum” temporary period. He can do so only with the
10. (c) The Supreme Court of India has power to review previous consent of the President and also of the
its own judgement or order. Thus, it is not person to be so appointed. Such a judge is
bound by its previous decision and can depart entitled to such allowances as the president may
from it in the interest of justice or community determine. He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction,
welfare. As a court of record, a high court also powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme
has the power to review and correct its own Court.
judgement or order. The Chief Justice of India

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GLOBAL BUDDHIST SUMMIT

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Why in news

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Recently, the Ministry of Culture in partnership with International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) has organized the 1st

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Global Buddhist Summit 2023, which aims to enhance cultural and diplomatic relations with other countries. The

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summit’s goal is to explore Buddhist teachings and practices in order to find solutions to issues like climate change,
poverty, and conflict, among others.

Objectives of the summit

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The summit aims to discuss today’s pressing global issues and look for answers in the Buddha Dhamma that is based
on universal values. The aim is to set up a forum for the lay Buddhist scholars and Dharma Masters. It seeks to delve

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into Buddha’s message for Peace, Compassion and Harmony with the objective of working towards Universal Peace and

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Harmony, in accordance with the core values of Dharma and produce a document for further academic research, to

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study its viability for use as a tool for the conduct of international relations on the global stage. The theme of the Global

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Buddhist Summit is “Responses to Contemporary Challenges: Philosophy to Praxis”. The Summit witnessed the
participation of eminent scholars, Sangha leaders and Dharma practitioners from all over the world. PM also offered

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monk robes (Chivar Dana) to nineteen eminent monks.

In 2022, the foundation stone for the Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University (DDIBU) in Tripura was laid,
DDIBU is the first Buddhist-run university in India to offer Buddhist education along with courses in other disciplines
of modern education as well. India also offers scholarships and training programs to Buddhist students and monks from
other countries, such as Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Nepal, to enhance their knowledge and skills.

What is the IBC?

IBC is the biggest religious Buddhist confederation. The purpose of this body is to create a role for Buddhism on the
global stage so as to help to preserve heritage, share knowledge, and promote values and to represent a united front for
Buddhism to enjoy meaningful participation in the global discourse. In November 2011, New Delhi was host to Global
Buddhist Congregation (GBC), where the attendees unanimously adopted a resolution to form an international
umbrella body – the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC). Its headquarters are located in Delhi, India.

About Buddhism in India

Origin
Siddhartha Gautam, was born in 563 BC into royal family of Sakya clan who ruled from Kapilvastu, in Lumbini.
At age of 29, Gautama left home and embraced a lifestyle of asceticism. After 49 days of meditation, Gautama attained
enlightenment under a pipal tree at Bodhgaya in Bihar. Buddha gave his first sermon in the village of Sarnath, near the
city of Benares in UP.
This event is known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana (turning of the wheel of law). Died at the age of 80 at Kushinagara
a town in UP. The event is known as Mahaparinibban.

Tenets of Buddhism
Avoid the two extremes of indulgence in worldly pleasure and the practice of strict abstinence. Buddha ascribed instead
the 'Madhyam Marg' or the middle path which was to be followed. Four noble truths: Suffering (dukkha) is the essence
of the world, Every suffering has a cause – Samudya, Suffering could be extinguished – Nirodha, It can be achieved by
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following the Atthanga Magga Eight Fold Paths: Right view, Right intention, Right speech, Right action, Right
livelihood, Right mindfulness, Right effort, Right concentration Buddha established code of conduct which are also
known as the Five Precepts or Pancasil - Violence, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying or gossip, taking intoxicating
substances

Major Buddhist Texts

Three Pitakas: Vinaya Pitaka (rules of conduct), Sutta Pitaka ( Dhamma of Buddha): divided into five Nikayas: Digha,
Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khuddaka, Abhidamma Pitaka (philosophical analysis) Other important Buddhist texts
include Divyavadana, Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Milind Panha etc.

Buddhist Councils
First: It was held in the Sattapani cave at Rajgir soon after the Mahaparinirvan of the Buddha, around 483 BC under the
patronage of King Ajatshatru and was presided by Mahakasyapa, a monk. Second: held in Vaishali under the patronage

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of the king Kalasoka in 383 BC. It was presided by Sabakami. Third: 250 BC in Patliputra under the patronage of Ashoka

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and was presided by Moggaliputta Tissa. Forth: held in 72 AD at Kundalvana, Kashmir. It was presided by Vasumitra,
while Asvaghosa was his deputy under the patronage of King Kanishka of Kushan Empire. Buddhism divided into

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Mahayan and Hinayan. Schools of Buddhism Mahayana: literally means "Great Vehicle". It believes in the heavenliness
of Buddha and Idol worship of Buddha and Bodhisattvas embodying Buddha Nature. Hinayana: Literally Lesser vehicle.

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It believes in the original teaching of Buddha or Doctrine of elders. It does not believe in Idol worship and tries to attain

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individual salvation through self-discipline and meditation. Theravada: is a Hinayana sect, developed in Sri Lanka and

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subsequently spread to the rest of Southeast Asia. Vajrayana: means “The Vehicle of the Thunderbolt”, also known as

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tantric Buddhism. Zen: It is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China.

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11. Consider the following statement about Global (b) The key teachings of Buddha include the Four

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Buddhist Summit and mark the correct option: Noble Truths and the Noble Ninth fold Path.

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1) The inaugural session of the Global Buddhist (c) Buddha gave his first sermon in the village of

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Summit was held in New Delhi. Sarnath, near the city of Benares in UP. This
2) The theme of the Global Buddhist Summit is event is known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana

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“Responses to Contemporary Challenges: (turning of the wheel of law).
Philosophy to Praxis”. (d) He attained enlightenment under the peepal

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3) The two-day Summit is being hosted by the tree in Bodh Gaya in Bihar.
Ministry of Culture in collaboration with
International Buddhist Confederation. 13. Where was the first Buddhist Council organised.
4) In November 2011, New Delhi was host to Global (a) Rajgir (b) Vaishali
Buddhist Congregation (GBC), where the (c) Pataliputra (d) Kundalavana
attendees unanimously adopted a resolution to
form an international umbrella body 14. Where is the headquarter of International Buddhist
Confederation (IBC) is located?
Which of the above statements are incorrect: (a) Kathmandu, Nepal (b) Colombo, Sri Lanka
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) Dhaka, Bangladesh (d) New Delhi, India
(c) All of the above (d) None of the above
15. The teachings were rehearsed and authenticated at
12. Which of the following statement about Buddha is the First Council and were divided in Three Pitakas
incorrect? in 483 BC. Which of the following is not of the Three
(a) Siddhartha Gautam, was born in 563 BC into Pitakas.
royal family of Sakya clan who ruled from (a) Vinaya Pitaka
Kapilvastu, in Lumbini. At age of 29, Gautama (b) Sutta Pitaka
left home and embraced a lifestyle of asceticism. (c) Abhidhamma Pitaka
(d) Dhamma-nirvana Pitaka

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

11. (d) None of the above statements are incorrect. Buddhism on the global stage so as to help to
International Buddhist Confederation (IBC) is preserve heritage, share knowledge, and
the biggest religious Buddhist confederation. promote values and to represent a united front
The purpose of this body is to create a role for for Buddhism to enjoy meaningful participation
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10
in the global discourse. In November 2011, New 14. (d) The headquarters of the International Buddhist
Delhi was host to Global Buddhist Congregation Confederation (IBC) is located in New Delhi,
(GBC), where the attendees unanimously India. The IBC was established by the Ministry
adopted a resolution to form an international of Culture of the Government of India and
umbrella body – the International Buddhist operates under the guidance of a Governing
Confederation (IBC). HQ: Delhi, India. Council consisting of eminent Buddhist
12. (a) The key teachings of Buddha include the Four scholars, leaders, and practitioners from
Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. different countries and traditions. The IBC also
Four noble truths: Suffering (dukkha) is the has several regional centers and affiliated
essence of the world. Every suffering has a cause organizations in different parts of the world to
– Samudya. Suffering could be extinguished – promote Buddhist values and practices.
Nirodha. It can be achieved by following the 15. (d) The statement mentioned in the question refers
Atthanga Magga (Eight-Fold Path). to the teachings of Buddhism, which were

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13. (a) The first Buddhist council was organized in rehearsed and authenticated at the First Council

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Rajagaha (present-day Rajgir in Bihar, India) and were divided into three pitakas (baskets) in
shortly after the passing away of the Buddha in 483 BC. The three pitakas are as follows: Vinaya

.
483 BCE. The council was presided over by the Pitaka: The Vinaya Pitaka contains the rules and
Buddha's disciple Mahakasyapa and was regulations for the monastic community of

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attended by 500 arhats (enlightened monks) Buddhism. Sutta Pitaka: The Sutta Pitaka

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who had attained complete knowledge of the contains the discourses, teachings, and sermons

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Buddha's teachings. The purpose of the council of the Buddha. Abhidhamma Pitaka: The

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was to recite and codify the Buddha's teachings, Abhidhamma Pitaka contains the philosophical
which were previously transmitted orally, and to and psychological teachings of Buddhism.

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prevent any variations or distortions from Therefore, all three options - Vinaya Pitaka,

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creeping into the teachings. It was organised Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka - are part

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under the leadership of Ajatasatru. of the Three Pitakas. None of these options is

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not part of the Three Pitakas.

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ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL RULES, 2023

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Why in News?
Recently, the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has issued the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023.
These Rules supersede the Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, 2001, and are issued under the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animal Act, 1960.

What are the Major Points Related to Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023?
Background
India recorded a whopping 160 million cases of street/stray dog bites between 2019 and 2022, according to data
submitted in Parliament till November 2022. This has also led to an increase in revenge crime and atrocities against
dogs, feeders of dogs and caregivers as well as conflicts among urban residents.

Provisions
The Rules have been formulated in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Hon'ble Supreme Court related to
Animal Welfare Board of India and People for Elimination of Stray Troubles. The Supreme Court has specifically
mentioned in various orders that relocation of dogs cannot be permitted. The Rules aim to provide guidelines for the
sterilisation and immunisation of stray dogs through Animal Birth Control (ABC) programmes. The responsibility of
carrying out ABC programmes lies with the respective local bodies, municipalities, municipal corporations, and
panchayats. The Municipal Corporations are required to implement the ABC and Anti Rabies Program jointly. It
provides guidelines on how to deal with human and stray dog conflicts without relocating the dogs in an area. It also
emphasises addressing the cruelty involved in carrying out ABC programmes, ensuring animal welfare.
Rabies a menace in India:
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease affecting the central nervous system. It is present on all
continents except Antarctica, with over 95% of human deaths occurring in Asia and Africa.
It is caused by a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus that is present in the saliva of a rabid animal (dog, cat, monkey, etc). It
is invariably transmitted following a bite of an infected animal that leads to deposition of the saliva and the virus in the

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11
wound. According to WHO, Dogs are the main source of human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of all rabies
transmissions to humans.
India is endemic for rabies, and accounts for 36% of the world’s rabies deaths. According to WHO, about 30-60% of
reported rabies cases and deaths in India occur in children under the age of 15 years as bites that occur in children often
go unrecognised and unreported. Rabies can be prevented by vaccinating pets, and seeking medical care after potential
exposures before symptoms start.

World Rabies Day is observed every year on 28th September to raise awareness about the world’s deadliest infectious
disease and bring together partners to enhance prevention and control efforts worldwide. 2022 marks the 16th World
Rabies Day. 28th September marks the anniversary of Louis Pasteur's death, the French chemist and microbiologist,
who developed the first rabies vaccine. In 2007, the first World Rabies Day (WRD) was organised by the two founding
partners namely: Alliance for Rabies Control (ARC) Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (CDC). The
theme of World Rabies Day 2022 is: “One Health, Zero Death”. The theme will highlight the connection of the

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environment with both people and animals.

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Initiatives Related to Rabies

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United Against Rabies Forum: The UAR Forum brings together global experts from various organisations, ministries
and countries so that they can work towards specific objectives and activities to facilitate efforts towards achieving Zero

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dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030.

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National Action Plan for Dog Mediated Rabies Elimination by 2030 (NAPRE): The NAPRE was drafted by the National

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Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in association with the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying. Its

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approach for elimination of rabies is based on recommendations of several international agencies like WHO and the
Global Alliance of Rabies Control (GARC).

Older provision which got replaced

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Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960:

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It is the first enacted law for safeguarding the rights and protecting the animals from pain and suffering inflicted by
humans.

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The Act has established the definition of animals to include any living creature other than human beings and different
forms of animals. Offences & punishments: In order to protect the animals from lifetime agony and pain, the Act has

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set forth punishments for offenders who cause unnecessary suffering and cruelty towards animals. The Act further
discusses different forms of cruelty inflicted on animals, its exceptions and the process of killing a suffering animal,
when cruelty has been imposed, to avoid any further suffering for that animal.
The Act underlines the guidelines to be followed while experimenting on an animal for scientific purposes and
exhibition of performing animals along with their offences. Animal Welfare Board of India: One of the features that the
Act specifies is the establishment of the Animal Welfare Board of India (hereinafter AWBI)

India is looking forward to creating a One Health network that will not only serve rabies but will also strengthen
surveillance and health systems for multiple health risks at the human-animal-environment interface through better
coordination and communication between the animal- and human health and other relevant sectors.

16. The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & 1) It is the first enacted law for safeguarding the
Dairying has issued the Animal Birth Control Rules, rights and protecting the animals from pain and
2023. These Rules supersede which of the following? suffering inflicted by humans.
(a) The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Dog 2) The Act has established the definition of animals
Breeding and Marketing) Rules, 2017 to include any living creature other than human
(b) The Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, 2001 beings and different forms of animals.
(c) The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 3) One of the features that the Act specifies is the
(Sterilization of Dogs) Rules, 2001 establishment of the Animal Welfare Board of
(d) Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act, 1960. India (hereinafter AWBI)
Which of the following statement are incorrect?
17. Consider the following statement about Prevention (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 and mark the correct (c) 1 and 3 only (d) None of the above.
option:

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18. Rabies is one of the greatest menace in India. Which
of the following statements about rabies and dog are 19. World Rabies Day is observed on which of day.
incorrect? (a) 27th September (b) 28th September
th
(a) Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral (c) 27 October (d) 28th October
disease affecting the central nervous system.
(b) It is caused by a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 20. National Action Plan for Dog Mediated Rabies
virus that is present in the saliva of a rabid Elimination which was drafted by the National
animal (dog, cat, monkey, etc). Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), plans to
(c) India is endemic for rabies, and accounts for eliminate rabies by which year?
36% of the world’s rabies deaths. (a) 2025 (b) 2026
(d) According to WHO, Dogs are the main source of (c) 2029 (d) 2030
human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of
all rabies transmissions to humans.

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ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

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16. (b) Recently, the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal (dog, cat, monkey, etc). It is invariably
Husbandry & Dairying has issued the Animal transmitted following a bite of an infected

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Birth Control Rules, 2023. These Rules animal that leads to deposition of the saliva and
supersede the Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, the virus in the wound. According to WHO,

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2001, and are issued under the Prevention of Dogs are the main source of human rabies

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Cruelty to Animal Act, 1960. deaths, contributing up to 99% of all rabies
17. (d) It is the first enacted law for safeguarding the transmissions to humans. According to WHO,

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rights and protecting the animals from pain and about 30-60% of reported rabies cases and

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suffering inflicted by humans. The Act has deaths in India occur in children under the age

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established the definition of animals to include of 15 years as bites that occur in children often

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any living creature other than human beings and go unrecognised and unreported.
different forms of animals. In order to protect 19. (b) World Rabies Day is observed every year on 28th

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the animals from lifetime agony and pain, the September to raise awareness about the world’s

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Act has set forth punishments for offenders who deadliest infectious disease and bring together
cause unnecessary suffering and cruelty towards partners to enhance prevention and control
animals. The Act further discusses different efforts worldwide. 28th September marks the
forms of cruelty inflicted on animals, its anniversary of Louis Pasteur's death, the French
exceptions and the process of killing a suffering chemist and microbiologist, who developed the
animal, when cruelty has been imposed, to avoid first rabies vaccine.
any further suffering for that animal. The Act 20. (d) National Action Plan for Dog Mediated Rabies
underlines the guidelines to be followed while Elimination by 2030 (NAPRE): The NAPRE was
experimenting on an animal for scientific drafted by the National Centre for Disease
purposes and exhibition of performing animals Control (NCDC) in association with the Ministry
along with their offences. One of the features of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
that the Act specifies is the establishment of the Its approach for elimination of rabies is based on
Animal Welfare Board of India (hereinafter recommendations of several international
AWBI) agencies like WHO and the Global Alliance of
18. (b) It is caused by a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) virus Rabies Control (GARC
that is present in the saliva of a rabid animal

UN POPULATION REPORT
Why in news
Recently, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has released the State of World Population report 2023, which
states that India will overtake China to become the world’s most populous country by the middle of 2023.
The State of World Population is published annually which covers and analyses developments and trends in world
population and demographics, as well as shedding a light on specific regions, countries and population groups and the
unique challenges they face. It has been published yearly since 1978. The headquarters of United Nations Population
Fund is located in New York, USA.
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Key takeaways from the report
Total world population:
The UNFPA has said the population of the world is 8,045 million, of which the largest share (65%) is of people between
the ages of 15 and 64 years, followed by those in the 10-24 years group (24%), 10% of the population is above 65 years of
age.
One of the reasons for population growth globally flagged by the report has been that of increasing life expectancy, with
better access to health care and improving standards of living. The report finds that life expectancy among men now
stands at 71 years while among women it stands at 76 years.
Population growth rate:
The report said that while population numbers will continue to grow for several decades, latest projections suggest that
the rate of global population growth has fallen and has been at less than 1 per cent since 2020.This is largely due to
declining fertility; around two thirds of people live in a country or area with a total fertility rate at or below 2.1 children

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per woman (widely considered the “replacement fertility” rate, also called “zero-growth fertility” rate). The United States
is a third populated country, with a population of 340 million. More than half of the projected increase in global

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population up to 2050 will be concentrated in eight countries — the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia,
India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines and the United Republic of Tanzania. Countries of sub-Saharan Africa are

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expected to continue growing through 2100 and to contribute more than half of the global population increase

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anticipated through 2050.International migration: The report said that international migration that is now the driver of

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growth in many countries, with 281 million people living outside their country of birth in 2020.Migration has also

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occurred due to war, famines, and other catastrophes, it has pointed out. South Asia clocks some of the highest
emigration trends, according to the report, with India seeing an estimated net outflow of 3.5 million between 2010 and

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2021.Pakistan has the highest net flow of migrants of 16.5 million during the same period.

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India’s Population Scenario

a
The UN report states that India now has 1,428.6 million people and is the most populous country in the world,

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outstripping China’s population. As much as 68% of India’s population belongs to the 15-64 years category, and 26% in

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the 10-24 years group, making India one of the youngest countries in the world. However, the fertility rate in India has
been steadily dropping. The National Family Health 5 Survey (2019-21) found that India attained a Total Fertility Rate

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of 2.0 for the first time, less than the replacement level of 2.1, falling from 2.2 in NFHS 4 (2015-16). The increased use of

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contraceptive methods, spacing of pregnancies, access to health care and the impetus to family planning, besides
increasing wealth and education, has contributed to the rate of growth of population slowing. Life expectancy for men
in India is the same as the global life expectancy of 71 years, while it is marginally lower for women at 74 years. India's
huge population is poor labour force participation, especially of women. India's female labor force participation rate in
2021 was 19%, lower than the world average at 25.1%, and has been declining for a long. Prime Minister of India aims at
50% female workforce by 2047.
What is UNFPA
It is a subsidiary organ of the UN General Assembly and works as a sexual and reproductive health agency. The UN
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) establishes its mandate.
It was established as a trust fund in 1967 and began operations in 1969. In 1987, it was officially renamed the United
Nations Population Fund but the original abbreviation, ‘UNFPA’ for the United Nations Fund for Population Activities
was retained.
UNFPA works directly to tackle Sustainable Development Goals on health (SDG3), education (SDG4) and gender
equality (SDG5).
World Population Day is an annual event, observed on July 11 every year, which seeks to raise awareness of global
population issues. The event was established by the Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme
in 1989.
UNFPA is not supported by the UN budget, instead, it is entirely supported by voluntary contributions of donor
governments, intergovernmental organizations, the private sector, foundations and individuals.

21. Which of the following statements about UN (c) It has been published yearly since 1978. It states
population report is incorrect? that more than half of the projected increase in
(a) India’s total Fertility Rate, was estimated at 2, global population up to 2050 will be
lower than the world average of 2.3. concentrated in eight countries
(b) India will overtake China to become the world’s
most populous country by the end of 2023.

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14
(d) India’s 68 % population are in the 15 to 64 years
age group, providing a significant contribution Which of the above statements are incorrect?
to the working or able-to-work population. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only
22. Consider the following statements about United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and choose the 23. What is the average life expectancy for an Indian
correct option. male and females, respectively?
1) It is a subsidiary organ of the UN General (a) 71 and 74 (b) 70 and 74
Assembly and works as a sexual and (c) 73 and 75 (d) 72 and 74
reproductive health agency.
2) In 1987, it was officially renamed the United 24. The total fertility rate in India has been steadily
Nations Population Fund but the original dropping, at what level the fertility rate is considered
abbreviation, ‘UNFPA’ for the United Nations to be at replacement level.

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Fund for Population Activities was retained. (a) 2.0 % (b) 2.1 %

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3) It was established as a trust fund in 1968 and (c) 2.2 % (d) 2.3 %
began operations in 1969. The UN Economic and

.
Social Council (ECOSOC) establishes its 25. On which day World Population Day is observed?
mandate. (a) 11th July (b) 11th June

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th
4) The headquarters of United Nations Population (c) 12 July (d) 12th June

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Fund is located in Geneva, Switzerland.

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ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

21.

a n
(b) Recently, the United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA) has released the State of World
k was projected to be 71 and 76 for females. For
developed regions, the average life expectancy

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Population report 2023, which states that India for males was projected at 77 and 83 for females
will overtake China to become the world’s most — the highest of all. For less developed regions,

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populous country by the middle of 2023. The the ages are 70 for males and 74 for females,

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State of World Population is published annually while for least developed countries, it is 63 for
which covers and analyses developments and males and 68 for females.

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trends in world population and demographics, 24. (b) The total fertility rate in India has been steadily
as well as shedding a light on specific regions, dropping [NFHS-5 (2019-21)- 2.0, less than the
countries and population groups and the unique replacement level of 2.1]. Increased use of
challenges they face. 68% of India’s population contraceptive methods, spacing, access to
belongs to the 15-64 years category, and 26% in health care, and increasing wealth and
the 10-24 years group, making India one of the education, has contributed to this decline. Life
youngest countries in the world. It has been expectancy for men in India is 71 years (same as
published yearly since 1978. global figures), while it is marginally lower for
22. (d) It was established as a trust fund in 1967 and women at 74 years.
began operations in 1969. The UN Economic and 25. (a) World Population Day is an annual event,
Social Council (ECOSOC) establishes its observed on July 11 every year, which seeks to
mandate. The headquarters of United Nations raise awareness of global population issues. The
Population Fund is located in New York, USA. event was established by the Governing Council
23. (a) The average life expectancy for an Indian male of the United Nations Development Programme
was projected as 71 and 74 for females. On in 1989.
average, the life expectancy for males globally

PROJECT TIGER
Why in news
It has been 50 years of Project Tiger. Its success has been a matter of pride for not only India but the entire world. India
has not only saved the tiger but has also given it a great ecosystem to flourish. It’s a matter of great happiness for us
that at a time when we have completed 75 years of Independence, nearly 80 per cent of the world’s tiger population can
now be found in India and tiger reserves in the country span 75,000 square kilometre. The Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve in
Uttarakhand was India's first tiger reserve. India released cheetahs from South Africa and Namibia into the wild at Kuno
Palpur in Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh.
What is Project Tiger
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The Indira Gandhi government launched Project Tiger in 1973 from the Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand. The
tiger is a globally endangered species. India had a tiger population ranging from 20000 to 40000 at the turn of the
twentieth century.. Dr. Kailash Sankhla, a notable conservationist, made a personal appeal to then Prime Minister Mrs.
Indira Gandhi, who proved to be sympathetic and understanding of the need to protect India’s Natural Heritage – the
country’s oldest heritage. As a result, the Wildlife Protection Act was drafted in 1972, effectively ending all hunting in
India and legally protecting individual species. In 1973, Project Tiger was launched, and Dr. Kailash Sankhla was named
the first Director of Project Tiger in India. India’s Tiger Census 2022, has registered 6.7% in the increase in tiger’s
population in the past four years. The tiger census covered forested habitats in 20 states of India. Nilgiri cluster is the
largest tiger population in the world, contributing significantly to colonisation of tigers in neighbouring areas.

Background of Project Tiger:

Project Tiger was established in 1973. It was one of the most significant conservation efforts launched in India to protect
tigers. It was the first project of its kind in India to maintain the population of tigers and protect them from poaching

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and other threats. The Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand was India’s first tiger reserve. In the early years of this

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project, India had only nine tiger reserves. There are currently 53 such reserves in India.

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Formation of Tiger Reserves in India:
In India, there are 53 tiger reserves that are governed by Project Tiger, which is administered by the National Tiger

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Conservation Authority (NTCA). The Government of India launched Project Tiger in 1973 in order to save the

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endangered species of tiger in India. India is home to 80% of the world’s tigers. Tiger reserves are designated areas for

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the protection of tigers and their prey, and are governed by Project Tiger, which was established in the country in 1973.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA) during his visit to Karnataka on
April 9, 2022. The IBCA aims to conserve seven species of big cats, including tigers, lions, leopards, cheetahs, jaguars,

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snow leopards, and clouded leopards.

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Formation of NTCA

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The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and
Climate Change established under the enabling provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 2006,

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to strengthen tiger conservation in accordance with the powers and functions delegated to it by the Act. It is the apex
body that administers ‘Project Tiger’. The NTCA was established in 2005 in response to the Tiger Task Force's

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recommendations. The authority is comprised of the Minister in charge of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (as
Chairperson)

How tiger population is estimated?

'Tiger census' refers to the process of estimating the number of tigers in a given area. This exercise gives us an estimate
of the number of tigers, their density, and the change in tiger indices - a measure of tiger occupancy in a given area. It
is carried out on a regular basis to determine the current tiger populations and population trends. Aside from estimating
the number of tigers, the method also assists in gathering data on the density of tiger populations and associated prey.
The 'Pugmark Census Technique' was the most commonly used technique in the past. The imprints of the tiger's
pugmark were recorded and used to identify individuals using this method. It is now widely used as an indicator of tiger
occurrence and relative abundance. Camera trapping and DNA finger-printing are two recent methods for estimating
the number of tigers. M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers - Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) is an app-
based monitoring system launched by the NTCA in 2010 across Indian tiger reserves. According to the Tiger Census
results (All India Tiger Estimation 2018-19), the total number of tigers has increased to 2,967 from 2,226 in 2014. Madhya
Pradesh had the most tigers (526), followed by Karnataka (524), and Uttarakhand (442).
26. Project Tiger was launched in which year? 28. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
(a) 1971 (b) 1972 is a statutory body under the Ministry of
(c) 1973 (d) 1974 Environment, Forests, and Climate Change. In
which year was it established?
27. Which among the following is the first tiger reserve (a) 2003 (b) 2004
of India (c) 2005 (d) 2006
(a) Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve
(b) Kanha Tiger Reserve 29. Consider the following statement are correct about
(c) Periyar Tiger Reserve Project Tiger and mark the correct option:
(d) Ranthambore National Park 1) Dr. Kailash Sankhla was named the first Director
of Project Tiger in India.
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16
2) In India, there are 53 tiger reserves that are Which of the above statements are incorrect?
governed by Project Tiger, which is (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
administered by the National Tiger (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only
Conservation Authority (NTCA).
3) The Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive 30. India reintroduced cheetahs from which two
Protection and Ecological Status, or M-STrIPES countries into Kuno National Park?
was launched in 2011 and is a software-based (a) Namibia and South Africa
monitoring system for tigers. (b) South Africa and Kenya
4) India is home to 75% of the world's tigers. (c) Nigeria and South Africa
(d) Niger and Kenya

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

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26. (c) The Indira Gandhi government launched Habitats (CTH), also known as core areas of

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Project Tiger in 1973 from the Jim Corbett tiger reserves.
National Park in Uttarakhand. Project Tiger was 29. (b) Project Tiger was launched by the in 1973 from

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made a statutory authority (NTCA) by inserting the Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand.

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enabling provisions into the Wild Life The Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive

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(Protection) Act of 1972 via an amendment, the Protection and Ecological Status, or M-STrIPES

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Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act of 2006. was launched in 2010 and is a software-based
27. (a) Project Tiger was made a statutory authority monitoring system for tigers. India is home to

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(NTCA) by inserting enabling provisions into 80% of the world's tigers. According to the Tiger

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the Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972 via an Census results (All India Tiger Estimation 2018-
amendment, the Wild Life (Protection) 19), the total number of tigers has increased to

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Amendment Act of 2006. The Jim Corbett Tiger 2,967 from 2,226 in 2014. Camera trapping and
Reserve in Uttarakhand was India's first tiger DNA finger-printing are two recent methods for

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reserve. In the early years of this project, India estimating the number of tigers. Dr. Kailash

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had only nine tiger reserves. There are currently Sankhla was named the first Director of Project
53 such reserves in India. Tiger in India and is regarded as tiger man of

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28. (c) The National Tiger Conservation Authority India. In India, there are 53 tiger reserves that
(NTCA) is a statutory body under the Ministry are governed by Project Tiger, which is
of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change administered by the National Tiger
established under the enabling provisions of the Conservation Authority (NTCA).
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as amended in 30. (a) India released cheetahs from South Africa and
2006, to strengthen tiger conservation in Namibia into the wild at Kuno Palpur in
accordance with the powers and functions Sheopur district of Madhya Pradesh. The
delegated to it by the Act. The NTCA was Ministry of Environment had in the 19th
established in 2005 in response to the Tiger Task meeting of the National Tiger Conservation
Force's recommendations. Nagarjunsagar Authority (NTCA) released an “Action Plan for
Srisailam (part of Andhra Pradesh): 2595.72 sq. Introduction of Cheetah in India”.
Kms is the largest area under Critical Tiger

NATO AND CPTPP

Why in news
Finland has officially joined NATO after its application was ratified in record time. This move was supported by the
majority of NATO members, who believed that Finland’s membership would enhance the alliance’s strength in the
Baltic area. Recently, the U.K. Signed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
(CPTPP). Prime Minister of U.K cited the agreement’s success as an example of “post-Brexit freedoms”. The agreement
will now need to be ratified by Westminster and each of the CPTPP countries.

What is NATO
In 1948 the United States launched the Marshall Plan, which infused massive amounts of economic aid to the countries
of western and southern Europe on the condition that they cooperate with each other and engage in joint planning to
hasten their mutual recovery. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance established by the North
Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) of April, 1949, by the United States, Canada, and several Western
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17
European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. In 1955, when the Cold War was gaining
momentum, the Soviet Union signed up socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe to the Warsaw Pact (1955).
The Pact, essentially a political-military alliance, was viewed as a direct strategic counterweight to NATO. There are
currently 31 member states. Headquarters of NATO is located Brussels, Belgium and the headquarters of Allied
Command Operations is located Mons, Belgium. NATO is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If
diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out
under the collective defence clause of NATO's founding treaty - Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United
Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organisations. NATO has only once
invoked Article 5, on September 12, 2001 following the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center in the US.

Why did Finland joined NATO?

Finland shares a 1,340km long border with Russia and had signed a “friendship agreement,” with the Soviet Union to be
a neutral country (Military non-alignment- ‘Finlandisation’). However, after Russia launched the invasion of Ukraine

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last year, Finland decided to join NATO. Finland has joined NATO due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which has made

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its smaller neighbors feel the need for the powerful military backing that NATO provides. Finland and Sweden applied
for NATO membership after the invasion.

.
What is CPTPP

s
The CPTPP is a Free trade agreement (FTA) between Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia,

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Mexico, Peru, New Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam. The CPTPP was signed by the 11 countries on 8 March 2018 in

e
Santiago, Chile. In 2005, a trade agreement between a small group of Pacific Rim countries comprising Brunei, Chile,

k
New Zealand, and Singapore led to the formation of Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) consisting of 12 nation-states. After
the withdrawal of the US, the remaining eleven signatories, known as the TPP-11, continued talks and their efforts led

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to the formation of CPTPP. CPTPP removes 99% of tariffs on goods and services. It also includes commitments to

a
combat wildlife trafficking and prevent environmental abuses such as unsustainable logging and fishing, with trade

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penalties for non-compliance. All 11 countries of CPTPP are also members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

p
(APEC).

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Why did Britain joined the CPTPP
Britain joined CPTPP to build ties around the world after leaving the European Union (BREXIT). The impact of Brexit

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on the U.K. has been significant. Some of the impacts of Brexit include: Changes in trade policies and tariffs with the
EU and other countries. Reduced access to the EU market for U.K. businesses. Increased regulatory burden on U.K.
businesses trading with the EU. More than 99% of British exports, including key markets such as cheese, cars, chocolate,
machinery, gin, and whisky, will have zero tariffs. The deal is expected to add GBP 1.8 billion (USD 2.2 billion) annually
to the U.K. economy in the long run, a modest boost of 0.08% to GDP. The CPTPP is a "gateway" to the Indo-Pacific
region, which is expected to account for a majority (54%) of global economic growth in the future. As a CPTPP member,
the U.K. will have a veto on whether China joins the treaty. U.K. firms will not need to establish a local office or be
resident to provide services and will be able to operate on a par with firms in host countries.
Why India never joined it?
India did not join CPTPP as it seeks to place greater labor and environmental standards on its other partners and CPTPP
draft includes narrowly detailed qualifications on standards for investment protection, provisions to protect the host
state’s right to regulate, and the imposition of detailed transparency requirements.

31. Recently, which country has joined the North 33. Consider the following statements about CPTPP and
Atlantic Treaty Organisation as 31st Member? choose the correct option:
(a) Finland (b) France a) The CPTPP was signed by the 11 countries in 2016
(c) Ireland (d) Netherlands in Santiago, Chile.
b) After the withdrawal of the US (2017), the
32. Which country recently became the 12th member to remaining eleven signatories, known as the TPP-
join CPTPP (Comprehensive and Progressive 11.
Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) -the first c) 11 countries of CPTPP are also members of the
to join the partnership since its inception. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).
(a) Britain Denmark d) CPTPP removes 90% of tariffs on goods and
(b) Norway France services.
Which of the above statement is incorrect?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
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(c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only 4) The headquarters of allied command of NATO
is located in Mons, Belgium.
34. Which of following statements about NATO is
incorrect? Which of the above statements are incorrect?
1) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
military alliance established by the North (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1 and 4 only
Atlantic Treaty (also called the California
Treaty) of April, 1949, 35. Which of the following country is not a member
2) North Atlantic Treaty Organization, currently Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for
consists of 31 member countries. Trans-Pacific Partnership?
3) Article 5 of the NATO treaty states that an attack (a) Malaysia (b) New Zealand
on one member is an attack on all members. It (c) Brunei (d) Kuala Lumpur
has been invoked only once after the 9/11

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terrorist attacks in the United States.

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ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

s.
31. (a) Finland has officially joined NATO after its formation of CPTPP. The CPTPP was signed by

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application was ratified in record time. This the 11 countries on 8 March 2018 in Santiago,
move was supported by the majority of NATO Chile. After the withdrawal of the US (2017), the

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members, who believed that Finland's remaining eleven signatories, known as the TPP-

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membership would enhance the alliance's 11, continued talks and their efforts led to the

n
strength in the Baltic area. Finland shares a formation of CPTPP. All 11 countries of CPTPP
1,340km long border with Russia and had signed are also members of the Asia-Pacific Economic

a
a “friendship agreement,” with the Soviet Union Cooperation (APEC). CPTPP removes 99% of

r
to be a neutral country (Military non-alignment- tariffs on goods and services.

p
‘Finlandisation’). However, after Russia 34. (a) The Headquarters of NATO is located in

o
launched the invasion of Ukraine last year, Brussels, Belgium. Headquarters of Allied
Finland decided to join NATO. Command Operations of NATO is located in

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32. (a) Britain joined CPTPP to build ties around the Mons, Belgium. North Atlantic Treaty
world after leaving the European Union Organization (NATO) is a military alliance
(BREXIT). Britain will become the 12th member established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also
to join CPTPP (Comprehensive and Progressive called the Washington Treaty) of April, 1949, by
Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership) -the the United States, Canada, and several Western
first to join the partnership since its inception. European nations to provide collective security
33. (d) In 2005, a trade agreement between a small against the Soviet Union.
group of Pacific Rim countries comprising 35. (d) The CPTPP is a Free trade agreement (FTA)
Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore led between Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada,
to the formation of the Trans-Pacific Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, New
Partnership (TPP) consisting of 12 nation-states. Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam. The CPTPP
After the withdrawal of the US (2017), the was signed by the 11 countries on 8 March 2018
remaining eleven signatories, known as the TPP- in Santiago, Chile.
11, continued talks and their efforts led to the

FOREIGN TRADE POLICY 2023

Why in news
The government has finally unveiled its new Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) which came into force on 1 April. The previous
policy, launched in 2015, had to be extended several times due to the pandemic and geo-political developments.

Background
The government has broken away from the conventional practice of setting a five-year cycle. The new policy is intended
to be responsive to changing circumstances and will be modified as and when required. Additionally, the government
will consistently gather input from relevant stakeholders to enhance and revise the policy. The Foreign Trade Policy
(FTP) 2023 is notified by the Central Government, in the exercise of powers conferred under Section 5 of the Foreign
Trade (Development & Regulation) Act, 1992.The first five-year export-import (EXIM) policy of 1992 and the second in
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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19
1997-2002 aimed to remove many of the post-independence trade protectionist measures and promote India’s
integration with the global economy. In 2004, the EXIM Policy was renamed FTP to adopt a comprehensive approach
to India’s foreign trade. Later, FTPs were issued for 2009-14 and 2015-20. FTP 2015-20 aimed to boost India’s exports
from $465 billion in 2013-14 to $900 billion by 2019-20. Exports for 2022-23 are projected at $760 billion. The US has
emerged as India's biggest trading partner in 2022-23 on account of increasing economic ties between the two countries.
According to the provisional data of the commerce ministry, the bilateral trade between India and the US has increased
by 7.65 per cent to USD 128.55 in 2022-23 as against USD 119.5 billion in 2021-22.

Key features of the Foreign Trade Policy 2023

India's Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 has been launched to promote exports and facilitate ease of doing business
for exporters, while also placing a stronger emphasis on the "export control" regime. The policy is built on the
principles of trust and partnership with exporters and is based on four pillars: Incentive to Remission, Export
Promotion through Collaboration, Ease of Doing Business, and Emerging Areas. The FTP 2023 introduces several new

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schemes, such as one time Amnesty Scheme for exporters to close old pending authorizations and start afresh. The

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FTP aims at building partnerships with State governments and taking forward the Districts as Export Hubs (DEH)
initiative to promote exports at the district level and accelerate the development of grassroots trade ecosystem.

.
 Under the amnesty scheme, an online portal will be launched for registration and a six-month window will be

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available to exporters to avail the scheme. It will cover all pending cases of default in export obligation of

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authorisations, these can be regularised on payment of all customs duties exempted in proportion to unfulfilled

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export obligation. It also encourages the recognition of new towns through the Towns of Export Excellence
Scheme and the recognition of exporters through the Status Holder Scheme. Prime Minister Mega Integrated

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Textile Region and Apparel Parks (PM MITRA) scheme has been added as an additional scheme eligible to claim

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benefits under CSP(Common Service Provider) Scheme of EPCG.The policy also streamlines the popular

a
Advance Authorization and EPCG schemes and enables merchanting trade from India.


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The government aims to increase India’s overall exports to USD 2 trillion by 2030, with equal contributions
from the merchandise and services sectors. The government also intends to encourage the use of the Indian

p
currency in cross-border trade, aided by a new payment settlement framework introduced by the RBI in July

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2022. Four new towns, namely Faridabad, Mirzapur, Moradabad, and Varanasi, have been designated as TEE in
addition to the existing 39 towns. The Towns of export excellency will have priority access to export promotion

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funds under the MAI scheme and will be able to avail Common Service Provider (CSP) benefits for export
fulfillment under the Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme.

36. The Export Import Policy was renamed Foreign through collaboration Ease of doing business,
Trade Policy to adopt a comprehensive approach to reduction in transaction cost and e-initiatives,
India’s foreign trade in which year? and digitalisation.
(a) 1999 (b) 2000 Which of the above statements are correct?
(c) 2002 (d) 2004 (a) 1& 2 only (b) 1& 3 only
37. Consider the following statements with respect to (c) 2& 4 only (d) All of the above
Foreign Trade Policy, 2023.
1) The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 is notified 38. Which of the following schemes has been
by the Central Government, in the exercise of announced under Foreign Trade Policy 2023?
powers conferred under Section 5 of the Foreign (a) Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported
Trade (Development & Regulation) Act, 1992. Products (RoDTEP) Scheme
2) The New policy has replaced the old policy that (b) Advance Authorization (AA) Scheme
had been in place since 2015, the new policy (c) Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG)
kicks in from 2023-24 and aims to almost triple scheme
India’s goods and services exports to $5 trillion (d) Amnesty scheme
by 2030
3) Faridabad, Moradabad, Mirzapur and Varanasi 39. Which of the following countries is the largest
— were announced as centres of export trading partner of India?
excellence for their performance in the apparel, (a) China (b) USA
handicrafts, handmade carpets and handlooms, (c) UK (d) Afghanistan
respectively.
4) The Key Approach is based on Four Pillars: 40. Which of the following statements is incorrect with
Incentive to Remission, Export promotion respect to Foreign Trade Policy 2023?

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20
(a) The government intends to encourage the use (c) The policy also introduced incentives for Special
of the Indian currency in cross-border trade, Economic Zones and recognized successful
aided by a new payment settlement framework business leaders as Status Holders.
introduced by the RBI in July 2022. (d) Prime Minister Mega Integrated Textile Region
(b) The FTP aims at building partnerships with and Apparel Parks (PM MITRA) scheme has
State governments and taking forward the been added as an additional scheme eligible to
Districts as Export Hubs (DEH) initiative to claim benefits under CSP(Common Service
promote exports at the district level and Provider) Scheme of EPCG.
accelerate the development of grassroots trade
ecosystem.

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

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36. (d) Under the Foreign Trade Development and window will be available to exporters to avail the

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Regulation Act, 1992, the government is scheme. Special Advance Authorisation
required to formulate, implement and monitor Scheme extended to export of Apparel and

.
trade policies to boost exports, facilitate imports Clothing sector on self-declaration basis to
and maintain a favourable balance of payments. facilitate prompt execution of export orders. The

rs
The first five-year export-import (EXIM) policy EPCG Scheme, which allows import of capital
of 1992 and the second in 1997-2002 aimed to goods at zero Customs duty for export

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remove many of the post-independence trade production, is being further rationalized. A.

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protectionist measures and promote India’s Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported
integration with the global economy. In 2004, Products (RoDTEP) Scheme is extended to

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the EXIM Policy was renamed FTP to adopt a Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Articles of Iron

a
comprehensive approach to India’s foreign & Steel industries.

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trade. Later, FTPs were issued for 2009-14 and 39. (b) The US has emerged as India's biggest trading

p
2015-20. partner in 2022-23 on account of increasing
37. (b) Recently, Union Minister of Commerce and economic ties between the two countries.

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Industry, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public According to the provisional data of the

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Distribution and Textiles launched the Foreign commerce ministry, the bilateral trade between
Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 which comes into effect India and the US has increased by 7.65 per cent
from April 1, 2023. The New policy has replaced to USD 128.55 in 2022-23 as against USD 119.5
the old policy that had been in place since billion in 2021-22.
2015, the new policy kicks in from 2023-24 Exports to the US rose by 2.81 per cent to USD
and aims to almost triple India’s goods and 78.31 billion in 2022-23 as against USD 76.18
services exports to $3 trillion by 2030( hence, billion in 2021-22, while imports grew by about
statement 2 is incorrect). The Key Approach is 16 per cent to USD 50.24 billion, the data
based on Four Pillars: Incentive to Remission, showed.
Export promotion through collaboration - 40. (c) Foreign Trade policy of 2015 introduced
Exporters, States, Districts, Indian Missions, incentives for Special Economic Zones and
Ease of doing business, reduction in transaction recognized successful business leaders as Status
cost and e-initiatives, and Emerging Areas – E- Holders. . Prime Minister Mega Integrated
Commerce Developing Districts as Export Hubs Textile Region and Apparel Parks (PM MITRA)
and streamlining Special Chemicals, Organisms, scheme has been added as an additional scheme
Materials, Equipment, and Technologies eligible to claim benefits under CSP(Common
(SCOMET) policy.( hence, statement 4 is Service Provider) Scheme of EPCG India's
incorrect). Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 has been
38. (d) Barring Amnesty scheme, no other new scheme launched to promote exports and facilitate ease
has been launched under FTP, 2023. Under the of doing business for exporters, while also
amnesty scheme, an online portal will be placing a stronger emphasis on the "export
launched for registration and a six-month control" regime.

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21
NATIONAL ELECTRICITY PLAN FOR 2022-2027
Why in news?
A new blueprint for the country’s power sector planners – the National Electricity Plan for 2022-27 – marks a discernible
reversal in the policy.

Background
India is now amongst the fastest developing countries in the world in terms of GDP as well as the electricity
consumption. The challenge is to meet the energy needs of high economic growth & electricity consumption of about
1.3 billion people. The development of an efficient, coordinated, economical and robust electricity system is essential
for smooth flow of electricity from generating station to load centers (as per Electricity Act, 2003) and for optimum
utilization of resources in the country, in order to provide reliable, affordable, un-interruptible (24x7) and Quality Power
for All. Transmission system establishes the link between source of generation on one side and distribution system,

m
which is connected to load / ultimate consumer, on the other side. As per Section 3 of the Electricity Act 2003, Central

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Electricity Authority (CEA) has been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing the National Electricity Plan (NEP)
in accordance with the National Electricity Policy and to notify such plan once in five years.

s.
What is National Electricity Plan For 2022-2027?

r
The NEP is a crucial document that guides the development of the power sector in India. It is formulated by the Central
Electricity Authority (CEA) every five years under the Electricity Act, 2003. The CEA formulates short-term (5-year) and

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prospective plans (15-year) to assess the demand for planning capacity addition and coordinate the activities of various

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planning agencies for the optimal utilization of resources. The NEP provides a review of the last five years (2017-22),

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capacity addition requirements for 2022-27, and projections for the period 2027-2032. The first NEP was notified in 2007,
the Second Plan in December 2013, and the third plan which covers the detailed Plan for 2017-22 and the perspective

a
Plan for 2022-27 was notified in 2018.

pr
What are the highlights of the plan?
A fresh draft for India’s energy planners, the National Electricity Plan for 2022-27, appears to have affected a major

o
change so far as the expansion of coal-fired capacity is concerned keeping in mind the increasing needs. According to

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reports, unlike last time when the focus was mostly on renewable energy, the draft has called for an additional coal-
based capacity ranging from 17 GW to nearly 28 GW till 2031-32. This is over and above the under-construction 25GW.
Notably, the Central Electricity Authority made a similar pitch last year. “It is seen that apart from under construction
coal-based capacity of 25GW, the additional coal-based capacity required till 2031-32 may vary from 17 GW to around
28 GW,” a CEA report stated.

Related Challenges
 Reliance on Old Plants:
India's fleet of coal-fired thermal power plants is over 25 years old and runs on outdated technology, which raises
concerns about grid stability and power interruptions.
 Difficult to Manage the Renewables-Dominated Grid
While there has been a pronounced reliance on renewable generation for meeting capacity additions, there is a lack
of clarity on how the grid will be managed. The slow development of hydropower and zero-inertia solar generators
has resulted in a decrease in inertia, which provides stability to the grid.
 Inadequate Funding:
If battery storage is to be relied on to back up renewable generation, it requires significant investments. The CEA
report estimates that the total fund requirement for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) between 2022-27 is
approximately 14.30 lakh crore. However, the CEA has only allocated a budget of 8 lakh crore for BESS development
for a 10-year period.

What is India’s position in energy consumption?

According to the International Energy Agency, India’s energy demand is expected to be the highest in the world, growing
at more than 3 % annuallyin the current decade due to rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. In fact, nearly 70 % of
the increase in energy demand globally is estimated to come from developing countries with China, India and Southeast
Asia leading the way, according to the IEA. India is a major, single-most important driver of energy demand growth,
said Fatih Birol, executive director of the International Energy Agency, on Monday. The first hydroelectric installation

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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22
in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897. The first electric street light
in Asia was lit on 5 August 1905 in Bangalore.

India has emerged as a major player in the global energy market, with the country ranking third in the world for primary
energy consumption, according to the India Energy Outlook 2021 report by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Additionally, India is now the third-largest consumer of oil, third-largest LPG consumer, fourth-largest LNG importer,
and fourth-largest refiner. As India works towards achieving its goal of 500 GW installed capacity from non-fossil fuel
based capacity by 2030, it is clear that the country is taking significant strides towards a greener and more sustainable
future.

41. The National electricity plan(NEP) is a crucial (c) It projects an increase in the Plant Load Factor
document that guides the development of the power (PLF) of coal-fired power plants from 55% up to
sector in India. The first NEP was notified in the 2026-27 to 62 % in 2031-32.

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year? (d) In addition to the 25 GW of coal-based

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(a) 2007 (b) 2008 capacity that is currently under construction,
(c) 2011 (d) 2013 it acknowledges the requirement for

.
additional coal-based capacity, ranging from
42. Aaccording to the International Energy Agency, 17 GW to nearly 28 GW, until 2031-32.

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India’s energy demand is expected to be the highest

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in the world, growing at more than 3 % annually in 44. Which of the following statements with respect to

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the current decade . Who is the executive director of energy consumption in India is/ are correct?

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International Energy Agency? (a) India has ranked fourth in the world for primary
(a) Klaus Schwab (b) Dr. Fatih Bilol energy consumption, according to the India

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(c) Mary Burce (d) David Turk Energy Outlook 2021 report by the International

a
Energy Agency (IEA)

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43. Which of the following statement is incorrect with (b) The Indian government has announced its aim

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respect to the National Electricity Plan For 2022- to achieve 700 GW installed capacity from non-
2027? fossil fuel-based sources such as hydro, nuclear,

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(a) In accordance with the Electricity Act of 2003, it solar PV, wind, biomass, etc. by 2030
is developed by the Central Electricity Authority (c) Both A & B are correct

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(CEA) every five years. (d) Neither A nor B is correct.
(b) The focus earlier was almost entirely on
fresh coal-fired capacity for incremental 45. Where was electricity supply first introduced in
capacity addition and renewable energy was India?
virtually ruled out. (a) Darjeeling (b) Banglore
(c) Mumbai (d) Delhi

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

41. (a) The National Electricity Plan (NEP) 2022-27 has 2022-27 – marks a discernible reversal in the
been rolled out which marks a discernible policy. The fresh draft notes the need for
reversal in the policy thrust from its last edition. an additional coal-based capacity of 28 GW by
The 1st National Electricity Plan was published 2031-32, in addition to the 25 GW of coal-based
in 2007, the 2nd in 2013, and the third capacity that is currently being built. A rise in
(2018) includes the detailed Plan for 2017–22 and the coal-fired power plants’ plant load factor
the perspective Plan for 2022–27. (PLF), from 55% in 2026-27 to 62% in 2031-
42. (b) Dr Fatih Birol has served as Executive Director 32.This is an obvious admission of the ground
of the IEA since 2015, taking up his current realities. A predicted 51 GW to 84 GW battery
position after rising through the ranks of the IEA storage need with a daily usage rate of 5 hours in
over two decades. The International Energy a push for renewable energy by 2031-
Agency (IEA), which has its headquarters 32.Estimated at Rs. 10 crores per MW, this could
in Paris, was set up as an autonomous agency in equate to between Rs. 5 to 8 lakh crore in battery
1974 by member countries of the OECD in storage investments. The focus earlier
response to the mid-1970s oil crisis. was almost entirely on renewable energy for
43. (b) A new blueprint for the country’s power sector incremental capacity addition and fresh coal-
planners – the National Electricity Plan for
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23
fired capacity was virtually ruled out.( hence, 500 GW installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-
statement B is incorrect). based sources such as hydro, nuclear, solar PV,
44. (d) India is the world’s third-largest energy wind, biomass, etc. by 2030.
consuming country, thanks to rising incomes 45. (a) The first hydroelectric installation in India was
and improving standards of living. Since 2013, installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the
total primary energy consumption in India has Darjeeling Municipality in 1897. India was one of
been the third highest in the world (see world the pioneering countries in establishing hydro-
energy consumption) after China (see energy in electric power plants. The power plants at
China) and United States (see energy in United Darjeeling and Shimsha were established in 1898
States). India is the second-top coal consumer in and 1902 respectively and is one of the first in
the year 2017 after China. The Indian Asia.
government has announced its aim to achieve

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ISSUES IN SAME-SEX MARRIAGE

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Why in News
The Centre has opposed same-sex marriage in the Supreme Court, stating that marriage between a biological man and

.
woman is a holy union, a sacrament, and a sanskar in India. A Bench led by Chief Justice of India refers petitions to

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legally recognise same-sex marriages to a Constitution Bench of five judges of the Supreme Court. A Constitution

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Bench of the Supreme Court is hearing a batch of pleas seeking legal recognition of same-sex marriages in India. The

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bench is led by Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud and also comprises Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul, S Ravindra Bhat,
PS Narasimha and Hima Kohli.

