


1     ...




*

** 
Quran is the only Book which Allah has taken the responsibility to
protect.But over the time, It has to face the new challenges, but it is
the speciality of This Book that a letter can not be changed until
today, However, the nature of the objections varied in different
periods to Robb Muslim religious attachment with It.The goal and
purpose of all these efforts was same in all the time,which is to create
doubts concerning the Qur'an among the non-muslims,So that people
refuse to believe that It is the Divine Book . The Qur’an and the
Orientalists takes in to account the views and assumptions advanced
about the Qur’an by the doyens of the orientalists of the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries like William Muir, Theodor Noldeke, David
Margoliouth, Arthur Jeffery, Richard Bell, Montgomery Watt, and
others.They have a direct allegation of the Prophet’s authorship of the
Qur’an, particularly, his alleged borrowing from Judaeo-Christian
sources, the question of his literacy and the alleged environmental
influence on him in general.The same discussed in the article and tried
to remove the objections historically as wel as logically.

            


   
    
       
       
       
  
   
     
      
        
       
 
 
       
   

  
    *
 
       **

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 

2     ...

             
      
   
         
   
    
    
 
   
 
   
 


  
 

             
       
      
        
  
     
     
           
  
 
 
     
 
     
     
            
     
   
     

 
 
1. Sprenger Aloy 1813-1893
2. William Muir 1819-1905
3. Theodore Noldeke 1836-1930
4. Ignaz Goldziher 1850-1921
5. W.Wellhausen 1844-1918
6. Leon Caetani 1869-1935
7. David Samuel Margoliouth 1858-1940
8. Richerd Bell 1876-1952
9. Montgomery William Watt 1909-2006

    
       
 

             
 

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
3     ...

   
   
      
 
  
 
  
 
  
          
 
   
1-J.Wansbourough 1928-2002
2-J.A.Bellamy
3-Andrew Rippin 1945
4-Patricia Crone 1940
5-Michael Cook 1913
6-Kenneth Cragg 1913
7-Toby Lestyer 1964

 
    
     
  
 
     
  
     
    
  
       
  
 
 
    
              
     
 
     
         
     

      
         
  
   
  
       
  
    
 
           
   
       
      
      
         
  

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
4     ...

  
  
      
 
   
  
   
 
  
    
 

   
        
 
 
 
   
      
   
   

  
   
    
   
      
         
  
        
       
    
    
   
    
     
 J.Wansbourough
        Ignaz Goldziher 


   
        
 
   
             
     
     

 
   
     
    
      

     
    
   
        


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
5     ...

            

   
  
  
       J.Harvitz
   
    
  
 
    Ignaz Goldziher     J.Harvitz

    Joseph Shacht   

   School Of Oriental and African Studies      
   
  
 
 
 Goldziher
     Origins Of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
   
   
   
         
 
         


  


  
    Joseph 
Shacht    
  
            
  N.J.Coulson   
    
     
   
      
   W.M.Watt   
        
   
     
         


   
     
     
     
 
 
       Maxim Rodinson   

     
      
  

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
6     ...

   
 
    
 Joseph Shacht  Goldziher    


  
          

    
    
       
         
 
   

     
     J.Wansbourough    
  
 
 
1-Quranic Studies: source and Methodology of Scriptual
Interpretation.
2-C on te nt a nd c om po sition o f Is la mic sa lv a t io n
History:Sectarian milieu.


   
    
       

 
      
  
          
    

       
       
 
    

  
              

  
           salvation History

  

       
     
   
  
      


   
   
      J.Wansbourough 

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
7     ...

  Ignaz Goldziher 

 
 




   Wansbourough  


 
      Wansbourough 
      
  
      
   
   
          
 
 
        
 
  
       
    
 
         
  
        
     

       Wansbourough    
      
 
   
    
    
    
            
  
       
  
                   


      Wansbourough  
   
       
   
      
 
 
 
     
    
  
   

 

  
         Wansbourough 
    

    
   
 
 
   
     
   

   
  

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 

8     ...

    
 
 
       Wansbourough  
         
          
   

           Wansbourough 
     

            


    
  
    
  

  
  
 
 
    

 
   
    
 

 
        
    
     Wansbourough 
  
              

 
              

 
  
   
  
    
    
       

      
    
   
   
   

 
 

   

 
    
 
   


 

     
      
  
         
   

   

     
      

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 

9     ...

    

     


     
 
 

    
  Wansbourough 
      
  
  

   
   
 

     
 
     
   
      

   
   
  
  G e r d . R . P u i n            
   
       Dietrich von Bothmer  
       
      
   

            
   
   Bothmer  
  
   
  
   
  Puin 
 Observation on early Qur`an Manuscripts in Sana`a
 
         

 "Qur`aic Studies"      Leiden 

   
   Bothmer Puin   
  

      
    
  
   
  
  
  Puin   

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
10     ...

   AurtherJeffry, Pretzel Otto,Anton Spitaler etc. 