What is Same-sex Marriage?

a n
It is marriage either between two men or two women.

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In most countries, same-sex marriages are constrained by legal, religious, and cultural norms.
A total of 34 nations, including Andorra, have legalised same-sex marriage as of 2023, encompassing around 1.35 billion

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people (17% of the world’s population).

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What is the Stand of Government Regarding Same Sex Marriage?

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The government argued that the Court had only decriminalised sexual intercourse between same-sex persons in its
2018 judgement in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, and not legitimised this “conduct”. The court, while
decriminalising homosexuality, did not accept same-sex marriage as part of the fundamental right to life and dignity
under Article 21 of the Constitution. The government argues that marriage depends on customs, rituals, practices,
cultural ethos, and societal values. Same-sex marriage cannot be compared to a man and woman living as a family with
children born out of the union. The Parliament has designed and framed the marriage laws in the country to recognise
only the union of a man and a woman. Registration of marriage of same-sex persons would result in a violation of
existing personal as well as codified law provisions. The Special Marriage Act of 1954 provides a civil form of marriage
for couples who cannot marry under their personal law. The government argued that any deviation from this norm
can only be made through the legislature, and not the Supreme Court.

How has the SC recently viewed LGBTQIA+ rights?

 In Navtej Singh Johar (2018) case [decriminalised homosexuality by reading down Section 377 (IPC)], the SC held
that the community is entitled to the benefit of equal citizenship and to the equal protection of the law.
 Article 21 of the Indian constitution (right to life and liberty) guarantees the choice of whom to partner with, the
ability to find fulfilment in sexual intimacies, etc.
 In K.S. Puttaswamy’s (2017) case, SC ruled that the fundamental right to privacy (including bodily autonomy, and
sexual orientation) is intrinsic to life and liberty and thus integral to Article 21.
 After these judgements, there was hope that same-sex marriages would be legalised, but that has not been the case,
prompting many couples to move to court.

Global acceptance of Same Sex Marriage

34 countries recognise same-sex marriage and civil unions. The Netherlands was the first, in 2001 Momentum is
growing - 2022 has seen Chile, Slovenia, Switzerland and Mexico join the club. Japan is the only G7 country that does
not allow same-sex marriage. But recently a Tokyo district court underlined the infringement of the human rights of
same-sex families.

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In November, the US Senate passed a same-sex marriage protection bill with bipartisan support 70% of Americans now
support same-sex marriage. Also in November, Singapore's parliament decriminalised sex between men. Its Section
377A grew especially untenable after Indian SC read down Section 377.
Taiwan is the only Asian country to have legalised same-sex marriage. Its parliament approved the landmark decision
in 2019. Its constitutional court struck down the Civil
Code's definition of marriage as being only between a man and a woman in 2017.

What is the Special Marriage Act (SMA), 1954?

 Marriages in India can be registered under the respective personal laws Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Muslim Marriage
Act, 1954, or under the Special Marriage Act, 1954.
 It is the duty of the Judiciary to ensure that the rights of both the husband and wife are protected.
 The Special Marriage Act, 1954 is an Act of the Parliament of India with provision for civil marriage for people of
India and all Indian nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of religion or faith followed by either party.

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 When a person solemnises marriage under this law, then the marriage is not governed by personal laws but by the

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Special Marriage Act.

.
What are the challenges in legalising same-sex marriages?

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There are several challenges in legalising same-sex marriages in India, including:
 Legal hurdles: The current legal framework in India does not recognise same-sex marriages, and amending the

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existing laws could be a lengthy and difficult process.

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 Absence of SC’s direction in civil rights issues: In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that being gay is no longer illegal,

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but they did not talk about civil rights issues. As a result, while same-sex partnerships are legal, civil rights like

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marriage, inheritance, and adoption are not guaranteed to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and
intersex populations.

a
 Cultural and religious attitudes: India is a culturally and religiously diverse country, and many people still hold

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conservative beliefs about same-sex relationships, which could make legalising same-sex marriages a challenging

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task.
 Lack of political will: Some politicians may be hesitant to support the legalisation of same-sex marriages due to fear

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of losing support from conservative voters.

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 Social stigma and discrimination: Despite efforts to promote LGBT rights, many LGBT individuals still face
discrimination and stigma in Indian society. This could create barriers to legalising same-sex marriages.
 Public opinion: While attitudes towards LGBT rights have been changing in India, many people still do not support
same sex marriages. This could make it difficult for politicians to pass legislation legalising same-sex marriages.

46. A Bench led by Chief Justice of India refers petitions (c) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Both 1 and 2
to legally recognise same-sex marriages to a
Constitution Bench of five judges of the Supreme 48. Which among the following is not an issue in
Court. Who among the following is not one of the legalising same sex marriage?
member of the bench? (a) The current legal framework in India does not
(a) Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul recognise same-sex marriages, and amending
(b) Justice S Ravindra Bhat the existing laws could be a lengthy and difficult
(c) Justice Hima Kohli process.
(d) Justice K. M. Joseph (b) In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that being gay
is no longer illegal, but they did not talk about
47. Consider the following statement about Special
civil rights issues. As a result, while same-sex
Marriage Act and mark the correct option:
partnerships are legal, civil rights like marriage,
1) The Special Marriage Act, 1954 is an Act of the
inheritance, and adoption are not guaranteed to
Parliament of India with provision for civil
the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer,
marriage for people of India and all Indian
and intersex populations.
nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of
(c) The legal recognition of same-sex marriage has
religion or faith followed by either party.
no impact on the marriages or relationships of
2) When a person solemnises marriage under this
opposite-sex couples
law, then the marriage is not governed by
(d) The government has also claimed that marriage
personal laws but by the Special Marriage Act.
is a matter of policy to be decided by Parliament
Which of the above statements are incorrect?
and the executive alone.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
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49. Which of the following statement about same sex same-sex persons in its 2017 judgement, and not
marriage is incorrect? legitimised this “conduct”.
(a) Netherland was the first country to recognise
same sex marriage. 50. Which Article of the Constitution of India
(b) Japan is the only G7 nation which does not allow safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s
same sex marriage choice?
(c) Till now 34 countries have recognised same sex (a) Article 19 (b) Article 21
marriage. (c) Article 25 (d) Article 29
(d) The government argued that the Court had only
decriminalised sexual intercourse between

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

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46. (d) A Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court is all individuals, regardless of their sexual

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hearing a batch of pleas seeking legal orientation. It does not diminish or threaten the
recognition of same-sex marriages in India. The institution of marriage, nor does it invalidate the

.
bench is led by Chief Justice of India DY marriages or relationships of heterosexual

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Chandrachud and also comprises Justices Sanjay couples.

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Kishan Kaul, S Ravindra Bhat, PS Narasimha and 49. (d) The government argued that the Court had only
Hima Kohli. decriminalised sexual intercourse between

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47. (c) Marriages in India can be registered under the same-sex persons in its 2018 in Navtej Singh

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respective personal laws Hindu Marriage Act, Johar v. Union of India judgement, and not

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1955, Muslim Marriage Act, 1954, or under the legitimised this “conduct”. The court, while
Special Marriage Act, 1954. It is the duty of the decriminalising homosexuality, did not accept

a
Judiciary to ensure that the rights of both the same-sex marriage as part of the fundamental

r
husband and wife are protected. The Special right to life and dignity under Article 21 of the

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Marriage Act, 1954 is an Act of the Parliament of Constitution. Marriage in India can be

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India with provision for civil marriage for people recognised only if it is between a biological man
of India and all Indian nationals in foreign and a biological woman capable of producing

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countries, irrespective of religion or faith children. A Bench led by Chief Justice of India
followed by either party. When a person refers petitions to legally recognise same-sex
solemnises marriage under this law, then the marriages to a Constitution Bench of five judges
marriage is not governed by personal laws but of the Supreme Court.
by the Special Marriage Act. 50. (b) The Court reiterated that the right to marry a
48. (c) This statement is not typically raised as an issue person of choice is an integral part of Article 21
because legalizing same-sex marriage does not of the Indian Constitution. Article 25 guarantees
affect or undermine the marriages or the freedom of conscience, the freedom to
relationships of opposite-sex couples. The profess, practice and propagate religion to all
recognition of same-sex marriage is about citizens.
providing equal rights and legal protections to

LIGO INDIA
Why in news?
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO project) has been given final clearance by the Union
Government.

Background
The Cabinet approved setting up of LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) at Maharashtra’s
Hingoli. There were only two LIGO observatories in the world, before India signed an MoU in 2016 which were
located in USA. Sir Issac Newton's Law of Gravitation is a staple of high-school science education. It states that the
same force that makes objects fall to the ground is also the force that causes heavenly bodies to orbit around each
other. Newton's mathematical formulation was able to accurately predict the strength of this force, which was
proportional to the masses of the two bodies and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Gravitational
waves were first postulated (1916) in Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, which explains how gravity works.

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These waves are produced by the movement of massive celestial bodies, such as black holes or neutron stars, and are
the ripples in spacetime that propagate outward.
However, Newton's Law of Gravitation had two major deficiencies. The first was that it did not explain the reason for
the existence of the attractive force between any two bodies. The second problem was apparent with the publication
of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity in 1905, which established that nothing could travel faster than the speed of
light. Yet, the gravitational force seemed to propagate instantaneously over long distances.

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, published in 1915, changed our understanding of gravitation. He proposed that
spacetime was not just a passive backdrop to the universe's events but rather interacted with matter and influenced
events. It was like a soft fabric that responds to a heavy object placed on it and curls around it. The curvature in
spacetime produced by a heavy mass is what creates the gravitational pull. In other words, there is no force at all;
gravitation is just the curvature in spacetime.

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What is LIGO India?

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LIGO is an international network of laboratories that detect the ripples in spacetime produced by the movement of
large celestial objects like stars and planets. LIGO-India will be located in Hingoli district of Maharashtra, about 450

.
km east of Mumbai, and is scheduled to begin scientific runs from 2030. LIGO stands for Laser Interferometer
Gravitational-Wave Observatory. It is a large scale Physics experiment carried out to detect Gravitational waves.

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LIGO-India is a planned Gravitational-Wave Observatory that will be located in India as part of the worldwide

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network. This project will be a collaboration between Ligo-USA, India, Germany, Australia and U.K. LIGO project

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operates 3 gravitation wave detectors. 2 of them are located at Hanford in Washington, USA and the other at

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Livingston in Louisiana, USA. Currently, all 3 detectors are undergoing up-gradation and the plan is to shift one of
the gravitational wave detectors from Hanford to India. The LIGO in the US first detected gravitational waves in

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2015, which led to a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017. These gravitational waves were produced by the merger of two

a
black holes, which were about 29 and 36 times the mass of the Sun, 1.3 billion years ago.Black hole mergers are the

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source of some of the strongest gravitational waves.

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Highlights of LIGO Project

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 The project aims to detect gravitational waves from the universe.
 The Indian LIGO would have two perpendicularly placed 4-km long vacuum chambers, that constitute the most

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sensitive interferometers in the world.
 It is expected to begin scientific runs from 2030.
 It will be the fifth node of the planned network and will bring India into a prestigious international scientific
experiment.
 It will make India a unique platform that brings together the frontiers of science and technology of the quantum
and the cosmos.
Benefits of LIGO-India:
 The LIGO-India project would have several spin-off benefits to Indian science, apart from making India
an integral part of one of the most prestigious international scientific experiments.
 The observatory is expected to enable dramatic returns in astronomy and astrophysics, as well as leapfrog
Indian science and technology in cutting-edge frontiers of great national relevance.

Working Mechanism:
 LIGO consists of two 4-km-long vacuum chambers, set up at right angles to each other, with mirrors at the end.
 When light rays are released simultaneously in both chambers, they should return at the same time.
 However, if a gravitational wave arrives, one chamber gets elongated while the other gets squished, causing a phase
difference in the returning light rays.

51. The Cabinet approved setting up of LIGO (Laser

Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) at 52. Which of the following statements with respect to
Maharashtra’s Hingoli. There were only two LIGO Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
observatories in the world, before India signed an Observatory (LIGO) project is incorrect?
MoU in 2016 which were located in which country? (a) It will be built by the Indian Space Research
(a) China (b) Japan Organisation and the Department of Science
(c) Russia (d) US and Technology with the U.S. National Science

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Foundation and several national and (a) Ligo-USA, (b) Germany
international research institutions (c) France (d) Australia
(b) The project aims to detect gravitational
waves from the universe. 55. Consider the following statements in relation to
(c) The Indian LIGO would have two gravitational waves.
perpendicularly placed 4-km long vacuum 1) Gravitational waves are distortions or ‘ripples’ in
chambers, that constitute the most sensitive the fabric of space-time caused by some of the
interferometers in the world. most violent and energetic processes in the
(d) LIGOs are designed to measure changes in Universe.
distance that are several orders of magnitude 2) Strongest sources of gravitational waves are
smaller than the length of the proton. among enigmatic objects in our universe like
black holes, supernovas, neutron stars and Big
53. The LIGO first detected gravitational waves in 2015 Bang

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in which place? 3) Gravitational waves were first predicted in 1916

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(a) China (b) Japan by Albert Einstein on the basis of his Theory of
(c) India (d) US General Relativity.

.
Which of the above statements are correct?
54. Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave (a) 1& 2 only (b) 2& 3 only

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Observatory (LIGO) project will be a collaboration (c) 1& 3only (d) All of the above

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between five countries. Which of the following is not

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one of these countries?

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ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS
51.
(Laser Interferometer

ra n
(c) The Cabinet also approved setting up of LIGO
Gravitational-Wave
wave observatories are currently operational in
Italy (Virgo) and Japan (Kagra). To detect

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Observatory) at Maharashtra’s Hingoli. The gravitational waves, four comparable detectors
observatory is meant to detect and track cosmic need to be operating simultaneously around the

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gravitational waves. Minister Jitendra Singh said globe.

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there were only two LIGO observatories in the 54. (c) LIGO stands for Laser Interferometer
world, both of them in the US, before India Gravitational-Wave Observatory. It is a large
signed an MoU in 2016. The minister said the scale Physics experiment carried out to detect
observatory is scheduled to be completed by Gravitational waves. LIGO-India is a planned
2030. “It will add to our astronomical capability Gravitational-Wave Observatory that will be
and will enable us to offer inputs and feedback located in India as part of the worldwide
not only to India but to rest of the world, thereby network. This project will be a collaboration
giving a global role to India,” Singh said. between Ligo-USA, India, Germany, Australia
52. (a) Recently, the government approved the and U.K. LIGO project operates 3 gravitation
construction of the Laser Interferometer wave detectors. 2 of them are located at Hanford
Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in Washington, USA and the other at Livingston
project after seven years of in-principle in Louisiana, USA. Currently, all 3 detectors are
approval.It will be built by the Department of undergoing up-gradation and the plan is to shift
Atomic Energy and the Department of Science one of the gravitational wave detectors from
and Technology with the U.S. National Science Hanford to India.
Foundation and several national and 55. (d) Gravitational Waves are ripples in
international research institutions. It is spacetime that are produced by moving objects,
expected to begin scientific runs from 2030. especially celestial. They can be compared
53. (d) The LIGO in the US first detected gravitational with ripples in water. Because these are ripples
waves in 2015, which led to a Nobel Prize in in spacetime, gravitational waves have the effect
Physics in 2017. These gravitational waves were of causing a temporary deformation in a body
produced by the merger of two black holes, when it comes in contact.
which were about 29 and 36 times the mass of When a gravitational wave passes the Earth, the
the Sun, 1.3 billion years ago. Black hole mergers Earth is squeezed in one direction, and bulges in
are the source of some of the strongest the perpendicular direction. This deforming
gravitational waves. Besides the United States effect of gravitational waves is extremely tiny,
(in Hanford and Livingston), such gravitational and hence it could not be experimentally
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verified for 100 years. Experimental based LIGO detectors, produced by the merger
detection: The first ever gravitational waves of two black holes.
were detected in 2015, by the two US-

DEEP SEA MINING

Why in news?
The International Seabed Authority has announced that it will start accepting applications from companies for deep sea
mining from July. This decision was made in the absence of a mining code that has not been put in place yet.

What is deep sea mining?

Deep-sea mining is the process of extracting minerals from the deep ocean floor.The minerals that are extracted can
include valuable metals such as copper, gold, nickel, and manganese, as well as rare earth metals that are used in high-

m
tech devices such as smartphones, computers, and electric vehicles.The minerals are found in the form of polymetallic

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nodules that are located on the ocean floor at depths of around 4 to 6 kilometers. Deep-sea mining involves the use of
specially designed equipment that can withstand the extreme pressure and temperature conditions found at these

.
depths.

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Resolution 122 to protect deep-ocean ecosystems and biodiversity

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 Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Area and its mineral resources are the

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common heritage of humankind. This means they must be managed on behalf of and in the interests of all humanity

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including through: the sharing of economic benefits; support for marine scientific research; and the effective
protection of the marine environment. UNCLOS entered into force in the year 1994.

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 At the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Marseille (September 2021), IUCN Members adopted Resolution 122to

a
protect deep-ocean ecosystems and biodiversity through a moratorium on deep-sea mining unless and until a

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number of conditions are met. The risks of mining are comprehensively understood and effective protection can be

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ensured;
 Rigorous and transparent impact assessments are conducted based on comprehensive baseline studies;

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 The Precautionary Principle and the ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ are implemented;
 Policies incorporating circular economic principles to reuse and recycle minerals have been developed and

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implemented;
 The public are consulted throughout decision-making;
 The governance of deep-sea mining is transparent, accountable, inclusive, effective and environmentally
responsible.

Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)

It is a regional cooperation initiative of the Indian Ocean Rim countries which was established in Mauritius in March
1997 with the aim of promoting economic and technical cooperation among its members.. IOR-ARC is the only pan-
Indian ocean grouping. It has 23 Member States and 9 Dialogue Partners. It aims to create a platform for trade, and
socio-economic and cultural cooperation in the Indian Ocean Rim area, which constitutes a population of about two
billion people. The organisation is founded upon the values of open regionalism for boosting economic cooperation
especially on the realms of trade facilitation, investment, the region’s social development and promotion. Currently, it
has 23 member states. The IORA was formed in March 1997. The idea for the IORA was formed by India and South
Africa. The Indian Ocean Rim is rich in strategic and precious minerals, metals and other natural resources, marine
resources, and energy, all of which can be sourced from Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ), continental shelves, and the
deep seabed.
DEEP OCEAN MISSION
National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Earth Sciences is
developing a manned submersible with a capacity to carry three human beings to 6000 m ocean depth. The Vikram
Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) of ISRO is involved in developing a titanium alloy human sphere of 2.1 m diameter for
the manned submersible.
 The overall estimated cost of the Deep Ocean Mission is Rs. 4077 crores for a period of five years (2021 to 2026).
 The development of the mission has been going on since 2018.
 Aim: To study biodiversity, the impact of climate change, and establish an offshore marine station to explore sources
of thermal energy.
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 India has been allotted a site of 75,000 square kilometres in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) by
the International Seabed Authority (ISA) for the exploitation of Polymetallic Nodules (PMN).
 The Ministry of Earth Sciences is carrying out exploration activities for Poly-metallic Nodules (PMN) in the CIOB
and for Poly-metallic Sulphides (PMS) in parts of Central and South-West Indian ridges.
 India was the first country to receive the status of a ‘Pioneer Investor’ in 1987 and was given an area of about 1.5 lakh
sq km in the CIOB for nodule exploration.
 In 2002, India signed a contract with the ISA and after complete resource analysis of the seabed 50 per cent was
surrendered and the country retained an area of 75,000 sq km
Government Steps
 National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR): It was established in 2020 by the Ministry of Earth
Sciences in Goa, which is tasked with exploring the country's deep-sea mineral wealth.
 Draft Deep Seabed Mining Regulations, 2021: It has been formulated by the Indian government to provide a

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legal framework for the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the country's exclusive economic zone
(EEZ).

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 International collaborations: The government is also considering setting up a nodal agency to regulate deep sea
mining activities in the country, in line with the International Seabed Authority (ISA) and the United Nations

.
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

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 India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for Sustainable Development was inaugurated jointly by both the

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countries in 2020 to develop and follow up joint initiatives between the two countries.

56. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the

Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea

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Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is

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58. Which of the following statements with respect to
deep sea mining is incorrect?
(a) Deep-sea mining is the process of retrieving

a
an international agreement that establishes a legal mineral deposits from the deep seabed – the

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framework for all marine and maritime activities. ocean below 200m.

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UNCLOS entered into force in the year? (b) The Global Ocean Commission grants licences
(a) 1994 (b) 1998 for seabed exploration and mining in

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(c) 2000 (d) 2005 international waters.
(c) Deep sea mining will be conducted to extract

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57. Consider the following statements with respect to key battery materials such as cobalt, copper,
deep ocean mission launched by The Ministry of nickel, and manganese from rocks called
Earth Sciences in 2022. "polymetallic nodules”.
1) National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), (d) India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy for
an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Sustainable Development was inaugurated
Ports, Shipping and Waterways.is developing a jointly by both the countries in 2020 to develop
manned submersible with a capacity to carry and follow up joint initiatives between the two
three human beings to 6000 m ocean depth. countries.
2) India has been allotted a site of 75,000 square
kilometres in the Central Indian Ocean 59. The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) is an
Basin (CIOB) by the International Seabed international body comprising the coastal countries
Authority (ISA) for the exploitation that border the Indian Ocean. The idea of IORA was
of Polymetallic Nodules (PMN). formed by which two countries?
3) USA was the first country to receive the status of (a) India and South Africa
a ‘Pioneer Investor’ in 1987 and was given an area (b) India and Seychelles
of about 1.5 lakh sq km in the CIOB for nodule (c) India and Bangladesh
exploration. (d) India and Madagascar
4) It is envisaged that 10 per cent of recovery of that
large reserve can meet the energy requirement 60. Which of the following is not of the type of deep sea
of India for the next 100 years. mining?
Which of the above statements are correct? (a) Manganese nodule mining
(a) 1&2 only (b) 1&4 only (b) Seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) mining
(c) 2& 4 only (d) 2& 3 only (c) Cobalt crust mining
(d) polymetallic nodules mining

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ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS
56. (a) The United Nations Convention on the Law of ocean floors outside of the Exclusive Economic
the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Zones of its 167 member states.( hence,
Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is statement C is incorrect).
an international agreement that establishes a 59. (a) The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) was
legal framework for all marine and maritime previously named the Indian Ocean Rim
activities. As of June 2016, 167 countries and Initiative. It was also called the Indian Ocean
the European Union are parties. UNCLOS came Rim Association for Regional Cooperation or the
into force in 1994.It lays down a comprehensive IOR-ARC for short. It is a regional tripartite
regime of law and order in the world's oceans forum that gathers government representatives,
and seas establishing rules governing all uses of academia and business leaders for encouraging
the oceans and their resources. cooperation and greater interaction between

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57. (c) The Ministry of Earth Sciences has launched them. The organisation is founded upon the
the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM). Indian Space values of open regionalism for boosting

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Research Organisation (ISRO) is one of the economic cooperation especially on the realms
collaborators of the Ministry of Earth Sciences of trade facilitation, investment, the region’s

.
for implementation of Deep Ocean Mission. social development and promotion. Currently, it

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National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), has

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an autonomous institute under the Ministry of 23 member states. The IORA was formed in

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Earth Sciences is developing a manned March 1997. The idea for the IORA was formed

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submersible with a capacity to carry three by India and South Africa.
human beings to 6000 m ocean depth. ( hence, 60. (d) It refers to the extraction of minerals and other

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statement 2 in incorrect). India was the first resources from the seabed, which can be found

a
country to receive the status of a ‘Pioneer in large quantities in the deep ocean.These

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Investor’ in 1987 and was given an area of about minerals include metals such as copper, nickel,

p
1.5 lakh sq km in the CIOB for nodule cobalt, and rare earth elements, as well as
exploration. In 2002, India signed a contract valuable resources such as oil and gas. Major

o
with the ISA and after complete resource types of deep-sea mining:
analysis of the seabed 50 per cent was  Manganese nodule mining: This involves

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surrendered and the country retained an area collecting nodules of manganese, iron, and
of 75,000 sq km.( hence, statement 4 is other metals that are scattered on the ocean
incorrect). floor.
58. (b) Deep-sea mining is the process of extracting  Seafloor massive sulphide (SMS)
minerals from the deep ocean floor. The mining: This involves extracting mineral
minerals are found in the form of polymetallic deposits formed near hydrothermal vents,
nodules that are located on the ocean floor at which can contain high concentrations of
depths of around 4 to 6 kilometers. The copper, zinc, and other metals.
International Seabed Authority is a Jamaica-  Cobalt crust mining: This involves
based organization established under the collecting crusts of cobalt, nickel, and other
United Nations Convention on the Law of the metals that form on the surface of
Sea responsible for granting licences for seabed seamounts.
exploration and mining in international
waters.The authority holds jurisdiction over the

KARNATAKA: RESERVATION FOR MUSLIMS UNDER THE OBC

CATEGORY
WHY IN NEWS?
The Karnataka government on Friday announced its decision to scrap the four per cent quota for minorities and add
it to the existing quota of two dominant communities of the poll-bound state. The 4 per cent reservation given to
Muslims under 2B classification of the OBC category will now be divided into two equal parts and added to the existing
quota of Vokkaligas and Lingayats for whom two new reservation categories of 2C and 2D were created during the
Belagavi Assembly Session last year.

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31
CHANGES MADE IN THE RESERVATION POLICY
 The Karnataka government has abolished the 4% Muslim reservation in the Other Backward Classes (OBC) category
and divided it 4% equally between the two major communities in the state, the Veerashaiva Lingayats and the
Vokkaligas, at 2% each.
 Also, the State government granted internal reservation to 101 Scheduled Castes (SC).
 The 4% reservation granted to Muslims under Category 2B was abolished by the Cabinet along with their exclusion
from the OBC group.Under the newly constituted 2C and 2D categories, respectively, Vokkaligas and Veerashaiva
Lingayats have received an equal share of this.
 The two communities were previously classified as 3A and 3B, respectively, now those categories have been dropped.
 Following the adjustment, the reserve quantum for Vokkaligas and other members of the group increased from 4%
to 6% and for VeerashaivaLingayats and other members of the group from 5% to 7%.
 The Cabinet also suggested internal reservation for the 101 SCs (with this 17% reservation given to SCs in Karnataka).
Internal reservations were based on the recommendation made by the A. J. Sadashiva Commission.

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 The government has also created four sub-categories to introduce internal reservation for different Dalit

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communities under the Scheduled Caste (SC) category.
BACKGROUND

.
The Indian Constitution prohibits reservation based merely on religion, the implementation of reservation for Muslims

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in Karnataka in 1995 was based on the identification of backward sectors within the community. It was based on the

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recommendations of the Chinnappa Reddy report that the backward class quota for Muslims was introduced earlier. 7

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extremely backward Muslim sub-castes will continue to enjoy the 4% quota (under Category I). It is only under the 10%

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quota for the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) now that Muslims can claim reservations. It is based on the report
of the Backward Classes Commission, that the Government has introduced these changes.It is mentioned that the

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commission is of the view that the 10% EWS quota( 103 rd Constitutional amendment) can be used to “accommodate

a
new demands” from “various backward classes for increased reservation” The change introduced in the OBC status of

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Muslims in the state was not based on any report or studies.
Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of

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Appointments or posts in the services under the state) Bill, 2022, increased the SC quota from 15% to 17%, and the ST

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quota from 3% to 7%.
But the argument made by the Chief Minister has been that the Constitution doesn’t contain any provision for the

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reservation for religious minorities. A 2010 judgment of the Andhra Pradesh High Court is also cited to justify the move,
in which HC struck down reservations for Muslims under the OBC quota as unconstitutional. It was stated that there
was no data, which shows that Muslims be included in the OBC category. Various expert committees such as the Miller
Commission (1918), Nagan Gowda Commission (1961), Havanur Commission (1975), Venkataswamy Commission (1983),
and Chinnappa Reddy Commission (1990) have recommended that on the basis of their social and educational
backwardness, Muslims should be classified as a backward community.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS WITH RESPECT TO RESERVATION IN INDIA

 As per Article 46 of the Constitution of India, States will have to promote and protect the educational and economic
interests of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It shall protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from
Social Injustice and all forms of exploitation.
 In exercise of the powers conferred by Article 340 of the Constitution, the President appointed a backward class
commission in December 1978 under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal.
 The commission was formed to determine the criteria for defining India’s “socially and educationally backward
classes” and to recommend steps to be taken for the advancement of those classes.
 The Mandal Commission concluded that India’s population consisted of approximately 52 percent OBCs,
therefore 27% government jobs should be reserved for them.
 In the Indra Sawhney Case of 1992, the Supreme Court while upholding the 27 percent quota for backward
classes,struck down the government notification reserving 10% government jobs for economically backward
classes among the higher castes.
 Supreme Court in the same case also upheld the principle that the combined reservation beneficiaries should not
exceed 50 percent of India’s population.
 Part XVI deals with reservation of SC and ST in Central and State legislatures.
 Article 15(4) and 16(4) of the Constitution enabled the State and Central Governments to reserve seats in
government services for the members of the SC and ST.

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32
 The Constitution was amended by the Constitution (77th Amendment) Act, 1995 and a new clause (4A) was
inserted in Article 16 to enable the government to provide reservation in promotion. Later, clause (4A) was
modified by the Constitution (85th Amendment) Act, 2001 to provide consequential seniority to SC and ST
candidates promoted by giving reservation.
 Constitutional 81st Amendment Act, 2000 inserted Article 16 (4 B) which enables the state to fill the unfilled
vacancies of a year which are reserved for SCs/STs in the succeeding year, thereby nullifying the ceiling of fifty
percent reservation on total number of vacancies of that year.

61. Which Constitutional Amendment Act brought in a 63. The backward class quota for Muslims in Karnataka
10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections was introduced on the recommendation of which
(EWS) of society? commission
(a) 100th Constitutional Amendment Act (a) Miller Commission
(b) 101st Constitutional Amendment Act (b) Nagan Gowda Commission

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(c) 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act (c) Chinnappa Reddy Commission

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(d) 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act (d) Venkataswamy Commission

.
62. Which of the following is not true in relation to the 64. Consider the following statements with respect to
changes made in the reservation policy of the reservation policies in India:

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Karnataka? 1) As per Article 39 of the Constitution of India,
(a) The Karnataka government scrapped the 4% States will have to promote and protect the

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quota for Muslims within the Other Backward educational and economic interests of

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Classes (OBC) category and distributed 2% Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It shall
reservation each to the Scheduled Caste (SC) protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

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and Scheduled Tribe. from Social Injustice and all forms of

a
(b) Muslims have been placed under exploitation.

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the Economically Weaker Sections 2) The Mandal Commission concluded that India’s

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(EWS) reservation category, where they would population consisted of approximately 52 per
compete for a 10% quota. cent SCs and ST s and therefore 22% of

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(c) The government has also created four sub- government jobs should be reserved for them

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categories to introduce internal reservation for 3) In the Indra Sawhney Case of 1992 Supreme
different Dalit communities under the Court upheld the principle that the combined
Scheduled Caste (SC) category. reservation beneficiaries should not exceed 50
(d) Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled percent of India’s population.
Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Educational 4) Articles 15(4) and 16(4) allowed state and central
Institutions and of Appointments or posts in the governments to set reservation seats in
services under the state) Bill, 2022, increased the government services for members of the SC and
SC quota from 15% to 17%, and the ST quota ST communities.
from 3% to 7%. Which of the following are correct?
(a) 1& 2only (b) 3& 4 only
(c) 1&4 only (d) 2& 3 only

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

61. (d) The 103 Constitutional Amendment 62. (a) The State Government of Karnataka made
Act brought in a 10% reservation for changes in the reservation provided under the
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) of society backward class quota in March 2023. The 4%
other than Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, backward classes quota provided for the
and Scheduled Tribes for admission to central Muslims in the state is scrapped and it has been
government and private educational institutions reallotted to Lingayats and Vokkaligas.( hence
and recruitment in central government jobs. statement 1 is incorrect). 7 extremely backward
The 103 Constitutional Amendment Act also Muslim sub-castes will continue to enjoy the 4%
covers private unaided educational institutions, quota (under Category I). It is only under the
except minority educational institutions. Here, 10% quota for the Economically Weaker Section
the economic backwardness is to be decided (EWS) now that Muslims can claim reservations.
based on family income. It is based on the report of the Backward Classes

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33
Commission, that the Government has quota can be used to “accommodate new
introduced these changes. It is mentioned that demands” from “various backward classes for
the commission is of the view that the 10% EWS increased reservation”.
quota can be used to “accommodate new 64. (b) As per Article 46 of the Constitution of India,
demands” from “various backward classes for States will have to promote and protect the
increased reservation”. educational and economic interests of
63. (c) The 4% backward classes quota provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It shall
Muslims in the state is scrapped and it has been protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
reallotted to Lingayats and Vokkaligas. It was from Social Injustice and all forms of
based on the recommendations of the exploitation.( hence, statement 1 is incorrect).
Chinnappa Reddy report that the backward class The Mandal Commission concluded that India’s
quota for Muslims was introduced earlier. It is population consisted of approximately 52 per
based on the report of the Backward Classes cent OBCs and therefore 27% of government

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Commission, that the Government has jobs should be reserved for them. ( hence,

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introduced these changes. It is mentioned that statement 2 is also incorrect).
the commission is of the view that the 10% EWS

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PRAYAG PLATFORM

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Why in news?

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During the 11th meeting of the Empowered Task Force of the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG), the Ministry
of Jal Shakti launched the PRAYAG Platform.

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11th meeting of the Empowered Task Force (ETF) of National Mission for Clean Ganga

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The Union Minister for Jal Shakti, Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat today chaired the 11th meeting of the Empowered

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Task Force (ETF) of National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) in New Delhi wherein he reviewed the progress of
various components under the Namami Gange Programme. The Union Minister also launched the Monitoring Centre

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– PRAYAG – which stands for Platform for Real-time Analysis of Yamuna, Ganga and their Tributaries at National

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Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) office in New Delhi. Prayag is a Real Time Monitoring Centre for planning and
monitoring of projects, river water quality, etc. through various online dashboards such as Ganga Tarang Portal, Jajmau

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Plant through Online Drone Data, PMT Tool Dashboard, Ganga Districts Performance Monitoring System, etc. The
Union Minister also released the comic series ‘Chacha Chaudhary ke Sath, Ganga ki Baat’.

During the meeting, Shri Shekhawat directed the officials to study the freshwater usage of different industries along
River Ganga and prepare a holistic Action Plan for reuse of treated waste water in Thermal Power Plants, Refineries,
Railways and other industries. The Minister on 5th January 2023 had launched the National Framework on Safe Reuse
of Treated Water prepared by NMCG. The framework acts as a guiding document for framing state policies on reuse of
treated water. State of U.P. informed that industries are mandated to treat their effluent and reuse it up to the extent
of 80% and reduce their requirement of fresh water. It was emphasized in the meeting that the industries should
gradually move to use of treated water thereby minimizing the use of freshwater.

The Union Minister also directed the officials of NMCG and Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) to work
out a holistic strategy to clean about 2000 drains identified by NMCG in urban and rural areas. He said that a holistic
plan in coordination with MoHUA should be prepared and these drains should be cleaned at the earliest under Swachh
Bharat Mission. Identifying untapped drains and cleaning them is also the top agenda for District Ganga Committees
(DGCs). Since the launch of ‘Digital Dashboard for DGCs Performance Monitoring System’ in April 2022, the
performance of DGCs has improved. Between April 2022 to March 2023, a total of 1,157 Monthly Meetings were
conducted and Meeting minutes uploaded. In Uttar Pradesh, which has the maximum number of DGCs (75), 741
meetings were held. A maximum of 112 meetings were held during the month of Jan 2023. The Minister also urged the
official from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to expedite the work on Project
Dolphin.

Ministry of Jal Shakti

It is a ministry under Government of India which was formed in May 2019. This was formed by merging of two
ministries; Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation and Ministry of Drinking Water and
Sanitation.

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34
The formation of this ministry reflects India’s seriousness towards the mounting water challenges the country has been
facing over the past few decades.
National Mission for Clean Ganga
The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is implemented by the National Council for Rejuvenation,
Protection and Management of River Ganga also known as the National Ganga Council.
This mission was established on 12th August 2011 under the Societies Registration Act,1860 as a registered society.
Objectives:
 The mission incorporates rehabilitating and boosting the existing STPs (Sewage Treatment Plants) and
instant short-term steps to curb pollution at exit points on the riverfront in order to check the inflow of
sewage.
 To maintain the continuity of the water flow without changing the natural season variations.
 To restore and maintain the surface flow and groundwater.

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What are the Initiatives Related to Ganga?

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 Namami Gange Programme: It is an Integrated Conservation Mission, approved as a ‘Flagship Programme’ by
the Union Government in June 2014 to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution and

.
conservation and rejuvenation of National River Ganga.

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 Ganga Action Plan: It was the first River Action Plan that was taken up by the Ministry of Environment, Forest

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and Climate Change in 1985, to improve the water quality by the interception, diversion, and treatment of

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domestic sewage.
 National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA): It was formed by the Government of India in the year 2009

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under Section-3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. Ganga was declared as the ‘National River’ of India in

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2008.
 Clean Ganga Fund: In 2014, it was formed for cleaning up of the Ganga, setting up of waste treatment plants, and

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conservation of biotic diversity of the river.
 Bhuvan-Ganga Web App: It ensures involvement of the public in monitoring of pollution entering into the river

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Ganga.

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 Ban on Waste Disposal: In 2017, the National Green Tribunal banned the disposal of any waste in the Ganga.

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65. Ministry of Jal Shakti is a ministry River Ganga also known as the National Ganga
under Government of India which was formed in Council. This mission was established in 12th
May 2019. his was formed after merging the Ministry August 2011 under the Societies Registration
of Drinking Water and the Ministry of ? Act,1860 as a registered society.
(a) Water Resources, River Development and 2) The objective is to ensure effective abatement
Ganga Rejuvenation. of pollution and rejuvenation of the river Ganga
(b) Ports, Shipping and Waterways. by adopting a river basin approach to promote
(c) Water Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation. inter-sectoral coordination for comprehensive
(d) Inland Waterways and Ganga Rejuvenation. planning and management.
3) National River Ganga Basin Authority (NRGBA)
66. PRAYAG Platform is an initiative under which of the was formed by the Government of India in the
following missions? year 2009 under Section-3 of the Environment
(a) Namami Gange Programme Protection Act, 1986. Ganga was declared as the
(b) Ganga Action Plan ‘National River’ of India in 2008.
(c) National Mission for Clean Ganga Which of the above statements are correct?
(d) Ganga Manthan (a) 1& 2 only (b) 2&3 only
(c) 1&3 only (d) All of the above
67. Ganga Action Plan was the first River Action Plan
that was taken up by the Ministry of Environment, 69. The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
Forest and Climate Change in the year? under National Ganga Council is supported by the
(a) 1985 (b) 1990 State level Programme Management Groups
(c) 2014 (d) 2020 (SPMGs) in the five states. Which among the
68. Consider the following statements with respect to following is not one of those five states?
National Mission for Clean Ganga: (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Uttarakhand
1) The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
(c) Madhya Pradesh (d) West Bengal
was implemented by the National Council for
Rejuvenation, Protection and Management of
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35
ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS
65. (a) Ministry of Jal Shakti is a ministry Rejuvenation, Protection and Management of
under Government of India which was formed River Ganga also known as the National Ganga
in May 2019. This was formed by merging of two Council. This mission was established on
ministries; Ministry of Water Resources, River 12th August 2011 under the Societies Registration
Development & Ganga Act,1860 as a registered society. Namami Gange
Rejuvenation and Ministry of Drinking Water Programme: It is an Integrated Conservation
and Sanitation. Mission, approved as a ‘Flagship Programme’ by
The formation of this ministry reflects India’s the Union Government in June 2014 to
seriousness towards the mounting water accomplish the twin objectives of effective
challenges the country has been facing over the abatement of pollution and conservation and

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past few decades. The ministry was incorporated rejuvenation of National River Ganga. Ganga
with an aim to clean the river Ganges. They Action Plan: It was the first River Action Plan

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would also encompass any international or that was taken up by the Ministry of
national disputes between inter-state water Environment, Forest and Climate Change in

.
bodies and the rivers which are shared by India 1985, to improve the water quality by the

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along with other neighboring countries. interception, diversion, and treatment of

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66. (c) Jal Shakti Ministry launched PRAYAG, a real- domestic sewage.The National River

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time monitoring centre for planning and Conservation Plan is an extension to the Ganga

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monitoring of projects, river water quality, etc., Action Plan. It aims at cleaning the Ganga river
during the 11th meeting of the Empowered Task under Ganga Action Plan phase-2.

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Force of the National Mission for Clean Ganga 69. (c) The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)

a
(NMCG). PRAYAG (Platform for Real-time was implemented by the National Council for

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Analysis of Yamuna, Ganga and their Rejuvenation, Protection and Management of

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Tributaries) monitors various projects through River Ganga also known as the National Ganga
various online dashboards such as Ganga Tarang Council. This mission was established in 12th

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Portal, Ganga Districts Performance Monitoring August 2011 under the Societies Registration
System, etc. Act,1860 as a registered society. The National

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67. (a) Ganga Action Plan: It was the first River Action Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) under
Plan that was taken up by the Ministry of National Ganga Council is supported by the
Environment, Forest and Climate Change in State level Programme Management Groups
1985, to improve the water quality by the (SPMGs) in the state of Uttar Pradesh,
interception, diversion, and treatment of Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West
domestic sewage. The National River Bengal. It is an initiative taken by the
Conservation Plan is an extension to the Government of India to address the pollution of
Ganga Action Plan. It aims at cleaning the Ganga the river Ganga by providing financial and
river under Ganga Action Plan phase-2. technical assistance.
68. (d) The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
is implemented by the National Council for

EL NINO AND LA NINA

Why in news?
India is currently witnessing a colder than normal winter mainly due to the north-south winter flow because of
the climate phenomenon known as La Niña. The equatorial Pacific Ocean is experiencing the longest-ever La Niña
episode in recorded history.

ELNINO AND LA NINA

 El Nino and La Nina are complex weather patterns resulting from variations in ocean temperatures in the
Equatorial Pacific Region. They are opposite phases of what is known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) cycle. The ENSO cycle describes the fluctuations in temperature between the ocean and atmosphere in
the east-central Equatorial Pacific.
 El Nino and La Nina episodes typically last nine to 12 months, but some prolonged events may last for years. El
Nino is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific
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36
Ocean.
It is the “warm phase” of a larger phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO. It occurs more
frequently than La Nina.
 La Nina, the “cool phase” of ENSO, is a pattern that describes the unusual cooling of the tropical eastern
Pacific. La Nina events may last between one and three years, unlike El Nino, which usually lasts no more than
a year.
Both phenomena tend to peak during the Northern Hemisphere winter. El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is
an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean.
The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Nino and the cooling phase as La Nina. Every three to
seven years, the surface waters across tropical Pacific Ocean warm or cool by 1°C to 3°C, compared to normal

World Meteorological Organization

Every year, World Meteorological Day is celebrated globally on 23rd March.

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What is the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)?
 The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of

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192 Member States and Territories.
 India is a member of WMO.

.
 It originated from the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was established after the 1873

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Vienna International Meteorological Congress.
 Established by the ratification of the WMO Convention on 23rd March 1950, WMO became the specialized agency

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of the United Nations for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical

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sciences.'
 WMO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

La Nina

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It is also known as El Viejo, Anti El Nina, or a “cold occurrence,” and in Spanish it means little girl. El Nino is at odds

p
with La Nina. The trade winds are more powerful when La Nina is present, which causes Asia to get warmer water.
Increased upwelling off the west coast of the United States causes cold water rich in nutrients to rise to the surface. Due

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to the jet stream being driven north by these chilly Pacific Ocean waters, the southern United States experiences

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droughts, and the Pacific Northwest and Canada experience severe rainfall and flooding.

The south experiences warmer winters than the north, which experience colder ones. Hurricanes can also be caused by
La Nina. The Pacific Ocean’s offshore waters are colder than usual. More marine life is supported by them, and areas
like the California coast are attracted to more coldwater animals like squid and salmon because they contain more
nutrients.

Effect of La Nina
 It causes severe monsoons in Southeast Asia and India.
 It causes a condition in Peru and Ecuador that resembles a drought.
 It brings about chilly, wet winters in Southeast Africa and wet weather in Eastern Australia.
 It causes winter draughts in the Southern United States.
 It makes the winters in the northwest United States and western Canada extremely chilly.
 In Australia, it leads to significant flooding.
 The Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the area off the coast of Somalia see high temperatures as a result.
 It leads India to experience intense monsoon rains.
UNFCC
The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change) is the United Nations entity tasked with supporting the global response
to the threat of climate change. UNFCCC stands for United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Where did it Originate?
 The UNFCCC, signed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as
the Earth Summit, the Rio Summit or the Rio Conference
 The UNFCCC entered into force on March 21, 1994.
 The Convention has near universal membership (197 Parties) and is the parent treaty of the 2015 Paris Agreement.
 The original secretariat was in Geneva. Since 1996, the secretariat has been located in Bonn, Germany.
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37
70. Consider the following statements with respect to (b) The trade winds are more powerful when La
El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Nina is present, which causes Asia to get cold
1) El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is water.
an irregularly periodic variation in winds and (c) It causes severe monsoons in Southeast Asia
sea surface temperatures over the tropical and India.
eastern Pacific Ocean (d) The trade winds that blow from east to west
2) The warming phase of the sea temperature is intensify during La Nina.
known as El Nino and the cooling phase as La
Nina. 73. Consider the following statements about the Indian
3) Every three to seven years, the surface waters Ocean Dipole.
across tropical Pacific Ocean warm or cool by 1. It is a periodic oscillation of sea surface
1°C to 3°C, compared to normal. temperatures

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Which of the following statements are correct? 2. The positive Indian Ocean Dipole refers to the

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(a) 1& 2 only (b) 2& 3 only colder western Indian Ocean basin as opposed
(c) 1&3 only (d) All of the above to the warmer eastern basin.

.
Which of the following statements above is/ are
71. The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) is correct?

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an intergovernmental organisation that originated (a) 1 only (b) 2 only

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from the International Meteorological Organisation (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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(IMO). The World Meteorological Day is celebrated

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on which date? 74. The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change) is the
(a) 21st March (b) 22nd March United Nations entity tasked with supporting the

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rd
(c) 23 Marcch (d) 24th March global response to the threat of climate change.

a
UNFCC was signed in the year?

r
72. Which of the following statements with respect to La (a) 1992 (b) 1994

p
Nino are incorrect? (c) 1998 (d) 1995
(a) It is also known as El Viejo, Anti El Nina, or a

o
“cold occurrence,” and in Spanish it means
little girl.

70. T
(d) The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a
recurring climate pattern involving changes in
the temperature of waters in the central and
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. On periods
ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was

established after the 1873 Vienna International
Meteorological Congress. Established by the
ratification of the WMO Convention
ranging from about three to seven years, the on 23rd March 1950, WMO became the
surface waters across a large swath of the specialized agency of the United Nations for
tropical Pacific Ocean warm or cool by meteorology (weather and climate), operational
anywhere from 1°C to 3°C, compared to normal. hydrology and related geophysical sciences.
This oscillating warming and cooling pattern, WMO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
referred to as the ENSO cycle, directly affects 72. (b) It is also known as El Viejo, Anti El Nina, or a
rainfall distribution in the tropics and can have “cold occurrence,” and in Spanish it means little
a strong influence on weather across the United girl. El Nino is at odds with La Nina. The trade
States and other parts of the world. El Niño and winds are more powerful when La Nina is
La Niña are the extreme phases of the ENSO present, which causes Asia to get warmer water.
cycle; between these two phases is a third phase Increased upwelling off the west coast of the
called ENSO-neutral. United States causes cold water rich in nutrients
71. (c) Every year, World Meteorological Day is to rise to the surface. Due to the jet stream being
celebrated globally on 23rd March. The World driven north by these chilly Pacific Ocean
Meteorological Organization (WMO) is waters, the southern United States experiences
an intergovernmental organization with a droughts, and the Pacific Northwest and Canada
membership of 192 Member States and experience severe rainfall and flooding. The
Territories. India is a member of WMO. trade winds are more powerful when La Nina is
It originated from the International
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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38
present, which causes Asia to get warmer water( eastern side of the water is warmer, the western
hence, statement B is incorrect). side is colder.
73. (a) The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), sometimes 74. (a) The UNFCCC, signed in 1992 at the United
known as the Indian Nino, is a periodic Nations Conference on Environment and
oscillation of sea surface temperatures.In which Development also known as the Earth Summit,
the western Indian Ocean warms (positive the Rio Summit or the Rio Conference The
phase) and then cools (negative phase) UNFCCC entered into force on March 21, 1994.
compared to the eastern Indian Ocean. So The Convention has near universal membership
statement 2 is incorrect. The Indian Ocean is (197 Parties) and is the parent treaty of the 2015
located in the Tropical Zone. If the ocean Paris Agreement. The original secretariat was in
temperature is higher on the western side, it is Geneva. Since 1996, the secretariat has been
lower on the eastern side. Conversely, if the located in Bonn, Germany.

CURRENT AFFAIRS PRACTICE SHEET

GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT

co m
rs.
Passage: The Good Friday Agreement, which ended 30 years of the violence known as ‘The Troubles’, has been hailed
as a model deal to end long-standing conflicts, and fetched a joint Nobel peace prize for [X] and [Y], then leaders of the

e
two opposing parties in Northern Ireland. The leaders who will visit to mark its anniversary include, apart from Biden,

k
former US president Bill Clinton, Britain’s King Charles, former UK Prime Minister, and former Ireland Prime Minister
(or Taoiseach) Bertie Ahern.

a n
However, the anniversary celebrations will be shadowed by the strain Brexit has put on the agreement.

r
The most important achievement of the Good Friday Agreement has been an end to bloodshed and enduring peace in
the region, apart from some sporadic violence. However, Brexit has thrown a spanner in the works. Stormont has been

p
paralysed for more than a year. On Monday, masked youths in paramilitary dress threw petrol bombs at the police.

o
According to Reuters, Britain’s intelligence agency, MI5, recently increased the threat level in Northern Ireland from
domestic terrorism to “severe”.

T
The Good Friday Agreement was signed on April 10, 1998, between factions of Northern Ireland, and the governments
of Britain and Ireland, to end decades of violence in Northern Ireland among those who wished to remain with the
United Kingdom (UK) and those who wanted to join Ireland.
The negotiators included then British Prime Minister Tony Blair, then Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern, George
Mitchell, a former Democratic senator who acted as the envoy of then US President Bill Clinton, and eight parties from
Northern Ireland.
The US had played a key part in negotiations building up to the agreement. Apart from that, Biden is descended from
Irish immigrants and is vocally proud of his Irish heritage.
After Northern Ireland, Biden will spend three days in Ireland, where he will visit his ancestral homes and meet Prime
Minister Leo Varadkar, reported Reuters.
Source-https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/biden-in-belfast-what-is-good-friday-
agreement-8551088/

75. What will come in the place of X and Y? 77. Which political parties were involved in negotiating
(a) John Hume and David Trimble the Good Friday Agreement?
(b) David Mitchel and Kevin Caprio (a) Sinn Féin and the DUP
(c) Brad Hussey and Dwayne White (b) The UUP and the SDLP
(d) Leo Vladimir and Tony Blair (c) The Conservative Party and the Labour Party
(d) The Green Party and the Alliance Party
76. When was the Good Friday Agreement signed?
(a) 10th April 1998 78. Which two key figures played a significant role in
(b) 10th April 2008 brokering the Good Friday Agreement negotiations?
(c) 10th April 1988 (a) David Cameron and Enda Kenny
(d) 10th April 1978 (b) Margaret Thatcher and Charles Haughey
(c) John Major and Mary Robinson
(d) Tony Blair and Bertie Ahern
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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39
79. What was the outcome of the Good Friday (c) The turnout was too low to be considered valid
Agreement referendum held in Northern Ireland? (d) A revote was required due to irregularities
(a) The majority voted in favour of the Agreement
(b) The majority voted against the Agreement

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

75. (a) The Good Friday Agreement, which ended 30 the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and the Social
years of the violence known as ‘The Troubles’, Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP).
has been hailed as a model deal to end long- https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-
standing conflicts, and fetched a joint Nobel ireland-61968177
peace prize for David Trimble and John Hume, 78. (d) The Good Friday Agreement negotiations were
then leaders of the two opposing parties in led by then-Prime Minister of the United
Northern Kingdom, Tony Blair, and the then-Taoiseach

m
Ireland. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/pe (Prime Minister) of Ireland, Bertie Ahern, who

co
ace/1998/summary/ both played instrumental roles in the process.
76. (a) The Good Friday Agreement was signed on the https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ex

.
10th of April 1998, after years of negotiation plained-global/biden-in-belfast-what-is-good-
between the British and Irish governments and friday-agreement-8551088/

rs
political parties in Northern Ireland. 79. (a) The Good Friday Agreement referendum held in
https://www.gov.uk/government/topical- Northern Ireland on 22 May 1998 saw the

e
events/the-25th-anniversary-of-the-belfast- majority vote in favor of the Agreement, with

k
good-friday- 71.1% voting yes and 28.9% voting no. The
agreement#:~:text=Societal%2C%20cultural%2 turnout was high, with over 80% of eligible

n
C%20and%20political%20achievements,way%2 voters casting their ballots.

a
0for%20peace%20and... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Ag

r
77. (b) The Good Friday Agreement was negotiated reement#:~:text=In%20the%20Republic%2C%2

p
between the British and Irish governments, and 056%25%20of,in%20favour%20of%20the%20ag
political parties in Northern Ireland, including reement.

T o PREVENTIVE DETENTION LAW

Passage: The Supreme Court’s observation that preventive detention laws are a colonial legacy and confer arbitrary
powers on the state is one more iteration of the perennial threat to personal liberty that such laws pose. For several
decades now, the apex court and High Courts have been denouncing the executive’s well-documented failure to adhere
to procedural safeguards while dealing with the rights of detainees. While detention orders are routinely set aside on
technical grounds, the real relief that detainees gain is quite insubstantial. Often, the quashing of detention orders
comes several months after they are detained, and in some cases, including the latest one in which the Court has made
its remarks, after the expiry of the full detention period. Yet, it is some consolation to note that the Court continues to
be concerned over the misuse of preventive detention. In preventive detention cases, courts essentially examine whether
procedural safeguards have been adhered to, and rarely scrutinise whether the person concerned needs to be detained
to prevent prejudice to the maintenance of public order. Therefore, it is salutary that the Court has again highlighted
that “every procedural rigidity, must be followed in entirety by the Government in cases of preventive detention, and
every lapse in procedure must give rise to a benefit to the case of the detenu”.
Some facts concerning preventive detention are quite stark: most detentions are ultimately set aside, and the most
common reason is that there is an unexplained delay in the disposal of representations that the detainees submit against
their detention to the authorities. Failure to provide proper grounds for detention, or delay in furnishing them, and
sometimes giving illegible copies of documents are other reasons. In rare instances, courts have been horrified by the
invocation of prevention detention laws for trivial reasons — one of the strangest being a man who sold substandard
chilli seeds being detained as a ‘goonda’. An unfortunate facet of this issue is that Tamil Nadu topped the country (2011-
21) in preventive detentions. One reason is that its ‘Goondas Act’ covers offenders who range from bootleggers, slum
grabbers, forest offenders to video pirates, sex offenders and cyber-criminals. The law’s ambit is rarely restricted to
habitual offenders, as it ought to be, but extends to suspects in major cases. Across the country, the tendency to detain
suspects for a year to prevent them from obtaining bail is a pervasive phenomenon, leading to widespread misuse.
Preventive detention is allowed by the Constitution, but it does not relieve the government of the norm that curbing
crime needs efficient policing and speedy trials, and not unfettered power and discretion.

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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40
Source- https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/safeguards-and-procedures-the-hindu-editorial-on-indias-
preventive-detention-laws/article66725511.ece

80. Which article of the Indian Constitution allows for 83. What is the maximum period of detention under the
preventive detention? designated Act?
(a) Article 21 (b) Article 22 (a) 40 days (b) 180 days
(c) Article 23 (d) Article 24 (c) 365 days (d) Indefinite

81. Which act is the primary legislation governing 84. In the landmark case of ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant
preventive detention in India? Shukla, the Supreme Court of India held that the
(a) The Indian Penal Code (IPC) right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of
(b) The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) the Indian Constitution could be suspended during
(c) The National Security Act (NSA) a state of emergency. What was the reason given by

m
(d) The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act the court for this decision?

co
(UAPA) (a) National security and public interest outweigh
individual rights during emergencies.

.
82. Who has the authority to issue detention orders (b) The Constitution does not grant absolute rights
under the NSA? to citizens.

s
(a) The President of India (c) The Parliament has the power to amend

r
(b) The Governor of the State fundamental rights during emergencies.

e
(c) The Home Minister of the State (d) The judiciary should not interfere with the

k
(d) The District Magistrate or Commissioner of executive's decision-making during
Police emergencies.

ra n
p
ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

o
80. (b) Article 22 of the Indian Constitution allows for 83. (c) The maximum period of detention allowed

T
preventive detention, which allows the under the National Security Act is 12 months
government to detain a person without trial for (365 days), after which the detainee must be
a certain period of time in order to prevent them released or charged with a criminal offense and
from committing a crime. produced before a court of law.
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/
-751-preventive- what-is-national-security-act-here-s-all-you-
detention.html#:~:text=Preventive%20Detentio need-to-know-1939776-2022-04-21
n%20is%20the%20most,and22%20(2)%20shall 84. (a) In the ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla case,
%20not%20be the Supreme Court of India held that the right
81. (c) The primary legislation governing preventive to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the
detention in India is the National Security Act Indian Constitution could be suspended during
(NSA), which was enacted in 1980. a state of emergency, stating that national
https://www.studyiq.com/articles/preventive- security and public interest outweigh individual
detention-laws-in-india/ rights during emergencies. This decision has
82. (d) Under the National Security Act, detention since been overruled by the court in subsequent
orders can be issued by the District Magistrate cases, such as the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of
or Commissioner of Police, who act as India case, which held that the right to life and
authorized officers in this regard. personal liberty is inviolable and cannot be
https://www.clearias.com/national-security- suspended even during a state of emergency.
act/#:~:text=NSA%20empowers%20the%20Cen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADM_Jabalpur_v
tre%20or,for%20up%20to%2012%20months ._Shivkant_Shukla

PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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41
Passage: The former President of the U.S. Woodrow Wilson once remarked, ‘It is not far from the truth to say that
Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in Committee rooms is Congress at work.’ The
universality of this statement seems to have stood the test of time and geography.
Due to the sheer volume of information and scale of operations that the Indian Parliament is required to undertake, it
is not feasible to take up all issues on the floor of the House. Thus, Parliamentary committees — panels made up of MPs
— are constituted to deal with such situations and take up sector-specific concerns. Contrary to popular perception,
looking into Bills is not the only purpose that committees serve. We tend to underestimate their relevance, not realising
the sheer magnitude of effort that goes into making Parliament a dynamic, functional space where members converge
every few months and debate on matters that concern the nation. Behind every such speech, every comment and every
Bill introduced or taken up for discussion lies the ceaseless work of various committees that deserve a nuanced perusal
if we are to understand how the highest platform of multilateral dialogue in India is brought to life.
However, in these times of political rancour and polarisation, public proceedings of the House seem to reflect serious
fault lines. It does not allow for any deliberation, let alone consensus. During the course of the 17th Lok Sabha, only 14

m
Bills have been referred for further examination so far. As per data from PRS, as little as 25% of the Bills introduced were

co
referred to committees in the 16th Lok Sabha, as compared to 71% and 60% in the 15th and 14th Lok Sabha respectively.
This represents a declining trend of national legislation being subjected to expert scrutiny.

.
Source- https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-parliamentary-committees/article66730595.ece

s
85. Which parliamentary committee is responsible for

r
scrutinizing the budget proposals of the 87. Recently, how many Standing Committees

e
government? reorganisation took place?

k
(a) Committee on Subordinate Legislation (a) 21 (b) 22
(b) Estimates Committee (c) 24 (d) 27

n
(c) Public Accounts Committee

a
(d) Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes and 88. Which article of the Indian Constitution gives

r
Scheduled Tribes Parliament authority to make rules to regulate

p
Parliamentary Committees procedure and conduct
86. Which parliamentary committee is responsible for of business?

o
examining the reports of the Comptroller and (a) 111 (b) 134
Auditor General (CAG) of India? (c) 118 (d) 126

T
(a) Public Accounts Committee
(b) Estimates Committee 89. In how many categories are the parliamentary
(c) Committee on Subordinate Legislation standing committees classified?
(d) Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes and (a) 4 (b) 5
Scheduled Tribes (c) 6 (d) 8

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

85. (b) The Estimates Committee is responsible for the relations between the government and
scrutinizing the budget proposals of the opposition parties. Of the 22 committees
government and recommending appropriate announced on Tuesday, the Congress has the
policy measures. post of chairperson in only one, and the second
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimates_Com largest opposition party, Trinamool Congress,
mittee none. The ruling BJP has the chairmanship of
86. (a) The Public Accounts Committee is responsible the important committees on Home, Finance,
for examining the reports of the Comptroller IT, Defence and External Affairs.
and Auditor General (CAG) of India and making https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ex
recommendations to improve the efficiency and plained-politics/parliament-committees-and-
effectiveness of public expenditure. their-role-in-law-making-8191768/
https://cag.gov.in/cen/new-delhi- 88. (c) Parliamentary Committee is a panel of MPs that
iv/en/pages/single/7515#:~:text=The%20PAC%2 is appointed or elected by the House or
0examines%20the%20Appropriation,Reports% nominated by the Speaker/Chairman. The
20relating%20to%20commercial%20enterprises committee works under the direction of the
. Speaker/chairman and it presents its report to
87. (b) Revamp of the Standing Committees of the House or to the Speaker/chairman.
Parliament on Tuesday could potentially worsen Parliamentary Committees have their origins in

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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42
the British Parliament. They draw their performed by them. Presently they are classified
authority from Article 105 and Article 118. Article in six categories: Financial Committees,
105 deals with the privileges of MPs. Article 118 Departmental Standing Committees,
gives Parliament authority to make rules to Committees to Inquire, Committees to
regulate its procedure and conduct of business. Scrutinise and Control, Committees Relating to
http://164.100.47.5/Chairman- the Day-to-Day Business of the House and
Rajyasabha/Articles1.htm House-Keeping Committees or Service
89. (c) The parliamentary standing committees are Committees. https://prepp.in/news/e-492-
classified on the basis of the nature of functions standing-committees-indian-polity-notes

INTER-SERVICES ORGANISATIONS (COMMAND, CONTROL AND

DISCIPLINE) BILL, 2023

m
Passage: Last month, the government introduced a Bill which seeks to empower designated defence heads of inter-

co
services organisations with certain administrative and disciplinary powers over all personnel serving in the command
or attached to it. The Bill, ‘The Inter-Services Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline) Bill, 2023’, was tabled

.
in the Lok Sabha by Minister of State for Defence Ajay Bhat during the recently concluded Budget Session. Inter-services

s
organisations include soldiers from the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, like joint training institutes National Defence

r
Academy, National Defence College (NDC), Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), and the Andaman and Nicobar
Command (ANC).

e
At present, armed forces personnel are governed by the provisions of three separate laws for the three services — the

k
Air Force Act, 1950, the Army Act, 1950, and the Navy Act, 1957. Only an officer of the same service holds disciplinary

n
powers over persons governed by the respective Act. As far as inter-services organisations are concerned, this directly
impacts command, control and discipline. Since the commander-in-chief of a joint services command and the officer-

a
in-command of any other inter-services organisation are not empowered with disciplinary powers, any person accused

r
of an offence has to be sent back to the parent service unit for any disciplinary or administrative action.

p
For example: if an Air Force officer commits an offence at the Defence Services Staff College, then the Academy
Commandant— who is a three-star rank officer of the Indian Army— can’t initiate action against said individual.

o
Instead, the officer is repatriated to their parent Air Force unit, and action, if any, will follow under the Air Force Act,

T
1950. The existing framework is time-consuming and involves financial costs to move the personnel. Proceedings
become even more cumbersome when the disciplinary or administrative proceedings arise from the same set of facts
and circumstances but involve personnel belonging to different services. “As a result, multiple sets of proceedings under
the respective Service Acts are required to be initiated, which impedes expeditious disposal of cases, thereby affecting
the standard of discipline,” the text of the Bill says. The proposed legislation aims to address these impediments to
ensure discipline is maintained and targets faster disposal of cases, which in turn is likely to save time and public money
“without disturbing the unique service conditions or amending the service Acts.”
Source- https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inter-services-organisations-command-control-discipline-bill-
2023-explain-military-defence-lok-sabha-budget-session/article66720436.ece

90. When was The Inter-Services Organisations (c) Increasing the number of Inter-services
(Command, Control and Discipline) Bill, 2023 Organisations
introduced in Lok Sabha? (d) Decreasing the number of armed forces
(a) March 15, 2023 (b) April 15, 2023 personnel
(c) May 15, 2023 (d) June 15, 2023
92. Who introduced The Inter-Services Organisations
91. What is the key feature of The Inter-Services (Command, Control and Discipline) Bill, 2023 in Lok
Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline) Sabha?
Bill, 2023? (a) Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh
(a) Empowering the Commander-in-Chief or (b) Prime Minister, Narendra Modi
Officer-in-Command of Inter-services (c) Home Minister, Amit Shah
Organisations to exercise disciplinary or (d) Minister of State for Defence, Ajay Bhatt
administrative control over the service
personnel under their command, irrespective of 93. What are the service Acts that govern the armed
their service forces personnel?
(b) Reducing the budget allocated to the armed (a) Air Force Act, 1970, Army Act, 1970 and Navy
forces Act, 1970
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43
(b) Air Force Act, 1960, Army Act, 1960 and Navy (a) It is the only Inter-services Organisation that
Act, 1960 will be constituted under the Bill
(c) Air Force Act, 1950, Army Act, 1950 and Navy (b) It is one of the existing Inter-services
Act, 1957 Organisations that will be deemed to have been
(d) Air Force Act, 1980, Army Act, 1980 and Navy constituted under the Bill
Act, 1980 (c) It is the head of all Inter-services Organisations
(d) It is not covered under The Inter-Services
94. What is the significance of the Andaman and Organisations (Command, Control and
Nicobar Command in The Inter-Services Discipline) Bill, 2023
Organisations (Command, Control and Discipline)
Bill, 2023?

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

m
90. (a) The Inter-Services Organisations (Command, introduced in Lok Sabha by Minister of State for

co
Control and Discipline) Bill, 2023 was Defence, Ajay Bhatt.
introduced in Lok Sabha on March 15, 2023 https://www.businessworld.in/article/BW-

.
https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-inter- Explains-The-Inter-Services-Organisations-

s
services-organisations-command-control-and- Command-Control-Discipline-Bill-2023/19-04-

r
discipline-bill-2023 2023-473340/
91. (a) The key feature of The Inter-Services 93. (c) The armed forces personnel are governed by the

e
Organisations (Command, Control and provisions of three separate laws for the three

k
Discipline) Bill, 2023 is to empower the services, namely Air Force Act, 1950, Army Act,

n
Commander-in-Chief or Officer-in-Command 1950 and Navy Act, 1957.
of Inter-services Organisations to exercise https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-inter-

a
disciplinary or administrative control over the services-organisations-command-control-and-

r
service personnel under their command, discipline-bill-2023

p
irrespective of their service. 94. (b) The Andaman and Nicobar Command is one of

o
https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-inter- the existing Inter-services Organisations that
services-organisations-command-control-and- will be deemed to have been constituted under

T
discipline-bill-2023 the Bill. https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-inter-
92. (d) The Inter-Services Organisations (Command, services-organisations-command-control-and-
Control and Discipline) Bill, 2023 was discipline-bill-2023

PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TRIBAL GROUPS (PVTG)

Passage: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the launch of a new scheme called the Pradhan Mantri PVTG
(Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) Development Mission as part of the Union Budget 2023-24. This mission aims to
provide basic necessities such as housing, water, roads, telecom, education, and health in areas inhabited by PVTGs, who are
the most vulnerable and backward tribes among the Scheduled Tribes.
The government has allocated Rs 15,000 crore for the programme, which will be implemented over the next three years. There
are 75 recognised PVTG tribes, with the highest number being found in Odisha. The minister emphasised the government's
commitment to increasing connectivity and improving education for Scheduled Tribe students.
Over 38,000 teachers and support staff will be recruited for 700 Eklavya model schools in the next three years, benefiting over
3.5 lakh tribal students.
The government of India initiated the identification of these PVTGs in 1975, and an additional 23 groups were added to the
category in 1993.
Government of India follows the following criteria for identifiaction of PVTGs- Pre-agricultural level of technology, Low level
of literacy, Economic backwardness, A declining or stagnant population. Due to their vulnerability, PVTGs require greater
support and development compared to other tribal groups. The more developed and assertive tribal groups often receive a
larger portion of tribal development funds, leaving PVTGs in need of more targeted support.
Source- https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/budget-2023-scheme-for-the-development-and-upliftment-of-particularly-
vulnerable-tribal-groups-launched-15820331.htm

95. Which state in India has the highest number of

PVTGs?

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
Delhi 9891906520 | Gurugram 09717289708 | Kanpur 8576066660 | Prayagraj 6306330553 | w 6390573333
44
(a) Odisha (b) Jharkhand
(c) Chhattisgarh (d) Madhya 98. Which PVTG community is known for their unique
Pradesh tattooing tradition called 'Godna'?
(a) Saharias (b) Khasis
96. How many Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups have (c) Gonds (d) Santhals
been identified by Government of India?
(a) 167 (b) 112 99. Which constitutional provision empowers the state to
(c) 75 (d) 92 make special provisions for the advancement of socially
and educationally backward classes, including PVTG
97. Which of the following is a PVTG community in India? communities?
(a) Marathas (b) Jats (a) Article 15 (b) Article 19
(c) Dongria Kondh (d) Rajputs (c) Article 21 (d) Article 46

m
ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

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95. (a) Odisha. According to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, 'Godna,' which involves intricate designs using a
Odisha has the highest number of PVTGs in India, needle and indigo dye.

.
with a total of 13 tribes. https://scroll.in/article/716615/from-marks-of-

s
https://tribal.nic.in/DivisionsFiles/SwLPVTGs.pdf status-to-a-kind-of-jewellery-tattoos-are-part-of-

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96. (c) The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) a-centuries-old-indian-tradition \

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are a group of tribal community people in need of 99. (d) Article 46. Article 46 of the Indian Constitution,

k
greater support and development. Out of the 705 which is a part of the Directive Principles of State
Scheduled Tribes in India, 75 have been identified Policy, calls for the promotion of educational and

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as PVTGs and are spread across 17 states and one economic interests of the weaker sections of the

a
Union Territory. society, including PVTG communities. It

r
https://www.cnbctv18.com/economy/budget- empowers the state to make special provisions for

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2023-scheme-for-the-development-and- the advancement of socially and educationally
upliftment-of-particularly-vulnerable-tribal- backward classes and to protect them from social

o
groups-launched-15820331.htm injustice and exploitation.
97. (c) Dongria Kondh. PVTG stands for Particularly This constitutional provision has been used to

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Vulnerable Tribal Group, which refers to specific formulate various policies and programs for the
tribal communities in India that face a high risk of welfare and development of PVTG communities,
extinction or marginalization due to their unique such as reservation of seats in educational
cultural practices, geographic isolation, and institutions and government jobs, targeted
historical marginalization. The Dongria Kondh schemes for healthcare, livelihood, and housing,
community is one such group, mainly located in and the creation of autonomous regions to protect
the Niyamgiri hills of Odisha. their cultural and traditional practices.
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily- https://www.education.gov.in/directive_principles
news-analysis/cooperative-labour-in-odisha-tribes _of_state_policy_article-
98. (d) The Santhals are a PVTG community found in 46#:~:text=The%20State%20shall%20promote%2
Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha. They are 0with,and%20all%20forms%20of%20exploitation.
known for their unique tattooing tradition called

UNITED NATIONS 2023 WATER CONFERENCE

Over 700 commitments were made at the United Nations 2023 Water Conference in New York City to make the world
water-secure, according to a statement. The three-day summit ended on March 24, 2023. “The commitments at this
Conference will propel humanity towards the water-secure future every person on the planet needs,” UN Secretary-
General António Guterres stated during the closing ceremony. The commitments were captured in the Water Action
Agenda, the key outcome of the Conference. They were made by countries in Asia and the Pacific, Europe, North
America and Africa. For instance, the US announced a commitment of up to $49 billion in investments to support
climate resilient water and sanitation infrastructure and services. Japan announced that it will proactively contribute
to the solution of water-related social issues faced by the Asia-Pacific region by developing “quality Infrastructure”,
providing financial assistance worth approximately 500 billion yen ($3.65 billion) over the next five years. Another
Asian nation, Vietnam, pledged to develop policies for major river basins management by 2025 and to ensure all
households would have access to clean running water by 2030. African heads of state took a lead at the event by
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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45
announcing presidential compacts or commitments. SDG 6 deals with Clean Water and Sanitation. The Niger Basin
Authority (NBA) and the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and
Consumer Protection made a joint commitment of $21.2 million in funding for a project that strengthens the NBA and
its member countries. The African Union Commission, along with the Continental Africa Investment Programme
(AIP), aims to close Africa’s water investments gap by mobilising at least $30 billion per year through a range of
initiatives. The bloc will also support Member States with €20 million in funding to accelerate the deployment of
wastewater surveillance for COVID-19. Switzerland, a non-EU nation, submitted five commitments to contribute to
the UN’s work, including in the areas of the Water Convention and transboundary cooperation. Lastly, he called for a
dramatic acceleration in resources and investment into the ability of all countries to reach SDG 6.
Source: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/un-2023-water-conference-ends-with-over-700-commitments-
to-make-world-water-secure-88462

100. The United Nations held its first water conference and hygiene (WASH) services work across 50

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in 46 years on March 22-24 in New York. Which countries in six regions.

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Sustainable Development Goal aims to provide Which of the above statements are correct?
clean water and sanitation for everyone by which (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only

.
year? (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only
(a) 2030 (b) 2032

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(c) 2035 (d) 2028 103. Consider the following statements about Jal Jeevan

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Mission and choose the correct option:

e
101. What was the theme of UN 2023 Water 1) Launched in 2019, it envisages supply of 55

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Conference? litres of water per person per day to every rural
(a) The globe coming together for water is our household through Functional Household Tap

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watershed moment. Connections (FHTC) by 2024.

a
(b) Bringing the globe together for water is our 2) The fund sharing pattern between the Centre

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watershed moment. and states is 90:10 for Himalayan and North-

p
(c) Our watershed moment: uniting the world for Eastern States, 50:50 for other states, and 100%
water. for Union Territories.

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(d) Our watershed moment: bringing the world 3) At the State level, Kerala, Telangana and
together for water. Haryana have achieved 100% tap connectivity

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to all households in the State.
102. Consider the following situation about Outcome of 4) Union territories like, the Andaman and
UN 2023 Water Conference and mark the correct Nicobar Islands, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and
answer: Daman & Diu have also provided 100 % of their
1) India promised the $25-billion commitment to households with tap water connections.
improving rural drinking water services under Which of the above statements are correct?
its Jal Jeevan Mission. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
2) IBM Sustainability Accelerator promised to (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1 and 4 only
focus on water management.
3) W12+ Blueprint, a UN platform that hosts city 104. What was the theme of World Water Day 2023
profiles and case studies of programs (for cross (a) Increasing the rate of change
cities learning) (b) Increasing change
4) World Vision is committed to raising and (c) Speeding up change
investing $2 billion by 2030 to extend the (d) Accelerating change
impact of transformative water, sanitation,

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

100. (a) Recently, the United Nations held its first was demonstrated by a report "Water for
water conference in 46 years on March 22-24 Sustainable Development 2018-2028.
in New York. The conference coincided with 101. (c) The UN 2023 Water Conference's theme, "Our
the mid-term review of the International watershed moment: uniting the world for
Decade for Action. The U.N. recognized that water," aimed to support the achievement of
we are not doing enough to meet SDG 6, which water-related global goals and objectives,
aims to provide clean water and sanitation for including those enumerated in the 2030
everyone by 2030. The urgent need for action Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
Delhi 9891906520 | Gurugram 09717289708 | Kanpur 8576066660 | Prayagraj 6306330553 | w 6390573333
46
102. (d) India promised the $50-billion commitment to States, 50:50 for other states, and 100% for
improving rural drinking water services under Union Territories. At the State level, Goa,
its Jal Jeevan Mission. All other statements are Telangana and Haryana have achieved 100%
correct. It took place at UN Headquarters in tap connectivity to all households in the State.
New York. It was co-hosted by Tajikistan and Union territories like Puducherry, the
the Netherlands. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra & Nagar
103. (a) Launched in 2019, it envisages supply of 55 Haveli and Daman & Diu have also provided
litres of water per person per day to every rural 100 % of their households with tap water
household through Functional Household Tap connections.
Connections (FHTC) by 2024. The fund 104. (d) Theme of World Water Day 2023 which is
sharing pattern between the Centre and states celebrated on 22 March 2023 is “Accelerating
is 90:10 for Himalayan and North-Eastern change”

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RARE DISEASE

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Rare Disease (RD) is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as an often debilitating, lifelong disease or
disorder with a prevalence of (x) or less per 1,000 population. However, there is no universal definition as different

.
countries define rare diseases differently, with India recording about 450 rare diseases that affect at least 70 million

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people, if not more. Globally as well as in India, rare disease, pose a significant threat not just to the public health system

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but also to the country’s economic burden. Not to mention the catastrophic impact on families in terms of emotional

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as well as financial drain, as the cost of treatment is prohibitively high. Challenges on the National Policy Front In

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response, the Union Health Ministry introduced a National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) in 2017 to build India’s
capacity to tackle rare diseases comprehensively. The policy, updated more recently in 2021, proposed one-time financial

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help of Rs. 50 lakhs towards the treatment of patients suffering from rare disorders mentioned in the policy, irrespective

a
of their economic background. The diseases mentioned in the policy are proposed to be updated continually. Recently

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govt released 22.2 cr for 134 patients out of 453 listed from different CoEs. Several obstacles in the implementation of
the policy are the cost-effectiveness of interventions for rare disease vis a-vis other health priorities, the sharing of

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expenditure between central and state governments, and the flexibility of state governments to accept the policy or

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change it according to their situation. Some CoEs have even admitted that they are hesitant to commit to providing
lifelong treatment lest the treatment stops due to unforeseen circumstances and further legal complications that might

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arise with the patients. The consequences of such a half-hearted policy and implementation can be devastating for
families who urgently require medical aid, even resulting in the death of their loved ones when not given timely
treatment. Several families have already lost their loved ones to rare diseases while waiting for treatment.

Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/rare-disease-policy-need-of-the-hour/

105. Which of the following statements about National (d) Orphan diseases
Rare Disease Policy 2021 is incorrect?
(a) The policy has categorised rare diseases in four 107. WHO defines rare disease as often debilitating
groups lifelong disease or disorder condition with a
(b) Those who are suffering from rare diseases listed prevalence of (x) or less, per 1000 population.
under Group 1 will have the financial support of Replace (x) with appropriate option:
up to Rs. 20 lakh under the umbrella scheme of (a) 1 Persons (b) 5 persons
Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi. (c) 10 persons (d) 8 persons
(c) A national hospital-based registry of rare
diseases will be created to ensure adequate data 108. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital
and comprehensive definitions of such diseases Mission, consider the following statements:
(d) The policy aims to strengthen tertiary health 1) Both Private and public hospitals has adopted it.
care facilities for prevention and treatment of 2) It aims to achieve universal, health coverage,
rare diseases through designating eight health every citizen of India should be part of it
facilities as 'Centres of Excellence ultimately.
3) It has seamless portability across the country.
106. What is the other name of Rare Diseases? Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Genetical Diseases (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(b) Low-prevalence diseases (c) 1 and 3 only (d) All of the above
(c) Minority diseases

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
Delhi 9891906520 | Gurugram 09717289708 | Kanpur 8576066660 | Prayagraj 6306330553 | w 6390573333
47
109. On which day rare disease day was observed in (a) 28th February (b) 1st March
2023? (c) 27th February (d) 26th March

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

105. (a) The policy has categorised rare diseases in was founded in 1948 and has its headquarters in
three groups. About 95% rare diseases have no Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO's primary role is
approved treatment and less than 1 in 10 to coordinate and direct international efforts to
patients receive disease-specific treatment. prevent, diagnose, and treat infectious diseases
These diseases have differing definitions in and other health issues, as well as to promote
various countries and range from those that healthy living and well-being worldwide.
are prevalent in 1 in 10,000 of the population to 108. (d) Statement 1 is incorrect: Ayushman Bharat
6 per 10,000. Digital Mission (ABDM) has not made it

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106. (d) Rare diseases (also called “Orphan” diseases) mandatory for adoption by private and public

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are broadly defined as diseases that hospitals. Its adoption so far would be
infrequently occur in a population and three voluntary. Participation in ABDM is voluntary

.
markers are used (the total number of people including for citizens. Participation of a

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with the disease, its prevalence, and the healthcare facility or an institution is also

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availability/non-availability of treatment voluntary and shall be taken by the respective

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options). The World Health Organisation management (government or private
(WHO) defines a rare disease as having a management). Statement 2 is incorrect: The

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frequency of less than 6.5-10 per 10,000 people. aim of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission is

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As per an estimate, there are 7,000 known rare to facilitate the ease of access to medical
diseases with an estimated 300 million records and it is not been mandated to have

ra
patients in the world. every citizen as its part though the facility is
107. (a) Answer: The correct answer is option A. WHO available to every citizen on a consent basis.

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defines rare disease as often debilitating Statement 3 is correct: ABDM will have a

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lifelong disease or disorder condition with a national footprint and will enable seamless
prevalence of 1 or less, per 1000 population. portability across the country through a

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However, different countries have their own Health ID – Personal Health Identifier.
definitions to suit their specific requirements 109. (a) The Rare Disease Day (RDD) is observed every
and in context of their own population, health year on the last day of February. This year in
care system and resources. The World Health 2022 it falls on February 28, 2022. The day is
Organisation (WHO) defines a rare disease as observed to raise awareness for rare diseases
having a frequency of less than 6.5-10 per and improve access to treatment and medical
10,000 people. As per an estimate, there are representation for individuals with rare
7,000 known rare diseases with an estimated diseases and their families. Rare Disease Day
300 million patients in the world. was first launched by European Organisation
Answer: The correct answer is option C. The for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) and its Council
World Health Organization (WHO) is a of National Alliances in 2008. The Rare
specialized agency of the United Nations Disease Day theme 2023 “Share Your Colors.”
responsible for international public health. It

INDIAN SPACE POLICY 2023

The Indian Space Policy was approved on this week by the Indian Government. The policy seeks to institutionalise and
mostly facilitate the acess of private sector participation int the space sector for India. The Indian Space Policy 2023 was
approved by a Cabinet Committee .The policy delineates responsibility to ISRO, New Space India Limited (NSIL, a space
sector PSU), and Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Center (IN-SPACe). “In brief, the Indian Space
Policy will offer clarity in the role of the components set up (in the recent past)," Union minister Jitendra Singh told
reporters. ISRO Chairman S Somanath told PTI that the focus of the Space Policy would be to increase the participation
of the private players in the space sector .The operational part of ISRO’s missions will be moved to the NewSpace India
Limited, a public sector undertaking under the Department of Space. Somanath said India’s share in the global space
economy was less than two per cent at present and the space policy will help it increase substantially to 10 per cent in
the future.

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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48
“This is a historic moment as the cabinet has approved the Indian Space Policy 2023. It will pave the way forward with
much-required clarity in space reforms and augment private industry participation to drive the space economy
opportunity for the country," Lt Gen A K Bhatt (retd), Director General Indian Space Association, told PTI. According
to the Economic Survey of India, there have been over 100 active space companies since 2012. Many of them are currently
vying for approval from the newly formed InSpace, or the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre,
an institution that serves as a liaison between ISRO and private sector enterprises. Allowing private companies to
perform space missions has benefited nations such as the United States by promoting private sector investment. For
example, Elon Musk’s SpaceX’s reusable Falcon 9 rockets have become a popular choice for space missions around the
world.
https://www.livemint.com/news/india/private-sector-can-now-build-rockets-satellites-all-about-indian-space-policy-
2023-11680885018580.html

110. Which of the following is not true in relation to 4) As space missions rise, more space debris will

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Indian Space Policy 2023? gather. Due to the high speeds at which objects orbit

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(a) The policy will help India increase its share in the Earth, even a small piece of space debris can
the global space economy substantially from less damage a spacecraft.

.
than 2% to 10% in the future. Which of the above statements is not one of the
(b) the policy will clearly state the roles and challenges in space sector?

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responsibilities of not only private players but (a) 1&2 only (b) 2&3 only

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also bodies such as the public-private mediator (c) 1&4 only (d) None of the above

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IN-SPACe and the commercial arm of the

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department, New Space India Limited. 112. India is a party to the Outer Space Treaty. The
(c) The operational part of ISRO's missions will be treaty was signed in which year?

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moved to the IN-SPACe, a public sector (a) 1967 (b) 1968

a
undertaking under the Department of Space. (c) 1980 (d) 1982

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(d) The private sector can use ISRO facilities for a

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small fee and is encouraged to invest in new 113. To encourage and nurture space research among
infrastructure. young minds, ISRO launched its Student Outreach

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Program called SAMVAD in which city?
111. Consider the following statements with respect to (a) Delhi (b) Mumbai

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the challenges in the space sector : (c) Bengaluru (d) Chennai
1) Without a proper regulatory framework, rising
commercialisation may lead to monopolization in 114. The government has taken various initiatives to
the future. facilitate private sector participation in the space
2) The participation of Belt Road Initiative (BRI) sector. Which of the following is not one of the
members in China’s space sector may solidify newly created space agencies?
China’s global position and lead to the (a) New Space India Limited (NSIL)
weaponization of outer space. (b) Indian Space Association (ISpA)
3) An arms race for the weaponization of outer space (c) IN–SPACe (Indian National Space
is creating an environment of suspicion, Promotion and Authorisation Centre)
competition, and aggressiveness across the globe, (d) Space Application Centre (SAC)
which could lead to conflict.

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

110. (c) The Cabinet Committee on Security approved operational component of ISRO's missions will
the Indian Space Policy 2023. The policy aims be transferred to NewSpace India Limited.(
to institutionalize private sector participation hence , option C is incorrect)
in the space sector, with ISRO focusing on 111. (d) Major challenges include :
advanced space technology research and 1. Lack of Commercialization Regulations:
development. The policy defines the roles and 2. The development of private satellite
responsibilities of the Indian Space Research expeditions for Internet services (Starlink-
Organization (ISRO), the space sector PSU SpaceX) and space tourism hastened the
NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), and the commercialization of outer space.
Indian National Space Promotion and
Authorization Center (IN-SPACe). The
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
Delhi 9891906520 | Gurugram 09717289708 | Kanpur 8576066660 | Prayagraj 6306330553 | w 6390573333
49
3.Rising commercialization may eventually bodies, like the moon, or in outer space. The
lead to monopolization unless a regulatory moon and other celestial bodies shall be used
framework is implemented. by all state parties to the treaty exclusively for
4. Increased Space Debris: As space missions peaceful purposes.
rise, more space debris will gather. Due to 113. (c) As part of the enhanced outreach programme
the high speeds at which objects orbit the of Indian Space Research Organization
Earth, even a small piece of space debris can (ISRO), a new platform named “Samwad with
damage a spacecraft. Students” (SwS) was launched in Bengaluru.
5. China's Space Leap: The Chinese space 114. (d) IN-SPACe, is the second space organisation
industry has grown rapidly compared to which has been set up by the Union
other countries. BeiDou, its navigation Government within two years, i.e., 2019 and
system, has been successfully launched. 2020. In 2019, the Union Government
6. Members of China's Belt Road Initiative approved the formation of New Space India

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(BRI) are likely to contribute to or join the Limited (NSIL). All the three organisations,

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Chinese space sector, solidifying China's be it, ISRO, NSIL or IN-SPACe will be
global position and potentially leading to working for promoting the Indian space

.
the weaponization of outer space. program itself. ISRO will be the main body
7. Global Trust Deficit Is Growing: A race to for all the missions . IN-SPACe will bring in

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weaponize outer space fuels suspicion, a balance and act as a channel between the

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competition, and aggressiveness worldwide, private and government space sector. New

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potentially leading to conflict. Space India Limited (NSIL) will work as a

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112. (a) 1967. India is a party to the Outer Space Treaty. marketing arm for the Indian Space
The treaty prohibits countries from placing Organisation. Ultimately, the main aim will

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into orbit around the Earth “any objects be to let ISRO focus on research and private

a
carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of companies to collaborate with them for

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weapons of mass destruction”.It also prohibits manufacturing and technical purposes, and

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the stationing of such weapons on celestial focus on demand, rather than supply.

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THE IT( INTERMEDIARY GUIDELINES AND DIGITAL MEDIA

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ETHICS CODE ) AMENDMENT RULES, 2023)
Government Notifies Amendments to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics
code) rules, 2021 for an Open, Safe & Trusted and Accountable Internet.These amendments layout a comprehensive
framework for Online Gaming Eco-system and also deals with Fact checking related to online content pertaining to
Government
These rules address the twin challenges of catalyzing and expanding online gaming innovation and at the same time
protecting citizens from illegal betting and wagering online. Rules will be catalyst for expanding innovation, while
banning/prohibiting wagering on outcome of games and betting. Online gaming is a multi-billion opportunity for
Indian Startups & an important part of PM Narendra Modi ji’s vision of IndiaTechade and USD 1Trillion Digital
Economy. Online gaming startups and innovation are being powered by young Indians across the country and these
rules will provide clarity and certainty in terms of policy framework for them . Rules will ensure that Online games or
sites that involve wagering will be banned completely including advertising or any time of presence.
Industry participating SROs will be core of the enabling framework which will certify permissible Online games.
Stakeholder participative SROs to determine permissible online games; Safety of Gamers including Children to be
addressed. Under the Rules, MEITY to also notify agency to factcheck false & misleading information related to Govt
business. As per the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment
Rules 2023 notified by the Meity on April 6, Meity can constitute a fact-checking unit to determine fake news with
respect to any business of the central government. The INS noted that the fact-checking unit will also have the power
to issue instructions to intermediaries, including social media platforms, Internet Service Providers and other service
providers, to not host such content and take out the content if it has been published.
The ministry had promised to hold consultations with media organisations and media bodies after withdrawing the
draft amendments that it had put out in January 2023.
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1914358

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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50
115. The Indian online gaming ecosystem will grow into (c) Kerala (d) Andhra Pradesh
a multi-billion-dollar industry and be an important
catalyst to India’s One trillion-dollar Digital 118. Which of the following statements with respect to
economy goal by which year? The IT( Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media
(a) 2030- 2040 (b) 2025-2030 Ethics code ) Amendment rules, 2023 is incorrect?
(c) 2022- 2025 (d) 2030- 2035 (a) The definition of “online gaming” has been
introduced under Section 2(ii)(qa) which means
116. Consider the following statements with respect to a game that is offered on the internet and is
The IT(Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media accessible by a user through a computer
Ethics code) Amendment rules, 2023 : resource or an intermediary.
1) The IT Rules, 2023 were created under Section (b) A proviso has been inserted that says that if an
79 of the Information Technology Act, 2000. online gaming intermediary has enabled the
2) As per the new amendments,it is obligatory on users to access any will have to inform its users

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the intermediaries not to publish, share or of such change as soon as possible, but not later

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host fake,false or misleading information in than 24 hours after the change is affected.
respect of any individual. (c) According to Rule 4A (6) of the rules, the central

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3) The new rules allow a government “fact check government has been given the power and
unit” to identify false information related to any authority to suspend or revoke the verification

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business of the central government. of the applicant after giving them a chance to be

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4) Divided into two distinct parts, the rules sought heard.

e
to regulate intermediaries through the Union (d) Rule 3 of the IT Intermediary Rules that provide

k
Ministry for Information and Broadcasting, for due-diligence to be followed by an
including over-the-top (OTT) media services, intermediary has been amended to include

n
such as Netflix and Amazon Prime, through online gaming intermediary within its purview.

a
MeitY and the digital news media. Thus, online gaming intermediaries must

r
Which of the above statements is / are correct? comply with the said rule.

p
(a) 1&2 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1& 3 only (d) All of the above 119. The Supreme Court of India struck down which

o
section of the IT Act, 2000 as being
117. Which state has recently passed an ordinance to unconstitutional?

T
ban online gaming and regulate online gambling? (a) 66A (b) 66B
(a) Karnataka (b) Tamil Nadu (c) 69A (d) D.69 B

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

115. (b) The new IT rules enforce greater diligence by amendments,it is obligatory on the
online gaming and social media intermediaries intermediaries not to publish, share or host
in respect of online games and fake or false fake,false or misleading information in respect
misleading information related to of the business of the central government.(
Government business. The Indian online hence, statement 2 is incorrect.) Divided into
gaming ecosystem will grow into a multi- two distinct parts, the rules sought to regulate
billion-dollar industry and be an important intermediaries through MeitY and the
catalyst to India’s One trillion-dollar Digital digital news media.the Union Ministry for
economy goal by 2025-26. Online gaming Information and Broadcasting, including over-
startups and innovation are being powered by the-top (OTT) media services, such as Netflix
young Indians across the country and these and Amazon Prime, through the Union
rules will provide clarity and certainty in terms Ministry for Information and
of policy framework for them. Broadcasting( hence, statement 4 is
116. (c) The government recently introduced new incorrect).
rules called the Information Technology 117. (b) Based on the recommendation of K. Chandru
(Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media committee, Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Online
Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 [IT Gambling and Regulation of Online Games
Rules, 2023]. The IT Rules, 2023 were created Ordinance, 2022, was passed. It proposes to
under Section 79 of the Information ban online gambling and online games of
Technology Act, 2000. As per the new chance and to regulate other online games.
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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51
Online gaming has been a state subject, but giving them a chance to be heard.( hence,
state governments find it difficult to enforce option C is incorrect).
certain rules like geo-blocking certain apps or 119. (a) 66A. Section 66A of the Information
websites within the territory of their state. Technology Act, of 2000 made it a punishable
118. (c) The IT Intermediary Amendment Rules 2023 offence for any person to send offensive
have come into effect from the date of information using a computer or any other
publication in the official gazette i.e 6 April electronic device. The court struck down the
2023. An online gaming self-regulatory body is provision as unconstitutional and a violation
defined as an entity designated as such under of free speech in 2015 in the Shreya Singhal
Rule 4A. According to Rule 4A (6) of the rules, Case. The section relating to restrictions on
the online gaming regulatory body has been online speech was declared unconstitutional
given the power and authority to suspend or on grounds of violating the freedom of
revoke the verification of the applicant after speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the

m
Constitution of India.

co
MERA GAON MERI DHAROHAR PROGRAM

s.
In a bid to harness the unique cultural heritage of rural India, the government has identified and documented distinctive

r
features of more than one lakh villages across the country.
In this cultural asset mapping, villages have been broadly divided into seven-eight categories based on whether they are

e
important ecologically, developmentally and scholastically, if they produce a famous textile or product, and if they are

k
connected to some historical or mythological events such as the Independence struggle or epics like the Mahabharata.

n
The entire exercise has been carried out under the ‘ Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar‘ (My Village My Heritage) programme
of the National Mission for Cultural Mapping (NMCM).

a
The NMCM aims to develop a comprehensive database of art forms, artists and other resources across the country. The

r
survey documents the cultural identity of the villages by involving citizens to share what makes their village, Block or

p
district unique. The survey process involves a CSC Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE) conducting meetings with locals

o
and then uploading interesting facts about their village, its places of interest, customs and traditions, famous
personalities, festivals and beliefs, art and culture, etc., on to a special application.

T
“As of today, short films have been made on 750 clusters villages. The films, which gives a 360 degree view of the village,
have been shot using drones,” Ms. Kaushal said.
The VLEs would these videos on the application as well. The detailed dossiers on these villages as well as the films which
have been shot will be made available in May on a web portal called ‘The National Cultural Work Place’. The web portal
would contain a virtual living museum of all villages documented. There would also be a facility for uploading a village
through crowd-sourcing and allowing villagers to edit and upload village data themselves.
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mission-to-map-rural-indias-cultural-assets-covers-over-one-lakh-
villages/article66706908.ece

120. The government has identified and documented 1) The NMCM was launched by the Ministry of
the unique cultural heritage of more than one lakh Culture in 2017 to develop a comprehensive
villages across the country under the National database of art forms, artists, and other
Mission for Cultural Mapping’s Mera Gaon Meri resources across the country.
Dharohar programme. The programme was 2) The cultural asset mapping of villages
launched in which year? was carried out through field surveys by joint
(a) 2020 (b) 2015 teams of the Ministry of Culture and
(c) 2017 (d) 2021 the Common Services Centres (CSC), Ministry
of Electronics and Information Technology.
121. Which of the following organisation launched the Which of the above statements are correct?
project "Mera Gaon MeriDharohar "? (a) Both 1&2 (b) only 1
(a) Niti Ayog (c) only 2 (d) None of the above
(b) Ministry of Culture 123. Villages under 'Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar have
(c) Ministry of tourism been categorized into seven to eight
(d) Indian Council of Agricultural Research categories based on ecological, developmental,
and historical significance, as well as cultural
122. Consider the following statements with respect to aspects. Which village is the first solar- powered
About National Mission for Cultural Mapping: village in India?
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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52
(a) Modhera village in Guajarat Cultural Mapping (NMCM) was handed over to the
(b) Bishnoi village in Rajasthan Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA) in
(c) Kandel in Madhya Pradesh which year?
(d) Suketi in Himachal Pradesh (a) 2015 (b) 2017
(c) 2020 (d) 2021
124. Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar’ (My Village My
Heritage) programme of the National Mission for

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

120. (d) 2015. PM launched the programme on July 25, the Ministry of Culture in 2017 to develop a
2015, in Patna. The survey is conducted in comprehensive database of art forms, artists,
partnership with the Common Services and other resources across the country. =.The

m
Centres (CSC). The 'Mera Gaon Meri budget approved for the mission was ₹469

co
Dharohar' survey documents the cultural crore for a period of three years.
identity of the villages by involving citizens to 123. (a) Modhera in Gujarat is the first solar-powered

.
share what makes their village, Block or village in India. Kandel in Madhya Pradesh,

s
district unique. the site of the famous "Jal Satyagraha".

r
121. (b) Recently, under the ‘ Mera Gaon Meri Hanol in Uttarakhand and Vidurashwathar of

e
Dharohar‘ (My Village My Heritage) program Karnataka, which are linked to
of the National Mission for Cultural Mapping the Mahabharata. Suketi in Himachal

k
(NMCM) the government has identified and Pradesh, Asia's oldest fossil park.

n
documented unique cultural features of more 124. (d) Under Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar survey, map

a
than 100,000 villages in rural India to preserve rural India’s cultural assets covers over one

r
and utilize their heritage. Government- lakh vill ages. The mapping was carried out
promoted CSC SPV, in collaboration with the under the ‘Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar’ (My

p
Ministry of Culture, will . undertake the first- Village My Heritage) programme of

o
ever cultural survey of India's villages through the National Mission for Cultural
a mobileapplication. Mapping (NMCM). The programme was

T
122. (a) The Union Ministry of Culture is going to handed over to the Indira Gandhi National
survey the cultural aspects of Indian villages. It Centre for Arts (IGNCA) in 2021.The ‘Mera
has partnered with the Common Services Gaon Meri Dharohar’ survey documents the
Centres (CSC), a special purpose vehicle under cultural identity of the villages by involving
the Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY), to citizens to share what makes their village,
undertake the first ever cultural survey of Block or district unique.
India’s villages. The NMCM was launched by

Passage: A Bengaluru-based space technology firm [1], on Thursday unveiled a chip that could form the core of
navigation, positioning and timing applications in India. The chip works using Navigation with Indian Constellation
(NavIC) or the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) satellites.
The chip has many cores that serve the requirements of signal acquisition, regeneration, processing and the output
interface and hence, it has been named as the NavIC processor. This will enable high precision and accuracy for all the
three types of applications such as navigation, positioning and timing, making India self-reliant in this domain.
This will enable high precision and accuracy for all the three types of applications such as navigation, positioning and
timing, making India self-reliant in this domain. The company has been pursuing advanced technologies to manufacture
these chips and modules, some of which have been supplied to the Indian Army and some private entities.
(Source:https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/step-towards-atmanirbharta-bengaluru-space-firm-launches-navic-chip-
set-to-reduce-dependence-on-gps-2359783-2023-04-14)

125. Which Chip-set manufacturing firm has recently (a) 5 (b) 2

unveiled chip with ISRO NavIC ? (c) 9 (d) 7
(a) Intel (b) Qualcomm
(c) Nvidia (d) TSMC 127. Which is the first satellite of India?
(a) Aryabhata (b) IRNSS-1B
126. How many Satellites are there in NavIC constellation (c) GSAT 14 (d) Bhaskara I
ISRO?
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
Delhi 9891906520 | Gurugram 09717289708 | Kanpur 8576066660 | Prayagraj 6306330553 | w 6390573333
53
128. What facts are true about NASA?
1. NASA headquarters is in Washington 129. Which of the following is not rocket launch site of
2. NASA was created by President Dwight India?
Eisenhower (a) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
3. NASA stands for National Aeronautics and (b) Satish Shawan Space Centre
Space Administration (c) Dr. Abdul KAlam Island
(a) Only 2 (b) 1 & 3 (d) A, b & c
(c) 1& 2 (d) 1, 2 & 3

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

125. (b) The Qualcomm Chip-set manufacturing firm is in Washington, which provides guidance and

m
has recently unveiled chip with ISRO NavIC for direction to agency. NASA was created by

co
Android Smartphone President Dwight Eisenhower.NASA stands for
126. (d) The NaVIC uses 7 satellites in order to provide National Aeronautics and Space Administration

.
real time positioning and timing in India 129. (d) The major rocket launch sites in India are-

s
127. (a) the first satellite of India was Aryabhata which is Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre,

r
named after famous Indian astronomer Thiruvananthapuram, kerala, The Satish
launched in 1975 from Kapustin Yar Dhawan Space Centre, Andhra Pradesh and Dr

e
128. (d) NASA which stands for National Aeronautics Abdul Kalam Island, Bhadrak in Odisha.

k
and Space Administration. NASA headquarters

n
Passage: The US Air Force (c)17 aircraft landed in Bengaluru over NAS(a)ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)

a
NISAR to the Indian space agency which marks a milestone in the US-India ties in space collaboration.

pr
NISAR, an Earth-observation satellite, is being jointly developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and
[2]. NISAR was envisioned eight years ago in 2014 as a powerful demonstration of the capability of radar as a science

o
tool and help us study Earth's dynamic land and ice surfaces in greater detail than ever before. It is expected to be

T
launched in January 2024 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre into near-polar orbit. The satellite will operate for a
minimum of three years. It is a [1]observatory. NISAR will map the entire globe in 12 days.

NISAR will be the first radar of its kind in space to systematically map Earth, using two different radar frequencies (L-
band and S-band) to measure changes in our planet's surface less than a centimeter across.

NISAR will provide a wealth of data and information about the Earth's surface changes, natural hazards, and ecosystem
disturbances, helping to advance our understanding of Earth system processes and climate change. NISAR data will be
used to improve agriculture management and food security by providing information about crop growth, soil moisture,
and land-use changes. The mission will provide data for infrastructure monitoring and management, such as monitoring
of oil spills, urbanization, and deforestation.
(Source:https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-receives-indo-us-jointly-developed-nisar-
satellite/articleshow/98504860.cms)

130. What is the nature of the NISAR Satellite? (a) L – Band is greater to S band
(a) High Earth Orbit Observer (b) S-Band is greater to L-Band
(b) Medium Earth Orbit Observer (c) L-band and S-Band are equal
(c) Low Earth Orbit Observer (d) None of the above
(d) None of the above
133. Where does Geo-stationary Satellite revolves at?
131. NISAR is a joint project of ISRO and ________ ? (a) Any height
(a) JAXA (b) DRDO (b) Any height above poles
(c) NASA (d) CNSA (c) Around Earth in its equatorial plane with same
angular speed and same direction of the Earth’s
132. What stands true about the Radio frequency Bands? rotation
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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54
(d) Around Earth in its equatorial plane with same 2. It is expected to be launched in 2024 from Satish
angular speed but opposite direction of the Dhawan Space Centre
Earth’s rotation 3. Satellite will operate for minimum 3 years
(a) Only 2 (b) 1 & 3
134. What is true about NISAR? (c) 2&3 (d) All of the above
1. It is built by space agency of USA and China in
2014

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

130. (c) the nature of the NISAR Satellite is that it is Low and same direction of the Earth’s rotation at an
Earth orbit satellite altitude of approximately 35,800 kms and in

m
131. (c) NISAR is a joint project of ISRO and NASA. direction of west to east.

co
NISAR means NAS(a)ISRO Synthetic Aperture 134. (c) It is built by space agency of USA and India in
Radar which can collect data day and night of 2014. It is expected to be launched in 2024 from

.
any weather. Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Satellite will

s
132. (b) S-Band is greater to L- Band. L Band has 1 to 2 operate for minimum 3 years using two different

r
GHz frequency range whereas S Band has 2 to 4 radar frequwncies L and S Band to measure
GHz frequency range. changes on Earths surface.

e
133. (c) the Geo Station Satellite revolves around Earth

k
in its equatorial plane with same angular speed

n
Passage: A total of 11,304 dancers and musicians performed Assam’s Bihu dance at a stadium in [2] on Thursday to

a
create two world records and take the traditional dance form to the world stage.

r
More than 7,000 dancers, most of them girls, and over 3,000 ‘dhol’ drummers and other musicians who have been

p
selected from all districts in the state and trained over the past few weeks, performed for 15 minutes at the Sarusajai
Stadium. This was followed by a separate performance comprising drummers and other musicians. The performers tried

o
to create world records in two categories—[2]that included traditional instruments like ‘dhol’, ‘pepa’, ‘gogona’ and ‘toka’.