 
          


 

      
      Puin
 
    
 
  
 
 
             
 

       
       Puin

  
         
  
  
 

   
  
 
  
  
 
  
    
  
         
        
 

 
 
  
 
     
 

         
     
  
      
 
        Puin  
  The Atlantic       Toby Lester    
    
 
 
 What is The Qur'n?
  Toby Lester
   Bothmer  Puin     

  
     
  
 
  
  Bothmer  Puin         
 

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
11     ...


      

  
   
  

   
 
 
    
 
  
 

   
 
  
     
 
      

        
   
 
     

     
           
      
       
 
   
 
  
    
 

     

  What is The Qur'n?        Toby Lester  

   
 
The Atlantic Monthly; January 1998; What is the Koran?;
Volume 283, No. 1; pages 43-56.

          Toby Lester  

 
      
  
 
  Bothmer  Puin    
       Toby Lester      
 
            
    
 Bothmer Puin  
     


     
      

    
 
  
 
              

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12     ...

  
  
     

 
 
     
     
      

             

 
       

 
     
   
 
      
  

  
     
 
  
 

    
    Puin  
   Puin      

 
 
     
   
  
     
   
    
 
  

   
         
 
  
   
      
      
 
      
  
    
  
  
     
        
 
  
     
  
  
       
 
   
      
   
           
  
  
 
        

   
   


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
13     ...


          
 
 
 
  
        

  
    
    A.Rodwell   
          
   
     
 
   
 
 Translation with Suras Arranged The Coran Chronologically
       
       
  


 
      Richard Bell 
     
 


           



  
        
 
      
  
      
   
       
   
  
    

 


   
  
  
 
    
       
 
 
       
  

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 

14     ...

            


   
      
     
  
    
     
        
 
    
   
   
 
  
        
 


 
   


  
   


        
  
        
  
Toby      
             
  

               Lester

   
    
  
    
 
     

   
  
   
 
     
  
            

     
 
    

     

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
15     ...


 
(2) W. Muir: Life of Mohamet, 3rd edition reprinted 1923, pp.25-26,

D.S. Margoliouth: Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, London, 1905, pp.64-65,

Montgomery Watt: Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, 1960, p.39,

and Muhammad's Mecca, Edinburgh, 1988, pp.50-51.

(3) Margoliouth, op. cit, p.52-53, 60, Muir: op. cit. P.15

(4) Watt: Muhammad's Mecca, p.52-53

(5) Abraham Gelger: Judaism and Islam, Madras, 1898;

Richard Bell: The Origin of Islam and its Christian Environment, London, 1926;

C.C. Torrey: The Jewish Foundations of Islam, New York, 1933; A.I. Kash: Judaism

in Islam, New York 1954

(6)Watt: Muhammad's Mecca, pp. 45-46;

C.C. Torrey: The Commercial Theological Terms of the Koran, Leiden, 1892;

Arthur Jeffry: The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'an, Broda, 1938

(7)Richard Bell: "Mohammed's Call", The Moslem World, January 1934, pp.13-19;

Mohammed's Vision, ibid; Watt: Muhammad at Mecca,

pp.52-58, and "The Islamic Revelation in the Modern World", Edinburgh, 1969.

(8)Ignaz Goldziher, Mohammedarische Studien (first published 1890) vol: 2, tr. Into

English by C.R. Borber and Snt. Sten under title: Muslim Studies, vol:2, London,

P.170.

(9) M.M. Al-Azami: Studies in Early Hadith Literature, Beirut, 1968


            
         
       Goldziher  
  
(9) J. Horovitz: "The Earliest Biographies of the Prophet and Their Authors",

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
16     ...

translated from the German by Marmaduke Pickthall, Islamic Culture, vol:1, 1927,

pp.535-559; vol:2, 1925, pp.22-50, 164-182 and 495-523.

Published at Oxford, 1950 (10)

(11)M.M. Al-Azami: On Shacht's Origin of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, King Saud

University and John Wily and Sons. Inc., New York, 1985

(12)N.J. Coulson: A History of Islamic Law, London, 1946, pp.64-65

(13)M.M. Watt: Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, 1960, p.xv; and his "The Materials

used by Ibn Ishaq" in B. Lewis and P.M. Holtfield (ed): Historians of the Middle east,

London, 1962, pp.23-24

(14) me Rodinson: "A Critical Survey of Modern Studies on Muhammad", in Merlin

Swarty (ed), Studies in Islam, OUP, 1981, pp.44 and notes 123 and 124 at pp.75-76

(15) J. Wansborough: Qur'anic Studies, etc, Oxford, 1977, pp.42-45

  (16,17,18)

(19)Gerd R. Puin: "Observation on Early Qur'an Manuscripts in San'a", in Stefan

Wilde (ed), The Qur'an as Text, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1996, pp.107-111

(23)The Atlantic Monthly, January 1998, pp.43-56

(24) Impact International p-27,vol.30,March,2000.


   
        
(26)Mirza Abu al-Fazl, The Qur'an, Arabic Text and English Translation, Arranged

Chronologically, 1911, (British Library [British Museum] Catalogue Call mark

14512.d.15)

(27)R. Bell: The Quran: Translated with a Critical Rearrangement with the Suras, T.

and T. Clark Edinburgh, 1937

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