T
Official certificates of the Guinness World Records will be handed over to the Assam government, which organised the
event, at a similar performance to be held at the same venue on Friday in front of Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
“It is a happy and memorable day for all Assamese people. We have to present ourselves as a proud race on the world
stage. We used to have all and still have, but our mentality of limiting ourselves between Sadiya and Dhubri (the
easternmost and westernmost boundaries of Assam) had taken our race backwards,” Sarma said in his address.
(Source:https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assams-bihu-dance-creates-two-world-records-with-11-304-
performers-in-guwahati-stadium-largest-bihu-dance-performance-performance-by-folk-musicians-
101681396650547.html)

135. Bihu, the main festival of the state of Assam is been 2. Kongali B. October
celebrated how many times in a year? 3. Bhogali C. April
(a) 2 (b) 5
(a) 1 A, 2 B, 3C (b) 1 C, 2 B, 3 A
(c) 4 (d) 3
(c) 1 B, 2C, 3 (d) 1 B, 2C, 3 A
136. The performers tried to create The Guinness World
138. Kuchipudi, is the famous dance form of which state
Record in which categories?
of India?
(a) largest Bihu dance performance
(a) Sikkim (b) Tamil Nadu
(b) largest performance by folk musicians
(c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
139. Which of the following statements is true about Bihu
Dance?
137. Match the Following
i. The word Bihu is derived from the Deori word
I II BUSU
1. Rongali A. January

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55
ii. First reference of Bihu was found in inscription iii. Bohaag Bihu marks a new year at beginning of
issued in 1401AD, during of King seeding time
Lakshminarayan (a) Only I (b) Both i and ii
(c) Bothe ii and iii (d) i, ii & iii

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

135. (d) Bihu, the main festival of the state of Assam is 138. (c) Kuchipudi, Indian Classical dance form is the
been celebrated three times in a year namely famous dance form of Andhra Pradesh state of
Bohag Bihu in the month of april, January and India.
October. 139. (d) The word Bihu is derived from the Deori word
136. (c) The performers tried to create The Guinness BUSU. First reference of Bihu was found in

m
World Record in the category of being largest inscription issued in 1401AD, during of King

co
Bihu dance performance as well as the largest Lakshminarayan. Bohaag Bihu marks a new year
performance by folk musicians at beginning of seeding time

.
137. (b) celebrated three times in a year, Rongali in
month of April, Bhogali in January and Kongali

s
in October

k e r
Passage: Ambedkar Jayanti is an annual festival celebrated in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr
Bhimrao Ambedkar, also known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, who was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and
politician and is best known as the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. Ambedkar Jayanti is observed on April 14

n
every year, which is his birth anniversary.

ra
Popularly known as the[1], Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was a multifaceted personality whose contributions had

p
impacts beyond the walls of the constituent assembly. A champion of reforms, he played significant parts in economics,
law and politics and as a prolific writer, he wrote extensively on history, economics, political science and sociology.

o
Ambedkar was a social reformer who worked tirelessly for the upliftment of the oppressed classes in India. He was also
a strong advocate of women's rights and gender equality.

T
Ambedkar was the first law and justice minister of independent India and also chaired the drafting committee of the
constituent assembly. However, apart from his contribution in framing the Constitution, he had inspired Dalit and
Buddhist movements in the country and campaigned against social discrimination.

Advocate of labour rights: Ambedkar believed that workers should have the right to form unions and bargain collectively
with their employers. He also believed that as labour is a crucial part of the economy, they should be treated with dignity
and respect. He supported minimum wages laws which he thought they would prevent labours from being exploited.
(Source:https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/ambedkar-jayanti-2023-inspiring-quotes-by-father-of-
indian-constitution-dr-babasaheb-br-ambedkar-101681287583368.html)

140. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is also known as? 142. The concept of impeachment of President has been
(a) father of the Constitution borrowed form which state?
(b) father of the Indian Constitution (a) Canada (b) Great Britain
(c) Maker of the Indian Constitution (c) USA (d) Ireland
(d) None of the above
143. Which fact about Indian Constitution stands true?
141. Who was the first law and justice minister of 1. Indian Constituiton was typed by Prem Behari
independent India? 2. Indian Constitution was handwritten by Prem
(a) Kailash Nath Katju Behari
(b) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar 3. Article 32 is the Heart and soul of Indian
(c) Charu Cahndra Constitution
(d) SArdar Vallabhbhai Patel 4. M.N. Roy was the first to propose the idea of
forming Constituent Assembly

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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56
(a) 1 & 2 (b) 1, 3 & 4 (a) 385 Articles 9 Schedules and 20 Parts
(c) 2 & 4 (d) 2,3 & 4 (b) 383 Articles 9 Schedules and 20 Parts
(c) 395 Articles 8 Schedules and 22 Parts
144. How many Articles, Schedules and Parts did the (d) 392 Articles 8 Schedules and 22 Parts
original Indian Constitution had?

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS

140. (b) Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is also known as Rights, and Functions of president and Vice
The Father of the Indian Constitution. President etc.
141. (b) Dr. B. R. Ambedkar or Baba Saheb was the first 143. (d) Indian Constitution was handwritten by Prem
law and justice minister of independent India Behari. Article 32 is the Heart and soul of Indian

m
142. (c) The concept of impeachment of President has Constitution. M.N. Roy was the first to propose

co
been borrowed form USA, along with the the idea of forming Constituent Assembly
concepts of Judicial Review, Fundamental 144. (c) the original Indian Constitution had 395Articles,

.
8Schedules and 22Parts

s
Passage: Two chemists from the Michigan State university have demonstrated when pressure is applied to an ionic

r
liquid, it releases electricity proportional to the amount of pressure applied, presenting the first observation of

e
piezoelectric effect in liquids for the first time.

k
In their paper published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Md. Iqbal Hossain and G. J. Blanchard claims that

n
the room-temperature ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide (BMIM+TFSI–)

a
and 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (HMIM+TFSI–), produced a voltage upon the

r
application of force when confined in a cell, with magnitude smaller than that seen in quartz. “This is the first report to

p
our knowledge of the direct piezoelectric effect in a neat liquid.” Piezoelectric effect is the phenomenon where certain
materials generate [1] when it is stretched. Conversely, when electricity is provided, the material undergoes a change in

o
shape.

T
This deformation causes the crystal to generate a voltage difference between the two metal plates, resulting in a high
voltage spark that is discharged through a spark gap to ignite the gas. Thus, the piezoelectric effect is used here to [2]in
form of spark.
(Source:https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/researchers-find-liquid-that-generates-electricity-upon-applying-
force-101680438085486.html)

145. Piezoelectric effect phenomenon generates which 3. The body develops an electric current when
energy on being stretched? squeezed
(a) Heat (b) Electricity (a) Only 1 (b) Both 1 and 3
(c) Light (d) None (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 & 3

146. Piezoelectricity effect can be used to covert which 148. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
energy? (a) Rocks which are subjected to High heat and
(a) Mechanical energy into Kinetic energy pressure
(b) Mechanical energy into wind energy (b) Weathering
(c) Mechanical energy into electric energy (c) Rock Crystallization
(d) Electric energy into wind energy (d) None of the above

147. Which of the following is true about 149. Piezoelectric mechanism involves development of
Piezoelectricity? electricity charge due to movement of electron upon
1. Quartz is the most famous Piezoelectric crystal application of stress.
2. Quartz is silicon dioxide (a) False (b) True
(c) Partially True (d) None

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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57
ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATIONS
145. (b) Piezoelectric effect phenomenon generates 148. (a) Rocks when subjected to high heat, high
Electric energy on being stretched or when pressure, hot rich fluid leads to formation of
subjected to stress or strain Metamorphic Rock.
146. (c) Piezoelectricity effect can be used to covert 149. (b) Piezoelectric mechanism involves development
mechanical energy generated by strain into of electricity charge due to movement of
electric energy electron upon application of stress.
147. (d) Quartz is the most famous Piezoelectric crystal
.Quartz is silicon dioxide. The body develops an
electric current when squeezed

co m
rs.
n k e
pra
T o

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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58
IMPORTANT ONE LINERS FOR OLETs
NATIONAL
Chhattisgarh's Nagri Dubraj rice variety gets geographical indication GI tag
 The Geographical Indication Registry earlier this week granted Chhattisgarh’s aromatic rice, Nagri Dubraj, a
geographical indication (GI) tag facilitating the brand to get a unique identity and a wide market. Union Agriculture
Minister, Narendra Singh Tomar in a tweet, said the Morena and Rewa Mango (both Madhya Pradesh) and Nagri
Dubraj have been given GI tags. It will give a new identity to the products in the national and international market,
Tomar added.
 The authorities in Chhattisgarh have been making efforts to get the GI tag for Nagri Dubraj for a long time. The

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Indira Gandhi Agricultural University played a crucial role in getting the rights as it has been in constant

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correspondence with the authorities concerned, a state government spokesperson said. It is produced by a women’s
self-help group, the spokesperson added.

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 The women's self-help group “Maa Durga Swasahayata Samuh” of Nagri in Dhamtari district has been harvesting

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Dubraj and had applied to the GI tag. Last year, Chief Minister (CM) Bhupesh Baghel promised to take initiative,

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stating that he will ensure the “fragrance” of Dubraj returns to the farmers’ fields. The Nagri Dubraj is known as the

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Basmati of Chhattisgarh because of its fragrance.

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PM Modi to flag off Bhopal-Delhi Vande Bharat Express today : April 1
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set to flag off the new Bhopal-Delhi Vande Bharat Express on April 1 from the Rani

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Kamalapati station in Madhya Pradesh's Bhopal. “PM Modi will be visiting Madhya Pradesh. During his visit to

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Bhopal on April 1, he will give a big gift to the people of the state in the form of Vande Bharat Express,” The 11th
Vande Bharat Express train is said to cover a 708 km distance in around seven hours, and 45 minutes.

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 According to reports, the train may run from Bhopal's Rani Kamlapati station to Hazrat Nizamuddin station instead

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of New Delhi railway station - to save time by half an hour.
 The train will depart from Rani Kamlapati Railway Station at 5:55 am, make a five-minute stop at Agra Cantt Railway

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Station, and proceed to New Delhi at 1:45 pm. During return, the Vande Bharat express will depart from New Delhi
at 2.45 pm and will reach the last stop Rani Kamlapati railway station at 10.45 pm. The train will provide a faster,
comfortable, and convenient travel experience to rail users, the official release said. It is also set to boost tourism,
and promote economic development in the region.

10th Edition of Indian – Sri Lanka Bilateral Maritime exercise SLINEX-2023 begins in Colombo
 The 10th Edition of the annual Indian – Sri Lanka Bilateral Maritime exercise SLINEX-2023 begins in Colombo today
3rd April. The exercise is being conducted in two phases of three days each, the Harbour Phase followed by Sea
Phase. The Indian Navy will be represented by INS Kiltan and INS Savitri while Sri Lanka Navy will have SLNS
Vijayabahu and SLNS Samudura. In addition, the Indian Navy Chetak helicopter and Dornier Maritime Patrol
Aircraft along with Sri Lanka Air Force Dornier and BEL 412 helicopters would also participate in the exercise. The
exercise will also have the Special Forces of the two navies participate together.
 SLINEX-2023 will aim to enhance inter-operability, improve mutual understanding and exchange best practices and
procedures in multi-faceted Maritime operations between both Navies. The Harbour Phase would include sports
fixtures, yoga sessions and cultural events which would provide an opportunity for personnel from both navies to
learn from each other, and re-enforce shared values as well as build bonds of friendship and camaraderie.

PM Modi inaugurates Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of CBI in New Delhi

 About: Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) - The Central Bureau of Investigation was established by a resolution
of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India dated 1st April 1963. So it has been 60 years of the agency.
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates the diamond jubilee celebrations of the Central Bureau of Investigation
(CBI) on April 3. at 12pm. The event took place at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi,
 He also released a Postage Stamp and Commemorative Coin marking the Diamond Jubilee Celebration year of CBI.
PM Modi also launched the Twitter handle CBI.
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 On the occasion, the Prime Minister conferred the President’s Police Medal to 18 officers of CBI for their
distinguished Service. He also gave away Gold Medal to three officers for Best Investigating Officers. The Prime
Minister also inaugurated newly constructed office complexes of CBI at Shillong, Pune and Nagpur. National
Security Advisor Ajit Doval, Union Minister Jitendra Singh and Senior officials of CBI were also present at the event.

Eravikulam National Park gets a fernarium: first in a hill station

 Eravikulam National Park in Munnar, India, has recently established a Fernarium, which is a unique garden that
showcases a wide variety of ferns. The Fernarium is the first of its kind in the hill station and has already planted 52
varieties of ferns. The goal is to increase the number of ferns in the park to cover all 104 varieties found in the area.
The Fernarium has been set up near the orchidarium and will be open to the public from April 20. The park officials
hope that this new attraction will provide visitors with awareness about the park’s biodiversity.
 The Fernarium at Eravikulam National Park is more than just a collection of plants. It is also a vital tool for

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conservation and education. The Fernarium showcases the unique ecology of the area and helps visitors understand
the importance of preserving the habitat of the endangered Nilgiri tahr. The Fernarium will also serve as a resource

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for researchers and botanists to study the different fern varieties found in the park.
 The Fernarium is a fascinating place for plant lovers and nature enthusiasts. It provides a peaceful environment to

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observe the different fern varieties up close. Visitors can learn about the different types of ferns and their ecological

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significance. The Fernarium is also a great place for photography, with the beautiful and unique foliage of the ferns

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making a perfect backdrop.

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Sheenu Jhawar Becomes The First Woman President Of TiE Rajasthan
 TiE Rajasthan announced Dr. Sheenu Jhawar as its new President for two year term 2023-2025. She is the first woman

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in the 21 years history of TiE Rajasthan to assume this responsibility. Dr. Jhawar took charge from Dr. Ravi Modani

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who was successfully leading the chapter since 2021. During the biennial leadership transition ceremony, Dr. Jhawar

r
informed that India has the third largest number of unicorns in the world, and within India - Jaipur stands as the

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first tier 2 city, at an overall 7th position as per Start up Blink report. This is a matter of great pride for all of us. TiE

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Rajasthan has been contributing to this ecosystem since the last 21 years. Our Past Presidents- Mahavir Sharma,
Atul Kapur, Dr. Ajay Data, Manuj Goyal, Rajneesh Bhandari, Rajesh Mundra, Siddharth Agarwal, Chirag Patel, and

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Dr. Ravi Modani have made a great visible impact. She also introduced her core committee members Anil Agarwal,
Archana Surana, Ashish Mangal, Nishant Patni, Parijat Agarwal, Puneet Mittal, Raj Bagri, Rajeev Lakhotia, Sanjay
Yadav, Sharvik Shah, Siddharth Shah, Vijay Khemka, and Vikram Ahuja who will help her with her new
responsibilities.
 As I take over as President for the next two years, I plan to carry on this legacy by more focus on the startups, and
work with other ecosystem partners, added Dr. Jhawar.

Sheenu Jhawar Becomes The First Woman President Of TiE Rajasthan

 TiE Rajasthan announced Dr. Sheenu Jhawar as its new President for two year term 2023-2025. She is the first woman
in the 21 years history of TiE Rajasthan to assume this responsibility. Dr. Jhawar took charge from Dr. Ravi Modani
who was successfully leading the chapter since 2021. During the biennial leadership transition ceremony, Dr. Jhawar
informed that India has the third largest number of unicorns in the world, and within India - Jaipur stands as the
first tier 2 city, at an overall 7th position as per Start up Blink report. This is a matter of great pride for all of us. TiE
Rajasthan has been contributing to this ecosystem since the last 21 years. Our Past Presidents- Mahavir Sharma,
Atul Kapur, Dr. Ajay Data, Manuj Goyal, Rajneesh Bhandari, Rajesh Mundra, Siddharth Agarwal, Chirag Patel, and
Dr. Ravi Modani have made a great visible impact. She also introduced her core committee members Anil Agarwal,
Archana Surana, Ashish Mangal, Nishant Patni, Parijat Agarwal, Puneet Mittal, Raj Bagri, Rajeev Lakhotia, Sanjay
Yadav, Sharvik Shah, Siddharth Shah, Vijay Khemka, and Vikram Ahuja who will help her with her new
responsibilities.
 As I take over as President for the next two years, I plan to carry on this legacy by more focus on the startups, and
work with other ecosystem partners, added Dr. Jhawar.

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Amit Shah Unveils 54 Feet Hanuman Statue In Gujarat On Hanuman Jayanti
 Union Home Minister Amit Shah on Thursday unveiled a 54 feet tall statue of Lord Hanuman at Sarangpur temple
in Gujarat’s Botad district on the occasion of Hanuman Jayanti. The festival, which celebrates the birth of Lord
Hanuman,
 Shah was in the state to attend an event to mark the BJP’s 44th foundation day.
 The statue is built in the backyard of the Sarangpur temple in an area of 1,35,000 square feet. The temple is dedicated
to Lord Kastbhanjan, a form of Hanuman.
 The giant statue weighs around 30,000 kilogram and is visible from a distance of seven kilometre. Five different
metals were used in its construction and the total diameter of the statue is 754 feet. The internal structure is made
of steel.
 According to reports, 3D printers, 3D routers, and CNC machines were used in its construction. The statue has been
made to withstand earthquakes.

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Kerala tops GI tag list in FY 2022-23
 Kerala has topped the list of states in the country with most number of products securing the Geographical

.
Indication (GI) tag in financial year 2022-23, a data shared by the GI Registry said,
 Attappady Aattukombu Avara, Attappady Thuvara, Onattukara Ellu, Kanthaloor Vattavada Veluthuli, Kodungallur

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Pottuvellari were picked for the GI recognition tag as per the data released by the registry.
 Besides the 6 products from Kerala, Mithila Makhana (aquatic fox nut) from Bihar was selected for GI recognition

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followed by Alibag white onion from Maharashtra. Tandur Redgram from Telangana the local variety of pea, Ladakh

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Raktsey Karpo Apricot from Ladakh and Gamosa handicrafts from Assam were also chosen for the honours.

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 The Geogrphical Indication relates to particular location and product manufactured from that region, In order to

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function as a GI, a sign must identify a product as originating in a given place

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Amit Shah Unveils 54 Feet Hanuman Statue In Gujarat On Hanuman Jayanti
 Union Home Minister Amit Shah on Thursday unveiled a 54 feet tall statue of Lord Hanuman at Sarangpur temple
in Gujarat’s Botad district on the occasion of Hanuman Jayanti. The festival, which celebrates the birth of Lord

T
Hanuman,
 Shah was in the state to attend an event to mark the BJP’s 44th foundation day.
 The statue is built in the backyard of the Sarangpur temple in an area of 1,35,000 square feet. The temple is dedicated
to Lord Kastbhanjan, a form of Hanuman.
 The giant statue weighs around 30,000 kilogram and is visible from a distance of seven kilometre. Five different
metals were used in its construction and the total diameter of the statue is 754 feet. The internal structure is made
of steel.
 According to reports, 3D printers, 3D routers, and CNC machines were used in its construction. The statue has been
made to withstand earthquakes.

Kerala tops GI tag list in FY 2022-23

 Kerala has topped the list of states in the country with most number of products securing the Geographical
Indication (GI) tag in financial year 2022-23, a data shared by the GI Registry said,
 Attappady Aattukombu Avara, Attappady Thuvara, Onattukara Ellu, Kanthaloor Vattavada Veluthuli, Kodungallur
Pottuvellari were picked for the GI recognition tag as per the data released by the registry.
 Besides the 6 products from Kerala, Mithila Makhana (aquatic fox nut) from Bihar was selected for GI recognition
followed by Alibag white onion from Maharashtra. Tandur Redgram from Telangana the local variety of pea, Ladakh
Raktsey Karpo Apricot from Ladakh and Gamosa handicrafts from Assam were also chosen for the honours.
 The Geogrphical Indication relates to particular location and product manufactured from that region, In order to
function as a GI, a sign must identify a product as originating in a given place.

TVS SCS wins UK defence ministry contract for supplying Land Rover spares
 TVS Supply Chain Solutions (TVS SCS), an integrated supply chain solutions provider, on Thursday announced it
has won a UK government contract for providing spares and accessories for the Land Rover Wolf, a military vehicle.

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 The contract is from the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD), acting through its agent, Babcock Land Defence. This
two-plus one-year agreement will see TVS SCS use its accredited inventory management, procurement and supply
chain expertise to ensure the optimum availability of spares for the legacy vehicle platform.
 The Land Rover Wolf fleet has been in service with the UK defence ministry since the mid-1990s. TVS SCS, along
with the post design services contractor, will support the availability and upkeep of the platform.
 “This business win is a testament to TVS SCS’ strong position in providing supply chain capability to support several
of the UK MOD’s vehicle platforms. We continue to thrive on our expertise and believe in the power of adding value
to our customers in every possible way,” said Ravi Viswanathan, managing director at TVS Supply Chain Solutions.

President Droupadi Murmu inaugurates Gaj Utsav at Kaziranga in Assam

 President Droupadi Murmu said that human society will be benefited through elephant conservation and it would
also help in addressing the climate change issue.

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 Inaugurating the Gaj Utsav -2023 at the Kaziranga national park, President Murmu said that elephant doesn’t hurt

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anyone without any reason. She said that the onus is with the human to solve the man-elephant conflict.
 Lauding the Oscar-winning documentary Elephant Whisperers, she said that the documentary has perfectly portrait

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the love for nature. She mentioned that elephant is the symbol of progress in our country and it is the duty of our

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countryman to protect them.

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 Stating that like human elephant also loves to stay together as a family,she urged forest officials and concerned

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departments to take the needful step to reunite wild elephants if someone went missing from their family.

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Andaman & Nicobar Command Conducts Joint Military Drill KAVACH.
 The Andaman and Nicobar Command conducted joint military exercises ‘KAVACH’ involving assets of the Army,

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Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard.

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 The joint forces carried out multi-domain exercises including amphibious landing, air-landed operations, heliborne

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operations and rapid insertion of Special Forces. It showcased a coordinated approach to surveillance, networked

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and synergized operations, aimed at achieving greater interoperability

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 The exercises had included multi-faceted maritime operations by synergised employment of amphibious assault
ships, surveillance platforms, execution of maritime air strikes and complex manoeuvres at sea.

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 In 2021, a similar large-scale joint-services amphibious exercise AMPHEX – 21 was conducted in the Andaman and
Nicobar group of islands between January 21 and 25 and Ex KAVACH formed a part of it.

PM, Modi launched International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA) in Karnataka.

 Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday launched the International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA) during his visit to
Karnataka. He also released a commemorative coin on the completion of 50 years of Project Tiger. PM Modi and
other dignitaries gave standing ovation to Tiger at the inaugural session of commemoration of 50 years of Project
Tiger.
 During the programme, he released the publication 'Amrit Kaal Ka Vision for Tiger Conservation', a summary report
of 5th cycle of Management Effective Evaluation of Tiger Reserves. He also released a summary report of All India
Tiger Estimation (5th cycle).
 After the launch, PM Modi said,- Project Tiger leads the way in the protection and conservation of big cats. It is part
of Indian culture to protect nature. The success of Project Tiger is a matter of pride not only for India but for the
whole world. India has completed 75 years of independence; and at the same time, 75% of the world's tiger
population is in India.
 PM Modi had also met Bomman and Bellie, the couple who featured in the Oscar-winning documentary 'The
Elephant Whisperers'. He said, "The Elephant Whispers documentary that won an Oscar also reflects our legacy of
the wonderful relationship between nature and creatures

Union Minister of MoSJ&E, Dr Virendra Kumar Inaugurated Second Composite Rehabilitation Centre (CRC)
in M.P
 Union Minister of MoSJ&E, Dr Virendra Kumar Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment, inaugurated
and dedicated the services of Composite Regional Centre (CRC) for Skill Development, Rehabilitation and
Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) on 8 th April at Old Tehsil Bhavan, Mahalangate in
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Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh. During inauguration program attended by senior officials of Central and State
Government Dr Virendra Kumar stressed the needs to provide continuous and planned services to the persons with
disabilities with skill development in different domain areas. He appreciated the efforts of the Ministry in making
accessible environment in buildings and public places. He also said that CRC will become a hub for innovation,
education, and meet the needs for manpower and research to enable a better and quality life for persons with
disabilities so that persons with disabilities will be able to contribute to the development of society.
 It is also planned to bring together experts from diverse fields of rehabilitation of persons with disabilities under
one roof and accelerate the services, create breakthroughs and tackle some of the most pressing challenges facing
society today by persons with various types of disabilities in and around chhatrapur. The program was blessed by
Shri Om Prakash Sakhlecha, Minister of Science and Technology, Medium Small-Scale Industries, and Minister in-
charge Chhatarpur District, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh. Speaking during the function Shri Om Prakash Sakhlecha,
said that there is need towards meeting the demands of participation of persons with disabilities in “Atma nirbhar

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Bharat”. He thanked the Union Minister of MoSJ&E, Dr Virendra Kumar Union Minister for Social Justice and

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Empowerment for his efforts in starting the CRC-Chhatrapur in Madhya Pradesh. Guest of honour will be Shri
Pradyumn Singh, MLA, Badamalhera, Nagrik Apurthi Nigam, Shri Rajesh Prajapati, MLA Chandla, Shri Rajesh

.
Shukla, MLA Bhijawar.

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Ukraine Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister on India visit
 Ukraine's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Emine Dzhaparova is on a four-day official visit to New Delhi, starting

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today. ( From April 9 – 12 ) In her first visit since the Russian invasion began in February 2021, the Ukrainian minister

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will meet delegates of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). Dzhaparova is also expected to extend an invitation

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to Prime Minister Narendra Modi to visit Ukraine.
 Dzhaparova will hold talks with Verma, during which both sides are expected to discuss bilateral relations and

ra
exchange views on current situation in Ukraine and global issues of mutual interest. Dzhaparova will also call on
Minister of State for External Affairs and Culture Meenakshi Lekhi and meet Deputy National Security Adviser

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Vikram Misri.

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 In a telephonic conversation with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in October last year, Prime Minister Modi said

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there could be "no military solution" and that India was ready to contribute to peace efforts.
 "Over the last 30 years of establishing diplomatic relations, bilateral cooperation between the two countries has
made significant progress in the areas of trade, education, culture and defence," the MEA said. "The visit will be an
occasion to further mutual understanding and interests,

Anti-submarine rockets developed by 2 Pune labs successfully tested from INS Chennai
 The Extended Range Anti Submarine Rocket (ER-ASR) designed by two Pune-based facilities of the Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was successfully test-fired for the first time from Navy’s INS
Chennai earlier on April 3. DRDO officials said the rocket has been designed to replace the existing Russian-origin
Rocket Guided Bombs (RGBs).
 The ER-ASR was designed and developed by Pune-based Armament Research and Development Establishment
(ARDE) and High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL). It is designed to intercept submarines at specific
depths.
 The rocket system will be deployed in anti-submarine operations and will be fired from an indigenised rocket
launcher mounted onboard various Indian naval ships. ER-ASR can be fired in single or in salvo mode depending
on the tactical mission requirements. DRDO officials said the maiden successful test from the ship is a step towards
enhancing the capability of the Indian Navy in anti-submarine warfare and towards achieving ‘Atma Nirbharta’ in
defence.
 DRDO officials said that ER-ASR has been designed to replace the existing Russian origin RGB rockets which are
already fitted in ships. While the RGB has a range of five kilometers, the ER-ASR can achieve a range over eight
kilometers.

HM Amit Shah to launch Vibrant Villages Programame in Kibithoo border village in Arunachal Pradesh
 Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah will be on a two-day visit to Arunachal Pradesh from
April 10, On the first day of the visit, he will launch the ‘Vibrant Villages Programme’ in Kibithoo, a border village
in the Anjaw district of Arunachal Pradesh. He Minister will also inaugurate nine Micro Hydel Projects of the
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63
Arunachal Pradesh government constructed under the “Golden Jubilee Border Illumination Programme” in
Kibithoo. These electricity projects will empower people living in border villages.
 The Union Home Minister is also to inaugurate the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) projects to augment
infrastructure at Likabali (Arunachal Pradesh), Chapra (Bihar), Nooranad (Kerala) and Vishakapatnam - Andhra
Pradesh. He will also interact with ITBP personnel at Kibithoo. An exhibition of the products made by women
members of Self-Help Groups of border districts will also be organized. Mr. Shah will visit exhibition stalls to
acquaint with and appreciate the efforts of women of border villages. Tomorrow, the Union Home Minister will
visit Namti field and pay homage at the Walong War Memorial.

President Murmu presents National Grassroots Innovation Awards and also inaugurated the FINE-2023
 President Droupadi Murmu on Monday presented NIF’s 11th Biennial National Grassroots Innovation and
Outstanding Traditional Knowledge Awards at the Rashtrapati Bhavan Cultural Center (RBCC). She also

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inaugurated the Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (FINE)-2023 at Sports Ground near RBCC - Rashtrapati
Bhavan Cultural Center.

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 Addressing the award ceremony, the President said that citizens at the grassroots level have the potential to come

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up with science and technology based innovative solutions and serve the nation to the best of their abilities. The

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National Innovation Foundation (NIF) plays a vital role in encouraging and supporting such innovators. She said

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that NIF has created a database of more than 32,5000 technical ideas, innovations and traditional knowledge
practices from more than 625 districts of the country. She was also happy to note that NIF has recognized 1093

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grassroots innovators and school students at the national level in its various award ceremonies.

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Ayush Minister Sarbananda Sonowal inaugurated Yoga Mahotsav in Dibrugarh

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 Sarbananda Sonowal, the Union Minister for AYUSH, inaugurated the International Yoga Mahotsav at the

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Dibrugarh University Playground to mark the upcoming International Day of Yoga 2023, which is just 75 days away.

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 Union Ayush minister Sarbananda Sonowal stressed that every household should practice yoga to lead a healthy

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and peaceful life.

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 Addressing the gathering on the occasion of the Yoga Mahotsav at Dibrugarh today, Mr. Sonowal thanked Prime
Minister Narendra Modi for popularising Yoga globally. He also announced to set up a 100 bedded yoga and

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naturopathy hospital at Dibrugarh.
 MoU has also been signed between Dibrugarh University and Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga for
promotion of Yoga among students.
 Last year, 125 Cr people participated in yoga practices, and this year the plan is to make it even bigger.

UP gets World's first Asian King Vulture Conservation and Breeding Center
 Uttar Pradesh has set up a state-of-the-art Jatayu Conservation and Breeding Center (JCBC) for the critically
endangered Asian king vulture, the first of its kind in the world.
 It is located in the Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh and is spread over 1.5 hectares. The JCBC is designed to
maintain a sustainable population of Asian king vultures by breeding them in captivity and releasing them into the
wild. The Asian king vulture is protected under the Wildlife Protection Act and is listed as critically endangered by
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. The use of diclofenac in veterinary medicine
in India has led to a population decline in recent years, and the JCBC aims to have at least 40 vultures in captivity
over 15 years to ensure the sustainable conservation of the species. The Forest Department has partnered with the
Bombay Natural History Society for technical guidance.
 Wildlife Protection Act: The Wildlife Protection Act is a law enacted in India in 1972 with the primary objective of
protecting the wildlife and their habitats in the country. The Act prohibits hunting, poaching, capturing or killing
any wild animal listed under Schedules I to IV of the Act, without prior permission from the authorities

Exercise Cope India 23 between the Indian Air Force, United States Air Force begins
 Exercise Cope India 23 has started between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the United States Air Force (USAF)
on Monday. This 11 days exercise is being held at Air Force Stations Arjan Singh (Panagarh), Kalaikunda and Agra.
The exercise aims at enhancing mutual understanding between the two Air Forces and sharing their best practices,
 Both sides will field the C-130J and C-17 aircraft, with the USAF operating an MC-130J, as well. The exercise also
includes the presence of Japanese Air Self Defence Force aircrew, who will participate in the capacity of observers.
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64
 This exercise is being held after a gap of 4 years because of Covid – 19 pandemic, The previous edition of the exercise
was held in 2019 at air basis in Kalaikunda amd Panagarh.

Prime Minister Modi flagged off Rajasthan’s first Vande Bharat Express train
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off the Rajasthan’s first Vande Bharat Express train today via video
conferencing. Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw and Rajasthan Governor Kalraj Mishra attended the programme.
 The inaugural train will run between Jaipur and Delhi Cantt. railway station. The regular service of the train will
start between Ajmer and Delhi Cantt. Tomorrow (13 April), with stops at Jaipur, Alwar and Gurgaon. The train will
improve the connectivity to major tourist destinations in Rajasthan, including Pushkar and the Ajmer Sharif
Dargah, among other places that draw visitors in bulk around the year.
 The new Vande Bharat Express will cover the distance between Delhi Cantt. and Ajmer in 5 hours 15 minutes. The
fastest train on the same route, Shatabdi Express, takes 6 hours 15 minutes from Delhi Cantt. to Ajmer. That means,

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the new Vande Bharat Express will be faster by 60 minutes as compared to the present fastest train running on the
same route.

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 The Ajmer-Delhi Cantt. Vande Bharat Express will be the world’s first semi-high-speed passenger train on high-rise

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overhead electric (OHE) territory.
 Today, more than 500 school students will be given the opportunity to travel free of cost in the inaugural special

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Vande Bharat train.

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Sehore Sharbati wheat and various handicraft products from Madhya Pradesh gets GI tag

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 Madhya Pradesh’s popular Sharbati wheat, also called The Golden Grain, has bagged the Geographical Indication

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(GI) tag. Efforts were on to get it the GI tag for a very long time. While Sehore district is the largest producer of
Sharbati wheat in the country, Madhya Pradesh is its largest producer and exporter.

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 Flour made from Sharbati wheat is considered to be of the highest quality in the country. Farmers also get the

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highest level of prices for the most productive sharbati wheat in the district.

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 As the name suggests, Sharbati variety wheat is slightly sweeter in taste probably due to the presence of slightly

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more amount of simple sugars like glucose and sucrose as compared to other wheat varieties.
 Recently, several handicraft products of Madhya Pradesh also received the GI tags, including wrought iron crafts of

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Dindori, batik print of Ujjain, handmade carpet of Gwalior, stone craft of Bhedaghat in Jabalpur and handloom
sarees and fabrics of Waraseoni.

World's 'most criminal countries' ranking: India behind US, UK at 77 spot

 World of Statistics has shared the ranking of the world's "most criminal countries". On the list, Venezuela has been
ranked top, followed by Papua New Guinea (2), Afghanistan (3), South Africa (4), Honduras (5), Trinidad (6),
Guyana (7), Syria (8), Somalia (9) and Jamaica (10), respectively.
 India stood at 77 spots while the US and UK were ahead of India in the criminal ranking country. The USA was at
55th number and the UK at 65th rank, according to the World of Statistics.
 Turkey, Germany, and Japan were among the least criminal countries, ranking at 92nd, 100th, and 135th ranks.
 Overall crime rate is calculated by dividing the total number of reported crime of any kind by the total population,
then multiplying the result by 100,000 – Because the crime rate is typically reported as ‘X’ number of crime per
100,000 people.

Solar Energy Corporation Gets Miniratna Category-I Status

 State-owned Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd (SECI) has got the status of Miniratna Category-I Central Public
Sector Enterprise (CPSE). A communication to this effect has been issued by the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, a ministry statement said on Wednesday.
 SECI has been accorded the status of Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) on Monday,
10th April, 2023, it stated. Incorporated in the year 2011, SECI is the primary implementing agency for renewable
energy schemes/projects of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy towards fulfilment of India's international
commitments.
 Till date, SECI has awarded Renewable Energy (RE) project capacities of over 56 GW. SECI is also active in setting
up of projects through its own investments as well as for other public sector entities as Project Management
Consultant (PMC). SECI enjoys highest credit rating of AAA by domestic rating agency ICRA.
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Telangana CM KC Rao to Unveil 125-Ft Tall Statue of B R Ambedkar In Hyderabad
 Telangana Chief Minister K Chandrasekhar Rao will unveil the 125-ft tall statue of B R Ambedkar in Hyderabad on
April 14 to celebrate on a grand scale the birth anniversary of the architect of the Constitution. Flower petals would
be showered from a helicopter on the statute paying floral tributes to Ambedkar. His grandson Prakash Ambedkar
is invited as the sole chief guest at the event
 The Chief Minister previously said that the statue to be inaugurated by him will be India’s tallest statue of
Ambedkar. It has been built next to the State Secretariat, opposite to Buddha statue, and located beside the
Telangana Martyrs Memorial. He said it will inspire people every day and motivate the entire State administration.
 Arrangements are made to ensure that over 35,000 people from all 119 constituencies attend the Ambedkar statue
unveiling meeting with 300 people from each constituency. As many as 750 state-run Road Transport Corporation
buses will be operated to bring the public to the event.

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PM Modi Inaugurates Northeast's 1st AIIMS
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Friday dedicated to the nation newly built AIIMS Guwahati on the first day of

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Assam's spring festival - Rongali Bihu. It is pertinent to note that the hospital is the first AIIMS in northeast India.

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PM Modi inspected the campus of AIIMS Guwahati and subsequently inaugurated it and three medical colleges at

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Nalbari, Nagaon and Kokrajhar. As per an official PMO release, the operationalization of AIIMS, Guwahati will mark

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a momentous occasion for the state of Assam and the entire Northeast region.
 Notably, the foundation stone of this Hospital was also laid by the Prime Minister in May 2017, the release added.

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AIIMS Guwahati is a state-of-the-art hospital with a capacity of 750 beds including 30 AYUSH beds and has been

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built at a cost of more than Rs 1120 crores.

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 The Prime Minister also laid the foundation stone of the Assam Advanced Health Care Innovation Institute (AAHII).

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A AHII, to be built at a cost of about Rs. 546 crore, will facilitate cutting-edge inventions and R&D in medicine and

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healthcare, identify the nation's unique problems related to health and promote the development of new
technologies for solving those problems

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The Bharat Gaurav Tourist train tour on Ambedkar Circuit flagged off from New Delhi today,14 April
 The Bharat Gaurav Tourist train tour on Ambedkar Circuit was flagged off on April 14 by Shri G. Kishan Reddy,

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Minister of Tourism, Culture and DONER, & Dr. Virendra Kumar, Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment
today from Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station. Passengers of the Yatra will visit prominent places associated with
the life of Baba Saheb B R Ambedkar
 The special Bharat Gaurav Tourist Train will be on an eight-day tour starting from Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway
Station with visits covering the important places associated with the life of Baba Saheb Ambedkar including New
Delhi, Mhow, Nagpur and Buddhist sites likeSanchi, Sarnath, Gaya, Rajgir and Nalanda.
 To poularise this special initiative, a group of stakeholders including tour operators, tour guides, journalists,
Buddhist associations, Gautam Buddha University members and Yuva Tourism Club members, have been invited
for a first-hand experience of this specially organised trip

Andhra Pradesh's Jagan Mohan Reddy most wealthiest CM in India

 A total of 29 of the incumbent chief ministers are crorepatis in India with Andhra Pradesh's Jagan Mohan Reddy
having the highest assets totaling ₹510 crore, according to poll affidavits analyzed by the Association for Democratic
Reforms (ADR).
 The report stated that West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee has the lowest total assets of about ₹15 lakh,
 Out of the 30 CMs analyzed, 29 (97 percent) are crorepatis with the average assets being ₹33.96 crore for every CM,
the ADR said.
 The top three chief ministers in terms of assets are Andhra Pradesh's Jagan Mohan Reddy (over ₹510 crore),
Arunachal Pradesh's Pema Khandu (over ₹163 crore), and Odisha's Naveen Patnaik (over ₹63 crore), according to
the ADR.
 The three CMs with the lowest declared assets are – West Bengal's Mamata Banerjee (over ₹15 lakh), Kerala's
Pinarayi Vijayan (over ₹1 crore), and Haryana's Manohar Lal (over ₹1 crore), the ADR said.
 After analyzing the self-sworn poll affidavits of all the 30 current chief ministers of states and union territories, the
ADR and Election Watch (NEW) said that have arrived at this conclusion.
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 There are 28 state chief ministers and two union territories -- Delhi and Puducherry -- also have chief ministers.
The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir does not have a chief minister currently.

Rajasthan's Nandini Gupta Crowned As Femina Miss India 2023

 Femina Miss India World 2023 is Nandini Gupta of Rajasthan. Shreya Poonja of Delhi joined her as the first runner-
up, and Thounaojam Strela Luwang of Manipur took second place. Nandini, 19, is from Kota, one of the largest
teaching centres for engineering and medical students in the nation. The beauty with brains, Nandini has a degree
in business management and is committed to overcoming obstacles. This year's first runner up was Delhi native
Shreya Poonja, and the second runner up was Thounaojam Strela Luwang.
 The big finale of the 59th season of the most renowned pageant in India was held in a historic ceremony at the
Indoor Stadium, Khuman Lampak, in Imphal, Manipur, the stunning city that served as the ideal setting for the
mesmerising event.

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SSC GD Exam to be held in 13 regional languages

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 In a new milestone, the Ministry of Home Affairs has decided to conduct the Constable (General Duty) examination
for Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) in 13 regional languages, in addition to Hindi and English.

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 With this decision, now the languages for the Constable GD exam will include Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi,

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Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Odia, Urdu, Punjabi, Manipuri and Konkani apart from English and Hindi.

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 The landmark initiative has been taken to give a major push to the participation of local youth in the CAPF and

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encourage regional languages. Due to the decision, it is expected that more candidates will appear for the exams in

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their native or regional language, increasing their chances of being chosen.
 For facilitating the conduct of the exam in multiple languages in addition to English and Hindi, the Ministry of

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Home Affairs and Staff Selection Commission (SSC) would sign an addendum to the existing MoU.

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 The Staff Selection Commission’s Constable GD exam is one of its flagship tests, drawing thousands of applicants

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from all over the nation. The conduct of the exam in 13 regional or native languages will be seen in effect from

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January 1, 2024, onwards.

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Bihu makes it to the Guinness Book of World Record

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 Assam’s Bihu dance on Thursday made it to the Guinness World Records with a performance by 11,304 dancers
dancers and drummers performing the traditional ‘Bihu’ dance and playing the ‘dhol’ at a single venue, the Sarusajai
Stadium in Guwahati.
 The Guinness World Records adjudicator handed over both certificates to the chief minister in presence of Prime
Minister Narendra Modi on Friday evening, when the dance performance was repeated at the same venue. Sarma’s
office tweeted with the hashtag ModijiCelebratesBihu, “A sight to behold! Hon PM Shri @narendramodi Ji joins the
beautiful cultural extravaganza as many dance together on the beats of #Bihu in #Assam. LARGEST BIHU DANCE
IN A SINGLE VENUE.”
 Bihu is a vibrant folk dance form and symbolises Assam’s culture and identity. The attempt to enter the record book
for the largest Bihu at one venue was initially scheduled for April 14 with the Prime Minister in attendance but since
the Guinness certificate would be handed over a day later, the mega dance performance was organised on Thursday,

President Murmu inaugurated the National Panchayat Awards Week

 As India advances towards National Panchayati Raj Day 2023, which is celebrated on April 24, the Ministry of
Panchayati Raj is celebrating National Panchayat Awards Week during April 17- 21, 2023, as part of Azadi Ka Amrit
Mahotsav 2.0.
 President Droupadi Murmu inaugurated ‘National Conference on Incentivization of Panchayats-cum-Award
Ceremony’ on April 17 and flagged off the National Panchayat Awards Week. The five-day event is expected to
witness the participation of more than 1,500 delegates from across the country.
 The Awardee Panchayats will be felicitated, and the award money will be transferred digitally to the Awardee
Panchayats on this occasion. The various categories of National Panchayat Awards–2023 are as followed:
 Deen Dayal Upadhyay Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (DDUPSVP) for the performance under individual LSDG
themes
 Nanaji Deshmukh Sarvottam Panchayat Satat Vikas Puraskar (NDSPSVP) for the aggregate performance under all
9 LSDG themes and green initiative related Special Categories
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 Gram Urja Swaraj Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar
 (iv) Carbon Neutral Vishesh Panchayat Puraskar
 A booklet on ‘Best Practices on Works of Awardee Panchayats’ would be released by Union Minister Giriraj Singh,
Union Minister of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj and the first copy of the booklet will be presented to the
President.

Kerala adopts Water Budget to tackle problem of summer water shortage, - The first of its kind in the country.
 With an abundance of rivers, streams, backwaters and a good amount of rainfall contribute to the lush greenery in
Kerala, many parts of which yet face acute water scarcity when it comes to the summers. And this has led to the
state adopting a Water Budget — the first of its kind in the country.
 The details of the first phase of the Water Budget in the state covering 94 grama panchayats in 15 block panchayats
were unveiled on Monday by Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan.

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 At the event, Vijayan said that the state was witnessing a reduction in water availability and therefore a water budget

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would be helpful in properly utilising the resource and preventing wastage.
 Water experts welcomed the initiative and said it would help the state ascertain the demand and supply of the

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precious liquid resource and apportion it accordingly, as the problem was not one of availability, but of management

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 The usage of water, so has to be regulated in accordance with its availability in an area. That is where the water

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budget comes in. It would lead to awareness among the public against unnecessary wastage of water and through

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that we can achieve water conservation.

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DRDO Industry Academia Centre Of Excellence Inaugurated At IIT Hyderabad

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 The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Industry Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE)

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has been inaugurated at the Indian Institute of Technology -Hyderabad. This is the biggest such facility in the

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country. DRDO Chairman Dr Samir V Kamat inaugurated the facility at the campus of the IIT-Hyderabad at

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Sangareddy in Telangana. Speaking on the occasion, he said the centre will take up futuristic projects towards long-
term directed research needed for DRDO. He said the DIA CoE IITH is the largest centre among all 15 CoEs in the

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country and DRDO team will work with IIT-H to identify the target projects in each of these domains and execute

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to complete in a period of 3-5 years.
 The research cell, which marked the beginning of the collaboration between DRDO and IITH three years ago, has
now been transformed into a Centre of Excellence. The CoE will have seven verticals of technology projects that
will be undertaken at DIA-CoE at IITH.IITH director

EC first time introduces Vote from Home option in Karnataka Assembly election
 In Bengaluru, the Vote from Home option has been chosen by around 8900 persons who are above 80 years old or
people with disability. The Election Commission has introduced this option for the first time in the Karnataka
Assembly election to encourage electoral participation in Urban areas.
 AIR correspondent reports, this is a first of its kind initiative by the Election Commission to introduce the Vote
from Home option for those who cannot visit the polling booth due to age factor or due to disability. Such citizens
had to submit a 12D form before April 17th at the booth-level office to avail the option. Bruhat Bengaluru
Mahanagara Palike will create a temporary polling booth at the residences of such voters opting to vote from home.
 The officials will visit such homes four or five days in advance before the polling day of May 10. A Presiding officer,
booth level officer, police personnel, and a videographer will visit such homes under intimation to the candidates
contesting the election in such constituencies in Bengaluru. An envelope with the ballot paper will be given to the
voter who votes in secrecy and puts it in the envelope. The envelope is sealed with the videographer recording the
entire exercise. There are over two lakh voters in Bengaluru above the age of 80 or with a disability but not all have
opted to vote from home.

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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Two-day Millet Mahotsav to begin in Jodhpur, Rajasthan
 In Rajasthan, a two-day Millet Mahotsav will begin at Jodhpur today, April 20. During this period there will be
interactive sessions between industry experts and micro food processing enterprises, SHGs, and FPOs engaged in
food processing. Agri-food processing business opportunities, various schemes, incentives, and millets will also be
discussed at the event.
 An exhibition is also being set up at the Millets Fair being organized by the Union Ministry of Food Processing
Industries at CAZRI in which various millet-based products besides processing machinery will be displayed. Union
Minister of Jal Shakti Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, Union Minister of State for Food Processing Industries Prahlad
Singh Patel, and Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Kailash Chaudhary will be present at the
closing ceremony tomorrow.

Agriculture Minister Narendra Singh Tomar launches SATHI Portal & Mobile App
 Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Minister Narendra Singh Tomar has launched the SATHI (Seed Traceability,

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Authentication and Holistic Inventory) Portal and Mobile App to deal with the challenges of seed production,

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quality seed identification, and seed certification. It has been developed on the theme of Uttam Beej - Samriddh

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Kisan.
 On this occasion, Mr. Tomar said that the government is constantly trying to overcome the challenges and

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difficulties faced by agriculture sector through various schemes and programmes and SATHI portal is a
revolutionary step. Mr. Tomar said that seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation play a major role in agriculture.

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Inferior quality or spurious seeds affect the growth of agriculture and it also affects production.

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West Bengal tops list of States with most ponds and reservoirs: First-ever water-body census

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 India has 24.24 lakh water-bodies like ponds, and lakes, with West Bengal accounting for the most (7.47 lakh) and

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Sikkim the least (134), water-bodies according to the report of the first census of waterbodies released by the

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Ministry of Jal Shakti recently.

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 The report states, “24,24,540 waterbodies have been enumerated in the country, out of which 97.1% (23,55,055) are

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in rural areas and only 2.9% (69,485) in urban areas
 The census defines a waterbody as “all natural or man-made units bounded on all sides with some or no masonry

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work used for storing water for irrigation or other purposes (example industrial, pisciculture, domestic/drinking,
recreation, religious, ground water recharge etc)”
 Waterbodies are usually of various types known by different names like reservoirs, ponds and bundhies etc. A
structure where water from ice-melt, streams, springs, rain or drainage of water from residential or other areas is
accumulated or water is stored by diversion from a stream, nala or river will also be treated as water-body, state the
report. The waterbodies census was conducted along with the 6th Minor Irrigation Census for 2017-18. The results
of the census have been released recently.

Andhra CM Lays Foundation Stone For Rs 4,362 Crore Mulapeta Port In Srikakulam
 Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y S Jagan Mohan Reddy laid the foundation stone for the Rs 4,362 crore Mulapeta
greenfield port in Srikakulam district, which is expected to completed within two years.
 Besides the port, the Chief Minister also laid the foundations for a fishing harbour at Budagatlapalem, life irrigation
project from Gotta barrage to Hira Mandalam reservoir and taking forward the works of Mahendra Tanaya river.
 "I am proud to say that these four projects will change the face of Srikakulam district in the coming days," Reddy
said addressing a public meeting at Naupada village, adding that the district is endowed with a 193 kilometre long
coastline out of the southern state's total 974 km coastline.

Assam and Arunachal Pradesh sign agreement to settle boundary dispute

 The governments of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh have signed an agreement for the settlement of an inter-state
boundary dispute between the two States.
 This important agreement was signed by the Chief Minister of Assam Himanta Biswa Sarma and Arunachal Pradesh
Chief Minister Pema Khandu in presence of Union Home Minister Amit Shah in New Delhi on 20 th April 2023,
 Today’s agreement between the two States will end the dispute relating to 123 villages along the border and it has
been done keeping in view the historical perspective, demographic profile, administrative convenience, proximity
to the border, and the aspirations of the residents. Both the state governments have agreed that this agreement will
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be final with regard to these disputed villages and neither of the States will make any new claim related to any area
or village in the future. After the agreement, a detailed survey will be carried out by the Survey of India to determine
the boundaries of both states.

Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik launches India’s first heavy lift logistics drone
 Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik launched the first of its kind heavy lift logistics drone, made by Odisha-
based start-up ‘BonV Aero’, which has the capacity to transport 50kg over 10kms
 BonV Aero is an IIT Mandi, AIC CV Raman Global University Odisha and NITI Aayog-backed venture building
Electric Aerial Vehicles for Cargo transportation
 The Chief Minister was present at the opening day of ‘Odisha Skill Conclave 2023’, where he also took a trial of the
drone.
 Start-up has successfully done a trial of this 'RM001' Electric Aerial Vehicle carrying 50-kilogram cargo at the altitude

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of 8000 to 10,000 feet in the Tawang of Eastern Command of the Indian Army forward post in Arunachal Pradesh
and next a high altitude trial on 14,000 to 16,000 feet will be done," informed Co-founder and CEO of BonV Aero

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Satyabrata Satapathy
 And, In its next phase, the startup aims to develop its flagship platform ‘RM002’ that can transport 200 kilograms

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of freight over 40 kilometres,

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 These multi-utility Air vehicles are beneficial in the disaster response and the movement of any kind of cargo/ goods

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where surface logistics are either unfavourable or time-consuming consuming, if we talk about Odisha which is
highly disaster-prone see the Cyclone and Flood on regular bases, it can be useful in that situation, it is also many

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times cheaper the current alternatives, so it will help to improve accessibility and efficiency of logistics solutions,

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especially in the remote and Hilly terrains, - Satyabrata Satapathy, the co-founder and CEO of BonV Aero said.

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PM Modi to release Rs 100 coin to mark 100 episodes of Mann Ki Baat

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 The government will release a new Rs 100 coin this Sunday, April 30, to commemorate the 100th episode of Prime

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Minister Narendra Modi's radio show Mann Ki Baat. The coins will be minted under the authority of the central

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government.
 The new coin of Rs 100 will be 44 mm in size. It is made from four metals – silver (50 percent), copper (40 percent),

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nickel (0.5 percent) and zinc (0.5 percent).
 The face of the coin will bear the Lion Capital of Ashoka Pillar in the centre. 'Satyamev Jayate' will be inscribed
below it. On its left side, the word 'Bharat' in Devanagari script will be inscribed, while on the right side, 'India' in
English will be written.
 The coin will also bear the Rupee symbol "₹" and the denominational value "100" will be mentioned in the
international numerals below the Lion Capital.

IGGL completes Asia's largest underwater hydrocarbon pipeline

 Asia's largest underwater hydro-carbon pipeline, below the river Brahmaputra connecting Jorhat and Majuli in
Assam has been completed by the Indradhanush Gas Grid Limited (IGGL), the company's CEO Ajit Kumar Thakur
said on Saturday. The challenging task of laying a 24-inch diameter hydrocarbon pipeline beneath the mighty
Brahmaputra river by Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) method was completed on Friday, marking the
completion of a major milestone in the construction of the North East Gas Grid (NEGG) connecting North East
India to the National Gas Grid.
 The total length of the pipeline in this single HDD crossing is 4,080 metre across the main water channel of
Brahmaputra river. This is the longest river crossing by any hydrocarbon pipeline of size 24-inch diameter and above
in Asia and the second longest in the world,

NHAI to develop 10,000 kms of ‘Digital Highways’ in India by 2025

 The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is set to develop around 10,000 kilometres of Optic Fibre Cables
(OFC) infrastructure across India by the fiscal year 2025, an official statement has said.
 State-owned NHAI’s special purpose vehicle National Highways Logistics Management Limited (NHLML) will be
handling the project of implementing the network of “digital highways” by developing integrated utility corridors
along the national highways to develop Optic Fibre Cables infrastructure.

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 As per the report, around 512 km on the Hyderabad-Bangalore corridor and 1,367 kms on the Delhi-Mumbai
Expressway have been identified by the authority to carry out the pilot tracks for the development if digital
highways.
 The OFC network will facilitate internet connectivity to remote regions across India and will assist in accelerating
country’s shift to the modern-age telecommunication technologies like 5G & 6G. The 246-km Delhi-Dausa-Lalsot
section of the Delhi-Mumbai Expressway was recently inaugurated. The track features 3-meter dedicated utility
corridor which will be used for the purpose of laying optical fibre cables. This will play the key role for rolling-out
5G facility in the region.

DRDO, Indian Navy conducts successful trial of interceptor missile from naval platform
 The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy successfully conducted a
maiden flight trial of a sea-based interceptor missile off the coast of Odisha in Bay of Bengal,

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 The purpose of the trial was to engage and neutralise a hostile ballistic missile threat, thereby elevating India into
the elite club of nations having Naval BMD capability,

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 Note: An interceptor missile is a light high-speed fast-climbing fighter missile designed for defense against raiding

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bombers or missiles.

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PM Modi Flags Off Kerala's First Vande Bharat Train From Thiruvananthapuram Central Station

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 Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Tuesday flagged off Kerala's first Vande Bharat Express train from

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Thiruvananthapuram Central Station. The high-speed train will run between Thiruvananthapuram and Kasargod.

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As indicated by Prime Minister's Office, the Vande Bharat train will cover 11 regions to be specifically
Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kottayam, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Malappuram,

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Kozhikode, Kannur and Kasargod. The Vande Bharat train between Thiruvananthapuram and Kasargod will cover

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a distance of around 588 kilometres in around eight hours.

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 PM Narendra Modi also layed the foundation of different rail projects including the redevelopment of

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Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Varkala Sivagiri rail line stations; extensive improvement of the

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Thiruvananthapuram region, including Nemon and Kochuveli, as well as an increase in the sectional speed of the
Thiruvananthapuram-Shoranur section.

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PM Narendra Modi flagged off India’s first water metro in Kochi
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who is on a two-day Kerala visit, flaged off India's first water metro that connects
10 islands around Kochi through battery-operated electric hybrid boats for seamless connectivity with the city.
 Water Metro provides a distinctive urban transportation system that offers a comparable level of convenience and
travel experience to traditional metro systems. This mode of transit is particularly valuable in cities such as Kochi.
 ABOUT THE KOCHI WATER METRO - The metro project will start with eight electric hybrid boats developed
under Cochin Shipyard Limited. The Kerala government and the German company KfW are funding this dream
project. It consists of 38 terminals and 78 electric boats.
 The KWM service will launch in the first phase from the High Court-Vypin and Vyttila-Kakkanad terminals. The
tickets for the boat trip start at Rs 20. For frequent travellers, there are weekly and monthly passes available.
 Using a Kochi One Card, one can travel on both Kochi Metro Rail and Kochi Water Metro. The Kochi One App
allows users to digitally purchase tickets.

Operation Kaveri: INS Sumedha With 278 Indians Onboard Departs Port Sudan For Jeddah.
 The first batch of Indians stranded in Sudan were evacuated under Operation Kaveri on Tuesday. INS Sumedha
departed Port Sudan for Jeddah with 278 people onboard. Foreign Minister S Jaishankar said on Monday that India
has launched Operation Kaveri to rescue its citizens stranded from war-torn Sudan. Jaishankar said the government
was "committed to assist all our brethren in Sudan". The government said it was focusing on the safety of over 3,000
Indian citizens presently located throughout Sudan.
 India said on Sunday that it had positioned two transport aircraft of the Indian Air Force in the Saudi Arabian city
of Jeddah and a naval ship at a key port in Sudan as part of its contingency plans to bring back stranded Indians.
According to the MEA, there are risks and logistical challenges associated with overland movement, and Sudanese
airspace remains closed to all foreign aircraft. It stated that the security situation in Sudan remained "volatile"
despite reports of intense fighting emanating from a variety of locations in Khartoum, the nation's capital.
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 For the past 12 days, the Sudanese army and a paramilitary group have been engaged in bloody combat, reportedly
killing over 400 people.

Three new wildlife conservation reserves in Rajasthan

 On Earth Day 2023, Rajasthan’s Forest Department announced three new conservation reserves that will protect
the rare and endangered wildlife of Rajasthan. These three new wildlife conservation reserves are Sorsan in Baran,
Khichan in Jodhpur, and Hamirgarh in Bhilwara.
 The Rajasthan Forest Department has set the conservation bar quite high with these new additions. Here’s how:
 The grasslands of Sorsan in Baran will be a safe home for the Great Indian Bustard, a species that’s on the verge of
extinction. As per the reports, only 200 of these Critically Endangered birds are left in the world.
 Sorsan will not only protect the Great Indian Bustard, but will also protect blackbucks, the state animal of Rajasthan,
whose numbers have declined drastically due to excessive hunting, habitat loss and rampant deforestation.

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 Every year, Khichan in Jodhpur, hosts thousands of migratory Demoiselle cranes. Now, with the tag of conservation

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reserve, Khichan will be a safe home to these birds who come to this part of the country to winter.
 Khichan is also India’s first conservation reserve for Demoiselle cranes.

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 When areas are marked as conservation areas, It becomes mandatory for any developmental projects to get

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clearance as per the Forest Conservation Act, 1990. Any developmental projects within the conservation area need

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to get the approval of the National Board for Wildlife, and State Board of Wildlife.

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 With these three new additions, now there are 26 wildlife conservation reserves in Rajasthan. Some of the well-
known conservation reserves are Bisalpur Conservation Reserve in Tonk, Jodbeed Gadhwala Bikaner Conservation

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Reserve in Bikaner, Khetri Bansyal Conservation Reserve in Jhunjhunu, and Jawai Bandh Leopard Conservation

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Reserve in Pali.

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Indo – UK joint military exercise “AJEYA WARRIOR-23 being conducted at Salisbury Plains
 The 7th edition of joint military exercise “AJEYA WARRIOR-23” between India and the United Kingdom is being

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conducted at Salisbury Plains, United Kingdom from 27 April to 11 May 2023. Exercise AJEYA WARRIOR is a biennial

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training event with the United Kingdom which is conducted alternatively in the United Kingdom and India, the
last edition was held at Chaubatia, Uttarakhand in October 2021.

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 Soldiers of the 2 Royal Gorkha Rifles from the United Kingdom and Indian Army soldiers from the BIHAR Regiment
are participating in the exercise. The Indian Army contingent arrived at Brize Norton on 26 April 2023 by an Indian
Air Force C-17 aircraft with indigenous weapons and equipment.
 Aim - The aim of the exercise is to build positive military relations, imbibe each other’s best practices and promote
the ability to operate together while undertaking company-level sub-conventional operations in urban and semi-
urban environments under UN mandate, in addition to developing inter-operability, bonhomie, camaraderie, and
friendship between the two armies.
 The scope of this exercise involves a Command Post Exercise (CPX) at the Battalion level and Company level Field
Training Exercise (FTX). During the exercise, participants will engage in a variety of missions testing their
operational acumen in various simulated situations; showcasing and refining their tactical drills, and learning from
each other’s operational experience.

CCEA approves ₹1,570 crore for 157 new nursing colleges

 In a move aimed at strengthening the country’s nursing workforce, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs
(CCEA), on Wednesday approved setting up of 157 new nursing colleges in co-location with the existing medical
colleges established since 2014. The government will spend ₹1,570 crore on the initiative.
 This will further ensure quality, affordable, and equitable nursing education in India, particularly in underserved
districts and states/union territories ,
 Aim - The initiative aims to address the geographical and rural-urban imbalances in the healthcare sector, which
have led to the skewed availability of nursing professionals and impacted healthcare services in underserved areas.
The establishment of these nursing colleges will provide a significant boost to the availability of qualified human
resources in healthcare. This is also being done as a part of the national mandate for Universal Health Care (UHC)
and will help in attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Reforms in regulatory structure for nursing
education to meet with the emerging requirements in the sector are also under consideration,

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 The government has been focusing on ensuring quality healthcare workforce with substantial increase in their
numbers. The government has increased the number of medical colleges and subsequently increased MBBS seats
in the last few years. There is a substantial increase of around 71% in medical colleges from 387 before 2014 to 660
as of now.

J&K LG Manoj Sinha inaugurates newly constructed 576 residential accommodations for PM Package
Employees
 Jammu and Kashmir Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha inaugurated newly constructed 576 residential
accommodations for PM Package Employees at Baramulla, Bandipora, Ganderbal and Shopian yesterday. Speaking
on the occasion, the Lieutenant Governor said, the inauguration is a testimony to government’s commitment to
create adequate facilities for the prosperity of employees.
 Mr. Sinha said, the Government is sensitive to the issues of the Kashmiri migrant families and understands their

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pain. He said, the government is working with the right intent to complete the construction of residential
accommodations on priority. He said, the administration has taken various initiatives to expedite the process of

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construction of housing units for PM Package employees and two thousand more flats will be completed by

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December this year.

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Arjun Vajpai Summits Mt. Annapurna, becomes first Indian man to do so

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 Indian professional mountaineer Arjun Vajpai, roped in as a Fit India Champion earlier this year has become the

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first Indian man to summit Mt. Annapurna 1, which is also the 10th highest mountain in the world at 8,091 metres

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(26,545 ft) above sea level in Nepal.
 Arjun made the climb to the 7x8000m summits on April 17 and has now become the first Indian mountaineer to

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scale 7x8000m peaks. Mt. Annapurna happens to be the most dangerous mountain out of the 14x8000m Summit

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Mountains.

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 Bestowed the title of a Fit India Champion, Arjun is already a record holder by becoming one of the youngest

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mountaineers to climb Mount Everest.

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 This year, Mt. Annapurna lived up to its reputation for being one of the most difficult and dangerous mountains.
While Arjun summited Mt. Annapurna and was back at Camp 4, two Indian climbers were missing by that point

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and one fellow climber from Ireland died at Camp 4. On the morning of April 18, Arjun and his team decided that
the mountain was unsafe for descending all the way up to the Base Camp. They had run out of resources at the
lower camps while several attempts were made to find the missing climbers. Arjun was eventually brought back to
base camp with the help of a long-line helicopter.

Finance Ministry approves Navratna status to Rail Vikas Nigam Limited

 Union Minister Nirmala Sitharaman Ministry of Finance ( MoF ) gave its approval to upgrade Rail Vikas Nigam
Limited (RVNL) to Navratna Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE). RVNL, a public sector undertaking under the
Ministry of Railways, will be the 13th Navratna amongst CPSEs.
 RVNL is currently categorised as a Miniratna Central Public Sector Enterprise. Incorporated in 2003, RVNL is
engaged in the planning, development, and implementation of railway infrastructure projects. The discussions
regarding the upgrade to Navratna status was initiated on the back of multiple orders that RVNL recently won from
the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) and the Railways.
 According to the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) RVNL, a public sector undertaking under the Ministry of
Railways (MoR), has become the 13th Navratna amongst CPSEs.
 About: Navratna CPSE in India -
 The term ‘Navratna’ refers to a select group of top-performing CPSEs that have been granted greater autonomy and
financial powers by the Indian government in recognition of their superior performance.
 The term ‘Navratna’, meaning nine gems, is used metaphorically to suggest that these companies are like the nine
precious gems that shine brightly in the crown of Indian PSEs.

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INTERNATIONAL
IMF approves 15.6 billion dollar support package for Ukraine
 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has approved a 15.6 billion US dollar support package for Ukraine to assist
with the conflict-hit country’s economic recovery. The loan is part of a broader 115 billion US dollar international
support package to help the country meet urgent funding needs. Of the total amount approved by the IMF, 2.7
billion dollar is being made available to Ukraine immediately and the rest of the funds are due to be released over
the next four years. Extended Fund Facility is the first major financing programme approved by the IMF for a
country involved in a large-scale war.
 The Russian invasion has devastated Ukraine's economy, causing economic activity to shrink by about 30 percent
last year, War has destroyed capital stock and promoted poverty.
 The 48-month Extended Fund Facility program approved by the Fund's Board amounts to approximately $15.6

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billion. It is part of the IMF's $115 billion total support package, which includes debt relief, grants, and loans by

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multilateral and bilateral institutions.
 If the current conflict were to continue into 2025, it would raise Ukraine's financial needs from $115 billion to around

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$140 billion, said the IMF.

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Finland Becomes 31st NATO Member After Turkey’s Approval
 NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said Turkey’s unanimous vote allowed Finland to become the alliance’s

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31st member. “I welcome the vote by the Turkish Grand National Assembly to ratify Finland’s membership in NATO.

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All 30 NATO allies have now ratified the accession protocol,” he said on Friday.

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 “I have just spoken with [Finnish] President Sauli Niinistö to congratulate him on this historic occasion. Finland

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will formally join our alliance in the coming days,” he added. “Their membership will make Finland safer and NATO

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stronger.".With Finland joining, Russia failed to prevent a further extension of NATO. Finland shares a border of
1309 kilometers, or 813 miles, with Russia.

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 Finland ended its neutrality and sought to join NATO, citing security concerns, after Russia invaded Ukraine in

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February last year. Yet Turkey and Hungary have declined to approve Sweden’s application.
 Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan claims Sweden protects “terrorists,” but rights activists say they are

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peaceful political opponents of the Turkish leader.
 Ankara seeks the extradition of dozens of Kurdish and other suspects it accuses of ties to outlawed militants and a
failed 2016 coup attempt.

South Korea, US, Japan To Hold Anti-Submarine Drills As North Korea Vows To Expand Arsenal
 The navies of South Korea, the US, and Japan are all set to hold two days of anti-submarine exercises starting from
Monday in order to counter the evolving nuclear and missile capabilities of North Korea, South Korea’s defence
ministry said, as reported by the news agency Reuters.
 The drills will take place in international waters off South Korea’s southern Island of Jeju, involving a US carrier
strike group led by USS Nimitz, which arrived last week in the southeastern city of Busan. According to Reuters,
the drills came after North Korea unveiled new, smaller nuclear warheads last week and vowed to produce more
weapons-grade nuclear materials to expand its arsenal.
 According to the ministry, The trilateral drills which will take place this week will use a mobile anti-submarine
warfare training target to improve the capabilities needed to detect, track and destroy underwater threats coming
from North Korea, as reported by Reuters. These countries last held anti-submarine drills in September amid North
Korea’s unprecedented number of missile tests.

‘MF Hydra’: World’s first liquid hydrogen-powered ferry

 MF Hydra, the world’s first liquid hydrogen-powered ferry operated by Norwegian company Norled, is breaking
ground as it starts sailing on zero-emission hydrogen with a blessing from the Norwegian Maritime Authority. is a
hybrid that uses both batteries and liquid hydrogen fuel cells.
 The ferry is put into operation today, 31 March, running on zero-emission hydrogen and marking a historic day,
both for Norled and for Norway as a leading shipping nation, Norled’s CEO Heidi Wolden said. The company
officials also said it has been carrying out system tests at the quay in Hjelmelands since the turn of the year. In

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recent weeks, the company has been running sea trials and received the final approvals from the Norwegian
Maritime Authority (NMA).
 MF Hydra is now set to sail on the triangular route between Hjelmeland-Skipavik-Nesvik in Norway,
 The ferry has a length of 82.4 meters and can carry up to 300 passengers and 80 vehicles. With its two 200 kW fuel
cells, two 440 kW generators, and two Shottel thrusters, it can travel at a speed of 9 knots

NASA announces four-member team of astronauts for first crewed voyage around moon
 NASA has announced a team of four astronauts who will fly around the Moon next year for a 10-day mission. The
team was announced during an event in Houston, Texas, that was streamed live yesterday.
 The team has three American and one Canadian astronaut, including a woman and an African American ever
assigned as astronauts to a lunar mission.
 Reid Wiseman be the commander while Victor Glover will pilot the mission, Christina Koch and Canada’s Jeremy

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Hansen will serve as mission specialists.
 Ms Koch and Mr Glover will set history as the first woman and first black person, to go to the vicinity of the Moon.

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Mr Hansen will be the first non-American to fly to the Moon.

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Volodymyr Zelensky awarded Poland's highest honour

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 Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelensky has been awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest

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distinction, for his services to security, resilience and the defense of human rights.

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 Presenting the Order, Poland’s president Andrzej Duda said: "There is no doubt that you, Volodymyr Zelensky, are

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exceptional.
 "It is hard to hide the tears of emotion seeing your service to your motherland. You have not abandoned either

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Ukraine or your compatriots.

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 “You are a model of state and national leadership."

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 The Order of the White Eagle is the oldest and highest decoration of the Republic of Poland, awarded for great civil

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and military merits for the country. It is awarded to the most eminent Poles and the highest-ranking representatives

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of foreign countries.
 According to the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland, Zelenski received the award in recognition

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of his merits in deepening relations between Poland and Ukraine, for his activities for security, and his steadfastness
in defending human rights.

Volodymyr Zelensky awarded Poland's highest honour

 Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelensky has been awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest
distinction, for his services to security, resilience and the defense of human rights.
 Presenting the Order, Poland’s president Andrzej Duda said: "There is no doubt that you, Volodymyr Zelensky, are
exceptional.
 "It is hard to hide the tears of emotion seeing your service to your motherland. You have not abandoned either
Ukraine or your compatriots.
 “You are a model of state and national leadership."
 The Order of the White Eagle is the oldest and highest decoration of the Republic of Poland, awarded for great civil
and military merits for the country. It is awarded to the most eminent Poles and the highest-ranking representatives
of foreign countries.
 According to the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland, Zelenski received the award in recognition
of his merits in deepening relations between Poland and Ukraine, for his activities for security, and his steadfastness
in defending human rights.

SpaceX launches NASA’s TEMPO air quality monitoring instrument

 NASA’s high-resolution air pollution monitoring instrument TEMPO lifted atop a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from the
Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida at 10 AM IST on Friday.
 The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument is on its way to a geostationary orbit
where it will monitor major air pollutants across North America. TEMPO will take important scientific observations,
including that of ozone, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide and formaldehyde levels.

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 TEMPO is a payload on the satellite Intelsat 40E. The satellite separated from the rocket about 32 minutes into
launch. It will only begin its science activities in late May or early June, according to NASA.
 Using TEMPO data, scientists will be able to study rush hour pollution, the potential for improved air quality alerts,
the impact of lightning on the ozone layer, the movement of pollution from forest fires and volcanoes and even the
effects of fertiliser application. “The TEMPO mission is about more than just studying pollution – it’s about
improving life on Earth for all. By monitoring the effects of everything from rush-hour traffic to pollution from
forest fires and volcanoes, NASA data will help improve air quality across North America and protect our planet,”
said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson,

Ghana becomes first country to approve Oxford’s malaria vaccine

 Ghana has made history by becoming the first country to approve a highly effective malaria vaccine developed by
scientists at the University of Oxford in the UK. The vaccine, called R21/Matrix-M, has exceeded the World Health

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Organization’s target of 75% efficacy, making it a significant milestone in the fight against malaria.
 The mosquito-borne disease kills more than 600,000 people each year, most of them children in Africa, and

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scientists have been trying for years to develop vaccines. This is the first time a major vaccine has been approved

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first in an African country before rich nations,
 The first malaria vaccine, Mosquirix from British drugmaker GSK, was endorsed by the WHO last year after decades

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of work. But a lack of funding and commercial potential thwarted the company’s capacity to produce as many doses

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as were needed.
 GSK has committed to producing up to 15 million doses of Mosquirix every year through to 2028, well under the

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roughly 100 million doses a year of the four-dose vaccine the WHO says is needed, long term, to cover around 25

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million children.

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 Ghana, Kenya and Malawi were all involved in the pilot program for the roll-out of Mosquirix, and have begun

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introducing it more widely in recent months.
 Since it began in 2019, 1.2 million children across the three countries have received at least one dose of the Mosquirix

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vaccine

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 The WHO said last month that, in the areas where the vaccine has been given, all-cause child mortality has dropped

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by 10 per cent, a sign of its impact The research has also found that the effectiveness of GSK’s vaccine is
approximately 60 percent, and significantly wanes over time, even with a booster dose .

Juice mission blasts off to Jupiter to look for signs of life

 The European Space Agency (ESA) has launched a new space mission to study the moons of Jupiter. On 14 April
2023, the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice) mission blasted off from French Guiana. on the north-eastern shoulder
of South America.
 The discovery of sub-surface saltwater oceans on Jupiter’s moons has pushed them high up the list of solar system
venues to explore for signs of life and habitability. . If hydrothermal vents – found on ocean floors all over Earth –
exist on the Jovian moons, they may provide enough warmth for life to thrive in the darkness.
 Juice will spend eight years winding its way to its destination hundreds of millions of miles from Earth. Its route to
Jupiter will be far from direct, drawing on multiple gravity assists around Earth and Venus to propel it towards its
goal. On arrival in 2031, the spacecraft will survey Jupiter and its icy moons with a suite of 10 advanced instruments.
 Among the questions scientists hope to answer is why Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is shrinking, why its third largest
moon, Io, is the most volcanically active body in the solar system, and whether there could be, or has ever been, life
on Jupiter’s ocean-bearing moons.

TCG Anadolu, Turkey’s Largest Warship and World’s 1st Drone Carrier
 Turkey commissioned its largest warship in a much-anticipated inauguration ceremony. The TCG Anadolu, being
touted as the world’s first Unmanned Combat Aerial Aircraft (UCAV) carrier, saw the prototype of the latest
Bayraktar TB3 sitting on its deck.
 The ship will be Turkey’s first aircraft carrier and the first ship in the world with an air wing made primarily of
unmanned aircraft, Turkish media Daily Sabah reported. The ship was delivered to the Turkish Navy three months
before the official inauguration ceremony.

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 On the day of the inauguration, the prototype of Turkey’s recent UAV from the Bayraktar family, the latest Bayraktar
TB3, was lifted off to the carrier’s flight deck. A video of the startling maneuver was published online. The Bayraktar
TB3 is set to become operational from this deck by 2024.
 This development comes weeks after Selcuk Bayraktar, the CTO of Baykar Technologies, shared pictures of the
Bayraktar TB3 on the production line. According to the reports, the TB3 will fly alongside the Bayraktar Kizilelma,
a carrier-capable “unmanned fighter jet” which will become operational by 2025.

US, Philippines launch largest joint military exercises

 The United States and the Philippines have launched their largest joint military exercises in decades, with over
17,600 military personnel taking part in the drills. The annual drills, called Balikatan, a Tagalog term for shoulder-
to-shoulder, will run until April 28 and involve live-fire exercises, including a boat-sinking rocket assault in the
South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait. The drills are seen by experts as a challenge to China's dominance in the

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region. "Through this exercise, the Philippine and US forces will sharpen our inter-operability, increase our
proficiency and complement our capabilities through collaboration, ensuring we are prepared to respond to real-

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world challenges together," First US Marine Aircraft Wing commander Major-General Eric Austin said at Tuesday's

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opening ceremony in Manila. The US has been strengthening its alliances in the Indo-Pacific to counter China's

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aggressive actions in the region, including those against Taiwan.

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 The drills include 12,200 US military personnel, 5,400 Filipino forces, and 111 Australian soldiers. America's warships,

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fighter jets, Patriot missiles, HIMARS rocket launchers, and anti-tank Javelins will be showcased, according to US
and Philippine military officials. The Balikatan exercises will also test the allies' capabilities in combined arms live-

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fire, information and intelligence sharing, communications between maneuver units, logistics operations, and

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amphibious operations. The exercises will include military helicopters landing on a Philippine island off the

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northern tip of the main island of Luzon, nearly 300 kilometers (180 miles) from Taiwan. Philippine military officials

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said that the exercises were aimed at bolstering the country's coastal defense and were not directed at any country.

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China conducts mid-course missile interception test

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 China said it carried out a successful ground-based mid-course missile interception test in an apparent sign of
progress in its ability to bring down weapons incoming from space.

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 The Defence Ministry says the operation was carried out late Friday night within Chinese territory and achieved
“the desired test objective.”
 The test was "defensive in nature and not targeted against any country," the ministry said, giving no other details
such as whether it actually struck an object, how many interceptors were fired and where they landed.
 Such systems, which consist of ground-based interceptor missiles and a huge array of radars and fire control
systems, aim to bring down ballistic missiles, including ICBMs carrying nuclear or other warheads, while they are
flying in space mid-course on the way to their targets.
 Referred to by the US as ground-based mid-course defence, or GMD, such systems are hugely complex and
expensive to build, test and maintain

US, Japan, South Korea to hold missile defence exercises

 The United States, Japan and South Korea said in a joint statement they discussed the regularisation of missile
defence and anti-submarine exercises to deter and respond to North Korea's nuclear and missile threats. The
announcement was made at the 13th Defence Trilateral Talks held on Friday in Washington DC to exchange
assessments of the security environment on the Korean Peninsula and broader region, as well as to consult on
concrete ways to deepen trilateral security cooperation,

Bangladesh: Dhaka records highest temperature in 58 years

 The extraordinary heat wave in Bangladesh continues over large parts of the country with the meteorological
department predicting its continuation over the next few days. Capital city Dhaka had its hottest day on Saturday
in 58 years with the temperature rising to 40.4 degrees Celsius. It is the highest temperature since 1965 when the
highest temperature was recorded at 42 degrees Celsius.
 The mid-western city of Chuadanga recorded a maximum temperature of 42.2 degrees on Saturday. Overall,
Bangladesh experienced its highest temperature of 44.5 degrees at Jashore in 1964. On Saturday, a severe heatwave

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was experienced in several districts of Bangladesh including Dhaka, Faridpur, Manikganj, Bagerhat, Pabna, Jashore,
Chuadanga, and Kushtia.

China's first satellite offering high-precision rainfall monitoring launched

 China's first satellite allowing scientists to monitor the Earth's precipitation from space, Fengyun-3G (FY-3G), was
sent into space on April 16. It is one of only three such satellites in the world. The satellite, which is dedicated to
measure precipitation on Earth, will help Chinese scientists to predict precipitation more accurately
 With a lifespan of six years, the FY-3G is developed by an institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology
Corporation, and its ground system will be built and operated by the China Meteorological Administration.
 The 20th member of the Fengyun series, the FY-3G will highlight the strength of China's low-orbit meteorological
satellite constellation and significantly improve the early warning capability for global rainstorms, said Chen
Zhenlin, head of the central meteorological observatory.

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 Qian Bin, the chief designer of the FY-3G, said the satellite adopts a low-inclination orbit, with an inclination of 50
degrees. It will provide precipitation data mainly within the range of 50 degrees north latitude to 50 degrees south

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latitude.
 In the next six months, FY-3G will undergo in-orbit tests and meet the challenges of meteorological disasters such

s.
as rainstorms and typhoons in the upcoming flood season, according to the meteorological administration.

r
 China currently has eight Fengyun meteorological satellites in orbit, providing data and services to 126 countries

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and regions.

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Syria becomes world's largest ‘narco-state
 Syria has witnessed a troubling transformation into the world's foremost narco-state, as its economic survival now

n
depends heavily on the production and export of Captagon, also known as the "poor man's coke".

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 As per a report by ANI, This highly addictive amphetamine has become the primary lifeline of the country's

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economy, generating more than 90% of its foreign currency. The pervasive presence and profitability of Captagon

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in Syria have raised concerns about the devastating impact of drug trafficking on the country's social fabric, health,

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and security. Collins Dictionary provides a definition of a "narco-state" as a nation where a significant portion of
the economy is reliant on the illicit trade of narcotic drugs,

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 Note - Captagon, a banned illicit drug recognized by the UNODC (2021), is a synthetic stimulant that combines
amphetamine and caffeine. Originally introduced by a German pharmaceutical company in 1961 for medical
purposes such as treating conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and depression,
Captagon was later found to be highly addictive and detrimental to mental and physical health, leading to its
prohibition.

New York City tops the list of world’s wealthiest cities 2023. Henley & Partners Report
 New York has taken the crown of being the world's richest city, yet again, with the most millionaires in 2023,
according to a report. The city has 3,40,000 millionaires, according to global wealth tracker Henley & Partners.
 The city is followed by Tokyo and San Francisco Bay Area with resident millionaire populations of 290,300 and
285,000, respectively.
 The report covers 97 cities across nine regions worldwide (Africa, Australasia, CIS, East Asia, Europe, the Middle
East, North America, South Asia, and Southeast Asia) and includes most of the world's top wealth hubs.
 The US dominated the list with four of its cities - New York, The Bay Area, Los Angeles and Chicago - making it to
the list. China has two of its cities (Beijing and Shanghai) in the list.
 London has dropped to fourth place on this year's list with 258,000 resident high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs),
followed by city-state Singapore with 240,100. In 2000, London was the top city in the world for millionaires, but it
has slipped down the list over the past 20 years.
 Note: From Delhi To Bengaluru: 5 Indian Cities also Make It To The List Of World's Wealthiest Cities 2023

Oliver Dowden appointed as UK's new deputy prime minister

 Oliver Dowden, a long-term ally of Rishi Sunak, has been appointed as the new deputy prime minister following
Dominic Raab’s resignation over a damning report into his conduct.

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 Oliver Dowden has been the MP for Hertsmere, in Hertfordshire, since 2015. Before becoming an MP, Dowden
worked for PR firm Hill & Knowlton and as former prime minister David Cameron’s deputy chief of staff.
 He was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster on October 25, 2022, before being appointed Secretary of
State in the Cabinet Office in February 2023.
 Mr Dowden is a key ally of Rishi Sunak, and was a vocal backer for Mr Sunak in both Tory leadership contests last
year.
 Over the years, the newly chosen deputy prime minister was previously Minister without Portfolio, Cabinet Office
between September 2021 and June 2022. Before that, he was Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media ,and Sport
between February 2020 and September 2021.
 His career harks back even earlier, with other roles in the Cabinet Office, such as paymaster general and minister,
and parliamentary secretary.

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Zimbabwe to Introduce Gold-Backed Digital Currency
 The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, or RBZ, plans to introduce a gold-backed digital currency as legal tender to help

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stabilize the local currency, the Zim dollar,

.
 The tokens will be a form of electronic money backed by the country's gold reserves, which will be held by the

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central bank. The RBZ wants people holding Zim dollars to be able to exchange their money for the gold-backed

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token to help them hedge against the volatility of the local currency.

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 The Zimbabwean economy operates on a dual currency structure, with the Zimbabwean dollar and the U.S. dollar
in use. The U.S. dollar currently dominates and accounts for about 70% of domestic transactions, according to the

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RBZ. In an effort to halt the collapse of the Zimbabwean dollar and reduce the demand for the U.S. dollar, the RBZ

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introduced gold coins in July 2022.

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 A year ago, 1 U.S. dollar was worth about 150 Zim dollars, and it's now worth closer 1,000 Zim dollars,

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Shahabuddin Chuppu takes oath as Bangladesh’s 22nd President

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 Mohammed Shahabuddin Chuppu, a retired judge and former commissioner of the Anti-Corruption Commission,

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took the oath as the 22nd President of Bangladesh, with Parliament Speaker Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury
administering the oath of office to Shahabuddin.

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 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Cabinet members and hundreds of distinguished guests attended the oath-taking
ceremony, which was held in the historic Durbar Hall of the Bangabhaban, the presidential palace, Xinhua news
agency reported.
 Outgoing President Md Abdul Hamid congratulated the newly-elected President, a ruling Bangladesh Awami
League (AL) party nominee who was elected unopposed on February 13.
 Hamid's second and last tenure expired on Monday.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

ISRO Successfully Conducts Autonomous Landing Of Its Reusable Launch Vehicle Prototype
 The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Sunday, April 2, successfully conducted the autonomous
landing test or air-drop landing experiment of the space agency's reusable launch vehicle prototype. The mission,
called RLV LEX, was performed in collaboration with the Defence Space Research Organisation (DRDO), and the
Indian Air Force (IAF), in the early hours of Sunday at the Aeronautical Test Range (ATR), Chitradurga, Karnataka.
 The mission marks the first time a winged body has been carried to an altitude of 4.5 kilometres by a helicopter and
released for carrying out an autonomous landing on a runway.
 ISRO conducted the first experimental mission of its Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator (RLV-
TD) on May 23, 2016, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. As part of this experimental mission, critical
technologies such as autonomous navigation, guidance and control, and the reusable thermal protection system
were successfully demonstrated.

Indigenous Anti Tank Guided Missile, Amogha-III tested successfully

 Bharat Dynamics (BDL) has successfully conducted a field firing test of its latest 3rd generation man-portable Anti
Tank Guided Missile (ATGM), Amogha-III. This indigenous missile has been developed under Integrated Guided
Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
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 The test which was conducted last weekend fulfilled all mission objectives, and BDL announced this through their
official Twitter handle.
 Amogha-III ATGM boasts a fire-and-forget capability, requiring no external intervention following launch.
Developed by BDL’s Research and Development Division, the missile also features a dual-mode IIR Seeker with a
range of 200 to 2500 meters.
 Assisted by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Amogha-III showcases a tandem
warhead, consisting of two separate explosive charges that are detonated in sequence. The first charge, known as
the precursor charge, penetrates the target’s armour, creating a hole for the second charge, the main charge, to
detonate inside, maximizing damage inflicted on the target.

PhonePe launches shopping app for ONDC, marking e-commerce new entry
 Fintech firm PhonePe on Tuesday launched a shopping app that will run on ONDC, the open e-commerce network

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launched by the government.
 Pincode is meant for hyperlocal commerce and is available on Google Play Store and App Store. It presently can be

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used in Bengaluru and will launch in other cities later.

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 Pincode marks Walmart-backed PhonePe’s entry in the e-commerce segment. It will connect consumers with their

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neighborhood stores, giving the convenience of online ordering, discounts and instant refunds and returns.

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“Pincode is a brand-new shopping app and offers a revolutionary new approach to e-commerce, which puts all the

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local stores and sellers at the heart of the digital shopping growth story. Pincode is built on the ONDC network,
which allows us to generate demand for merchants digitized by various seller platforms in an inclusive manner,

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while creating new opportunities for growth and driving innovation at scale,’’ said Sameer Nigam, chief executive

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officer and founder of PhonePe.

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 PhonePe said the app will offer consumers a wide selection of products and brands by well-known national brands,

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as well as locally manufactured groceries, apparel, footwear, and accessories.
 Pincode will bring shopkeepers and small merchants to e-commerce and create employment. PhonePe said it

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believes that ONDC can foster the rapid growth of a new hyperlocal ecommerce business model. Apart from local

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buyers and sellers, such a model will also benefit other ecosystem participants like the last mile logistics and

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inventory management players.

LIGO India, a major breakthrough initiative to probe Gravitational Wave

 On the path of establishing India’s efforts towards becoming a developed nation, the central government has given
a nod to set up Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), the country’s biggest facility to probe
the universe through the detection of gravitational waves. Science and Technology is a key aspect of the progress
and development of any nation and LIGO is one such initiative in realising a major scientific breakthrough in India.
 Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time created by some of the Universe’s most destructive and energetic
processes or produced by cataclysmic events such as colliding black holes, massive stars exploding and colliding
neutron stars. In his general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein predicted the existence of gravitational waves,
which encapsulates the understanding of how gravitation works.
 About LIGO - LIGO is the world’s most powerful observatory and a large-scale Physics experiment carried out to
detect Gravitational waves. It is a planned Gravitational-Wave Observatory that will operate as part of a worldwide
network to capture and measure gravitational waves coming straight from space.

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BrokerApp, A New Face Of The Real Estate World
 Neeraj Sharma, a leading businessman in the real estate business, has launched India’s first social media platform
for brokers called BrokerApp, a cutting-edge mobile application designed exclusively for real estate brokers.
 The app can be a revolutionary platform in the world of real estate as it comes with various features such as free
property listing, access to high slabs, a global presence with a wide network of real estate agents, intelligent search
to find brokers, projects, and more. The app is available for Android and iOS users, and users can download it from
their respective App / Google Play store.
 When asked the founder, Neeraj Sharma about this app, he said- "We're thrilled to launch BrokerApp and provide
brokers with a powerful tool to grow their businesses. Our goal is to make the process of buying and selling in the
real estate market as seamless as possible, and BrokerApp is a big step in that direction. In the upcoming time, we
are expecting BrokerApp to become one of the world's best real estate apps."
 BrokerApp has set a very high benchmark in its launch event for sure but we're yet to see how it performs in the

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market and whether the realtors and real estate agents will grow with the help of the app or not.

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CRED launches P2P UPI payments on its app
 Fintech major CRED has launched peer-to-peer UPI payments on its app, allowing CRED members to transact with

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CRED members or non-members by searching their contact list and adding phone numbers, or UPI ids.

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 The service will be limited to CRED members. To become a CRED member, one needs to have 750 or above credit

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score. “While UPI has created a revolution in digital payments with a focus on utility, CRED seeks to move beyond
being transactional- creating an elevated UPI experience for members. This experience hinges on making payments

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instant, secure, and rewarding

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 The new payment experience has been introduced after the launch of Scan & Pay in October 2022. As scan and pay

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gain traction, CRED expects the number of merchants to grow. Now with the launch of P2P UPI payments, CRED

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members will have multiple payment options including offline payments (UPI P2P, Scan & Pay, Tap to Pay), online

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merchant payments (CRED Pay, CRED flash) and bill payments.

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Himachal Pradesh creates India’s first DNA database for unidentified bodies
 Himachal Pradesh has become the first Indian state to develop a DNA database for unidentified bodies, according

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to media reports. The process of creating this database had started in April 2022. So far, the database holds records
of 150 DNA samples of unidentified bodies.
 The database comes as a relief to those families which keep running from pilar to post with photographs and other
details in a hope to find bodies of their loved ones. The database with DNA details will help massively in such cases,
Assistant Director (DNA), Directorate of Forensics Services, Junga, Vivek Sahajpal told media.
 It would be easy to match DNA details stored in database with DNA samples of relatives. This will lead to the right
identification of bodies within seconds, he added. The database would also assist in criminal investigation of
heinous crimes, identification of disaster victims, missing persons, repeated offenders, etc.

ISRO Launches PSLV-C55 With 2 Singaporean Satellites For Earth Observation From Sriharikota
 Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launches its PSLV-C55 with two Singaporean satellites for Earth
observation, from Sriharikota. The PSLV-C55/TeLEOS-2 Mission - the PSLV has placed both satellites in the
intended orbit. As per ISRO chief S Somanath.
 The PSLV-C55 mission is a dedicated commercial mission through NSIL, with TeLEOS-2 as the primary satellite
and Lumelite-4 as a co-passenger satellite. The TeLEOS-2 is a synthetic aperture radar satellite developed by the
Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) and ST Engineering for the Government of Singapore. It carries a
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload, providing all-weather day and night coverage and capable of imaging at 1
metre full polarimetric resolution for Singapore. Lumelite-4 is an advanced 12U satellite developed for the
technological demonstration of the High-Performance Space-borne VHF data Exchange System (VDES) by the
Institute for Infocomm Research and Satellite Technology and Research Centre of the National University of
Singapore.
 In December 2015, ISRO successfully placed the TeLEOS-1 satellite in the PSLV-C29 mission along with five other
satellites of Singapore into a 550 km circular orbit

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APPOINTMENS & RESIGNATIONS

Vice Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh takes charge as Vice Chief of Navy
 Vice Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh took charge as the Vice Chief of Naval Staff, After assuming charge, Vice Admiral
Sanjay Jasjit Singh paid homage to the bravehearts at the National War Memorial and reviewed the Guard of Honour
at South Block in New Delhi on Sunday.
 Vice Admiral Sanjay Jasjit Singh graduated from the National Defence Academy, Pune, and was commissioned in
1986 in the executive branch of the Indian Navy,
 In his career spanning 37 years, he has served on most class of ships of the Indian Navy and has held a range of
command, training and staff appointments, including Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (CSNCO), flag officer sea
training, flag officer Commanding Western Fleet, Commandant Naval War College, and Controller Personnel

m
Services. Prior to taking over as the Vice Chief of Naval Staff, he was Deputy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff
(Operations).

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 He holds MSc and MPhil in Defence and Strategic Studies from Madras University, MA in Defence Studies from
Kings College, London, and MA (History), MPhil (Pol) and PhD (Arts) from Mumbai University. In recognition of

.
his distinguished service, the flag officer was awarded the Nao Sena Medal in 2009, and Ati Vishisht Seva Medal in

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2020.

Neeraj Nigam new RBI executive director

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 The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has appointed Neeraj Nigam as executive director (ED) with effect from April 3,

n
2023. He was the regional director of RBI’s Bhopal office.
 As executive director, Nigam will look after the consumer education and protection department, financial inclusion

ra
and development department, legal department and secretary’s department.
 “Shri Nigam has, over a span of more than three decades, served in Regulation and Supervision, Human Resource

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Management, Premises, Currency Management, Bank Accounts and other areas in the Reserve Bank, in its Central

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Office as well as Regional Offices,” RBI said in a statement, adding that he holds a bachelor’s degree in civil
engineering from Barkatullah University in Bhopal.

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Sudha Shivkumar is now president of FICCI women's wing
 Chennai-based Sudha Shivkumar took over as the 40th President of FICCI Ladies Organisation (FLO), the oldest
women-led and women-centric business chamber of Southeast Asia.
 As the 40th National President of FLO, Shivkumar will focus on empowering women by facilitating an enabling
environment that promotes entrepreneurship, industry participation and economic development of women.
 “Development of entrepreneurship among women has been central to FLO’s philosophy and mission. Taking this
vision forward my focus during her tenure would be to transform the power of woman’s voices into forward
thinking economic initiatives by changing perceptions and influencing policies," Shivkumar said.
 Shivkumar is a lawyer and investment banker by profession. Her career spans over 32 years. She has worked for
large organisations and mutual funds, managing international portfolios and spearheading non-profit ventures, all
while keenly mentoring and inspiring women from all walks of life.
 Shivkumar completed her bachelor’s degree in English from the University of Madras. She specialised in Corporate
and Bankruptcy laws to build her expertise in these fields and completed a Master of Applied Finance with
specialization in Investment Banking from Macquarie University, Sydney, with distinction.
 For 13 years, Shivkumar headed a leading non-banking reputed finance company, following which she led the
operations of a South-India-based mutual fund with assets under management of Rs 25,000 crore. For seven years,
she handled a Rs 350-crore portfolio of an international group of high net worth individuals.

Suzuki Motorcycle India announces appointment of Kenichi Umeda as new MD

 In an official statement released on Tuesday, Suzuki Motorcycle India Pvt Ltd (SMIPL) declared the appointment
of Kenichi Umeda as the company's new Managing Director. Umeda takes over from Satoshi Uchida, who has
completed his tenure as the Managing Director of SMIPL.
 With the appointment of Kenichi Umeda as the new Managing Director of Suzuki Motorcycle India, he will take on
the crucial responsibility of expanding and consolidating the company's position in both the domestic and
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82
international markets. Umeda's extensive experience of more than 27 years in the industry, gained from various
global markets, will be a valuable asset to the company, as stated in the official announcement.
 According to Umeda, India holds a significant place in Suzuki's global market, and the company has always aimed
to provide its customers with innovative and evolving products that cater to their changing requirements. As the
new Managing Director of Suzuki Motorcycle India, Umeda plans to continue this legacy and prioritize the delivery
of customer-centric solutions, as stated in the official statement.

Ex-Israel envoy Ron Malka appointed Adani's Haifa Port chief, Mahua Moitra reacts
 Trinamool Congress MP Mahua Moitra lashed out after Israel’s former ambassador to India, Ron Malka, on Sunday
announced he has assumed charge as the executive chairman of the Haifa Port Company. The port company is
owned by a consortium of Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Ltd (APSEZ) and Gadot Group.
 “Israel’s former envoy to India appointed Adani’s Haifa port chairman! This man screamed from rooftops about how

m
clean Adani’s Israeli dealings were. Condemned filmmaker Nadav Lapid for criticising Bollywood Hindutva
propaganda film. Adani Hamam Mein toh Saare Nange Hai,” Moitra tweeted.

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 Malka served as the ambassador of Israel to India from 2018 to 2021. The Haifa Port is Israel’s second-largest port in

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terms of shipping containers and the biggest for shipping tourist cruise ships.

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Seshagiri Rao retires, steps down from JSW Steel board after 24 years

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 Seshagiri Rao (65), joint managing director and group chief financial officer, JSW Steel, has stepped down from the

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board after 24 years, on superannuation.

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 JSW Steel informed the stock exchanges on Wednesday that Seshagiri Rao, joint managing director and group chief
financial officer (CFO), ceased to be a wholetime director of the company with effect from April 6. This was on

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completion of his term approved by the shareholders at the 26th annual general meeting of the company held on

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July 23, 2020 (April 6, 2020 to April 5, 2023).

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 Rao superannuated from the services of the company and consequently stepped down from the board, the company

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said.

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 However, he would be associated with the group in an advisory role. The company mentioned that he ceased to be
a director with effect from April 6, but would continue to be associated with the group as ‘Group CFO’

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Seshagiri Rao retires, steps down from JSW Steel board after 24 years
 Seshagiri Rao (65), joint managing director and group chief financial officer, JSW Steel, has stepped down from the
board after 24 years, on superannuation.
 JSW Steel informed the stock exchanges on Wednesday that Seshagiri Rao, joint managing director and group chief
financial officer (CFO), ceased to be a wholetime director of the company with effect from April 6. This was on
completion of his term approved by the shareholders at the 26th annual general meeting of the company held on
July 23, 2020 (April 6, 2020 to April 5, 2023).
 Rao superannuated from the services of the company and consequently stepped down from the board, the company
said.
 However, he would be associated with the group in an advisory role. The company mentioned that he ceased to be
a director with effect from April 6, but would continue to be associated with the group as ‘Group CFO’.

Kalikesh Singh Deo takes charge as NRAI president

 The Governing Body of the National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) unanimously approved the handing over of
charge of the sporting body to Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo on Thursday, after president Raninder Singh went on a
long leave of absence.
 Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo, who held the position of Senior Vice-President, took over as the President of the
National Rifle Association of India NRAI
 The move is in accordance with Rule 19 of the Rules and Regulations of the NRAI constitution.
 Kalikesh Singh Deo, 48, is a member of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD) and a former Member of Parliament in the Lok
Sabha from Bolangir. He completed his school at Dehradun's Doon School and graduated from St Stephens College
in New Delhi. He was serving as the senior vice-president of the federation since getting elected to the post on 18
September, 2021.

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VLCC appoints Vikas Gupta as CEO with immediate effect
 Beauty and skincare brand VLCC has appointed Vikas Gupta as CEO with immediate effect.
 The announcement comes after investment firm Carlyle, a global investment firm, announced a strategic
partnership with VLCC through the acquisition of a majority stake in the company in December 2022.
 Prior to joining VLCC, Gupta was the CEO of SuperStore by Nykaa. Before that he was the chief customer and
marketing officer for Flipkart between 2019-21, VLCC said in its release.
 Gupta started his career as a management trainee with Hindustan Unilever (HUL) in 1998 and spent 21 years with
Unilever, leading brand marketing for Lux, Dove, Dirt Is Good brands and was executive director of home care for
Unilever Indonesia, VLCC.
 Amit Jain, managing director and head, Carlyle India Advisors said, “We are excited to welcome Vikas as the Group's
CEO. He brings muti-decadal, global experience in building leading consumer brands and digital platforms.

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Aparesh Kumar Singh, the new chief justice of Tripura High Court
 Justice - Aparesh Kumar Singh, a justice of the Jharkhand high court, has been appointed as the chief justice of the

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Tripura high court with effect from the date he assumes charge of his office.
 On January 25, the collegium approved the nomination of Justice Jaswant Singh, a judge of the Orissa high court,

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as chief justice of the Tripura high court. However, a week after Justice Singh's appointment, on February 19, 2023,

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Justice Singh announced his retirement from the service. The collegium then recommended that Justice Aparesh

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Kumar Singh be appointed chief justice of the Tripura high court. Since Justice Indrajit Mahanty retired from the
Tripura High Court on November 10 of last year, the position of chief justice has been vacant.

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 About: Tripura High Court - The Tripura High Court was set up in March, 2013, along with the full-fledged High

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Courts in Meghalaya and Manipur. All the northeastern states, excluding Sikkim, were earlier under the Guwahati

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High Court.

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PTC India appoints 3 former IAS officers as independent directors

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 Power trading solutions provider PTC India has appointed three retired officers of the Indian Administrative Service

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(IAS) as independent directors of the company. The company has also appointed Mahendra Kumar Gupta as a
nominee director of NHPC. In a statement, PTC India informed about the appointments of Rashmi Verma, Jayant

T
Dasgupta and Narendra Kumar as independent directors of the company with effect from Thursday. The
appointments are subject to the approval of the shareholders, it stated. Rajib K Mishra, Chairman & Managing
Director, PTC India, said: "We are delighted to welcome the three new independent directors having credible
experience and impeccable career record."
 Rashmi Verma, a former IAS officer from 1982 batch, has 36 years of experience in various sectors, including tourism
and textiles.
 In over 37 years of experience, Dasgupta, a 1981-batch retired IAS officer, has served as chief adviser to Bihar State
Planning Board and ambassador to the World Trade Organisation. He also served as secretary, Economic Advisory
Council to the Prime Minister.
 Narendra Kumar, a retired IAS officer from 1988 batch, has served as Financial Commissioner, Government of NCT
of Delhi, and Managing Director of Delhi State Financial & Development Corporation.

Karnataka Bank appoints Sekhar Rao as interim MD and CEO

 Karnataka Bank said that it has appointed Sekhar Rao as interim managing director and CEO following the
completion of the term of the incumbent CEO.
 Mahabaleshwara M S, the incumbent managing director and Chief Executive Officer (MD & CEO) of Karnataka
Bank, demitted the office on April 14, after successful completion of his second term of three years, the bank said
in a regulatory filing.
 Rao, Executive Director, assumed charge as an interim MD and CEO with effect from April 15, 2023, in terms of RBI
approval dated April 12, 2023, it said.
 He has been appointed for a period of three months or till the appointment of regular MD and CEO whichever is
earlier,

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Tata appoints Randhir Thakur as CEO and MD of TEPL
 Former Intel Foundry Services President Randhir Thakur has been appointed Chief Executive Officer and Managing
Director of Tata Electronics Pvt Ltd.
 Randhir Thakur has worked with Intel for more than 5 years and has been a global innovator in the semiconductor
industry. According to the company, he has over 40 years' experience in global manufacturing and research and
development.
 He has previously held leadership and technical positions at Applied Materials Inc., SanDisk Corp, as well as STEAG
Electronic Systems and Micron Technology Inc.
 About: Tata Electronics - Tata Electronics Pvt Ltd (TEPL) was founded in 2020 as a greenfield venture of the Tata
group with expertise in manufacturing precision components and has a roadmap that extends to semiconductor
fabrication and packaging segments.

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Vodafone Idea reappoints Kumar Mangalam Birla non-executive director
 Kumar Mangalam Birla has rejoined the board of Vodafone Idea (Vi) as an additional non-executive director. The

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company's board of directors approved his appointment, which took effect on April 20. It also accepted the

.
resignation of non-executive director K K Maheshwari from the board.
 Birla had stepped down from the post of non-executive chairman of the company in August 2021 barely two months

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after offering his entire stake to a public sector or a domestic finance company. Birla handed over the reign to group

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veteran Himanshu Kapania. Ravinder Takkar took charge as non-executive chairman replacing Kapania last August.
 Birla’s appointment on the board signals the group’s commitment to the company as it continues its efforts to find

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an investor. The company which is yet to clear vendor dues has also been in talks with banks for raising fresh capital.

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Raising funds is crucial for the company to make fresh network investments and arrest subscriber loss. The company

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also continues to bleed and in Q3 FY 2023 posted a net loss of Rs 7,990 crore.

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RBI approves appointment of Kaizad Bharucha as deputy MD of HDFC Bank

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 The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has approved the appointment of Kaizad Bharucha as the deputy managing director

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of HDFC Bank for three years from April 19, 2023,
 The RBI also approved Bhavesh Zaveri’s appointment as HDFC Bank’s executive director for a period of three years,

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with effect from April 19.
 HDFC Bank, which is India’s largest private sector lender, had recommended the two appointments to the central
bank back in November 2022. It is appointing a deputy managing director five years after Paresh Sukthankar
resigned.
 Bharucha has more than 35 years of experience in banking and he has been associated with HDFC Bank since 1995.
Before his new assignment, Bharucha was executive director responsible for wholesale banking. He previously
worked at SBI Commercial and International Bank.
 Zaveri, before being appointed as executive director, was group head–operations, cash management & ATM
product. He joined HDFC Bank in 1998 in an operations function and moved up the ladder. Zaveri worked for Oman
International Bank and Barclays Bank before that.

A Madhavarao set to be next CMD of Bharat Dynamics Ltd

 A Madhavarao is set to be next Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) of Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), a PSU
under the Ministry of Defence. He has been recommended for the post by the Public Enterprises Selection Board
(PESB) panel on Monday. Presently, he is serving as Director (Technical) in the same organisation.
 Madhavarao has been recommended for the post of CMD of BDL from a list of five candidates, who were interviewed
by the PESB selection panel. Out of five candidates, two candidates were from Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
(BHEL) and one each from BDL, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force.
 Madhavarao is an alumnus of various educational institutes and universities. He has a B. Tech in Electrical
Engineering, an ME in Electronics & Telecommunication, an MSc in Defence Studies, an MBA in Finance with a
Master's degree in Management Studies

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Shantanu Roy to become new CMD of BEML Limited
Public enterprises selection board (PESB) has recommended Mr Shantanu Roy for the post of Chairman and Managing
Director of 'Schedule 'A' Company under the Ministry of Defence, BEML Limited. Currently, he is serving as the Director
(Mining & Construction Business) in the same company.
 PESB interviewed two others in the selection meeting including Anil Jerath, Director (Finance), BEML Limited, and
Sanjay Som, Executive Director, BEML Limited.
 Mr, Roy is an Electrical Engineering graduate from NIT Raipur. and an MBA in Financial Management, He has
served as Executive Director of BEML Limited, responsible for the international business division, strategy & new
initiatives, coordination, and northern region operations, before assuming his current position in February 2023. As
a six sigma black belt certified professional, he is well-versed in various models of project financing, mechanisms
and processes for financial closure of large projects, international laws, arbitration rules, international legal &
arbitration cases, and statutory & legal compliances.

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Udai Tambar, Indian-origin CEO on racial justice advisory board New York

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 Udai Tambar, an Indian-origin CEO involved in youth development services in the US, is among 15 experts
appointed as members of the newly-formed racial justice advisory board in New York City.

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 Tambar, the CEO and President of New York Junior Tennis and Learning (NYJTL) was named as a member of the

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advisory board on implementation of the Racial Justice Charter Amendments, launched last week by Mayor Eric

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Adams and Mayor’s Office of Equity Commissioner Sideya Sherman.

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 The board will help ensure that New York City continues to lead the nation in innovative, racial equity work and

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carries out the city's newly enshrined charter changes, according to a statement by the Mayor's office.
 Tambar most recently served as Vice President of Community Health at Northwell Health and is currently the

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President & CEO of NYJTL, the largest nonprofit youth tennis and education programme in the US.

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 He has devoted much of his career to serving youth, including serving as Chief of Staff and Director of Youth &

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Children Services for the NYC Deputy Mayor for Health and Human Services and as the Executive Director for

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South Asian Youth Action (SAYA!), which provides comprehensive youth development services for NYC's under-

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resourced South Asian community,

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Hari Hara Mishra takes charge as CEO of Association of ARC
 Hari Hara Mishra has taken charge as the Chief Executive Officer of the Association of Asset Reconstruction
Companies.
 The Association, which is the voice of all Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs), has been active for more than
eight years. Currently, there are 28 ARCs registered with Reserve Bank of India.
 Mishra, who worked with State Bank of India from 1982 to 2004, Officer, has been associated with Asset
Reconstruction Sector since those formative days (2004) till date, in various ARCs in executive and director level
roles.
 “ARCs are passing through a difficult phase in terms of trust deficit with various stakeholders. My primary goal will
be to restore the confidence in the functioning of ARCs by focussing on win-win strategy and value unlocking for
all players in the broader ecosystem,” he said.
 About: ARC - An Asset Reconstruction Company is a specialized financial institution that buys the NPAs or bad
assets from banks and financial institutions so that the latter can clean up their balance sheets. In other words,
ARCs are in the business of buying bad loans from banks.

Nasscom appoints Microsoft India head Anant Maheshwari as chairperson

 The National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM) has appointed Microsoft India’s
president Anant Maheshwari as its Chairperson for the year 2023-24, promoting him from his previous tenure as
vice-chairperson. He has taken the reins from Krishnan Ramanujam, who heads business and technology services
at Tata Consultancy Services.
 The advocacy group also appointed Rajesh Nambiar, Chairman and MD, Cognizant India as its Vice Chairperson
for the current year.The apex organisation for technology services in India also updated its executive council for the
2023-24, one-third of which is made of women.
 Nasscom said that through the appointment of its new leadership and council, it aims to spearhead India’s goal of
doubling the technology industry to $500 billion by 2030 from a current valuation of $245 billion.
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Shreekant Bhandiwad named as the new Chairman of KVGB
 Shreekant M Bhandiwad has taken charge as the new Chairman of Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank (KVGB). Prior
to his joining as Chairman of KVGB, Bhandiwad was heading the Patna circle of Canara Bank.
 A postgraduate in agriculture, he has worked as an Agricultural Extension Officer in rural branches of Canara Bank
and also worked as a consultant in Agricultural Consultancy Services of Canara Bank at the Head Office.
 A native of Dharwad, Bhandiwad carries with him an experience of 29 years in Canara Bank. He has worked in states
such as Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar and Karnataka in various capacities such as branch in-charge, regional head and
circle head. Besides this, he was Deputy Managing Director of Canfin Homes Ltd for a period of three years.
 P Gopikrishna, the earlier Chairman, repatriated to Canara Bank as Circle Head, Bengaluru. A statement said that
the bank’s business increased from ₹24,775 crore to ₹33,100 crore during Gopikrishna’s tenure.

RBI approves re-appointment of N Kamakodi as CUB MD & CEO

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 The Reserve Bank of India has given its consent for the re-appointment of N Kamakodi as Managing Director and
CEO of private sector bank City Union Bank, the Tamil-Nadu-based lender said on Wednesday. The tenure of his

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re-appointment would be for a period of three years with effect from May 1, 2023.
 Dr. N. Kamakodi is serving as MD & CEO of the Bank from May 2011. He joined the Bank as DGM in the year 2003

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was elevated to the post of GM in 2005 and later as Executive Director in 2006. He has excellent academic

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background and also acquired hands on experience on the overall operations of the Bank, He has a degree in

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Bachelor ofTechnology in Chemical Engineering, an MBA from Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ph.D. in e-
Banking and a CAIIB.

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 About: City Union Bank – The City Union Bank Limited is an Indian private sector bank headquartered in

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Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu. The bank was initially named Kumbakonam Bank Limited, and was incorporated on 31

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October 1904

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AWARDS & RECOGNITION

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India-Born Madhur Jaffrey Wins James Beard Foundation's 2023 Lifetime Achievement Award
 Madhur Jaffrey, an India-born British-American, was honoured with the James Beard Foundation's 2023 Lifetime

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Achievement Award, becoming the first South Asian to receive the prestigious award since its inception in 1990.
The foundation's Lifetime Achievement Award is given to an individual whose lifetime body of work has had a
positive and long-lasting impact on the way we eat, cook, and/or think about food in America, according to its
official website.
 "Jaffrey first captured attention as an actress in the film Shakespeare Wallah, winning the Silver Bear for Best Actress
at the Berlin Film Festival in 1965," according to the foundation's press release. An Invitation to Indian Cooking, her
first cookbook, was published in 1973 and was inducted into the James Beard Foundation's Cookbook Hall of Fame
in 2006. She has since published over 30 award-winning cookbooks, cementing her reputation as the "Godmother
of Indian Cooking."
 Madhur Jaffrey's Ultimate Curry Bible, Curry Easy, and Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian are among her bestselling
books. She has also worked as a food consultant at the now-defunct Dawat, which was regarded as one of New York
City's best Indian restaurants. Jaffrey said of her award, "It's a wonderful pinnacle to my career, and I'm overjoyed."
 Jaffrey, along with the other winners, will be honoured at the Restaurant and Chef Awards ceremony on June 5 at
the Lyric Opera of Chicago

Adani Green Receives ‘Platinum Award’ For Positive Impact On Environment

 The renewable arm of the Adani Group, Adani Green Energy Ltd (AGEL), has received the ‘Platinum Award’ by
Grow Care India Environment Management Awards 2022 for outstanding achievement in the environment
management category. The award recongised the company's outstanding contributions, commitments, and actions
that have a positive impact on the environment, Adani Green said in a statement.
 The award was conferred by the Minister of State Rural Development Faggan Singh Kulaste.
 Grow Care India is a non-profit organisation pledged to concede and honor marvelous performance in environment,
occupational health and safety, human resources, and other issues like risk management, innovation ideas /projects,
corporate ethics, and eco-innovation.

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87
 The NGO had invited nominations from companies and their units demonstrating the highest level of commitment
and concern in environmental management, as well as organisations willing to enhance and improve their own
performance.

Adani Green Receives ‘Platinum Award’ For Positive Impact On Environment

 The renewable arm of the Adani Group, Adani Green Energy Ltd (AGEL), has received the ‘Platinum Award’ by
Grow Care India Environment Management Awards 2022 for outstanding achievement in the environment
management category. The award recongised the company's outstanding contributions, commitments, and actions
that have a positive impact on the environment, Adani Green said in a statement.
 The award was conferred by the Minister of State Rural Development Faggan Singh Kulaste.
 Grow Care India is a non-profit organisation pledged to concede and honor marvelous performance in environment,
occupational health and safety, human resources, and other issues like risk management, innovation ideas /projects,

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corporate ethics, and eco-innovation.
 The NGO had invited nominations from companies and their units demonstrating the highest level of commitment

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and concern in environmental management, as well as organisations willing to enhance and improve their own

.
performance.

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Indian-American mathematician CR Rao awarded International Prize in Statistics

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 Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, a prominent Indian-American mathematician and statistician, will receive the 2023

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International Prize in Statistics, the equivalent to the Nobel Prize in the field, for his monumental work 75 years

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ago that revolutionised statistical thinking.
 Rao's work, more than 75 years ago, continues to exert a profound influence on science, the International Prize in

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Statistics Foundation said in a statement.

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 Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, born in Karnataka in 1920, is an Emeritus Eberly professor in the statistics

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department at Pennsylvania State University. He played a significant role in establishing the Indian Statistical

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Institute in Kolkata and has been associated with the institute since 1941. Rao holds PhD and ScD degrees from

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Cambridge University.
 In addition to being awarded the Padma Bhusan in 1968 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2001, Rao was the recipient

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of the SS Bhatnagar Prize in 1963 and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1967. He also received the Wilks
Medal of the American Statistical Association in 1979 and the US National Medal of Science in 2002.

Nilesh Sambare Receives Maratha Udyog Ratna Award 2023

 Nilesh Bhagwan Sambre, the founder of Jijau Educational and Social Foundation, was recently honored with the
"Maratha Udyog Ratna" award at the "Maratha Entrepreneurs Conference 2023". The conference was organized by
the “Maratha Entrepreneurs Development and Guidance Institute Maharashtra State”. Nilesh Sambre received the
award for his noteworthy achievements in the industry sector and his dedicated work in remote areas like Palghar.
 Nilesh Sambare, also known as Appa, received the "Maratha Udyog Ratna" award for his noteworthy achievements
in the industry sector and his dedicated work in underprivileged communities in Palghar.
 The award was presented by prominent entrepreneurs from Maharashtra, including Suresh Haware, Purushottam
Khedekar, Nirmalkumar Deshmukh, Dr. Sachin Bhadane, and Vijay Ghogare.
 About: Jijau Educational and Social Organization - The Jijau Educational and Social Organization is a non-profit
group with a focus on uplifting underprivileged communities in five districts of India, namely Palghar, Thane,
Raigad, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg. Nilesh Sambre founded the organization in 2008, and it has been providing
education, healthcare, employment, and agriculture-related assistance using its own funds for the past 14 years,
without accepting any donations.

All India Management Association's (AIMA) 13th Managing India Awards ceremony
 Kumar Mangalam Birla, chairman of Aditya Birla Group, won the prestigious 'Business Leader of the Decade' award
at All India Management Association's (AIMA) 13th Managing India Awards ceremony on Tuesday. The annual
event to facilitate the titans of the industry, held in New Delhi, also recognised contributions of several other leaders
and institutions.
 Birla, who is credited for taking control of the diversified group and successfully consolidating its operations since
his early days, won the award for his contributions to the Indian industry over the last decade. Tata Steel Chairman
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88
T V Narendran was facilitated with 'AIMA-JRD Tata Corporate Leadership' award. Leading engineering services
company ABB India bagged the 'MNC in India of the Year' award.
 Rahul Kanwal, News Director, India Today and Aajtak and Executive Director of Business Today, won the award for
his 'Outstanding Contribution to Media' in the latest edition of AIMA Managing India Awards. National Payments
Corporation of India (NPCI), an umbrella organisation for operating retail payments and settlement systems in
India, was recognised for 'Outstanding PSU of the Year' award.

Shri Amit Shah presented "Maharashtra Bhushan" award for the year 2022 to Dr. Appasaheb Dharmadhikari
 Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation, Shri Amit Shah presented "Maharashtra Bhushan" award for
the year 2022 to Dr. Appasaheb Dharmadhikari in Raigarh, Maharashtra today, On this occasion, Chief Minister of
Maharashtra Shri Eknath Shinde, Deputy Chief Minister Shri Devendra Fadnavis and many other dignitaries were
present. This is the first time that two persons from the same family have been honored with this award.

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 Appasaheb Dharmadhikari is a renowned social reformist. He inherited a reputation from his late father Nanasaheb
Dharmadhikari. The Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari Pratishthan runs several social welfare activities such as child rites

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class, health camp, blood donation camp, de-addiction, area cleaning, tree plantation, environment conservation,

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refilling of wells, distribution of educational materials are carried out. His work continues uninterruptedly. Taking

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note of his work, Appasaheb was also honored with the Padma Shri.

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 Taking note of this social work of Appasaheb, D. Y. Patil University awarded an honorary doctorate degree to

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Dharmadhikari. Former Governor Vidyasagar Rao appointed him as the state's cleanliness ambassador. In 2017, the
central government conferred the civil honor of Padma Shri. The European International Institute honored

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Appasaheb with the Living Legend Award. Considering his career so far, the state government has selected him for

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the Maharashtra Bhushan Award.

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Raj Subramaniam presented with Pravasi Bharatiya Samman

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 Raj Subramaniam, the Indian-American CEO of global transportation giant FedEx, has been presented with the

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prestigious Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, the highest civilian award given by India to persons of Indian origin and

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Indian diaspora.
 Subramanian, 55, was presented with the award by India’s Ambassador to the US Taranjit Singh Sandhu at a

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ceremony at the India House on Saturday since he could not travel to India early this year to receive the award.
 About : Raj Subramaniam – Raj Subramanian is the president and CEO of FedEx Corporation, one of the world’s
largest transportation companies. His international leadership experience and keen business insights have
contributed immensely to the success of FedEx.
 About : Pravasi Bharatiya Samman - The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman is an award presented by the Government of
India to individuals of Indian origin and diaspora who have made significant contributions in their respective fields
and have enhanced India’s image in the international community.
Utsa Patnaik selected for Malcolm Adiseshiah Award 2023
 Utsa Patnaik, a renowned economist of national and international repute, has been selected for the Malcolm
Adiseshiah Award 2023.
 The award is given every year by the Malcolm & Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust. The prestigious national award honours
outstanding social scientists selected by a national-level jury specially constituted for this purpose, from the
nominations received.
 This year, the jury unanimously selected Prof. Utsa Patnaik, according to a press release.
 The award will be given with a citation and a prize money of ₹2 lakh at a function to be held in Chennai. The date
of this event will be announced shortly by the Trust.
 About: Utsa Patnaik - She is a renowned economist of national and international repute who has made seminal
contributions to the fields of agrarian studies, political economy, history of economic thought, and colonialism and
imperialism.
 She has authored several books and articles on various topics related to development economics, such as agrarian
relations, peasant movements, food security, poverty alleviation, fiscal policy, trade policy, debt crisis, globalization,
neoliberalism, capitalism, socialism, Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), Indian economic history, and world
economic history.

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89
Wing Commander Deepika Misra is first IAF woman officer to receive gallantry award
 Wing Commander Deepika Misra was conferred the Vayu Sena medal by Indian Air Force (IAF) chief Air Marshal
VR Chaudhari , making her the first woman Air Force officer to receive a Gallantry award. She was among 58
personnel who received the gallantry award during the investiture ceremony held in the national capital.
 Wing Commander Deepika Misra is a trained helicopter pilot, qualified flying instructor and an instrument-rated
instructor and examiner.
 On August 2, 2021, Deepika Misra was tasked to undertake humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations
in response to flash floods in northern Madhya Pradesh. Despite the odds of deteriorating weather, strong winds
and the nearing sunset time, Deepika Misra negotiated the challenging weather and was the first and only
respondent to reach the affected area the same evening.

Ratan Tata receives highest Australian civil honour

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 Industrialist and Tata Sons' chairman emeritus Ratan Tata has been conferred with the Order of Australia, the
highest Australian civil honour. Australian Ambassador to India Barry O’ Farrell confirmed the development on

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Twitter over the weekend and hailed Tata as “a titan of business, industry and philanthropy”. He said Tata's

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contributions have made a significant impact in Australia.
 The Order of Australia honour comes a month after the industrialist was appointed as an Honorary Officer in the

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General Division of the Order of Australia (AO) for his service to foster Indo-Australia ties, specifically in trade,
investment, and philanthropy. Known for his humility, Ratan Tata took charge as the chairman of the group in

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March 1991 and stepped down in 2012.

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 About: Order of Australia - The Order of Australia is an honour that recognises Australian citizens and other persons

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for outstanding achievement and service. It was established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia,

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on the advice of the Australian Government.

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Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) UP honoured with HUDCO Award

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 Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) Uttar Pradesh has been awarded the country’s prestigious HUDCO Award for the

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year (2022-2023).
 Manoj Joshi, Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, presented the award to Neha

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Sharma, State Mission Director, Uttar Pradesh, at a program organized on the 53rd Foundation Day of Housing and
Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO). New Delhi
 This award has been given in the Best Practices to Improve the Living Environment 2022-23 category for cleanliness.
One lakh rupees was also given to the UP government as a reward.
 It is noteworthy that this campaign was conducted by the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) Uttar Pradesh from
January 14 to 24. In this, 75 tourist and historical places of the state were included. A special cleanliness drive was
launched at these places.

Breast surgeon Dr Raghu Ram receives Telugu Association of London award

 Leading surgeon Dr Raghu Ram Pillarisetti has received lifetime achievement award by the Telugu Association of
London.
 Dr Raghuram is the founding director of AKIMS-Ushalakshmi Centre for Breast Diseases in Hyderabad. He is one
of the youngest recipients of the award and the only person of Indian origin living outside of the UK to have been
conferred the honour.
 The award was presented to him during the glittering Ugadi 2023 celebrations organised by the Telugu Association
of London (TAL) in London. Representing over 10,000 Telugu speaking people in and around London, TAL is the
largest Telugu Charity Organisation in the UK

14th Dalai Lama Gets 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award In Person After 64 Years
 The 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award was presented to Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama at his residence here
by members of the award foundation personally after 64 years
 It was the first international award given to "His Holiness for Community Leadership in recognition of his leadership
of the Tibetan community's gallant struggle in defense of the sacred religion that is the inspiration of their life and
culture" by the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation in the Philippines in August 1959, the Dalai Lama's office said.

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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90
 Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation president Susanna B Afan and Foundation Trustee Emily A Abrera met with
the Dalai Lama, the Nobel Peace laureate, to personally present the 1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award after 64 years.
 About: Ramon Magsaysay Award - The Ramon Magsaysay Award, often called the "Nobel Prize of Asia", is an
annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in
governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society, the Dalai Lama's
office said. The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New
York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government.
 Alessandra Korap from Amazon wins Goldman Environment Prize
 Munduruku leader Alessandra Korap has been awarded the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize for her work
fighting against illegal mining and large-scale projects aimed at facilitating soybean exports in the Tapajos River
Basin.
 The Goldman Environmental Prize is a prize awarded annually to grassroots environmental activists, one from each

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of the world's six geographic regions: Africa, Asia, Europe, Islands and Island Nations, North America, and South

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and Central America. The award is given by the Goldman Environmental Foundation headquartered in San
Francisco, California. It is also called the Green Nobel. The Goldman Environmental Prize was created in 1989 by

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IMPORTANT DAYS

Odisha Day or Utkala Dibasa

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 Odisha day or Utkala Dibasa is celebrated on April 1. On this day in 1936, the state of Odisha came into being after

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its separation from Bengal province. It started with six districts but today it has 30 districts within its boundary.

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 From that day onwards, Utkala Divas is celebrated to honour the struggle of its people to have a separate state and

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promote unity among the citizens. Odisha day is celebrated as a restricted holiday and is also known as Vishuva

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Milan.

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 The whole state involves itself in the celebration of its foundation day. The celebrations are marked with cultural

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programs and events across the state. It also includes seminars and exhibitions focusing on the land’s rich heritage
and tradition. Odisha day is a very big occasion for all Odias globally. Here are some wishes, quotes, and messages

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which you can share with your loved ones on this day.

RBI Foundation Day

 The Reserve Bank of India was established[ on 1 April 1935 in Kolkata, following the Reserve Bank of India Act of
1934. Though privately owned initially, it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by the Ministry of
Finance, Government of India
 The Reserve Bank of India, chiefly known as RBI, is India's central bank and regulatory body responsible for
regulation of the Indian banking system. It is under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It
is responsible for the control, issue and maintaining supply of the Indian rupee. It also manages the country's main
payment systems and works to promote its economic development.

World Autism Awareness Day

 Autism is a permanent neurological condition that generally shows its first appearance in the infancy period.
Regardless of gender, race, or socioeconomic status, this condition can develop in the early age of life. The exact
cause of autism is still unknown, however, some people with this condition have a genetic cause.
 World Autism Awareness Day is an internationally recognized day annually on April 2, encouraging Member States
of the United Nations to take measures to raise awareness about autistic individuals throughout the world
 Every year, World Autism Awareness Day is observed to create awareness among people about a developmental
disability of the brain called autism. The day is recognised to provide global opportunities to increase understanding
and acceptance of people suffering from autism spectrum disorder (ASD). World Autism Awareness Day , is
observed under a specific theme. The theme for the World Autism Awareness Day 2023 is "Transforming the
narrative: Contributions at home, at work, in the arts and in policymaking"

Holy Monday 2023

 The Christian population over the globe is celebrating, Holy Monday today. It is the second day of Holy Week in
Western Christianity, following Palm Sunday, and the third day of Holy Week in Eastern Christianity, following
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Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday. Holy Monday, according to the Bible, is the day after Jesus was welcomed with
palm fronds and the day before Judas resolved to betray him. Let's learn more about its background and importance.
 Holy Week, the week leading up to Easter begins on Holy Monday, also known as Great and Holy Monday. On this
day, Jesus Christ proceeded on foot from Bethany to Jerusalem. The gospels claim that on this day, Jesus Christ
cursed the fig tree, purified the temple, and answered those who questioned his authority.
 Holy Monday's roots go back to the start of Lent. St. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, and St. Epiphanius of
Constantia coined the phrase "Holy Week" for the first time in the fourth century, thus establishing the holiday.
Whereas, in the third century only Good Friday and Holy Saturday were honoured as holy days.

International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action: 4 April
 Every year on April 4, the world observes the International Day of Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action,
with the aim of creating awareness about the dangers of explosive mines and generating support for efforts aimed

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at eliminating them.
 In 2023 the United Nations Mine Action Service will acknowledge the day under the campaign / theme “Mine Action

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Cannot Wait”, highlighting decades of contamination in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Viet

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Nam, as well as draw attention to recent explosive ordnance contamination.
 This campaign makes it clear that the eradication of all landmines cannot wait. Whether it is new contamination

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in Colombia, Myanmar, Ukraine or Yemen, or old contamination, in Cambodia, Iraq or Viet Nam, clearance must

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be completed by mine action actors and States Parties of the Mine Ban Convention. It is a human problem.
 The over-arching goal will be to bring attention to areas of the world that remain contaminated after many years,

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and where generations have changed their lives to avoid the threat.

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Mahavir Jayanti; 2023

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 Also known as Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, the day celebrates the birth of Lord Mahavir, the twenty-fourth and the

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last Tirthankara of the present Avasarpini, It is one of the most important religious festivals of the Jain community.

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 He was born on the 13th day of Shukla Paksha in the month of Chaitra. Mahavir Jayanti celebrates the birth of a

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great Tirthankara of Jainism. He is known to be a teacher who propagates the dharma in Jainism. This festival is
being celebrated this year on April 4, 2023.

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 Mahavir Jayanti has a great significance among Jain people. they celebrate this day with great enthusiasm and fervor.
This day is dedicated to the Lord Mahavir, a Jain saint who is known amongst the most famous saints.
 It is known that Mahavira’s mother had certain auspicious dreams when she was pregnant. The Svetambara Jains
believe that she saw 16 dreams, while the Digambara Jains believe she saw 14 dreams while she was pregnant.
 Lord Mahavir is regarded as one of the holiest and most accomplished missionaries of peace and harmony. Lord
Mahavir, the 24th and final Tirthankara of the Jain religion. In remembrance of the great saint, several stories about
Saint Mahavir are told to youngster
 President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi greeted the people on the occasion of Mahavir
Jayanti.

BJP foundation day

 The BJP will be celebrating its 43rd Foundation Day on April 6 with great fervour and enthusiasm. The saffron party
has come a long way since its inception on April 6, 1980, emerging as the largest political party in the world, having
the maximum number of MPs, MLAs and councillors in the country.
 In fact, the BJP's journey was recently summed up by Prime Minister Narendra Modi after inaugurating an extension
of the BJP headquarters.
 "BJP started its journey from just two Lok Sabha seats and reached 303 in 2019. In many of the states, we get more
than 50 per cent votes," he had said. "From north to south and from east to west, the BJP is the only pan-India party
today," PM Modi further said.
 The BJP was officially created on April 6, 1980. However, its ideological origins can be traced back to 1951 when
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee broke away from Nehru's Congress and formed the Bhartiya Jana Sangh (BJS). The BJS,
whose motto was the preservation of Hindu identity and culture, was formed in collaboration with the Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

International Day of Sport for Development and Peace

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 In 2013, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 6 April as the International Day of Sport for Development
and Peace, to celebrate the contribution of sports and physical activity to education, human development, healthy
lifestyles and a peaceful world.
 Sport is a compelling tool to promote peace, tolerance, and understanding, bringing people together across
boundaries, cultures, and religions. Its values such as teamwork, fairness, discipline, and respect are understood all
over the world and can be utilized in the advancement of solidarity and social cohesion.
 Sport has historically played an important role in all societies, be it in the form of competitive sport, physical activity
or play. But one may wonder: what does sport have to do with the United Nations? In fact, sport presents a natural
partnership for the United Nations (UN) system, including UNESCO:
 Sport and play are human rights that must be respected and enforced worldwide;
 Sport has been increasingly recognized and used as a low-cost and high-impact tool in humanitarian, development
and peace-building efforts, not only by the UN system but also by non-governmental organizations (NGOs),

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governments, development agencies, sports federations, armed forces and the media.

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 Sport can no longer be considered a luxury within any society but is rather an important investment in the present
and future, particularly in developing countries.

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 The theme for the International Day of Sport for Development and Peace for the year 2023 is “Scoring for People

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and the Planet.” The theme is applicable for celebrations of this event across the globe

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BJP foundation day
 The BJP will be celebrating its 43rd Foundation Day on April 6 with great fervour and enthusiasm. The saffron party

k
has come a long way since its inception on April 6, 1980, emerging as the largest political party in the world, having

n
the maximum number of MPs, MLAs and councillors in the country.

a
 In fact, the BJP's journey was recently summed up by Prime Minister Narendra Modi after inaugurating an extension

r
of the BJP headquarters.

p
 "BJP started its journey from just two Lok Sabha seats and reached 303 in 2019. In many of the states, we get more
than 50 per cent votes," he had said. "From north to south and from east to west, the BJP is the only pan-India party

o
today," PM Modi further said.

T
 The BJP was officially created on April 6, 1980. However, its ideological origins can be traced back to 1951 when
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee broke away from Nehru's Congress and formed the Bhartiya Jana Sangh (BJS). The BJS,
whose motto was the preservation of Hindu identity and culture, was formed in collaboration with the Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

International Day of Sport for Development and Peace

 In 2013, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 6 April as the International Day of Sport for Development
and Peace, to celebrate the contribution of sports and physical activity to education, human development, healthy
lifestyles and a peaceful world.
 Sport is a compelling tool to promote peace, tolerance, and understanding, bringing people together across
boundaries, cultures, and religions. Its values such as teamwork, fairness, discipline, and respect are understood all
over the world and can be utilized in the advancement of solidarity and social cohesion.
 Sport has historically played an important role in all societies, be it in the form of competitive sport, physical activity
or play. But one may wonder: what does sport have to do with the United Nations? In fact, sport presents a natural
partnership for the United Nations (UN) system, including UNESCO:
 Sport and play are human rights that must be respected and enforced worldwide;
 Sport has been increasingly recognized and used as a low-cost and high-impact tool in humanitarian, development
and peace-building efforts, not only by the UN system but also by non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
governments, development agencies, sports federations, armed forces and the media.
 Sport can no longer be considered a luxury within any society but is rather an important investment in the present
and future, particularly in developing countries.
 The theme for the International Day of Sport for Development and Peace for the year 2023 is “Scoring for People
and the Planet.” The theme is applicable for celebrations of this event across the globe

World Health Day

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 World Health Day is celebrated on April 7 every year to raise awareness about global health issues and to promote
healthy living. The day was first celebrated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1950, to mark the
organization's founding, which took place on April 7, 1948
 The World Health Organization will observe its 75th birthday - WHO’s 75th anniversary year is an opportunity to
look back at public health successes that have improved quality of life during the last seven decades. It is also an
opportunity to motivate action to tackle the health challenges of today and tomorrow.
 The main objective of World Health Day is to promote awareness and action on a specific health theme that is of
concern to people worldwide. Over the years, World Health Day has highlighted a range of issues, including mental
health, maternal and child care, food safety, and the need for universal health coverage. The day provides an
opportunity for governments, organizations, and individuals to come together to discuss global health challenges
and to take action to address them.
 Every year, the WHO selects a theme that highlights a particular health issue that requires urgent attention. The

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WHO has chosen "Health for All" as the theme for its 75th anniversary, and is planning numerous campaigns and

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awareness programs to facilitate discussions on global health.

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Pandit Ravi Shankar’s 103rd birth anniversary
 The 103rd birth anniversary of the legend Bharat Ratna - Pandit Ravi Shankar is being celebrated on April 7. World-

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renowned composer and sitar player Pandit Ravi Shankar is regarded as one of the greatest ambassadors of Indian

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music,
 Pandit Ravi Shankar was a globally recognised maestro of Indian classical music. Through his collaborations with

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musicians across the world, he was the first to create a huge fan base among Western audiences for Indian classical

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music.

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 In his eight-decade long career, he became a worldwide music icon, and he was labelled the “godfather of world

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music” by George Harrison of The Beatles.
 Born in Varanasi on April 7, 1920, Shankar spent his youth performing across India and Europe as a member of his

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brother’s dance troupe.

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Easter Sunday: 2023

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 Easter also called Pascha or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian holiday that celebrates the belief in the resurrection
of Jesus Christ. In the New Testament of the Bible, the event is said to have occurred three days after Jesus was
crucified by the Romans and died in roughly A.D. 30.
 The name "Easter" is believed to have originated from the Old English word "Ēastre," which was the name of a pagan
festival celebrating the arrival of spring. The Christian holiday of Easter was established in the 4th century and was
intended to replace the pagan celebration with a Christian one.
 Easter is significant to Christians because it represents the victory of Jesus Christ over sin and death. It is seen as a
symbol of hope, renewal, and new beginnings. For Christians, it is a time of spiritual reflection, prayer, and
celebration, often marked by attending church services, participating in special events, and sharing meals with
family and friends.

World Homeopathy Day

 World Homeopathy Day is celebrated on April 10 to commemorate the birth anniversary of the founder of
homeopathy, German physician Samuel Hahnemann. This day is observed to honour homeopathy and its
contributions to the field of health.
 Samuel Hahnemann, a distinguished scholar and doctor from France, is the founder of homeopathy. He was born
in Paris on April 10, 1755. While desperately trying to earn a living during his first 15 years as a doctor, he made a
discovery. He held that in order to treat a patient's sickness, the ingredients that cause the disease's symptoms must
be administered. This year will be the 268th birth anniversary of Samuel Hahnemann.
 World Homeopathy Day is observed to comprehend the difficulties and potential solutions for advancing
homeopathy. The day seeks to raise awareness of homeopathy as a medical system and work towards increasing its
rate of success.

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 In India, World Homeopathy Day is celebrated under the aegis of the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India.
Homeopathy is considered one of India's most popular medical systems. These medicines are safe to use as it is
claimed that they rarely cause side effects.
 On the occasion, Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, CCRH under the Ministry of AYUSH is organising
a scientific convention in New Delhi. Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar will inaugurate the scientific convention.
The theme of this convention is ‘Homoeoparivar- Sarvajan Swasthya, One Health, One Family’.

National Safe Motherhood Day

 Every year National Safe Motherhood Day is celebrated on April 11 with an aim to raise awareness of good healthcare
and safety of all mothers or expecting mothers. It is an initiative undertaken by the government of India, aimed at
reducing maternal and neonatal death rates.
 The annual observance of National Safe Motherhood Day started with the efforts of the White Ribbon Alliance

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India (WRAI), which works to draw the attention of the government towards the importance of good healthcare
facilities for mothers, especially during pregnancy.

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 The WRAI’s main objective was to spread awareness about the importance of healthcare habits and the availability

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and accessibility of healthcare programmes for women during pregnancy, childbirth, and post-natal care.
 Thus, due to WRAI’s continuous efforts, the Indian government declared April 11 as National Safe Motherhood Day

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in 2003. The day also marks the birth anniversary of Kasturba Gandhi, the wife of Mahatma Gandhi, and a great

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freedom fighter and social reformer.
 Since then, the day has been observed by people with various awareness programmes and events being conducted

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throughout the nation.

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196th birth anniversary of Jyotirao Govindrao Phule

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 The nation is remembering renowned social reformer, thinker, writer and anti- caste activist Mahatma Jyotiba Phule

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on his 196th birth anniversary. Jyotiba Phule, who played a significant role in eradicating untouchability and

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promoting girl education, was born on April 11, 1827. Rajasthan government has declared a public holiday across the

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state on the occasion. It has been an optional holiday till now. Effective 2023, 11 April will be a compulsory state
government holiday in Rajasthan.

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 About Jyotirao Govindrao Phule: Jyotirao Govindrao Phule was born in Maharashtra. Belonging to Mali caste, which
the varna system classified as Shudra, Phule’s family was employed in farming and gardening. He dedicated his life
towards education and upliftment of oppressed, eradication of untouchability and the caste system. Jyotiba Phule
and his wife, Savitribai Phule, strongly promoted the women's education in India. They were the first to facilitate
schooling for women in India in Pune around173 years ago.

World Parkinson’s Day

 Every year on April 11th, World Parkinson’s Day raises awareness for this progressive nervous system disorder. It’s
also a day to help the general public understand the reality of this disease for those who have it.
 According to recent statistics from the Parkinson’s Foundation, over 10 million people in the world have this disease.
This neurodegenerative disorder occurs when neurons in the brain break down or die. When these nerve cells die,
it reduces dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that sends messages from one nerve cell
to another. Low dopamine levels cause abnormal brain activity, which results in impaired movement. This is why
tremors are usually the first symptom of Parkinson’s disease.
 The first World Parkinson's Day (WPD) was held in April 1997. It was set up by the European Parkinson’s Disease
Association (now known as Parkinson’s Europe) and co-sponsored by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The
date commemorates the birthday of Dr James Parkinson.
 Each year there are now many World Day celebrations around the world as people come together on 11 April to
raise awareness of Parkinson’s. Activities include online awareness campaigns, webinars, conferences, wellbeing
events, fundraisers and much more.

International Day for Human Space Flight

 Every year on April 12th, International Day for Human Space Flight celebrates the first human space flight
anniversary. It’s also a day to reaffirm the importance of space science and technology.
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 In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first human-made satellite was launched into outer space. The satellite was
called Sputnik I. Four years later, another historic event took place. On April 12th, 1961, Yuri Gagarin carried out the
first human space flight. Gagarin was a Soviet citizen, pilot, and cosmonaut. His space capsule, Vostok 1, was the
first to complete an orbit of Earth. His journey around the earth took over 108 minutes. Gagarin’s journey marked
an important milestone in the Space Race.
 Other important space exploration milestones include -
 June 16, 1963 – Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to orbit the earth.
 July 20, 1969 – Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot upon the moon.
 July 17, 1975 – The U.S. and the Soviet Union achieved the first international human mission in space.

104 Years Of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

 More than a century ago on April 13, 1919, India witnessed its deadliest massacre when General Reginald Dyer's

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forces opened fire on an unarmed crowd which had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh of Amritsar to protest against the

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Rowlatt Act. Between 400 to 1,000 people were murdered and over 1,200 injured before the soldiers ran out of
ammunition after around ten minutes of fire.

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 The Rowlatt Act was a repressive law passed by the British colonial government in the same year which gave them

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the power to imprison anyone suspected of sedition without trial. The Act sparked massive outrage among people

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and thousands of protesters had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh on April 13, 1919 to oppose the law. Hundreds of

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people were killed when Dyer and his forces invaded the venue and blocked the sole exit, trapping the crowd inside.
 After the incident, General Dyer was removed from the duty after the Hunter Commission submitted its report. He

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died July 23, 1927, due to a cerebral haemorrhage. Dyer reportedly said on his deathbed, "So many people who knew

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the condition of Amritsar say I did right...but so many others say I did wrong. I only want to die and know from my

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Maker whether I did right or wrong."

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 In 1951, the government of India built a memorial to honour the victims of the massacre. Today, India marks the

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104th anniversary of the dreadful day.

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World Sarcoidosis Awareness Day
 On April 13th, World Sarcoidosis Day draws attention to this inflammatory disease. It takes place during Sarcoidosis

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Awareness Month, every April. The rare disease is characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory
cells in any part of your body, generally the lungs and lymph nodes. Even today, the cause of Sarcoidosis is unknown,
but experts believe it might result from the body's immune system responding to a particular substance, perhaps
infectious agents, chemicals, or dust. As it is too often misdiagnosed, the day aims to better understand how
Sarcoidosis impacts people.
 In April 2008, the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research declared Sarcoidosis Awareness Month. Eleven years later,
the organization launched World Sarcoidosis Awareness Day in conjunction with the April observance. They hosted
the first World Sarcoidosis Awareness Day on April 13th, 2019.

Ambedkar Jayanti
 Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti is observed on 14 April to commemorate the memory of B. R. Ambedkar, Indian
politician and social reformer. It marks Ambedkar's birthday who was born on 14 April 1891. His birthday is also
referred to as 'Equality Day' by some in India.
 Ambedkar Jayanti processions are carried out by his followers at Chaitya Bhoomi in Mumbai and Deeksha Bhoomi
in Nagpur. It is a customary for senior national figures, such as the President, Prime Minister and leaders of major
political parties, to pay homage at the statue of Ambedkar at the Parliament of India in New Delhi. It is celebrated
throughout the world especially by dalits, adivasi, labour workers, women and also those who embraced Buddhism
after his example. In India, large numbers of people visit local statues commemorating Ambedkar in procession
with lot of fanfare. In 2020, the first online Ambedkar Jayanti was celebrated in the world
 Since 2015, It has been a public holiday in most indian states all government institutions including schools and
universities are closed on this day.

Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu

 Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu is one of the biggest festivals of Assam and marks the first day of Hindu unisolar
calendar, and the beginning of Assamese new Year. The 7-day festival will be celebrated from April 14, 2023 (Friday)
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to April 20, 2023 (Thursday) this year. Bihu is celebrated thrice in a year. Bohag Bihu marks the beginning of the
seeding period and falls in the second week of April every year. The other two - Kati Bihu and Magh Bihu are
celebrated in October and January respectively. Rong means joy in Assamese and Rongali Bihu is the time for joy
and happiness for Assamese community as they celebrate each day of the festival with great fervour and enthusiasm.
 Bohag Bihu signals the start of the seeding season. During Bohag Bihu celebrations, traditional musical instruments
like dhol, pepa, gogona, toka, taal are played and young men and women dance to the traditional tunes.The first
day of the Hindu solar calendar is celebrated in states of Punjab as Baisakhi, Tamil Nadhu as Puthandu, Vishu in
Kerala, Pohela Baisakh in West Bengal and so on. While the traditions of the spring harvest festival across the
country differ slightly, the spirit remains the same.

World Art Day

 Each year, on 15 April, World Art Day celebrations help reinforce the links between artistic creations and society,

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encourage greater awareness of the diversity of artistic expressions and highlight the contribution of artists to
sustainable development. It is also an occasion to shine a light on arts education in schools, as culture can pave the

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way for inclusive and equitable education.
 The World Art Day, a celebration to promote the development, diffusion and enjoyment of art, was proclaimed at

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the 40th session of UNESCO’s General Conference in 2019.

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 Art - When humans use their creative skills and imagination to create something in visual form, it is called art.

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Some of the most popular types of art include painting, sculpting, drawing, photography, and calligraphy. These art
forms can be used in professional applications, such as architecture, fashion design, wood crafts, and jewelry design.

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Along with visual arts, there are also the performing arts. Examples of the performing arts include dance, theater,

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and music.

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Himachal Pradesh celebrates its 75th formation day

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 The 75th anniversary of the formation of Himachal Pradesh is being celebrated across the State today ( 15 April ).

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This day is celebrated to glorify the State’s creation. This time the State level function will be held at Kaza in the

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tribal Lahul-Spiti district.
 Chief Minister Sukhwinder Singh Sukhu is presiding over the State level function being held for the first time in 75

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years in Kaza. On this occasion, the Chief Minister will hoist the national flag and inspect the parade and take the
salute from the march past. Cultural teams from various districts of the State will present colourful programmes
along with the presentation of Spiti’s Chham dance. During the function, the Chief Minister will also honour the
people who have rendered excellent services in various fields.
 It may be recalled that Himachal Pradesh came into existence on the 15th of April 1948 as a Chief Commissioner’s
State. With this, Himachal Pradesh was created as a province of India. Later on the 25th of January 1950, Himachal
was made a ‘C’ category State. After this, on the 1st of November, 1956, Himachal Pradesh was declared a Union
Territory. In 1966, the hilly areas of Punjab were included in Himachal Pradesh. On the 18th of December 1970,
Parliament passed the Himachal Pradesh Act and on the 25th of January 1971, Himachal Pradesh came into existence
as a full-fledged State and became the 18th State of the country.

World Voice Day

 World Voice Day (WVD) is a worldwide annual event that takes place on April 16 devoted to the celebration of the
phenomenon of voice The aim is to demonstrate the enormous importance of the voice in the daily lives of all
people. Voice is a critical aspect of effective and healthy communication, and World Voice Day brings global
awareness to the need for preventing voice problems, rehabilitating the deviant or sick voice, training the artistic
voice, and researching the function and application of voice. A goal of World Voice Day is to encourage all those
who use their voice for business or pleasure to learn to take care of their voice, and know how to seek help and
training, and to support research on the voice.
 This celebration started in Brazil in 1999 as the Brazilian National Voice Day. It was the result of a mixed initiative
of physicians, speech-language pathologists and singing teachers that belonged to the former association ‘Sociedade
Brasileira de Laringologia e Voz – SBLV’ (Brazilian Society of Laryngology and Voice), under the presidency of Dr.
Nedio Steffen. This Brazilian initiative was followed by other countries, such as Argentina and Portugal, and the
Brazilian National Voice Day became the International Voice Day. In the United States, the American Academy of

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Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery officially recognized this celebration in 2002 and in that year the event
obtained the name ‘World Voice Day’.

World Hemophilia Day

 World Hemophilia Day is a global healthcare event celebrated on the 17th of April every year, started by the World
Federation of Haemophilia (WHF) with the intention to raise a call for the government authorities and local
policymakers for the provision of a better treatment and care in addition to promote better control and prevention
with haemophilia.
 A rare severe, inherited haemorrhagic disorder, haemophilia is caused by malfunction of factor VIII and factor IX
protein (factors required for blood clotting/ coagulation), leading to an abnormality in blood coagulation. Although
people of all races and ethnicities can be diagnosed with haemophilia, men are more likely to be affected because
the ailment is connected to the X chromosome. There is a 50% probability that a boy whose mother carries the

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haemophilia gene will also be affected by haemophilia, and her daughter being 50% risk of being carrier. Hence,
haemophilia is more common in males, despite the fact that it can affect females causing difficulties with

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menstruation and childbirth.
 This year 2023, World Hemophilia Day 2023 Theme is "Access for All: Prevention of bleeds as the global standard

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of care”, a call to local authorities and healthcare policymakers to emphasise the prevention, protection and

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availability of effective treatment care to all the persons affected with haemophilia.

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World Heritage Day / International Day For Monuments and Sites

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 The International Day for Monuments and Sites also known as World Heritage Day is an international observance
held on 18 April each year around the world with different types of activities, including visits to monuments and

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heritage sites, conferences, round tables and newspaper articles.

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 The International Day for Monuments and Sites was proposed by the International Council on Monuments and

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Sites (ICOMOS) on 18 April 1982 and approved by the General Assembly of UNESCO in 1983. The aim is to promote

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awareness about the diversity of cultural heritage of humanity, their vulnerability and the efforts required for their

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protection and conservation
 World Heritage Day highlights a different theme each year that centers around a specific aspect of cultural heritage.

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The 2022 theme was “Heritage and Climate,” while the 2023 theme is “Heritage Changes.” The latter theme provides
an opportunity to address issues related to understanding traditional knowledge and knowledge systems in the
context of climate action. It also emphasizes the role of cultural heritage in supporting fair protection for vulnerable
communities in climate action and responding to the UN Decade of Action.

World Liver Day

 World Liver Day (WLD) is a global healthcare event commemorated every year on the 19th of April with the intent
to raise awareness about liver disease in the general public. The activities conducted on this health awareness day
are organised with the associations of various international and local governing groups. World Liver Day focuses
on activities pertaining to educating people about the severity, early detection and prevention of liver diseases.
 Being the second largest and most vital organ in the human body, the liver plays several functions that include but
are not limited to metabolism, digestion, immunity, filtration of toxins, and storage of vitamins, minerals, glucose
etc. Although the liver has the unique characteristic of self-healing, where it can regrow or regenerate after being
damaged up to 60 to 70%, any abnormalities in the liver might lead to serious health complications.
 World Liver Day 2023 Theme - This year, 2023, the World Liver Day theme is "Be Vigilant, Do Regular Liver Check-
Up, Fatty Liver Can Affect Anyone." The theme focuses to emphasise the practise of regular liver check-ups, as fatty
liver can affect anyone, irrespective of the risk factors such as obesity (overweight), insulin resistance (diabetes),
and excess consumption of alcohol. Recent studies in India have shown 75% of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD; liver disease caused in patients who drink little or no alcohol) is observed in patients with low body mass
index (<25 kg/m2).

Chinese Language Day

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Chinese Language Day is observed annually on April 20. The event was established by the UN Department of Public
Information in 2010, seeking "to celebrate multilingualism and cultural diversity as well as to promote equal use of all
six of its official working languages throughout the organization"
Language Days at the United Nations seek to celebrate multilingualism and cultural diversity as well as to promote
equal use of all six official languages throughout the Organization. Under the initiative, UN duty stations around the
world celebrate six separate days, each dedicated to one of the Organization's six official languages.
Why 20th April: The date for the Chinese day was selected from Guyu ("Rain of Millet"), which is the 6th of 24 solar
terms in the traditional East Asian calendars, to pay tribute to Cangjie.
Facts –
 Chinese is one of the oldest languages still in use
 Chinese is the most commonly used mother tongue
 It's the only modern pictographic language
 It's considered one of the hardest languages to learn

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 Chinese has different calligraphy styles

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National Civil Services Day

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 National Civil Services Day 2023: It is observed on April 21 every year to acknowledge the work of officers who are

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engaged in various public service departments in the country. This day is also a reminder for civil servants to run

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the administrative machinery of the country collectively and with a dedication to serving the citizens. And there is

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no official theme to celebrate this day. As we know Civil Service is the service that is responsible for the public

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administration of the government of the country.
 Why is 21 April celebrated as National Civil Services Day: Its origin is related to the year 1947 when on 21st April

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Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Home Minister of Independent India addressed the probationary officers at the All India

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Administrative Service Training School at Metcalfe House, Delhi. He delivered a powerful speech and empowered

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the Civil Servants to adopt the true role of national service leaving behind the past experience. In his speech he

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referred to civil servants as the 'steel frame of India'. The first such function was held in Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi

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on 21 April 2006. And from then April 21 has been celebrated as National Civil Service Day.

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International Mother Earth Day
 On April 22, people unite to celebrate International Mother Earth Day. The day is to focus on the responsibility to
rebuild our troubled relationship with nature. It recognizes that “the Earth and its ecosystems are our home” and
that “it is necessary to promote harmony with nature and the Earth.
 The term Mother Earth is used because it “reflects the interdependence that exists among human beings, other
living species and the planet we all inhabit.
 The day is named International Mother Earth Day because Mother Earth, as it says in the resolution, is “A common
expression for planet earth in a number of countries and regions, which reflects the interdependence that exists
among human beings, other living species and the planet we all inhabit.”
 History: International Mother Earth Day was established in 2009, by the United Nations General Assembly under
Resolution A/RES/63/278. The Resolution was introduced by The Plurinational State of Bolivia and endorsed by
over 50 member states.
 This Day also recognizes a collective responsibility, as called for in the 1992 Rio Declaration, to promote harmony
with nature and the Earth to achieve a just balance among the economic, social and environmental needs of present
and future generations of humanity.

English Language Day

 English Language Day coincides with both the birthday and death day of William Shakespeare and World Book
Day that is 23 April . The English language is one of the most popular languages used across the world. The day
prospects the development, history, culture, and achievements associated with the language.
 English is the most widely spoken language or a "world language". Therefore, it is known as the lingua franca of the
modern era. Along with French, English is also the working language of the United Nations (UN). English Language
Day is the result of a 2010 initiative by the Department of Global Communications. It established language days for
each of the Organisation’s six official languages.

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 English is the most widely spoken language or a "world language". Therefore, it is known as the lingua franca of the
modern era. Along with French, English is also the working language of the United Nations (UN). English Language
Day is the result of a 2010 initiative by the Department of Global Communications. It established language days for
each of the Organisation’s six official languages.
The language days are as follows:
 Arabic (18 December)
 Chinese (20 April)
 English (23 April)
 French (20 March)
 Russian (6 June)
 Spanish (23 April)
The main purpose of the UN's language days is to observe multilingualism and cultural diversity. The days also promote

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the equal use of all six official languages throughout the Organisation.

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At the UN, the Language days aims to entertain and to inform about the goal of raising awareness and respect for the
history, culture, and achievements of each of the six working languages among the UN community.

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Basav Jayanti: 2023
 In memory of Lord Basavanna's birthday, Lingayats in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and

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Maharashtra observe the festival known as Basava Jayanti. The birth of Lord Basavanna, who is regarded as the
founder of the Lingayat community, is celebrated to commemorate the beginning of a new era known as the

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Basavanna or Basaveshwar era.

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 As per the traditional calendar, Lord Basaveshwar was born on the third day of Vaisakh month. Basav Jayanti is a

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public holiday in Karnataka. This year Basav Jayanti is being celebrated on April 23

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 In Karnataka, where Basavanna has a sizable following, Basava Jayanti has been proclaimed a state holiday. People

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from different cities and villages in Karnataka celebrate it grandly. People come to the Lord Basaveshwar temples

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on this day to offer prayers. It's a significant day, particularly for farmers. The practice of Lingayat committees
organising various events is widespread in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. On Basava Jayanti, people

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exchange pleasantries and sweets. Many people choose to travel to Kudalasangama, which holds numerous cultural

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and spiritual events over a week-long period for the Basav Jayanti celebration

National Panchayati Raj Day: India

 The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India in collaboration with the Government of Madhya Pradesh is
commemorating National Panchayati Raj Day (NPRD) on 24th April, 2023 at Rewa in Madhya Pradesh as a major
event as part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav (AKAM) – Samaaveshi Vikaas (Inclusive Development) adopting Whole-
of-the-Government approach.
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi will be the Chief Guest at the national function to be organised at Special Armed
Forces Ground, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. He will address all the Gram Sabhas and Panchayati Raj Institutions of the
country today at National Panchayati Raj Day celebrations in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. The Prime Minister will also
lay the foundation stone and inaugurate projects worth more than 17 thousand crores.
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi will virtually attend the house warming ceremony of 4 lakh 11 thousand beneficiaries
of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana at the function.
 Madhya Pradesh Governor Mangubhai Patel, Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Central Rural Development
and Panchayati Raj Minister Giriraj Singh, several Union ministers and MP government ministers will also
participate in the programme.

International Day of Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace

 The International Day of Multilateralism and Diplomacy for Peace is celebrated annually on 24 April. It seeks to
reaffirm the UN Charter and its principles of resolving disputes among countries through peaceful means. The Day
acknowledges the use of multilateral decision making and diplomacy in achieving peaceful resolutions to conflicts
among nations, It was established on 12 December 2018 through resolution A/RES/73/127 and was first observed on
24 April 2019.
 What is multilateralism: Multilateralism is a philosophy or approach to international relations that emphasizes the
need for cooperation and coordination among multiple countries and international organizations to address global
issues and achieve common goals. It involves the idea that no single country can solve complex global problems
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such as climate change, international trade, or terrorism on its own, and that collective action and shared
responsibility are necessary.

World Immunization Week 24-30 April 2023

 World Immunisation Week (WIW) is a global healthcare event, typically celebrated every year in the last week of
April between 24th and 30th, intending to promote vaccine usage and protect people of all ages from infectious
diseases.
 The World Health Organisation (WHO), in association with various international and local groups, joined hands
together in this worldwide event to protect local communities from vaccine-preventable diseases and provide
education by conducting various campaigns and activities. The WIW 2023 activities focus on emphasising the
importance of having vaccines and immunisation in addition to aiding the governments in providing the necessary
technical assistance and information required to launch effective immunisation programmes.

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 Infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that can be prevented through vaccination are known as vaccine-
preventable diseases (VPDs). These VPDs are still one of the major culprits for causing deaths in children under the

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age of 5 years. Immunisation can help curb VPDs in children and other infectious diseases in adults, including polio,

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diphtheria, tetanus, COVID-19 etc.
 World Immunization Week 2023 Theme: This year 2023, the World Immunisation Week theme is “The Big Catch-

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Up” where the World Health Organization is collaborating with its partners to swiften the progress in countries'

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back to on track, so that more people, especially children, are shielded from avoidable diseases.

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sInternational Delegate’s Day
 Every year on April 25th, International Delegate’s Day is observed to pay tribute to the delegates who are an integral

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part of the United Nations (UN) and play a significant role in its functioning.

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 Delegates bring the United Nations to life. Without them, this Organization would not be what it is. They negotiate

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agreements and coordinate with their home countries. Some form alliances, others struggle for compromises. In

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that way, they embody the multilateralism, which the UN stands for.

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 The delegates represent their countries in meetings at the United Nations. Unless a politician of higher rank is
present, the delegates speak and vote on behalf of their country at the UN General Assembly, and other fora, such

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as the UN Security Council. The delegates are appointed by their countries. Hence, they follow the interests of the
government they serve.
 International Delegate’s Day marks the anniversary of the first day of the San Francisco Conference, also known as
the United Nations Conference on International Organization. On 25 April 1945, delegates from fifty countries came
together for the first time in San Francisco. Coming together after the devastation of the second world war, their
aim was to set up an organization that would restore world peace and impose rules on the post-war world order.

World Malaria Day

 World Malaria Day is an occasion to highlight the need for continued investment and sustained political
commitment for malaria prevention and control. It was instituted by WHO Member States during the World Health
Assembly of 2007.
 The theme for World Malaria Day 2023 is "Time to deliver zero malaria: invest, innovate, implement", emphasizing
the urgency to invest resources, innovate strategies and implement actions towards achieving the goal of zero
malaria
 About: Malaria - Malaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are spread to people
through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is preventable and curable.

World Intellectual Property Day

 World Intellectual Property Day is observed annually on April 26. The event was established by the World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2000 to "raise awareness of how patents, copyright, trademarks and
designs impact on daily life" and "to celebrate creativity, and the contribution made by creators and innovators to
the development of economies and societies across the globe". April 26 was chosen as the date for World Intellectual
Property Day because it coincides with the date on which the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual
Property Organization entered into force in 1970. World Intellectual Property Day is WIPO’s largest intellectual
property (IP) public outreach campaign
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 WIPO, a self-funded specialized agency of the United Nations, plays a crucial role in establishing a fair and
accessible global intellectual property system. In the year 2000, the member states of WIPO agreed to observe
World Intellectual Property Day on April 26th every year to celebrate the establishment of the WIPO Convention
in 1970.
 The Convention aims to bridge the gap between intellectual property as a legal or business concept and its impact
on people’s lives. By observing this day, WIPO hopes to increase awareness of the importance of intellectual
property rights and encourage innovation and creativity across the globe.

International Girls in ICT Day

 International Girls in ICT Day is an annual event celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April to encourage and
empower girls and young women to explore and pursue careers in the field of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT). This year, it is being observed on April 27 with the theme “Digital Skills for Life". Despite the

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significant role of ICT in our lives, a relatively small percentage of women globally opt for higher education in ICT-
related fields, according to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

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 International Girls in ICT Day was declared by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on April 8, 2011,

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to encourage women to pursue careers in information and communication technologies. The Day has been

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celebrated globally since its inception, with over 11,400 events held in 171 countries and more than 3,77,000 girls and

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young women participating.

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Freedom Day : in South Africa

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 Freedom Day is an annual celebration held on April 27 in South Africa. The day reminds South Africans of the
immeasurable sacrifices made by individuals and nations to break them away from the chains of unjust segregation

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by a selected few. It reminds them of the efforts of their national heroes, particularly Nelson Mandela. He is regarded

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as a champion of freedom, not only in South Africa but the entire world. It is a day that not only marks the

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emancipation of South Africans from apartheid but also returned their essential human rights in 1994.

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 Following the abolition of the decades-long segregation in South Africa, Freedom Day was marked on April 27, 1994,

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as a multiracial election. Until then, basic human rights and privileges were denied to black South Africans by the
few ruling Whites. From then on, April 27 became a symbol of freedom for South Africans. It also commemorates

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the efforts of national heroes like Nelson Mandela. The struggles and sacrifices of Mandela, other key figures like
Desmond Tutu, and many others, brought South Africans the freedom they were long deprived of in their land.

World Day for Safety and Health at Work

 Every year on April 28, World Day for Safety and Health at Work is celebrated. The day is dedicated to promoting
awareness and reducing occupational diseases and accidents worldwide. The emphasis is on the creation and
upkeep of the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management system.
 The International Labour Organisation (ILO) first observed World Day in 2003 with the objective of avoiding
workplace accidents and diseases. The day overlaps with the International Day of Remembrance for the Dead and
Injured Workers, which has been observed by the labour movement since 1996.
 The day has significance in increasing awareness of ways to make work safe and healthy, as well as the necessity to
enhance the political profile of occupational safety and health.

OBITURY
Malayalam novelist and short story writer Sarah Thomas passes away at 88
 Renowned Malayalam writer and Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award winner Sarah Thomas passed away in
Thiruvananthapuram on Friday, March 31. The 88-year-old, whose wide repertoire of literary works includes at least
17 novels and more than a hundred short stories, had been suffering from age-related ailments for a while. She was
at her daughter’s residence in Nandavanam when she breathed her last.
 Condoling the writer’s demise, Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan said, “Sarah Thomas raised Malayalam literature to
new levels of expressionism. Through her, Malayalam experienced nuanced reflections of the inner lives of people
across caste and class hierarchies. Her works had projected and upheld the feminine identity even before the
feminist ideology began to gain traction in Malayalam literature.”

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 Sarah is best known for her novel Narmadipudava, for which she was presented with the Kerala Sahitya Akademi
Award in 1979. Narmadipudava is the tale of a Tamil Brahmin widow, tied to the shackles of caste and gender
traditions in Kerala. Her 1982 novel Daivamakkal, its protagonist a Dalit medical student, is considered a seminal
work in Kerala’s Dalit literature. It has been translated to English as Children of God by Sosanna Kuruvilla. In 2010,
Sarah won a second Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for her contribution to Malayalam literature.

Former cricketer Salim Durani passes away at the age of 88

 Salim Durani, the debonair India cricketer of the 1960s with a movie star looks, a puckish sense of humour, and a
penchant for hitting monstrous sixes on demand, died on Sunday.He was 88. His death was confirmed by sources
close to the family. He had been living with his younger brother, Jahangir Durani, in Jamnagar, Gujarat.
 The Kabul-born Durani, who packed a punch with his bat and was also a handy left-arm orthodox bowler, played
29 Tests and was instrumental in India defeating England 2-0 in the historic five-match Test series in 1961-62,

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picking up eight and 10 wickets in the team's victories at Calcutta and Madras.
 Durani, known for his fine dressing style and swagger, scored just one century though he had seven fifties in the 50

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innings he played for the country, scoring 1,202 runs.

Jharkhand Education Minister Jagarnath Mahto Passes away at 56

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 Jharkhand minister Jagarnath Mahto died on Thursday at a hospital in Chennai where he was undergoing treatment,

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a senior doctor of the health facility said. He was 56.

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 Jagannath Mahto was an Indian politician and cabinet minister from Jharkhand. He represented the Dumri. Vidhan

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Sabha constituency as a Jharkhand Mukti Morcha MLA Mahto died from complications of a lung transplant on 6
April 2023,

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 Mr Mahto, the four-time JMM MLA from Dumri in Giridih district, was taken to Chennai in October 2020, where

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he had undergone the transplant as his lungs were damaged due to the COVID-19 infection, a health department

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official said

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 The minister had returned to Ranchi after eight months in June 2021,
 The Jharkhand government declared mourning for two days from April 6 in honour of Mr Mahto, during which no

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official ceremony would be held.
 According to a state government notification, the cabinet meeting scheduled this evening was cancelled.

Theatre veteran Jalabala Vaidya passes away

 Jalabala Vaidya, legendary theatre actor, died in Delhi on Sunday after a battle with respiratory ailments, said her
daughter and theatre director Anasuya Vaidya Shetty. She was 86.
 Born in London to Indian author and freedom fighter Suresh Vaidya and English classical singer Madge Franckeiss,
Jalabala Vaidya started out as a journalist, writing for various national newspapers and magazines in Delhi.
 She was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi's Tagore Award, the Delhi Natya Sangh Award, the Andhra Pradesh
Natya Akademi Honour, Honorary Citizenship of the City of Baltimore, USA, and in February, the Delhi
Government's Varisht Samman for her lifelong contribution to the performing arts.
 Jalabala Vaidya was briefly married to well-known journalist and columnist, C.P. Ramachandran, but soon after,
met and married her lifelong partner in the arts and life, poet-playwright Gopal Sharman.
 She co-founded the Akshara National Classical Theatre in New Delhi with Sharman. It is an exquisite arts complex
and much-loved hub of theatre performances, designed and built by Sharman, where she played the lead role in
more than 20 plays, including 'Full Circle', 'Larflarflarf', 'The Ramayana', 'Let's Laugh Again’ 'The Bhagavad Gita',
'The Cabuliwala', 'Gitanjali', 'The Strange Case of Billy Biswas', etc.

Keshub Mahindra passeS away at the age of 99

 Keshub Mahindra, former chairman of Mahindra & Mahindra, passed away at the age of 99 on Wednesday April 12.
He served as the chairman of the flagship company of the Mahindra Group for 48 years between 1963 and 2012.
After that, he was the chairman emeritus of the firm.
 Recently, Forbes revealed that he was India's oldest billionaire, with a net worth of $1.2 billion.

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 Under Mahindra, the company went under a great deal of diversification. When he started working there in the
company in 1947, its main business was manufacturing the iconic Willys Jeeps. Now, the group is a conglomerate
with interests spanning automobile, energy, software services, real estate, hospitality and defence.
 About: Keshub Mahindra - Born on October 9, 1923, in Shimla, Mahindra completed his graduation from Wharton
at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. In 1945, his father, JC Mahindra, co-founded the company. In 1947, Keshub
joined the company and assumed the role of chairman in 1963.

Veteran Actor Uttara Baokar Passes Away At 79

 Veteran film and television actor Uttara Baokar passed away in Pune. She was 79. Sources close to the actor's family
told news agency PTI that she left for the heavenly abode following a prolonged illness. Baokar, who was ailing since
the last year, breathed her last at a hospital on Tuesday. Her last rites were performed on Wednesday morning,
reported PTI.

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 Baokar, who studied acting at the National School of Drama (NSD), played various roles in different plays such as
'Padmavati' in 'Mukyhamantri', 'Mena' in 'Mena Gurjari', 'Desdemona' in Shakespeare's 'Othello', mother in

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playwright Girish Karnad's 'Tughlaq', among others. She also worked in TV shows as well namely 'Udaan', 'Antaral',

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'X Zone', 'Rishtey Kora Kaagaz', 'Nazarana', 'Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin', 'Kashmakash Zindagi Ki' and 'Jabb Love Hua'.
 Additionally, She won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for Mrinal Sen's 'Ek Din Achanak.

Lucknow's Famous Nawab Jafar Mir Abdullah Passes Away

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 A well-known personality and Lucknow’s famous Nawab Jafar Mir Abdullah passed away on Tuesday at the age of

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73. He breathed his last at the city’s Vivekananda Hospital. According to reports, Nawab Mir Jafar was suffering
from a prolonged illness and was being treated at the hospital. - He was undergoing dialysis here.

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 He is survived by his brother Nawab Masood Abdullah and three daughters: Shirin, Nishat and Manrukh. Nawab

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Masood announced his death on social media after which condolences poured in from across the globe.

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 Abdullah acted in several movies, including Umrao Jaan, Gadar, Gulabo Sitabo, Ishaqzade and Madam Chief

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Minister, etc.

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 Born in 1951, Abdullah had worked as a medical representative for about two decades when he left his job to continue
his father's business of selling antiquities. He was also awarded with the Yash Bharti Award in 2016,

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Former Punjab CM & senior Shiromani Akali Dal leader Parkash Singh Badal passes away
 Parkash Singh Badal, former Chief Minister of Punjab and senior leader of Shiromani Akali Dal passed away in
Mohali last evening, April 25. He was 95. Mr. Badal, a five-time chief minister, was admitted to the intensive care
unit of a private hospital on Sunday following a complaint of difficulty in breathing.
 Parkash Singh Badal was born on December 8, 1927, in Abul Khurana near Malout. He entered the state Assembly
from Malout in 1957 as the Congress nominee and in 1969, entered the Assembly from Gidderbaha seat on the SAD
ticket. He was elected as MLA for 11 times, losing only twice.
 Badal became the Chief Minister for the first time in 1970. He was the youngest Chief Minister and headed a
coalition government. But the government did not complete its term. Later, he became the Chief Minister four
times, from 1977 to 1980, 1997 to 2002, 2007 to 2012, and 2012 to 2017. In 1977, he briefly joined Morarji Desai’s
government as the Agriculture minister at the Centre.

Malayalam actor Mamukkoya passes away at the age of 76

 Popular Malayalam actor Mamukkoya passed away on Wednesday, April 26, at a private hospital in Kozhikode.
According to reports, he breathed his last at around 1.10 pm. He was 76 years old. On Monday, April 24, he collapsed
at a football tournament in Malappuram district. He was rushed to the hospital and was put on a ventilator.
 On April 24, Mamukkoya was in Malappuram where he inaugurated the Poongod Janakeeya Sevens Football
Tournament. The actor complained of uneasiness and, reportedly, collapsed on the football field.
 Mamukkoya was rushed to the hospital and was being treated at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). He was put on a
ventilator. On April 26, Mamukkoya breathed his last an hour ago, according to hospital authorities. Mamukkoya's
sudden demise left the entire Malayalam film industry in a state of shock.
 About: Mamukkoya - Mamukkoya made his acting debut in the theatre in 1979. Before that, he worked in a timber
mill in Kozhikode. In his four-decade-long career, Mamkukkoya acted in over 450 Malayalam films. He also
appeared in a French film titled Flammens of Paradise.
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 The veteran actor was known for the use of the Mappila dialect and his impeccable comedy timing. He won two
Kerala State Film Awards for his performances in Perumazhakkalam and Innathe Chintha Vishayam.

Ex Odisha MP And 3 Time MLA Trilochan Kanungo passes away at 82

 Veteran politician and former Jagatsinghpur MP Trilochan Kanungo passed away while undergoing treatment at a
private hospital in Bhubaneswar He was 83. and is survived by his wife, son and three daughters. His younger
brother Panchanan Kanungo is a Congress politician.
 The three-time MLA and one-time MP was undergoing treatment at a private hospital in Bhubaneswar since March
30. After battling for life for over three weeks, Kanungo breathed his last
 Trilochan Kanungo was a former chairman of Cuttack Municipality and ex-chairperson of the state finance
commission.
 Born on November 24, 1940 at Badamulei village in Cuttack district, Mr Kanungo was residing in Sheikh Bazaar area

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of Cuttack city for the last few years.

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Boxing Champion, Padma Shri Awardee Kaur Singh passes away
 Boxing champion Kaur Singh breathed his last on Thursday, April 27 in Haryana's Kurukshetra at the age of 74. He

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had been undergoing treatment for quite some time due to multiple health issues.

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 Singh garnered loads of laurels in his career. He won six gold medals in international competitions, which included

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the Asian Games in 1982. He won gold in heavyweight boxing at the Asian Games.

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 In the same year, Singh got the prestigious Arjuna Award, followed by the Padma Shri in 1983. Thereafter, in 1988,

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he won the Vishisht Seva Medal, also.
 Back on January 27, 1980, Singh also took part in an exhibition match with the legendary Muhammad Ali that took

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place in New Delhi.

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 Earlier in April, the Punjab government announced that life stories of four great sportsmen will be included in

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school curriculum. Textbooks of Class 9 and 10 will have their stories. Singh is one of the four players along with

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Balbir Singh Sr, who represented India in three Olympics, athlete Milkha Singh and Gurbachan Singh Randhawa,

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who was India’s very first Arjuna Awardee.

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Uttarakhand Minister Chandan Ram Das passes away
 ttarakhand’s Minister for Transport and Social Welfare Chandan Ram Das died of a heart attack on Wednesday in
Bageshwar, The 65-year-old was brought to the district hospital this afternoon after he complained of suffocation
in the chest, Bageshwar’s Chief Medical Officer DP Joshi said.
 He was shifted to the ICU as his condition worsened. Despite all efforts, he could not be saved, The minister could
not be taken to some other hospital in an air ambulance as his condition did not allow it,
 The BJP leader represented Bageshwar in four consecutive assemblies since 2007, but he became a minister for the
first time in the Pushkar Singh Dhami's cabinet.
 About: Chandan Ram Das - Chandan Ram Das was an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Das was a
member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly from the Bageshwar constituency in Bageshwar district from 2007
until his death.
 maintain high standards of safety and health, which should be distributed equitably throughout all sectors of
society.
 This year's World Day for Safety and Health at Work 2022 theme is "A safe and healthy working environment as a
fundamental principle and right at work". The focus of the theme is to provide highlights on fostering excellent
workplace health through a safe and healthy work environment.

RANKING
WBPDCL ranked No.1 power generation company for FY’23,
 State-run West Bengal Power Development Corporation (WBPDCL) has ranked best performing power generation
company in the country for the financial year 2022-23. This is according to a list published by the Central Electricity
Authority - CEA, Ministry of Power.
 Three thermal power plants of WBPDCL have established their places in the top five ranks in terms of its
performance and efficiency (as measured by the plant load factor or PLF). Bakreswar power plant of WBPDCL has
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been ranked number one (PLF- 92.38 per cent) out of total 205 thermal power plants operating in the country, said
an official press statement.
 Santaldih has been ranked second (PLF-91.37 per cent) followed by Sagardighi plant at fifth position (PLF-89.39 per
cent) nationally.
 WBPDCL has registered record gross generation of 31.85 billion units with a growth of 35 per cent over last two
years. It has witnessed a superior performance in the areas of availability, PLF, Specific Oil Consumption (SOC) and
auxiliary power consumption (APC). Due to this, profitability has increased three fold. Major turnaround has also
been observed in other two plants at Kolaghat and Bandel.

Mumbai ranked 19th spot globally among cities with world's best public transport
 Mumbai secured 19th spot globally to rank among cities with world's best public transport. Germany's Berlin was
ranked as the city with the best public transport system globally, followed by Czech Republic's capital Prague, while

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Mumbai secured the 19th spot and was the top-ranked Indian city, according to the survey published by the London
based ‘ Time Out ‘. a media outlet that focuses on hospitality business and labels itself as a global brand ‘dedicated

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to city life’.
 The list that has been released by Time Out, the publisher of global city guides. The publisher polled 20,000 people

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in 50 cities to find out how they feel about their local mass transit systems.

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 The list showed a not-so-surprising pre-dominance of Asian cities in the list for best public transport system.

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European cities also took a chunk of the accolades, with Germany's capital city Berlin topping the list.

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Union Bank of India secures 1st Rank in EASE reforms index for Q3 FY-23
 Union Bank of India, for the first time, secures 1st rank as per the report on EASE Reforms Index for Q3 FY 2022-23

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published by Indian Banks' Association (IBA).

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 Enhanced Access & Service Excellence (EASE) is an initiative by the DFS (GOI) as part of the PSB Reforms Agenda

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and is currently under its fifth iteration which focuses on Enhanced Digital experience, Data - driven, Integrated

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and Inclusive Banking.

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 Union Bank of India has been doing well in areas related to building analytics capabilities for retaining and
deepening relationships, effective credit monitoring, comprehensive digital collection management system, fraud

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resilience and cyber security, adopting modern technology capabilities for integrated banking experience, customer
centric digital offerings, employee development and better governance measures which resulted the Bank to
continue its momentum and for the first time Bank secures 1st position among all PSBs for adopting various reforms
prescribed for Public Sector Banks.
 The performance of PSBs is measured on five themes under EASE 5.0, in which, Union Bank of India has set the
benchmark under the four themes i.e., "Digitally - enabled customer offerings", 'Big data and analytics', 'Modern
Technology Capabilities' and "Employee development and Governance" by securing 1st rank amongst PSBs.

India reaches 38th spot on World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index

 India has reached the 38th spot on World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index. In 2014, India was ranked 54th. It
climbed 16 places from 2014 to 2022. Prime Minister Narendra Modi termed it an encouraging trend, powered by
government reforms and focus on improving logistics infrastructure. In a tweet, he said these gains will reduce costs
and make country’s businesses more competitive.
 Note: Singapore tops the List ,

India ranks 4th on list of countries with largest military spending in the world: SIPRI
 India’s military spending was uo 6 per cent year-on-year to $81.4 billion in 2022, making it the fourth highest spender
after the US, Russia, and China, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
 While Beijing spent an estimated $292 billion in 2022, Moscow’s military expenditure stood at $86.4 billion during
the same period. However, the US outpaced other countries in terms of defence spending with a bill of $877 billion,
according to the report
 Saudi Arabia rounded the top five with an annual expenditure of $70 billion. Total military spending surged to
$2,240 billion in 2022.

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 India slipped a spot from last year in terms of military spending. Meanwhile, the US remains the world’s largest
military spender equalling the expenditure of nearly 10-15 countries. China also slipped from the second spot having
spent nearly $400 billion, with some amount remaining undeclared.
 Russia rose to the second spot in these rankings owing to the war with Ukraine. In what is the first war of attrition
since the Second World War in Europe, Ukraine has spent nearly 40 per cent of its GDP on defence, according to
the report.

SPORTS

Daniil Medvedev wins fourth title of year with Miami Open triumph over Jannik Sinner
 Daniil Medvedev beat Italy's Jannik Sinner 7-5 6-3 to win the Miami Open on Sunday for his fourth title of the year
and 19th overall.

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 The jubilant fourth seed pumped his fist after pounding an unreturnable serve on match point to seal the win on a

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hot and humid day at Hard Rock Stadium in South Florida.
 The Russian was playing in his fifth consecutive final after triumphs in Doha, Rotterdam and Dubai before finishing

.
runner-up to Carlos Alcaraz at Indian Wells two weeks ago.

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 Medvedev said he was fortunate that Sinner had to come through a physical, three-set battle in the semi-final on

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Friday night against top seed Alcaraz.

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MS Dhoni, Yuvraj Singh among 5 Indian cricketers to be awarded MCC lifetime membership

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 Five top Indian cricketers - Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Yuvraj Singh, Suresh Raina, Mithali Raj, and Jhulan Goswami -

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were given life membership in the prestigious Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).

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 The MCC has named 19 new Honorary Life Members, with eight Test-playing nations represented. The London-

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based club, which established the rules of the game, bestows honorary life membership on some of the game's

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greatest men and women.
 This year's list includes five former players from India and England, as well as players from Australia, Bangladesh,

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New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, and the West Indies.

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 Eoin Morgan, England's 2019 ODI World Cup-winning captain, Jenny Gunn, Laura Marsh, and Anya Shrubsole, who
were part of England's 2017 Women's ODI World Cup triumph, and flamboyant batsman Kevin Pietersen, who won
the Ashes four times and was Player of the Tournament in England's 2010 ICC Men's World T20 win, are among the
five former England players to receive the honour.
 Jhulan Goswami, who bowed out from internationals in the England v India Women's One-Day International at
Lord's last year, is the leading wicket-taker in Women's ODIs whilst Mithali Raj heads the run-scoring list with
7,805 in 211 innings.
 MS Dhoni and Yuvraj Singh were both integral parts of the India side which won the 2007 ICC Men's World T20
and the 2011 ICC Men's World Cup, and Suresh Raina scored over 5,500 ODI runs across a 13-year career.

MS Dhoni, Yuvraj Singh among 5 Indian cricketers to be awarded MCC lifetime membership
 Five top Indian cricketers - Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Yuvraj Singh, Suresh Raina, Mithali Raj, and Jhulan Goswami -
were given life membership in the prestigious Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).
 The MCC has named 19 new Honorary Life Members, with eight Test-playing nations represented. The London-
based club, which established the rules of the game, bestows honorary life membership on some of the game's
greatest men and women.
 This year's list includes five former players from India and England, as well as players from Australia, Bangladesh,
New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, and the West Indies.
 Eoin Morgan, England's 2019 ODI World Cup-winning captain, Jenny Gunn, Laura Marsh, and Anya Shrubsole, who
were part of England's 2017 Women's ODI World Cup triumph, and flamboyant batsman Kevin Pietersen, who won
the Ashes four times and was Player of the Tournament in England's 2010 ICC Men's World T20 win, are among the
five former England players to receive the honour.
 Jhulan Goswami, who bowed out from internationals in the England v India Women's One-Day International at
Lord's last year, is the leading wicket-taker in Women's ODIs whilst Mithali Raj heads the run-scoring list with
7,805 in 211 innings.
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 MS Dhoni and Yuvraj Singh were both integral parts of the India side which won the 2007 ICC Men's World T20
and the 2011 ICC Men's World Cup, and Suresh Raina scored over 5,500 ODI runs across a 13-year career.

Indian GM Gukesh wins title at World Chess Armageddon Asia & Oceania event
 Teenaged Indian Grandmaster D Gukesh stunned former world rapid champion Nodirbek Abdusattorov of
Uzbekistan in the final to win the World Chess Armageddon Asia & Oceania event
 After a missed chance in game 1, Gukesh lost the next game against Abdusattorov to use his “extra life” and start
the match all over again The first game of the ‘new’ match was a draw after a perpetual check from Gukesh. He won
the next game to emerge champion.
 Both Gukesh and Abdusattorov have earned a spot at the Armageddon’s Grand Finale held in September.
 The 16-year-old Indian won in a field that included former world classical champion Vladimir Kramnik, Daniil
Dubov, Yangyi Yu (China), Vidit Gujrathi and Karthikeyan Murali (both India) and Param Maghsoodloo (Iran),

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apart from Abdusattorov.

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Nisha Dahia wins Silver in Asian Wrestling Championships in Kazakhstan
 India’s Nisha Dahiya won silver at the Asian wrestling championships in Astana, Kazakhstan yesterday. This is the

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biggest-ever medal of her career in the women’s 68kg category.

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 Nisha, on a fine injury comeback, reached the final but fell to Japan’s Ami Ishii 10-0 and finished as a runner-up.

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Nisha had defeated China’s Feng Zhou 7-6 in the semi-finals.

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 Another Indian wrestler, Priya Malik clinched a bronze in 76 kg category. She defeated Japan’s Mizuki Nagashima

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in the repechage round. Overall, India have won six medals so far.

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India’s Antim Pangal clinches silver at Asian Wrestling Championships in Astana, Kazakhstan

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 India’s Antim Panghal has won the silver medal at the 2023 Asian Wrestling Championships after losing to Japan’s

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Akari Fujinami in the 53-kg category in Astana, Kazakhstan.

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 Fujinami, the reigning world champion, successfully defended her Asian crown in a comfortable fashion. The 19-
year-old led 4-0 in the opening minute before closing out the match in the first round.

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 Four other Indian wrestlers including Anshu Malik (57kg), Sonam Malik (62kg), Manisha (65kg) and Reetika (72kg)

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added to India’s medal tally by winning their bronze medal bouts.

Aman Sehrawat clinches India’s first gold medal at Asian Wrestling Championships
 Aman Sehrawat clinched India’s first gold medal at the Asian Wrestling Championships 2023 in Astana, Kazakhstan.
Sehrawat topped the podium in men’s 57 kg freestyle category on the penultimate day of the competition. He
defeated Kyrgyzstan's Almaz Smanbekov 9-4 to win the gold medal. Aman Sehrawat’s victory in Astana ensured the
men’s freestyle 57kg gold medal stayed with India for the fourth year running.
 This was Aman Sehrawat’s second podium of the year. Last year, Sehrawat was the first Indian wrestler to win gold
at the Under-23 world championships in Spain.
 With two freestyle medals India’s tally rose to 13 in the competition. The Greco-Roman wrestlers won four medals
while the women’s wrestlers bagged seven.

Harmanpreet Kaur becomes first Indian woman to be named Wisden Cricketer of the Year
 The Indian cricket team captain Harmanpreet Kaur created history, as she became the first-ever woman from the
country to be named among the Wisden Cricketers of the Year - a tradition dating back as far as 1889. Harmanpreet
Kaur is the only woman in the list which comprises of England's Matthew Potts and Ben Foakes, New Zealand's
Daryl Mitchell and Tom Blundell for their exploits in the English summer. Harmanpreet made her way into the list,
thanks to her century at the Canterbury which led the India to their first ODI series win in the English soil since
the year 1999. The Indian captain smashed a stunning 111-ball-143, in the second ODI of the series where the women
in blue whitewashed the hosts.
 The 34-year-old followed this up by leading India to a silver medal in cricket's return to the Commonwealth Games
in Birmingham where they lost to Australia in the final despite her fighting half-century.

Suryakumar Yadav named the Wisden Leading T20 Cricketer of the Year
 Team India's explosive batter Suryakumar Yadav received a special honor. Surya has been included in the 2023
edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack as the Leading T20 Cricketer of the Year.
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 Suryakumar Yadav made his T20 International debut for India in 2021 at the age of 30. He hit the first ball of his
international cricket career for a six, bouncer bowled by England star Jofra Archer
 Last year, He was in tremendous form in T20 Internationals, hitting a total of 68 sixes, He scored the maximum 1164
runs in 31 innings of T20 International matches, with help of 2 centuries and 9 half-centuries. That includes a 48-
ball T20 ton against England at Nottingham and a 49-ball T20 ton against New Zealand at Mount Maunganui.
 At present, Suryakumar Yadav remains at number one position in the ICC T20 men's rankings with 906 rating
points. Suryakumar's cricket journey has not been very easy. He made his debut for the national team after playing
domestic cricket for 10 years.

Gary Ballance Retires from All Forms of International Cricket

 The former England Test batter Gary Ballance has announced his retirement from cricket, just three months after
resuming his international career with Zimbabwe.

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 Ballance, 33, played 23 Tests and 16 one-day internationals for England but last featured for the team in 2017 as he

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battled loss of form and struggles with mental health.
 He was also caught up in the Yorkshire racism scandal, apologising last year to Pakistan-born Azeem Rafiq for

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“racist" language he had used towards his former team-mate at the county club.

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 He initially made his debut for Zimbabwe and played for them under a two-year contract. He later went on to play

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for England and appeared in 23 Test matches. Additionally, he played one Test, one T20I, and five ODIs for

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Zimbabwe, during which he scored five Test hundreds, including a score of 137 against the West Indies.

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Star Sports signs Rishabh Pant as brand ambassador

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 Star Sports, the official television broadcaster of IPL 2023, has signed India cricketer Rishabh Pant as its latest

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'Believe Ambassador'. The Network said it also has other current cricketers as its 'Believe Ambassadors' like Hardik

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Pandya, Ravindra Jadeja, KL Rahul, and Shreyas Iyer.
 With this, Star Sports has expanded its roster from two ambassadors in 2017 to six now with Virat Kohli continuing

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his association. The company said that the ambassadors represent different parts of the country as well as different

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IPL teams and it will work closely with them to grow the popularity of the sport
 About: Rishabh Pant - Rishabh Rajendra Pant is an Indian international cricketer who plays for the Indian cricket

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team as a wicket-keeper batter. Having played all formats for India, he is best known for his consistency to score
runs in Test cricket

SCG unveils gates named after Tendulkar and Lara

 The Sydney Cricket Ground has unveiled a set of gates named after Sachin Tendulkar and Brian Lara on Monday.
They join Donald Bradman, Alan Davidson and Arthur Morris, all New South Wales (and Australia) legends in being
honoured thus at the iconic SCG.
 April 24 was chosen as the date to unveil the gates to mark Tendulkar's 50th birthday, and also the 30th anniversary
of Lara's 277 at the SCG, his first Test century, though that Test was played in January 1993.
 The gates were unveiled by SCG and Venues NSW Chairman Rod McGeoch AO, and CEO Kerrie Mather, as well as
Cricket Australia CEO Nick Hockley.
 Sachin Tendulkar's record at the SCG is simply remarkable, while Brian Lara's maiden Test century remains one of
the most celebrated innings by a visiting player, Both players continue to hold a deep affection for the SCG and they
remain hugely popular whenever they visit Sydney.

SUMMIT'S & MOU's

PM Modi addresses joint commanders’ conference in Bhopal
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi is on a day’s visit to Bhopal. He is attending the Joint Commanders’ conference of
the three services which is being held at Kushabhau Thackeray International Convention Center in Bhopal. The
theme of the conference is ‘Ready, Resurgent, Relevant’. Commanders of the three services and senior officials of
the Ministry of Defense are participating in the conference. Commanders of the three services and senior officials
of the Ministry of Defense are participating in the conference.

Inaugural session of the 2nd G-20 Tourism Working Group Meeting held at Siliguri in West Bengal
Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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 The Inaugural session of the 2nd Tourism Working Group Meeting under G20 hosted by the Ministry of Tourism
was held at Siliguri, West Bengal today morning – April 2, The inaugural session was addressed by Union Minister
for Tourism, Culture and DoNER Shri G.Kishan Reddy and Minister of State for Minority Affairs, Shri John Barla.
Shri Raju Bista, Member of Parliament, Darjeeling was also present in the session.
 In his opening remarks, Union Minister for Culture, Tourism and DoNER Shri G.K Reddy welcomed all the
participants to the beautiful town of Siliguri. He opined that Siliguri possesses a rare combination of Diversity,
Culture, Tradition, and beauty. Known as The Gateway to the Northeast,
 The aim of the National Adventure Tourism strategy is to place India among the top Adventure Tourism
Destinations of the World , and the vision is to make India a one trillion dollar tourism economy by 2047: Shri
G.Kishan Reddy

Bhutanese King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck met Prime Minister Modi in New Delhi

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 King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck met Prime Minister Narendra Modi in New Delhi, The meeting
began at 11:15 a.m. Later, the visiting dignitary met the President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhawan.

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According to the sources the meeting started at 5 p.m. The King also visited Rajghat to lay a wreath at Mahatma

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Gandhi’s Samadhi at 10:45 a.m.
 Last evening, External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar called on King Wangchuck in New Delhi. In a tweet, Mr

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Jaishankar said, the King’s vision for Bhutan’s future and for strengthening the unique partnership with India is

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deeply appreciated.
 The Bhutanese King is on a three-day visit to India, from April 3- 5. He arrived in the Capital yesterday – April 3 He

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was received by External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar at the airport. The King of Bhutan is accompanied by the

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Minister of Foreign Affairs and External Trade, Dr. Tandi Dorji and senior officials of Bhutan government.

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 The visit is in keeping with the long-standing tradition of regular high-level exchanges between the two countries.

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In a tweet, Dr Jaishankar said, his visit will further strengthen the close and unique India-Bhutan partnership.
 The visit would provide an opportunity to both sides to review the entire gamut of bilateral cooperation and to

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further advance the close bilateral partnership, including economic and development cooperation.

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FM Nirmala Sitharaman to attend Spring Meetings of IMF-World Bank

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 Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will be on an official visit to the USA, beginning April 10, 2023 for attending
the annual spring meetings of the World Bank Group (WBG) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), along
with G20 meetings.
 These meetings are scheduled to take place from April 10 to April 16, 2023, in the WBG and IMF Headquarters in
Washington DC. The spring meetings will be attended by finance ministers and central bankers from across the
world.
 She will be also hosting the Second G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (FMCBG) meeting under
India’s G20 Presidency. Sitharaman and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Shaktikanta Das, will jointly chair
the 2nd G20 FMCBG meeting on April 12-13, 2023.
 The focus of these sessions will be to deliberate on issues such as addressing food & energy insecurity, managing
global debt vulnerabilities, strengthening Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), mobilising finance for climate
action, advancing financial inclusion, and accelerating progress on international tax and financial sector issues. The
meeting will take stock of the progress made on outcomes envisaged under India’s G20 Finance Track agenda.

RRI signs MoU with Indian Navy for developing secure maritime communications using Quantum
Technology
 Quantum technologies will soon be used to develop secure maritime communications in a joint effort by the Raman
Research Institute (RRI) and the Indian Navy.
 RRI, an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), inked a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with the Weapons and Electronics Systems Engineering Establishment (WESEE), the R&D
establishment of the Indian Navy, during a ceremony held in New Delhi recently. The MoU, which is for a period
of five years, was signed between Professor Tarun Souradeep, Director, RRI, and Vice Admiral Sandeep Naithani,
Chief of Materiel, Indian Navy.

Bhopal 7676564400 | Indore 9109108422 | Jabalpur 9109108423 | Jodhpur 9109108419 | Raipur 9109108417 | Bilaspur 9109108416 | Ranchi 9109108418
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 Under this agreement, RRI’s Quantum Information and Computing (QuIC) lab will lead the research efforts towards
developing quantum key distribution techniques that the Indian Navy could leverage in the nation's efforts towards
securing free space communications.

Three-day International Conference on Defence Finance and Economics to begin in New Delhi: April 12
 The Defence Minister fo India Mr, Rajnath Singh will inaugurate a three-day International Conference on Defence
Finance and Economics in New Delhi, starting 12 April.
 The conference will provide a unique platform to policymakers, academicians and government officials to share
their insights and experiences on Defence Finance and Economics in the present evolving security challenges.
 Delegates from USA, UK, Japan, Australia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Kenya will participate in the conference.
 Ministry of Defence said, the objective of the conference is to disseminate the best practices, experiences and
expertise of various countries. It will also facilitate collaborations with foreign governments, international

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institutions and global leaders in promoting government’s vision of Aatmanirbharta in the Defence sector.

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Second W20 meet begins under India’s G20 Presidency in Jaipur
 A two-day Second Women 20 International Meeting has started today (April 13) in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Women 20 is

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an official G20 engagement group, and the meeting is focusing on the theme of “Women-Led Development:

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Leveraging Women’s Untapped Potential to Accelerate an Inclusive and Sustainable Future. Addressing the
inaugural session, Sherpa of India in G 20 Amitabh Kant said that women led development is the key priority of

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India because we see women as drivers of prosperity and inclusive development. He said that women must set the

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agenda of development and they should be agents of growth.

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 Talking to the media, Mr. Amitabh Kant said that India has set new dimensions in digital inclusion. Women’s bank

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accounts were opened, those accounts were linked with Aadhaar, and money for various schemes is being directly

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transferred to their accounts. A large number of women are also getting loans under Mudra Yojana. This has
empowered women. He said that these experiences are being shared in the meeting so that other countries also get

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the benefit of this experience.

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 About 120 women leaders from 18 G20 countries are participating in the meeting.

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12th Session Of India-Spain Joint Commission For Economic Cooperation In New Delhi
 The 12th Session of the India-Spain Joint Commission for Economic Cooperation (JCEC) took place on April 13. In
New Delhi, During the meeting, the two sides discussed a range of issues related to economic cooperation between
the two countries, Both sides celebrated this Golden Jubilee edition of India-Spain Joint Commission mechanism
which was established in 1972. During the past 50 years, a remarkable enhancement of bilateral trade and
investment has taken place. With an investment of USD 3.7 Bn, 250 Spanish Companies are active in India and 40
Indian Companies are present in Spain working in different sectors such as IT, Pharma, Renewable Energy,
Automobiles, Infrastructure etc.
 Ms. Xiana emphasised the importance of India-Spain relationship and the Spanish partnership in India’s
development stories. Spanish side has reaffirmed the further cooperation in the various sectors including in the
field of Civil Aviation such as Automation, Surveillance and NavAids, High Speed Railways, Railways networking,
Signalling, Traffic management etc.
 Both sides also agreed for further cooperation in the field of Renewable Energy, Shipping, Ports, Tourism,
Infrastructure, Food Processing, Pharmaceuticals, Technology, Innovation, and Defence sector.
 The status of various MOUs were also reviewed including those of important interest for bilateral relations such as
MOUs on Migration and Mobility, Agreement on Social Security, Cyber Security etc.

India signs MoU with World Food Programme for sending wheat to Afghanistan
 India signed an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) with World Food Programme (WFP) to send 10,000 metric
tonnes of wheat to the people of Afghanistan. The signing ceremony between the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
and the United Nations (WPF) was held in Mumbai. The WFP assured that it had the required infrastructure on
the ground to ensure speedy wheat delivery to Afghanistan’s most vulnerable sections. The WFP has a massive
supply chain and logistics infrastructure in Afghanistan that could help in ensuring that the food supply reaches
those who need it the most and no one is excluded. The MoU also ensures that the assistance is coordinated and

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delivered in an effective and efficient manner, and that it reaches the most vulnerable sections of the Afghan
population.
 The WFP is a humanitarian organization that is part of the United Nations system. It was established in 1961 and
has its headquarters in Rome, Italy. The WFP is the world’s largest humanitarian agency focused on combating
hunger and promoting food security.

NHAI signs MoU with Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve to enable FAST tag
 National Highway Authority of India has signed an MoU with the Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, spread
across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to facilitate seamless and efficient entry process for vehicles entering into
the forest area.
 Road Transport and Highways Ministry said, the initiative aims to provide FASTag based payment system at Forest
entry points. It will extend the benefit of collection of Ecosystem Management Coordination fee through FASTag

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at various entrance points of the Tiger Reserve.
 The Ministry said, with this, visitors can avoid long queues and delays. This partnership between Indian Highways

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Management Company Limited and the Forest Department is a significant step towards promoting sustainable

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tourism and preserving natural resources by curbing vehicular emissions at the forest entry points.

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2nd Health Working Group meeting commence in Goa

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 The second Health Working Group meeting under the Indian G20 presidencyl begin today in Goa. The three-day

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meeting will be concluded on Wednesday.

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 More than 180 delegates from 19 G20 member countries, 10 invited states, and 22 International Organizations are
participating in the meeting.

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 Shri Lav Agarwal, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, briefed the media ahead of the 2nd

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Health Working Group Meeting. He highlighted health priorities and India’s leadership role in the Global South.

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The 2nd Health Working Group meeting of G20 will have discussions on the Priorities which include Health

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Emergencies Prevention, Preparedness and Response, Strengthening Cooperation in Pharmaceutical Sector with a

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focus on Access and Availability to safe, effective, quality, and Affordable Medical Countermeasures and Digital
Health Innovations and Solutions to Aid Universal Health Coverage and Improve Healthcare Service Delivery.

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 Several cultural programmes infused with flavours of Goan culture have been planned for the event to showcase
India’s rich diversity and culture based on the Indian philosophy of ‘Atithi Devo Bhava’.
 In a significant milestone, India assumed the presidency of the G20 on 1st December 2022. Prime Minister Shri
Narendra Modi unveiled the theme ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’, based on India’s philosophy of
‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ and reiterated that G20 India Presidency will be inclusive, action-oriented and decisive.

5-day Army Commanders’ Conference to discuss emerging security scenarios and other matters begins
 The first edition of the biannual Army Commanders conclave 2023 will be conducted in Hybrid format from today.
The five-day conference will continue till the 21st of April. On the first day, today, Army Commanders and other
senior functionaries will meet virtually. They will then travel to Delhi for balanced physical meetings on matters
which require detailed deliberations. Our Correspondent reports that the Chief of Defence Staff, the Chief of the
Naval Staff, and the Chief of the Air Staff will also address the Army Commanders conference.
 Army Commanders Conference is an apex-level biannual event that is an institutional platform for conceptual-level
deliberations, culminating in making important policy decisions for the Indian Army. The forum will review the
progress on the activities charted out as part of ‘Year of Transformation-2023’ along with progress on Agnipath
Scheme and digitisation and automation initiatives. During the conference, apex leadership will also brainstorm
current and emerging security scenarios and review the operational preparedness of the Indian Army. Defence
Minister Rajnath Singh will address the conference on Wednesday.

India to hold G20 Meeting of Agricultural Chief Scientists (MACS) in Varanasi from 17-19 April
 The first three-day G20 summit of the Agriculture Working Group under India’s G20 Presidency begins at Varanasi
from 17-19 April. The event will be witnessing participation of representatives from the 20 leading countries of the
world and delegates from other partner countries.

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 In order to ensure a grand rollout of the G20 events, the government of the state of Uttar Pradesh has made
complete arrangements. The three-day event will send out a message endorsing nutritious foods, food security and
environment-friendly farming to keep the entire world healthy,
 The G20 Meeting of Agricultural Chief Scientists (MACS) is being organized at Varanasi by the Department of
Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.

Global Conference on Compressed Biogas In New Delhi, to highlight on green fuel

 A two-day ‘Global Conference on Compressed Biogas (CBG)’ under the theme “Towards Progressive Policy
Framework for a Robust CBG Foundation and Growth” is being held on April 17 and 18, 2023, in New Delhi. The
Indian Federation of Green Energy (IFGE) and CBG Producer Forum are organising the event with support from
the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
 Union Minister for Petroleum, Natural Gas, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Hardeep Singh Puri, will inaugurate the

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conference. Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari, will also take part as the chief guest
 The objective of the CBG Conference is to apprise the industry of the initiatives taken by the government for the

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development of Compressed Biogas Industry and to identify the areas where policy modifications are required.

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 CBG has a higher calorific value and properties similar to CNG and can be utilised as an alternative green renewable

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that can replace CNG in automotive, industrial, and commercial areas, given the abundance of biomass availability

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within the country.

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Union Minister of Steel Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia to inaugurate India Steel 2023 in Mumbai

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 The Union Ministry of Steel, in association with the Department of Commerce, Union Ministry of Commerce and

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Industry, and industry chamber FICCI is organising India Steel 2023, a conference and International Exhibition on
the steel industry, from April 19-21, 2023, at the Mumbai Exhibition Centre in Goregaon, Mumbai. The event aims

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to bring together industry leaders, policymakers, and experts to discuss the latest developments, challenges, and

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opportunities in the steel industry.

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 The inaugural session of India Steel 2023 on April 19th 2023 will be addressed by Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia, Union

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Minister of Civil Aviation and Steel, Government of India, Shri Faggan Singh Kulaste, Minister of State for Steel &
Rural Development, Government of India, Shri Nagendra Nath Sinha, Secretary, Ministry of Steel, senior

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Government officials and distinguished speakers including, Mr Subhrakant Panda (President, FICCI), and Ms Soma
Mondal (Chairperson, SAIL and Chair, FICCI Steel Committee), among others. During the event, an exhibition
showcasing the latest products and innovations in the steel sector will also be held concurrently.

PM Modi inaugurated The first Global Buddhist Summit in New Delhi

 Prime Minister Narendra Modz inaugurated the first Global Buddhist Summit in New Delhi today, April 20. The
Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation will host the two-day Summit.
The theme of the Summit is Responses to Contemporary Challenges: Philosophy to Praxis. This global Summit will
mark the significance and importance of India in Buddhism, as Buddhism was born in India.
 The prime vision of the Summit is to look into the teachings of the Shakyamuni Buddha that have been continuously
enriched over the centuries with the practice of Buddha Dhamma. Delegates from about 30 countries will
participate in the event and around 171 delegates from foreign countries and 150 delegates from Indian Buddhist
organizations will take part. Eminent scholars, Sangha leaders, and Dharma practitioners from all over the world
will attend the Conference. For the first time, prominent Buddhist monks from various countries will visit India
and take part in the Summit. The discussions will be held on how to deal with contemporary challenges, with the
help of Buddhist philosophy and thought. The summit will also be a medium to enhance the cultural and diplomatic
relationships with other countries.
 Prime Minister highlighted that in this Amrit Kaal, India has taken new initiatives on many subjects and the biggest
inspiration for this is Lord Buddha. He said India has given Buddha to the world, and not war. He further stated
that Buddha had given the solution centuries ago to the war and unrest that the world is suffering from today. He
said Lord Buddha's way is the way for the future.

13th Joint Trade Committee meeting of India and Thailand

 India and Thailand held their 13th Joint Trade Committee meeting in New Delhi, co-chaired by the Director General
of the Department of Trade Negotiations from Thailand, Auramon Supthaweethum and the Joint Secretary of the
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Department of Commerce from India, Indu C. Nair. This physical meeting marked the revival of the JTC after a 17-
year hiatus.
 Thailand is an important trading partner of India in ASEAN, with a total trade value of USD 16.89 billion in 2022-
23, accounting for 13.6% of India’s total trade with ASEAN. India’s gems and jewelry, mechanical machinery, auto
and auto components, and agricultural products, especially marine products, are crucial to Thailand.
 During the meeting, the co-chairs reviewed the current status of bilateral trade and highlighted the need for
identifying new potential products and priority sectors to expand trade between the two countries. They also
discussed various market access issues and technical barriers faced by their exporters and agreed to address them
through sustained bilateral discussions. India raised the restrictions it faced in exporting marine, poultry, and meat
products to Thailand.

SAIL-BSL signs MoU with Telecommunications Consultants India Limited (TCIL)

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 SAIL-Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) has entered into an MoU with Telecommunications Consultants India Limited
(TCIL) to explore potential of application of 5G/ IT/ Telecom and other wireless communication technologies in

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SAIL-Bokaro Steel Plant including SAIL’s Mines & Collieries, Central Coal Supply Organization and the SAIL

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Refractory Unit in Jharkhand. The MoU was signed at SAIL’s Bokaro Steel Plant on 21st April, 2023. From SAIL- BSL

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side B.K.Tiwari, Executive Director (Works) and from TCIL side Ms Alka Selot Asthana, Executive Director (IT &

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Telecom) signed the MOU in the presence of senior officials from both the organizations.
 SAIL-BSL has taken this initiative of becoming the first PSU in the country to take initiative for setting up a

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dedicated 5G network with the help of TCIL which will pave way for application of 5G/ IT / Telecom technologies

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in Steel manufacturing. Besides steel plant, this partnership will also be useful in providing innovative solutions in

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SAIL Mines and Collieries in Jharkhand, Smart Cities etc.

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EAM Dr S Jaishankar co-chairs 5th India-Guyana Joint Commission

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 External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar co-chaired the 5th India-Guyana Joint Commission Meeting with Foreign

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Minister Hugh Todd. In a tweet, he said, there was comprehensive discussions on agriculture, energy, health and

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pharmaceuticals, ayurveda and wellness, defence cooperation, human resources, technology and innovation and
infrastructure development.

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 Dr Jaishankar also witnessed exchange of agreements in Migration and Mobility and Air Connectivity. He
encouraged Indian officials to continue the close contacts and facilitate stronger business to business ties. The
External Affairs Minister also addressed the India-Guyana Business Round Table. He also called on Prime Minister
of Guyana Mark Phillips.

First G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank governors meeting to begin in Bengaluru: April 24
 The First G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (FMCBG) meeting begin today in Bengaluru. The two-
day meeting, under the G20 Indian Presidency, is jointly chaired by Union Finance Minister Smt Nirmala
Sitharaman and Governor, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Dr Shaktikanta Das.
 The 1st G20 FMCBG meeting will see the participation of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the G20
members, invitee members and heads of International Organisations. The meeting will be deliberated on issues
such as strengthening multilateral development banks to address shared global challenges of the 21st century,
financing for resilient, inclusive and sustainable cities of tomorrow. Issues of Digital Public Infrastructure for
advancing financial inclusion and productivity gains will also be discussed. The sessions will also cover issues related
to global economy, global health, and international taxation.

Prasar Bharati’s conclave to celebrate 100 episodes of PM Modi’s Mann Ki Baat

 Prasar Bharati is hosted a national conclave on “Mann Ki Baat@100” to celebrate 100 episodes of Prime Minister
Narendra Modi’s monthly radio programme Mann Ki Baat, in New Delhi today., April 26. The inaugural session of
the Conclave will be graced by Vice President Jagdeep Dhankar and Minister of Information and Broadcasting and
Youth Affairs and Sports Anurag Singh Thakur.
 Briefing the media, Information and Broadcasting Secretary Apoorva Chandra said, the inaugural session will be
followed by 4 sessions highlighting the wide-ranging themes of the Prime Minister’s interactions during Mann Ki
Baat. Each session will be facilitated by an eminent panel.

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 The valedictory session of the event will be graced by Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah, Railways Minister
Ashwini Vaishnaw, Information and Broadcasting and Youth Affairs and Sports Minister Anurag Singh Thakur and
Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary. The Secretary said, a commemorative postage stamp and coin on
100 episodes of Mann Ki Baat will be unveiled to mark this event. The 100th episode of this coveted programme
will be broadcast this Sunday on over 1000 radio stations, including private FM stations, community radios, and
various TV channels.

Indian apex exporters body sign MoU with Business Russia to promote trade & FDI
 Apex exporters body FIEO on Monday said it has signed an MoU with Business Russia to promote trade and
investments between the two countries.
 It said the two organizations will cooperate to arrange exhibitions, buyers-sellers’ meetings, workshops, seminars
and encourage enterprises to work in tandem with their counterparts for joint ventures.

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 The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was inked during a visit of a 50-member delegation of the agro and
food processing sector to Moscow.

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 The delegation is "exploring opportunities in diverse business ventures such as ready-to-eat meals, fish meal, animal

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feed, soyabean apart from conventional products,” said N K Kagliwal, Board Member of FIEFIEO Director General

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Ajay Sahai said that exporters, importers and bankers on both the sides have to do a little extra work to resolve the

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issues.
 "A direct exchange rate between rupee and ruble will help streamline the process in a big way," Sahai said. He added

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that huge trade deficit is a concern, but it is also an opportunity to push exports from India to Russia. "We have to

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diversify exports to automobiles and auto components, electronics, medical devices, solar cells, textile, food and

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agriculture etc," he said.O (Federation of Indian Export Organisations).

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Defence Minister Rajnath Singh to hold bilateral meetings with his counterparts of SCO member countries in
New Delhi

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 Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will hold bilateral meetings with his counterparts of Shanghai Cooperation

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Organisation, SCO member countries in New Delhi today. During the meeting, bilateral defence-related issues and
other matters of mutual interest will be discussed. Mr Singh will chair the SCO Defence Ministers Meeting in New

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Delhi tomorrow. Defence Ministers of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan will
participate in the meeting. India has invited Belarus and Iran, currently observers in SCO, to participate in the SCO
Defence Ministers’ Meeting. Defence Minister of Pakistan would be participating virtually. The Ministers will
discuss matters related to regional peace and security, counter-terrorism efforts within SCO and an effective
multilateralism.
 India has ancient civilizational, cultural and spiritual ties with the SCO member countries. India’s membership of
SCO in 2017, was therefore, a reaffirmation of New Delhi’s keenness to deepen these historic ties. India considers
SCO as an important regional group to promote multilateral, political, security, economic and people-to-people
interactions in the region.
 About: SCO - Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an intergovernmental organization established in 2001.
The SCO membership includes Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan besides
India.
Himachal Pradesh government signs MoU with Oil India to develop new renewable energy sources
 To explore the state's solar potential, the Himachal Pradesh government on Wednesday signed a Memorandum of
Understanding with Oil India Ltd to establish a framework for cooperation in harnessing and developing new and
renewable energy sources in the state.
 The pact was signed by Harikesh Meena, Director (Energy), on behalf of the state government, and Pankaj Kumar
Goswami, Director (Operations), Oil India Ltd, in the presence of Chief Minister Sukhvinder Sukhu.
 The Chief Minister said the company would explore the possibilities of setting up floating solar power plants in
water reservoirs, besides establishing ground mounted solar power projects.
 He said the Oil India can also set up a plant for producing green hydrogen and green ammonia on a pilot basis.
 Himachal Pradesh has abundance in green energy and opportunity in producing green hydrogen, and the state
government has taken various initiatives to harness this potential, the Chief Minister said, as he asked Oil India to
send a team of experts next week to inspect the sites for implementing these projects.
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BANKING AND ECONOMY
Mahila Samman Savings Certificates, 2023 - Small savings, big benefits for Nari Shakti
 On 1st April 2023, the Ministry of Finance issued the Gazette Notification for Mahila Samman Savings Certificates,
2023 which has been made available in 1.59 lakh Post Offices with immediate effect. Keeping the financial
independence of women in focus, the scheme was proposed in Union Budget 2023-24.
 The Union Budget 2023-24 outlined the vision of Amrit Kaal which envisions a prosperous and inclusive India. To
realise the vision, the fruits of development must reach each and every citizen of India and especially women. The
savings scheme is seen as a significant step towards financial inclusion and empowerment of women, including
girls.
 Interest rates on all the small savings schemes, except Savings Deposit and PPF, have been upwardly revised with
effect from 1st April 2023. The two-year tenure scheme offers a fixed interest of 7.5% interest compounded quarterly.

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It has flexible investment and partial withdrawal options with a maximum ceiling of Rs. 2 lakh. The scheme is valid

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for a two-year period upto 31st March 2025.
 National Savings (Monthly Income Account) Scheme, 2019 has been amended through National Savings (Monthly

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Income Account) (Amendment) Scheme, 2023 and the maximum investment limit has been raised from Rs.4,50,000

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to Rs. 9 lakh for a single account and from Rs. 9 lakh to Rs. 15 lakh for a joint account with effect from 1st April 2023.

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Likewise, the Senior Citizen Savings Scheme, 2019 has been amended through Senior Citizens Savings

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(Amendment) Scheme, 2023 and the maximum investment limit has been raised from Rs. 15 lakh to Rs.30 lakh.

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India and Malaysia can now trade using Indian rupee ( INR )
 India and Malaysia can now use the Indian rupee to settle trade in addition to other currencies, the Ministry of

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External Affairs (MEA) said on Saturday.

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The move follows the decision by the Reserve Bank of India in July last year to allow the settlement of
international trade in Indian currency.

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 "Trade between India and Malaysia can now be settled in Indian Rupee (INR) in addition to the current modes of

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settlement in other currencies," the MEA said.
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"This follows the decision by the Reserve Bank of India in July 2022 to allow settlement of international trade in
Indian Rupee," it said in a statement.
 The MEA said the RBI's initiative is aimed at facilitating the growth of trade and supporting the interests of the
global trading community in the Indian rupee
 India International Bank of Malaysia (IIBM), based in Kuala Lumpur, has operationalised this mechanism by
opening a special Rupee Vostro account through its corresponding bank in India that is Union Bank of India,

India-Nepal to sign pact to help travellers make digital payments with Indian e-wallets
 In a major step to boost tourism and trade, the Indian and Nepalese governments are set to sign an agreement in
which tourists travelling between the two countries will no longer have to carry currency notes. They can simply
make payments by scanning quick response (QR) codes.
 Nepalese and Indian tourists travelling between the two countries would be able make digital payments using
Indian e-wallets like BharatPe, PhonePe, Google Pay, and Paytm. Both countries have chalked out an agreement for
this purpose, and the document is awaiting signatures from both countries' officials, including Nepalese Prime
Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda'.
 The move is expected to ease payment transactions for Nepalese and Indian traders, as well as for tourists visiting
Nepal. Additionally, the QR codes used for transactions will also help businesses between the two countries.
 A year ago, both countries had already signed a technical agreement to enable the use of Nepalese e-wallets in India
and Indian e-wallets in Nepal. Nepal's gateway payments service provider, Gateway Payments Service Private
Limited, and India's National Payment Corporation of India have signed this agreement.
RBI MPC meet: RBI keeps repo rate unchanged at 6.5%
 The RBI monetary policy committee (MPC) decided to keep the policy repo rate unchanged at 6.50 per cent and
other policy rates were also kept unchanged. "The monetary policy committee decided unanimously at 6..50 per
cent with a readiness to act if the situation so warrants," Das said. The RBI Governor also said that the withdrawal
of accommodation and that the repo rate hike has been paused only for this meeting.
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 Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to
commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control
inflation.
 In the event of inflation, central banks increase repo rate as this acts as a disincentive for banks to borrow from the
central bank. This ultimately reduces the money supply in the economy and thus helps in arresting inflation.
 The central bank takes the contrary position in the event of a fall in inflationary pressures. Repo and reverse repo
rates form a part of the liquidity adjustment facility.

India-Nepal to sign pact to help travellers make digital payments with Indian e-wallets
 In a major step to boost tourism and trade, the Indian and Nepalese governments are set to sign an agreement in
which tourists travelling between the two countries will no longer have to carry currency notes. They can simply
make payments by scanning quick response (QR) codes.

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 Nepalese and Indian tourists travelling between the two countries would be able make digital payments using

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Indian e-wallets like BharatPe, PhonePe, Google Pay, and Paytm. Both countries have chalked out an agreement for
this purpose, and the document is awaiting signatures from both countries' officials, including Nepalese Prime

.
Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal 'Prachanda'.

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 The move is expected to ease payment transactions for Nepalese and Indian traders, as well as for tourists visiting

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Nepal. Additionally, the QR codes used for transactions will also help businesses between the two countries.

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 A year ago, both countries had already signed a technical agreement to enable the use of Nepalese e-wallets in India

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and Indian e-wallets in Nepal. Nepal's gateway payments service provider, Gateway Payments Service Private
Limited, and India's National Payment Corporation of India have signed this agreement.

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RBI MPC meet: RBI keeps repo rate unchanged at 6.5%

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 The RBI monetary policy committee (MPC) decided to keep the policy repo rate unchanged at 6.50 per cent and

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other policy rates were also kept unchanged. "The monetary policy committee decided unanimously at 6..50 per
cent with a readiness to act if the situation so warrants," Das said. The RBI Governor also said that the withdrawal

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of accommodation and that the repo rate hike has been paused only for this meeting.
 Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to

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commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. Repo rate is used by monetary authorities to control
inflation.
 In the event of inflation, central banks increase repo rate as this acts as a disincentive for banks to borrow from the
central bank. This ultimately reduces the money supply in the economy and thus helps in arresting inflation.
 The central bank takes the contrary position in the event of a fall in inflationary pressures. Repo and reverse repo
rates form a part of the liquidity adjustment facility.
IMF Chief says India and China will account for half of global economic growth in 2023
 The International Monetary Fund said that the world economy is expected to grow at less than 3 per cent this year,
with India and China expected to account for half of global growth in 2023.
 International Monetary Fund (IMF) managing director Kristalina Georgieva warned that a sharp slowdown in the
world economy last year following the raging pandemic and Russia’s military operation of Ukraine would continue
this year.
 In a statement, Georgieva said the period of slower economic activity will be prolonged, with the next five years
witnessing less than 3 per cent growth.
 However, she said some momentum comes from emerging economies – Asia especially is a bright spot. India and
China are expected to account for half of the global growth in 2023. But others face a steeper climb.
 Georgieva said slower growth would be a severe blow, making it even harder for low-income nations to catch She
explained Poverty and hunger might further increase which is a dangerous trend that was started by the COVID
crisis,”.
More than 408.2 mn loans amounting to Rs 23.2 trn sanctioned under PMMY
 The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) sanctioned more than 408.2 million loans amounting to Rs 23.2 trillion
till March 24, 2023, said the finance ministry on its 8th anniversary on Saturday.

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 PMMY aims to facilitate easy collateral-free credit of up to Rs 10 lakh to micro-entrepreneurs for income-generating
activities.
 Under the scheme, loans have been divided into three categories based on the need for finance and the stage in
maturity of the business. These are Shishu (loans up to Rs 50,000), Kishore (loans above Rs 50,000 and up to Rs 5
lakh), and Tarun (loans above Rs 5 lakh and up to Rs 10 lakh).
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi said PMMY has played a vital role in funding the unfunded and ensuring a life of
dignity as well as prosperity for countless Indians.
 “Today, as we mark eight years of Mudra Yojana, I salute the entrepreneurial zeal of all those who benefitted from
it and became wealth creators,” he added.
 Approximately 69 per cent of the total loans have been sanctioned to women entrepreneurs & 51 per cent loans have
been sanctioned to SC/ST and OBC categories of borrowers.
 Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs Nirmala Sitharaman said the scheme has helped in the generation

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of large-scale employment opportunities at the grassroots level and also has proved to be a game changer while

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boosting the Indian economy.

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Odisha Receives Investment Intent Of Rs 26,000 Cr As Patnaik Meets Japanese Industrialists
 Odisha received investment intent of Rs 26,000 crore in various sectors as Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik met

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Japanese industrialists in Tokyo on Wednesday.
 The investment intent was received in sectors such as logistics, steel, Green Hydrogen, and IT/ITeS.

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 An MoU for collaboration in the skill development sector was also signed between Nihon-Utkal and IIIT,

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Bhubaneswar, an official release issued by the chief minister's office said.

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 The business meeting was attended by representatives of more than 200 leading companies in Japan and the Indo-

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Pacific region.

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 They were offered an opportunity to explore various avenues of collaboration with the state government and local

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companies in Odisha,
 Patnaik also held a meeting with the senior leadership of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), who

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iterated their commitment to supporting infrastructure development in Odisha.

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 Addressing the business meeting, Patnaik said, "Odisha is one of the fastest-growing states in India. We are fast
emerging as a major industrial destination in India because of our natural resources and strategic location."
ICICI Bank to offer EMI facility for UPI transactions above Rs 10,000
 ICICI Bank has introduced an equated monthly instalment (EMI) facility for UPI payments made by scanning QR
code. The facility will be available for customers who are eligible for the bank’s ‘buy now pay later’ scheme –
PayLater.
 Customers can pay transaction amount above Rs 10,000 in the form of instalments in three, six, or nine months.
The EMI facility for PayLater will shortly be extended for online shopping as well, the bank said in a statement The
facility can be availed of across a host of categories such as electronics, groceries, fashion apparel, travel, and hotel
bookings.
 Bijith Bhaskar, Head- Digital Channels & Partnership, ICICI Bank, said “We have seen that maximum payments
these days are made through UPI. In addition, we have observed that customers are increasingly opting for UPI
transactions from PayLater, the Bank’s ‘buy now, pay later’ service.
 ICICI Bank introduced PayLater facility in 2018 to enable customers to buy small ticket items immediately in a
completely digital and paperless manner. PayLater facility enables customers to shop online, pay bills, and pay to
any merchant UPI ID at physical stores instantly.
Kotak General Insurance ties up with actyv.ai to sell insurance products to MSMEs
 Kotak Mahindra General Insurance has announced its partnership with actyv.ai to offer bitesized insurance
products to new-age micro, small and medium enterprises. Kotak GeneralInsurance will leverage actyv.ai’s AI-
powered platform to provide insurance solutions to support the business sustainability of small businesses, the
company said in a press statement.
 Through actyv.ai’s technology stack and Kotak General Insurance’s customized insurance products, this partnership
will offer innovative insurance products to the enterprise and close to one lakh supply chain partner ecosystem to
focus on driving growth without worrying about business risks,
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 Kotak's head of multi-line business Jagjeet Singh Siddhu said his company was excited to join hands with actyv.ai
to offer small OTC products like shopkeeper policy, critical illness and personal accident policy via end-to-end
digital platform. "We believe that technology plays a vital role in selling BFSI products to masses and businesses.
This partnership will offer basic insurance to the last mile of the industrial value chain like never before."

Chennai Metro launches Singara Chennai Card in association with SBI

 Chennai Metro Rail Ltd on Friday launched the Singara Chennai Card (NCMC – National Common Mobility Card)
in association with SBI, as banking partner. Currently, the Singara Chennai cards can be used in Chennai metro
stations, and at other metros that accept RuPay NCMC cards, including the MMRDA Mumbai Line 2A & 7;
Bangalore Metro; Delhi Metro Airport Line; Kanpur Metro; and for BEST Buses in Mumbai and Kadamba Transport
Buses in Goa.
 In future, consumers would be able to use the card for travel on buses, suburban railways, for toll, parking, smart

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city and retail shops, in many parts of the country

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RBL Bank launches digital fixed deposit for New- to-Bank customer
 RBL Bank has launched an innovative Digital Fixed Deposit (FD) scheme available to new-to-bank customers. Now

.
customers can book the Digital FD within minutes, without visiting the bank branch or opening a savings account

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with the bank. The digital FD offers investors an interest rate of up to 7.8% and a duration of 15 months to 725 days,

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Benefits of the digital FD:

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 The ability to track and administer FD digitally is just one of the many advantages of the online FD, which also

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includes inbuilt insurance coverage and a simple method for starting a savings account.
 The investor of FD may choose to purchase insurance protection through a Hospital Daily Cash Benefit policy,

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which provides daily cash benefits for medical costs.

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 To access their fixed deposit receipts online, customers should download the RBL Bank MoBank App.

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South Indian Bank introduces 2 flexible savings accounts for NRIs
 For NRI customers, South Indian Bank has introduced SIB SEAFARER and SIB PULSE, two flexible saving accounts.
With these products, NRIs now have the option to keep either deposits or the required minimum amount in their

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savings accounts. Healthcare personnel and mariners both now have access to flexible savings accounts, which
proves that South Indian Bank has been working to streamline banking requirements and offer top-notch customer
service.
 Speaking on the launch, Mr. Murali Ramakrishnan, Managing Director & Chief Executive Officer (CEO), South
Indian Bank, said, “It has been our constant endeavour to provide our customers with banking products that fulfil
their needs. Accordingly, our flexible savings products will offer targeted NRI segments with convenient avenues to
park their savings. We are confident that SIB SEAFARER & SIB PULSE will lay the foundation for more such
products in the banking domain. I’m sure these products will create a new & universal template for the way NRI
depositors transact with banks."
 About: SIB - eading private sector bank South Indian Bank is located in Kerala and has a presence across the country.
There are 932 branches, 1154 ATMs, 121 CDMs/CRMs, and a representative office for South Indian Bank in Dubai,
United Arab Emirates. A leader in technology-based banking, South Indian Bank provides a wide range of digital
products and services.
PFC approves 633 crores loan for 5000 passenger EVs and 1000 cargo EVs
 Power Finance Corporation Ltd (PFC), a Maharatna company and the leading NBFC in Indian power sector, has
sanctioned a loan of ₹633 crores to Gensol Engineering Ltd (GEL) for purchase of 5000 passenger Electric Vehicles
(EVs) and 1000 cargo EVs. The passenger EVs will be leased to Blusmart Mobility Pvt. Ltd (BMPL) to expand its fleet
of ride-hailing cabs. The first tranche of the loan has been disbursed, and the first lot of EV cabs has hit the roads
of Delhi.
 The cabs were flagged off by Shri Ajay Tewari, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Power and Shri Ravinder Singh
Dhillon, CMD, PFC at a function yesterday. Rajiv Ranjan Jha, Director (Projects), Shri Manoj Sharma, Director
(Commercial), Smt. Simmi R. Nakra, CVO and Shri Anmol Singh Jaggi (CEO and co-founder, Blusmart Mobility)
and other Senior Officers were present on the occasion.

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Canara Bank has partnered with Reserve Bank of India innovation hub
 Canara Bank, in collaboration with Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH), has announced the launch of "Digitalised
Submission of Form 15G/15H" as one of customer friendly services adding to our pursuit of "Customer Delight".
 Form 15G (Individual and HUF) and Form 15H (Individual-Senior Citizen) are self-declaration forms that an
individual submits to the bank requesting not to deduct TDS on interest income as their income is below the basic
exemption limit. For this, providing PAN is compulsory.
 At the start of every financial year, especially in the first few weeks of April, several citizens - especially senior
citizens - make their 15G & 15H submissions to their banks. Presently, our Bank is accepting submission of these
forms through online Banking/ Mobile banking which requires knowledge and access to Mobile / Internet Banking.
 Many Senior citizens are not conversant with Internet / Mobile banking applications. They stand in long queues all
day to make submissions of these Tax waiver forms in the bank branches.
 RBIH (Reserve Bank Innovation Hub) identified the problem, consulted several Banks for potential solutions and

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then, conceptualised and created a blueprint to address the above issue.

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LEGAL CURRENT AFFAIRS
1. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has imposed a 3. Recently, five months after its constitution, the
penalty of Rs 10 crore on the Kerala government for Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Tribunal upheld
failing to protect two wetlands, Vembanad and the Centre's decision to ban Popular fronts of India
Ashtamudi lakes, which are included in the Ramsar and its affiliates.The tribunal was presided by Justice
list of wetlands.The penalty was imposed by the Dinesh Kumar Sharma of Delhi High Court. In
Principal Bench of the National Green Tribunal in September 2022, the Ministry of Home Affairs
New Delhi, which was led by its chairperson Adarsh (MHA) in a gazette notification declared the PFI an
Kumar Goel. Vembanad, Kerala’s largest wetland “unlawful association” along with “its associates or
ecosystem was designated as a Ramsar site back in affiliates or fronts.The notification issued by the
2002. Ashtamudi lake, home to several plant and MHA imposed a ban on the PFI and its associate

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bird species, was included in the Ramsar list in organizations, including the Rehab India

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August 2002. Since then, little has been done to Foundation (RIF) and Campus Front of India, for five
safeguard the site which is currently experiencing a years under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act

.
notable build-up of waste.The Kerala Legislative (UAPA), 1967.The UAPA is aimed at prevention of

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Assembly’s Environment Committee has listed unlawful activities association in India. Its main

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several proposals, including the formation of the objective is dealing with activities directed against

e
Ashtamudi Wetland Management Authority, to the integrity and sovereignty of India. It is also
protect the site. It recommended immediate known as Anti-terror law.

k
regulations to control unlawful demolition and Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/del

n
dumping of boats in the lake and directed the state hi/uapa-tribunal-upholds-centre-decision-to-ban-
pollution control board to check the coliform pfi-affiliates-8510838/

a
bacteria and oxygen levels in the lake every three

r
months. 4. Recently, a state party (BRS) asked the Election

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Source:https://www.thehindu.com/sci- Commission of India (ECI) not to derecognise the

o
tech/energy-and-environment/ngts-principal- party in Andhra Pradesh.The BRS plea was in
bench-slaps-10-cr-penalty-on-govt-for-failure-to- response to ECI notice asking the party why it should

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protect-ramsar-sites/article66657114.ece not be derecognised in AP since it had not contested
the assembly and Parliamentary elections in
2. The Indian government has announced an 2019.Derecognition refers to the withdrawal of
exemption on basic customs duty for all drugs and recognition of a political party by the ECI.Such
food used for special medical purposes that are parties are simply declared as registered-
imported for personal use to treat rare diseases.The unrecognized parties.The ECI has the power to
exemption will become effective from April 1, 2023. derecognize a political party if it violates the
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda), a medication used to provisions of the Indian Constitution or the
treat various cancers, has also been exempted from Representation of the People Act, 1951.ECI
basic customs duty. Previously, drugs and medicines periodically reviews status of recognised parties
that were used to treat Spinal Muscular Atrophy or based on performance in Lok Sabha.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy were provided with Source:https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hy
exemptions.Drugs/Medicines generally attract basic derabad/do-not-derecognise-party-in-ap-brs-to-
customs duty of 10 per cent, while some categories eci/articleshow/98926599.cms?from=mdr
of life saving drugs/vaccines attract a concessional
rate of 5 per cent or Nil.In order to avail this 5. A nationwide campaign is taking place against an
exemption, the individual importer has to produce a MP (Rahul Gandhi) due to his remarks against the
certificate from Central or State Director Health Other Backward Classes (OBCs) following which he
Services or District Medical Officer/Civil Surgeon of has also been convicted of defamation and was
the district. disqualified from Parliament.The Kalelkar
Source:https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/new Commission (1953), was the first to identify
s/economy/policy/govt-exempts-import-duty-on- backward classes other than the SCs and STs at the
drugs-food-for-special-medical-purposes-for- national level. Based on the recommendation of the
personal-use-to-treat-rare- Second Backward Classes Commission (Mandal
diseases/articleshow/99107825.cms?from=mdr Commission), the Government of India in August
1990 had notified 27% reservation for Socially and
Educationally Backward Classes (SEBCs) (or OBCs)
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121
in vacancies for civil posts and services that are to be the public. While the term 'hue and cry' may have
filled on direct recruitment.After this was diminished in usage in contemporary times, it
challenged, the Supreme Court in November, 1992 remains a legal procedure that must be followed to
(Indira Sawhney case) upheld 27% reservation for alert other states about fugitives.
OBCs, subject to exclusion of the creamy layer.The Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/explained
Justice Rohini committee was constituted in 2017 to /origin-hue-and-cry-notice-amritpal-singh-king-
submit its report on Sub-categorisation of Other edward-1285-statute-punjab-police-8529384/
Backward Classes (OBCs). The committee is yet to
submit its report. 8. Former US President Donald Trump is scheduled to
Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rah appear in court to face charges related to a hush-
ul-insulted-obcs-his-family-wants-a-separate-ipc- money payment. Hush money refers to the use of
for-itself-bjp-counter-8517641/ money to silence or buy off individuals or
institutions who may have damaging information or

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6. Recently, Union Minister of Commerce and allegations against the user.He was charged with 34

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Industry, Consumer Affairs, Food and Public felony counts of falsifying business records in a
Distribution and Textiles launched the Foreign historic case over allegations he orchestrated hush-

.
Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 which comes into effect money payments to two women before the 2016 U.S.

s
from April 1, 2023.FTP 2023 is a policy document election to suppress publication of their sexual

r
which is based on continuity of time-tested schemes encounters with him.While falsifying business
facilitating exports as well as a document which is records in New York on its own is a misdemeanor

e
nimble and responsive to the requirements of punishable by no more than one year in prison, it is

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trade.The policy is based on the principles of trust elevated to a felony punishable by up to four years

n
and partnership with exporters and aims at process when done to advance or conceal another crime,
re-engineering and automation to facilitate ease of such as election law violations.The two women in

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doing business for exporters.The government aims the case are adult film actress Stormy Daniels and

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to increase India’s overall exports to USD 2 trillion former Playboy model Karen McDougal.

p
by 2030, with equal contributions from the Source: https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-
merchandise and services sectors.The government faces-day-court-historic-us-first-2023-04-04/

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also intends to encourage the use of the Indian

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currency in cross-border trade, aided by a new 9. The latest draft of the National Electricity Plan
payment settlement framework introduced by the (NEP), which covers the period 2022-27, marks a
RBI in July 2022. significant departure from its previous edition,
Source:https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.a which had focused primarily on renewable
spx?PRID=1912572 energy.The NEP is a crucial document that guides
the development of the power sector in India. It is
7. Recently, the Punjab government has issued a “hue formulated by the Central Electricity Authority
and cry notice” against the fugitive pro-Khalistan (CEA) every five years under the Electricity Act,
preacher Amritpal Singh. The phrase 'hue and cry' 2003.The CEA formulates short-term (5-year) and
may be commonly associated with public outrage, prospective plans (15-year) to assess the demand for
but its origins lie in England's 13th and 14th-century planning capacity addition and coordinate the
policing system. The 'Statute of Winchester' signed activities of various planning agencies for the
by King Edward I in 1285 mandated that anyone who optimal utilization of resources.The NEP provides a
witnessed a crime not only had to report it but take review of the last five years (2017-22), capacity
up a cry to alert the police.The ‘hue and cry’ rule addition requirements for 2022-27, and projections
simply meant that if a suspect or a criminal was for the period 2027-2032.The first NEP was notified
running down the street in front of some bystanders, in 2007, the Second Plan in December 2013, and the
then each of them had to yell to help the police third plan which covers the detailed Plan for 2017-22
identify and catch them. This community policing and the perspective Plan for 2022-27 was notified in
approach was successful in small-knit communities, 2018.
and the practice has continued in some parts of the Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/business/
world, including India, where 'hue and cry notices' commodities/coal-fired-projects-back-on-mega-
are still used to seek public assistance in cases such lithium-battery-storage-push-in-new-power-policy-
as locating missing persons or identifying suspects. blueprint-8532812/
These notices are governed by specific rules and 10. Recently, the Bombay High Court has disposed the
procedures and are used sparingly to stress the petitions by an actor (Anushka Sharma), who
seriousness of the matter and create panic among challenged the sales tax levied on her income from
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122
advertisements and performances in award are often used in cases involving sensitive or
shows.The case has raised questions about whether confidential information, such as national security
actors hold a Copyright for their performances and matters, or cases where the disclosure of the
whether they are liable to pay sales tax for it.It also evidence may compromise the privacy of individuals
deals with how Intellectual Property is treated for involved.In such cases, the documents or evidence
taxation purposes.The actor challenged the are submitted to the court in a sealed cover, and only
imposition of a sales tax on her revenue from the judge and a designated court officer are allowed
advertisements and award show performances.The to examine the contents of the sealed envelope.
tax department argued that she was selling her Source:https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/s
copyright and thus owed an indirect tax.However, upreme-court-lifts-telecast-ban-on-media-one-
the actor argued that, as per Section 2 (d) of the says-critical-views-on-government-policies-not-
Copyright Act, the producers of the shows are the anti-
original creators and possess the respective videos' establishment/article66701560.ece#:~:text=%E2%80

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copyright and she couldn't sell or transfer it adding %9CThe%20critical%20views%20about%20govern

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that she is a ‘performer’ under the law and acquired ment,functioning%20of%20the%20democratic%20r
performer’s rights under section 38 and 38A of epublic.

.
Copyright Act.

s
Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/explained 13. Recently, the Ministry of Education released a pre-

r
/explained-law/anushka-sharma-sales-tax-case- draft version of the National Curriculum Framework
bombay-high-court-copyright-8533487/ for School Education and has sought feedback from

e
diverse stakeholders.The pre-draft was formulated

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11. The Indian Space Policy 2023 was approved by the by a committee led by K Kasturirangan, a former

n
Cabinet Committee on Security. The policy seeks to head of the Indian Space Research Organization
institutionalise private sector participation in the (ISRO).NCF is one of the key components of the

a
space sector, with ISRO focusing on research and New Education Policy(NEP) 2020, that enables and

r
development of advanced space technologies.The energizes this transformation, informed by the aims,

p
policy will pave the way forward with much-required principles, and approach of NEP 2020.The NCF has
clarity in space reforms and augment private undergone four revisions in the past - in 1975, 1988,

o
industry participation to drive the space economy 2000, and 2005. The proposed revision, if

T
opportunity for the country.The policy delineates implemented, would be the fifth iteration of the
the roles and responsibilities of Indian Space framework.It aims to help in positively transforming
Research Organisation (ISRO), space sector PSU the school education system of India as envisioned
NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), and Indian in NEP 2020, through corresponding positive
National Space Promotion and Authorization Center changes in the curriculum including pedagogy.It
(IN-SPACe).Strategic activities related to the space aims to realize the highest quality education for all
sector will be carried out by NSIL, which will work children, consistent with realizing an equitable,
in a demand-driven mode.IN-SPACe will be the inclusive, and plural society as envisaged by the
interface between ISRO and non-governmental Constitution of India.
entities.ISRO will focus its energies on developing Source:https://www.thehindu.com/education/gove
new technologies, new systems and research and rnment-releases-pre-draft-of-national-curriculum-
development.The operational part of ISRO's framework-for-schools/article66707766.ece
missions will be moved to the NewSpace India
Limited. 14. The Union Cabinet approved the Cinematograph
Source:https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ne (Amendment) Bill that proposes to introduce more
ws/science/cabinet-gives-nod-to-indian-space- categories for film certification and also brings in
policy-2023/article66708202.ece stricter penal provisions to prevent film piracy. The
Bill will be presented in the Parliament in the
12. Recently, the Supreme Court of India ruled on the upcoming session.The announcement was made by
use of sealed cover proceedings in courts and the Information and Broadcasting Minister Anurag
telecast ban of a Malayalam channel.The Court Thakur, who stated that the bill would be introduced
criticised the government for silencing voices in the in the upcoming session of Parliament. The purpose
media and reducing constitutional rights and of the Bill is to ensure that content is not affected by
procedural guarantees of a fair hearing.The Court piracy and safeguards the interest and investments
also devised an alternative procedure for Public of producers and filmmakers.The Bill proposes
Interest Immunity claims proceedings to replace the imprisonment ranging from three months to three
use of sealed covers.The sealed cover proceedings years and a fine of Rs 3-10 lakh which may extend to
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123
a sum of up to 5 per cent of the audited gross classification – “UA-7+”, “UA-13+” and “UA-16+” in
production cost of the film, to prevent film place of 12 years, which will be age-based
piracy.The proposed amendments seek to add new classifications for films.
Source:https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/
2023/apr/20/cabinet-approvescinematograph-
amendment-bill-2023-2567534.html

15.CONSUMER FORUM NOT EMPOWERED TO DECIDE CASES

INVOLVING TORTIOUS ACTS OR CRIMINALITY: SUPREME COURT
Further, under the Consumer Protection Act, the onus to prove deficiency of service is on the complainant and there cannot
be any presumption on part of fora towards existence of such deficiencies, the Court underlined.

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Justice Ajay Rastogi and Justice Bela Trivedi, Supreme Court

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The Supreme Court recently reaffirmed that consumer fora are not entitled to decide complaints involving highly
disputed questions of facts or the cases involving tortious acts or criminality like fraud or cheating [CMD City Union

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Bank Ltd and anr vs R Chandramohan].
A bench of Justices Ajay Rastogi and Bela M Trivedi held that proceedings before consumer fora are summary in
nature and they can decide on 'deficiency in service'.
Further, under the Consumer Protection Act, the onus to prove deficiency of service is on the complainant and there
cannot be any presumption on part of fora towards existence of such deficiencies, the Court underlined.
"The proceedings before the Commission being summary in nature, the complaints involving highly disputed questions of
facts or the cases involving tortious acts or criminality like fraud or cheating, could not be decided by the
Forum/Commission under the said Act. The “deficiency in service”, as well settled, has to be distinguished from the criminal
acts or tortious acts," the Court said.
In the present case, the complaint had alleged that the City Union Bank had transferred ₹8 lakh of demand drafts to an
incorrect account.
The State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC) had found them guilty of deficient service and had
ordered the bank to pay ₹8 lakh along with compensation of ₹1 lakh towards mental agony, loss and hardship.
The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) affirmed the SCDRC order leading to the appeal
before the apex court.
The top court noted that a dispute among the respondents existed with respect to ownership of the company to which
the amount was to be credited to.
The matter thus involved allegations of fraud that a consumer fora could not enter, the apex court said.
There was no 'willful default or imperfection or short coming' on part of the bank officials, it was held.
"The employees of the bank could not be held liable, if they had acted bona fide and followed the due procedure ....
respondent-complainant having miserably failed to discharge his burden to prove that there was a deficiency in service ...
within the meaning of Section 2(1)(g) of the Act".
The NCDRC and SCDRC orders were, therefore, set aside.
Advocate KK Mani appeared for the appellants.
Advocates Krishan Kumar, Neetu Sharma, Nitin Pal, Dheeraj Kumar, Atul Sheopuri, and Muskan Jain represented the
respondents.

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16. ONLY CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA CAN REASSIGN CASES, NOT
PUISNE JUDGES: SUPREME COURT
A bench of Justices BR Gavai and Vikram Nath made the remark after it was miffed by a case being listed before it by
another bench of Justices MR Shah and CT Ravikumar.

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Only the Chief Justice of India (CJI) can list cases before different benches of the Supreme Court or reassign them, the

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apex court reaffirmed on Monday [Orris Infrastrcuture Private Limited vs Manoj Aggarwal and ors].

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A bench of Justices BR Gavai and Vikram Nath made the remark after it was miffed by a case being listed before it by

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another bench of Justices MR Shah and CT Ravikumar.

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"Puisne judges cannot re-assign matters. It is only possible by the Hon'ble Chief Justice of India," Justice Gavai-led bench
said.

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The bench of Justices Shah and Ravikumar had on February 27 ordered that the matter in question should be heard by

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Justice Gavai-led bench, possibly since a bench of Justices Gavai and Ravikumar had last heard the matter even though
no effective order was passed on that date.
The present bench at the outset stated in its order,
"It is a normal practice of this Court that the matter follows a judge who is part of the Bench which has passed an effective
order."
It was noted that the only effective order in the case, that of issuing notice, was passed in September 2021 by a bench of
Justices AM Khanwilkar and Ravikumar.
After the retirement of Justice Khanwilkar, the matter followed the bench of which Justice Ravikumar was a part, as is
the norm. In September last year, it was listed before Justices Gavai and CT Ravikumar, but no order was passed.
Later, when the matter came up before a bench of Justices Shah and Ravikumar, it ordered,
“Let the present application be placed before a Bench presided over by Justice BR Gavai, at the earliest.”
The Gavai-led bench, however, disagreed.
"Ordinarily, the matter(s) pertaining to placing the matter(s) before the Benches are to be passed by Hon’ble the Chief
Justice of India. If the particular Bench in particular situation finds that the matter be placed before the another Bench,
the Bench is required to direct the matter to be placed before the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for obtaining appropriate
Orders," the bench noted in its order.
Further, since an effective order was passed by a bench of which Justice Ravikumar was a member, the matter should
have followed the bench of which he is a member.
The bench, therefore, directed that the matter be placed before the CJI.
"We find it appropriate to direct the Registry to place the matter before the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for obtaining
appropriate orders," the Court said.

17.CENTRAL GOVERNMENT NOTIFIES ONLINE GAMING RULES;

SELF-REGULATORY BODIES TO VERIFY WHETHER GAMES
INVOLVE WAGERING
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Self-regulatory bodies will be responsible for putting in place safeguards against user harm, including self-harm and
psychological harm, as well harm to children.

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Months after it proposed draft rules in the form of amendments to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines
and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, the Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) on

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Thursday notified the final rules for online gaming in India.
In January, Bar and Bench had explained the draft rules on how the Centre proposed to safeguard users from financial

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risks, addiction.

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The Draft Rules had defined a gaming platform as an “online gaming intermediary” which will have games registered
with a “self-regulatory body”. The Ministry will register the regulatory body upon an application made by it.

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The body will be responsible for declaring if an online real money game is permissible on the basis of whether it involves

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wagering.

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The self-regulatory body would comprise, among others, an independent person from the field of online gaming, sports

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or entertainment; an individual from the field of psychology, medicine or consumer education; and an individual from
the field of public policy, public administration, law enforcement or public finance, to be nominated by the Central

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government.

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The notification states that the Ministry will appoint multiple online gaming self-regulatory bodies for the purposes of
verifying whether an online real money game is a permissible game under these Rules.
“An online gaming intermediary, which enables access to its users to any permissible online real money game, shall display
a demonstrable and visible mark of verification of such online game by an online gaming self-regulatory body on such
permissible online real money game,” the notification had stated.
Crucially, the Rules ask the gaming intermediaries to include a policy related to withdrawal or refund of the deposit
made with the expectation of earning winnings, the manner of determination and distribution of such winnings and
the fees and other charges payable by the user.
Some of the key roles of the self-regulatory bodies are as follows:
 It shall publish and maintain on its website, mobile-based application or both, at all times, an updated list of all
permissible online real money games that have been verified;
 It can suspend or revoke the verification of a gaming intermediary after giving an opportunity of being heard if
satisfied that the online real money game verified by it is not in compliance with the Rules.
 It shall publish on its website, mobile-based application or both, a framework for verifying an online real money
game, which includes, among others, the following; measures to ensure that such online real money game is
not against the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India; safeguards against user harm, including
self-harm and psychological harm; measures to safeguard children, including measures for parental or
access control; and measures to safeguard users against the risk of gaming addiction, financial loss and
financial fraud.

18. LACK OF CRIMINAL ANTECEDENTS OF CONVICT NOT SOLE

CRITERION TO DECIDE WHETHER CASE IS 'RAREST OF RARE':
SUPREME COURT
Pertinently, the Court held that Constitutional courts can modify sentence of life imprisonment to mandate a minimum
term like 20 years or 30 years, even in cases where the trial court has not prescribed death penalty.
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Lack of criminal antecedents of a convict is not the sole criterion to decide whether the case falls under the rarest of

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rare category, the Supreme Court held on Tuesday [Shiva Kumar @ Shiva @ Shivamurthy vs State of Karnataka].

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A bench of Justices Abhay S Oka and Rajesh Bindal said that in cases involving death sentence, several others factors

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have to be considered and showing undue leniency in brutal offences will negatively impact the confidence of public in

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the legal system.
"That the accused has no antecedents, is no consideration by itself for deciding whether the accused will fall in the category

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of the ‘rarest of the rare’ cases. It all depends on several factors ... The Court, while considering the possibility of reformation

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of the accused, must note that showing undue leniency in such a brutal case will adversely affect the public

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confidence in the efficacy of the legal system. The Court must consider the rights of the victim as well," the

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bench held.
Pertinently, the Court held that Constitutional courts can modify sentence of life imprisonment to mandate a minimum

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term like 20 years or 30 years, even in cases where the trial court has not prescribed death penalty.

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The judgment was passed in an appeal filed by a convict who was sentenced to life imprisonment in a case of rape and
murder.

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The appellant was convicted for murdering a woman working in an IT firm in Bengaluru. The incident happened when
she used the appellant's vehicle for conveyance from her office to home at 2 am in the morning.
The woman then went missing and her dead body was recovered at the instance of the appellant.
The prosecution successfully established charges of rape and murder and the appellant was convicted and sentenced to
life imprisonment for the rest of his life by the trial court.
Both the State and the appellant filed appeals against the same before the High Court.
Both the appeals were dismissed. The appellant then moved the apex court.
The Court proceeded to consider the limited issue of sentence.
The counsel for the appellant submitted that the convict was only 22 years old at the time of the offence, and he now
had a young wife and child, along with aged parents.
His conduct in jail, where he completed an undergraduate degree, had been satisfactory and he posed no threat to
society, it was added.
Pertinently, he submitted that Constitutional courts can grant life sentence either for the entirety of life or for a specific
period, only while commuting the death penalty imposed on an accused and if the death penalty is not imposed, courts
are powerless to impose a modified sentence.
The counsel for the State government argued that Constitutional courts are not powerless to impose modified sentences
considering the gravity of the offence, even where a death penalty has not been imposed.
The Supreme Court placed reliance upon various precedents to hold that Constitutional courts are not barred from
modifying sentence even in cases where death penalty has not been imposed.
“When a Constitutional Court finds that though a case is not falling in the category of ‘rarest of the rare’ case, considering
the gravity and nature of the offence and all other relevant factors, it can always impose a fixed-term sentence so that the
benefit of statutory remission, etc. is not available to the accused,” the Court said.
Even in a case where capital punishment is not imposed or is not proposed, Constitutional courts can always exercise
the power of imposing a modified or fixed-term sentence by directing that a life sentence shall be of a fixed period of
more than fourteen years, the Court underlined.
In the present case, the Court noted that facts of the case were such that it would "shock the conscience of any court."

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The bench observed that the issue was of safety and security of women working tech jobs in IT hubs where late hours
are common.
"In many leading cities, IT hubs have been established. In fact, Bengaluru is known as the Silicon Valley of India. Some of
these companies have customers abroad and that is why the company staff members work at night. A large number of staff
members in such companies are women."
Apart from the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, courts must also consider other attending circumstances, it
was stressed.
The bench noted that that the Karnataka government had failed in its endeavour to get capital punishment in the
heinous case.
Taking all factors into account, the Court said that this was a case where it must exercise its powers to impose a special
modified punishment by prescribing life sentence for minimum of thirty years before any consideration for remission.
"This is one case where a Constitutional Court must exercise the power of imposing a special category of modified
punishment ... we are of the opinion that this is a case where a fixed term sentence for a period of thirty years must be

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imposed," the bench concluded.

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The appeal was, thus, partly allowed.
Advocates Shekhar G Devasa, K Parameshwar, Manish Tiwari, Thashmitha Muthanna, Prashanth Dixit, Ajay Melric

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Noronha, Vishwanath Chaturvedi, Shashi Bhushan Nagar, and Sunil Ambavelil briefed by Devasa & Co appeared for the

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appellant.

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Advocates Shubhranshu Padhi, Vishal Banshal, and Rajeshawari Shankar, and Niroop Sukirithy appeared for the
Karnataka government.

19. SUPREME COURT OVERRULES 2015 JUDGMENT WHICH HELD

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HIGH COURTS CANNOT ENTERTAIN ARTICLE 226 PETITIONS
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AGAINST ARMED FORCES TRIBUNAL ORDERS

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A three-judge bench said that irrespective of the nature of a matter, if there is a denial of a fundamental rights,
jurisdictional error or error apparent, high court can exercise jurisdiction.

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The Supreme Court on Tuesday overruled its 2015 decision in Union of India v. Major General Shri Kant Sharma which
had held that High Courts do not have the power to entertain petitions under Article 226 challenging orders of the
Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) under writ jurisdiction [Union of India v Parashotam Dass].
A three-judge Bench of Justices SK Kaul, AS Oka and BV Nagarathna said that the decision was in conflict with earlier
Constitution bench judgments and also said that preventing High Courts from correcting possible errors by the AFT
would be against the constitutional scheme.
"We have, thus, no hesitation in concluding that the judgment in Major General Shri Kant Sharma & Anr.case does not lay
down the correct law and is in conflict with judgments of the Constitution Benches rendered prior and later to it, including
in L. Chandra Kumar case, S.N. Mukherjee case, and Rojer Mathew case making it abundantly clear that there is no per se
restriction on the exercise of power under Article 226 of the Constitution by the High Court," the Court held.
The Court said that judicial scrutiny by High Court under Article 226 should not be considered an appeal.
"The first independent judicial scrutiny is only by the Armed Forces Tribunal. To say that in some matters, a judicial
scrutiny would amount to a second appeal, would not be the correct way to look at it. What should be kept in mind is that

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in administrative jurisprudence, at least two independent judicial scrutinies should not be denied, in our view," the top
court said.
The bench further said that a High Court judge has immense experience and are quite conscious of the scope and nature
of their jurisdiction which depend on the nature of the matter.
"We believe that the High Courts are quite conscious of the parameters within which the jurisdiction is to be exercised,
and those principles, in turn, are also already enunciated by this Court."
The judgment in the case of Major General Shri Kant Sharma had said that "if the High Court entertains a petition
under Article 226 of the Constitution of India against order passed by Armed Forces Tribunal under Section 14 or Section
15 of the Act bypassing the machinery of statute i.e. Sections 30 and 31 of the Act, there is likelihood of anomalous situation
for the aggrieved person in praying for relief from this Court."
As per the AFT Act, appeals against the decision of the tribunal lies directly to the Supreme Court but restricted to
points of law of general public importance.
The Supreme Court in the 2015 judgment had said that that when a statutory forum (Supreme Court) is created by law

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for redressal of grievances, a writ petition should not be entertained ignoring the statutory dispensation.

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That judgment was passed by Justices SJ Mukhopadhaya and NV Ramana.
This judgment had greatly impacted the military personnel who had to move the top court if the AFT made any obvious

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error.

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Persons serving in different armed forces argued before the top court that there could never be a bar to the exercise of

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writ jurisdiction by a High Court, albeit sometimes, a High Court could use its discretion not to exercise the jurisdiction.
It was argued that the 2015 decision was against the well-settled principle of law and established judicial precedents

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since that judgment sought to create a complete bar to the High Court’s power to review decisions arising from the

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AFT.

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The government, on the other hand, submitted that even if High Courts have jurisdiction, the same ought to be
restricted.

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The submission was that all disciplinary cases, including court-martials, which may require another examination of

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evidence be kept out of the High Court’s jurisdiction.

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The apex court, however, refused to carve out any exceptions including the ones enumerated by the Central
government.

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"Irrespective of the nature of the matter, if there is a denial of a fundamental right under Part III of the Constitution or

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there is a jurisdictional error or error apparent on the face of the record, the High Court can exercise its jurisdiction," the
judgment explained.
The Court further said that for appeals to lie to the Supreme Court, a point of law of 'general public importance' should
be involved.
However, most matters in AFT are cases personal to litigants being in the nature of service matters, and may not involve
a point of law of 'general public importance'.
Hence, in many such cases if the jurisdiction of High Courts is taken away, the litigants will be left with no remedy
against an AFT order.
"How can courts countenance a scenario where even in the aforesaid position, a party is left remediless? It would neither
be legal nor appropriate for this Court to say something to the contrary or restrict the aforesaid observation enunciated in
the Constitution Bench judgment in S.N. Mukherjee case," the Supreme Court said.
Therefore, the court held that the judgment in Major General Shri Kant Sharma did not lay down the correct law and
was in conflict with judgments of the Constitution Benches rendered prior and later to it.
Senior Advocate Arvind Datar and advocates Navdeep Singh and K Parameshwar appeared for the petitioners.

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20. COMPETITION (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2022 PASSED IN LOK
SABHA
The Bill was introduced on August 5 last year, and was referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance
headed by Jayant Sinha for examination.

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The Lok Sabha on Wednesday passed The Competition (Amendment) Bill, 2022 to amend The Competition Act of 2002.

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The Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on August 5 last year, during the Monsoon Session of the Parliament. It was

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referred to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance headed by Jayant Sinha for examination.

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The Bill seeks to amend the Competition Act to regulate mergers and acquisitions based on the value of
transactions. Deals with transaction value of more than ₹2,000 crore will require the approval of the Competition

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Commission of India (CCI). It also proposes to reduce the timeline for the CCI to pass an order on such transactions
from 210 days to 150 days.

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Further, the Bill aims to widen the scope of entities that can be considered as being involved in anti-competitive
agreements. Presently, only enterprises or persons in similar fields can be held accountable for such agreements.
However, the Bill aims to extend this to include businesses or individuals who do not operate in similar fields.
Another proposed introduction is a framework for faster resolution of investigations through settlement and
commitment. The Bill also decriminalizes certain offences under the Act by replacing fines with civil penalties. These
offences include failure to comply with orders of the CCI and directions of the Director General (DG) related to anti-
competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position.
According to Unnati Agrawal of IndusLaw,
"The Bill is a laudatory development as it will overhaul the Competition Act, 2002 by bringing it in line with the changing
economic and business reality in India and providing the CCI with more teeth and flexibility to address competition law
concerns in a timely manner.
Introduction of major amendments, such as, deal value thresholds will bring transactions involving ‘asset lite’ and ‘low
revenue’ companies (which were previously not notifiable), under the CCI’s scrutiny. Further, introduction of settlements
and commitments mechanism will (i) ensure swift correction of anti-competitive behaviour and practices in the market;
(ii) spare willing and legally compliant companies to face the rigours of an extensive CCI investigation; and (iii) ease the
pressure on the CCI’s resources.
However, given that the exact mechanism for the implementation of these amendments (such as, methodology for
computation of ‘deal value’ and the test to determine ’substantial business operations in India’ as well as the procedural
details in relation to conducting the commitments or settlements) is dependent on the regulations to be issued by the CCI,
it is paramount that such regulations are issued without any undue delay to ensure regulatory certainty as well as
successful and smooth transition to the new framework.
Further, it will be interesting to see if the Rajya Sabha (upper house) is also inclined to endorse the introduction of the
highly contentious provisions, such as, computation of penalty based on global turnover (which will result in higher
penalties for global multi-product companies), which was added last minute to the 2022 Bill.”

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21. NCPCR ISSUES GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSMENT OF CHILD
SUSPECTS IN HEINOUS OFFENCES
Although the child is defined in the JJ Act, 2015 as a person who has not completed 18 years of age, there is a specific
provision under which initiation of an inquiry into a heinous crime has been differentiated based on age of the child.

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Although the child is defined in the JJ Act, 2015 as a person who has not completed 18 years of age, there is a specific

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provision under which initiation of an inquiry into a heinous crime has been differentiated based on age of the child.

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According to Section 15(1) of the Act, in case of a heinous offence alleged to have been committed by a child “who has
completed or is
above” the age of 16, the Juvenile Justice Board “shall conduct a preliminary assessment with regard to his mental and
physical capacity to commit such offence, ability to understand the consequences of the offence and the circumstances
in which he allegedly committed the offence”. The Board may then pass an order that there is a need for trial of the
child as an adult.
The sole aim of preliminary assessment is to determine whether the child in the age of 16-18 years should be tried as an
adult in case of
heinous offence. There are two essential conditions that call for preliminary assessment. First, the offence is in the
category of “heinous” as defined in the Act. Second, the child who has allegedly committed the crime is in the age group
of 16-18 years.

According to Section 15(1) of the Act, in case of a heinous offence alleged to have been committed by a child “who has
completed or is
above” the age of 16, the Juvenile Justice Board “shall conduct a preliminary assessment with regard to his mental and
physical capacity to commit such offence, ability to understand the consequences of the offence and the circumstances
in which he allegedly committed the offence”. The Board may then pass an order that there is a need for trial of the
child as an adult.
The sole aim of preliminary assessment is to determine whether the child in the age of 16-18 years should be tried as an
adult in case of
heinous offence. There are two essential conditions that call for preliminary assessment. First, the offence is in the
category of “heinous” as defined in the Act. Second, the child who has allegedly committed the crime is in the age group
of 16-18 years.
.

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Role of JJ Board
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is solely responsible for conducting preliminary assessment, which it must complete
within three months from the date of first production of the child before it. In case the Board determines that there is
a need for a trial of the child as an adult, it will then transfer the case to the Children’s Court.
“This should not be considered an inquiry into the offence or a prelude to the trial by Children’s Court or JJB. Also, while
making
the preliminary assessment, the child shall be presumed to be innocent unless proven otherwise,’’ according to the
NCPCR guidelines.
To determine the offender’s age, the JJ Board would either obtain the date of birth certificate from the school, or the
matriculation or equivalent certificate from the concerned examination Board in the absence of the birth certificate
given by a civic body. Only in cases where neither of the two are available, “age shall be determined by an ossification
test or any other latest medical age determination test” conducted on the orders of the JJ Board, say the guidelines.

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The guidelines come two years after the JJ Act, 2015 was amended to include “serious’’ offences as a separate category

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apart from the existing categories of “heinous” offences and “petty” offences.

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The amendment, passed in 2021 by Parliament, defines three categories of criminal cases involving children in conflict

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with law. They “heinous offences”, which includes crimes for which the minimum punishment is imprisonment for

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seven years or more; “petty offences”, which includes crimes for which the maximum punishment is imprisonment up
to three years; and “serious offences”, which includes crimes for which the punishment is a minimum imprisonment for

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a term more than three years and not exceeding seven years.

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LEGAL CROSSWORD
COMPLETE THE CROSSWORD PUZZLE BELOW

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T o Across Down
1. Transaction in which a new contact is agreed by all parties to 2. Spoken words which are defamatory because they have a
replace an existing contract. double meaning.
6. in readiness 3. the theory or philosophy of law
8. prevented from denying 4. An order of a court to a person to appear and give evidence
10. a body before it.
12. Confinement to a state correctional institute or prison. 5. Ban or order not to allow something to become law, even if it
16. A wrong or inaccurate name or term. has been passed by a parliament
17. Tort of wrongfully holding goods which belong to someone else 7. writ by which orders passed by an inferior court is quashed
18. having two chambers 9. retired after long service
19. elsewhere 11. The Manner in which a case is settled or resolved
20. compensation made by one member of an unmarried couple to 13. Voluntarily giving up or removing the conditions
the other after separation 14. warning
15. the country that a person treats as their permanent home

CROSSWORD ANSWER KEY

1. Novation 6. Impromptu 11. Disposition 16. Misnomer
2. Innuendo 7. Certiorari 12. Incarceration 17. Detinue
3. Jurisprudence 8. Estoppel 13. Waiver 18. Bicameral
4. Subpoena 9. Emeritus 14. Caveat 19. Alibi
5. Veto 10. Corpus 15. Domicile 20. Palimony

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