THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD 1
INTRODUCTION
► Thermodynamics is that branch of physics
which is concerned with transformation of heat
into mechanical work.
► It deals with the concepts of heat, temperature
and inter conversion of heat into other forms
of energy i.e., electrical, mechanical, chemical
and magnetic etc.
► Thermodynamics does not take any account of
atomic or molecular constitution of matter and
it deals with the bulk systems.
► State of any thermodynamic system can be
described in terms of certain know
macroscopic variables known as
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD 2
thermodynamic variables.
► Thermodynamic variables determine the
thermodynamic behaviour of a system.
Quantities like pressure (P), volume (V),
and temperature (T) are thermodynamic
variables.
► Some other thermodynamic variables are
entropy, internal energy etc. described in
terms of P, V and T.
► A thermodynamic system is said to be in
thermal equilibrium if all parts of it are at
same temperature.
► Thus two systems are said to be in thermal
equilibrium if they are at same temperature.
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ZEORTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system separately are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
If A and B are separately in equilibrium with C. TA = TC and TB = TC then TA = TB i.e.
systems A and B are also in thermal equilibrium
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FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS► It is based on the law of conservation of energy.
► When heat is added to the system then a part of heat is
used to increase the internal energy of the system and
other part is used to work done by the system.
► dQ = dU + dW
SIGN CONVENTIONS
► dQ = -Ve heat given by the system.
► dQ = +Ve heat added to the system.
► dU= +Ve if internal energy increase the temperature.
► dU= -Ve if internal energy decrease the temperature.
► dW= +Ve if work is done by the system (volume increases)
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD ► dW= -Ve if work is done on the system
5 (volume decreases)
QUASI STATIC PROCESS
► The system changes its variables so slowly that it
remains in thermal and mechanical equilibrium
with its surroundings throughout. At every stage
the difference in the pressure of the system and
external pressure is infinitesimally small and the
temperature is also small.
► In quasi static process we change the external
pressure by a small amount allow the system to
equalise its pressure with that of the surroundings
and continue the process infinitely slowly until
the system achieves the required pressure.
► Similarly to change the temperature we
introduce an infinitesimal temperature
difference between the system and the
surrounding reservoirs and by choosing
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reservoirs of progressively
6
different
temperature.
WORK DONE IN AN ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
►
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WORK DONE IN AN ►
ADIABATIC PROCESS
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HEAT ENGINE
► Heat engine is a device to undergo cyclic process in
conversion of heat into work.
► A mixture of fuel vapour and air in a gasoline or diesel
engine or stream in a stream engine are the working
substances. The working substance go to cyclic
process and absorb a total amount of heat Qh from an
external reservoir at high temperature Th and
converted into work done. In some other process the
remaining heat Qc releases to an external reservoir at
temperature at Tc.
► The efficiency of heat engine ɳ = W/Qh
► W = Q h - Qc
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD ► W = 1- Qc/Qh 9
REFRIGRATOR
► A refrigerator is the reverse of a heat engine.
► In a refrigerator the working substance extracts heat
dE1 from the cold reservoir at temperature T1 some
external work is done on it and heat dE2 is released to
the hot reservoir at temperature T2.
► In a refrigerator the working substance goes
through the fallowing steps
► (a) sudden expansion of gas from high to low
pressure (b) absorption of heat by cold fluid
(c) heating up the vapour
► The coefficient of performance of a
refrigerator α = Q2/dW
► Q1 = dW+Q2
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD
► α = 10
Q1/ (Q1 - Q2)
ISOCHORIC PROCESS
In this process V is constant and no work is done on or by the gas.
ISOBARIC PROCESS
In this process P is constant and work is done it is W= P(V2-V1) =µRT(T2-T1)
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REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES
► REVERSIBLE PROCESS
► If the process can be turned back
such that both the system and the
surroundings return to their original
states without any other change.
► A quasi-static isothermal
expansion of an ideal gas in a cylinder
fitted with a frictionless movable
piston is a reversible process.
► IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS
► If the process cannot be reversed
is called irreversible process. The
spontaneous processes of nature are
irreversible.
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CARNOT ENGINE
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► According to second law of thermodynamics, no
heat engine can have 100% efficiency
► Carnot’s heat engine is an idealized heat
engine that has maximum possible efficiency
consistent with the second law.
► Cycle through which working substance passed
in Carnot’s engine is known as Carnot’s Cycle.
► Carnot's engine works between two
temperatures
T1 - temperature of hot reservoir
T2 - temperature of cold reservoir
► In a Complete Carnot's Cycle system is taken
from temperature T1 to T2 and then back from
temperature T2 to T1.
► We have taken ideal gas as the working
substance of Carnot’s engine.
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► In step b→c isothermal expansion of gas taken
place and thermodynamic variables of gas
changes from (P1, V1,T1) to (P2,V2,T1)
► If Q1 is the amount of heat absorbed by
working substance from the source and W1 the
work done by the gas
Q1 = W1 = nRT1 ln (V2/V1)
as process is isothermal.
► (ii) Step c→d is an adiabatic expansion of gas
from (P2, V2, T1) to (P3,V3,T2). Work done by
gas in adiabatic expansion is given by
W2 = nR (T1-T2)/(γ-1)
► (iii)Step d→a is isothermal compression of gas
from (P3,V3,T2) to (P4,V4,T2). Heat Q2 would be
released by the gas to the at temperature T2
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► ►
Work done on the gas by the environment
is
W3 = Q2= nRT2ln(V3/ V4)
(iv)Step a→b is adiabatic compression of
gas from (P4, V4, T2) to (P1, V1, T1)
► Work done on the gas is
W4 =nR (T1-T2)/(γ-1)
► Now total work done in one complete cycle
is
W = W 1 + W 2 - W3 - W4
► = nRT1ln(V2/V1)-nRT2ln(V3/V4)
as W2 = W4
► Efficiency of carnot engine
η=W/Q1 = 1-(Q2/Q1)
= 1-(T2/T1)ln(V3/V4)/ln(V2/V1)
or η= 1-[T2ln(V3/V4)/T1ln(V2/V1
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD 16
► Since points b and c lie on same isothermal
⇒ P1V1=P2V2 . Also points c and d lie on same
adiabatic.
⇒ P2(V2)γ=P3(V3)γ
Also points d and a lie on same isothermal and
points a and b on sum adiabatic thus,
P3V3=P4V4
P4(V4)γ=P2(V1)γ
Multiplying all the above four equations may get
V3/4 = V2/V1
Putting this in equation
η= 1-(T2/T1)
From above equation we can draw following
conclusions that efficiency of Carnot engine is
(i) independent of the nature of working substance
(ii) depend on temperature of source and sink
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SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF AN IDEAL GAS
► There are two specific heats of ideal gases.
(i) Specific heat capacity at constant volume
(ii) Specific heat capacity at constant pressure
► Cp and Cv are molar specific heat capacities
of ideal gas at constant pressure and volume
respectively. For Cp and Cv of ideal gas,
there is a simple relation
► Cp- Cv=R
where R- universal gas constant
► This relation can be proved as follows:
From first law of thermodynamics for 1 mole of
gas we have
ΔQ = ΔU+PΔV
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► If heat is absorbed at constant volume then,
ΔV = 0 and CV=(ΔQ/ΔT)V=(ΔU/ΔT)V
► If Q in absorbed at constant pressure then
CP=(ΔQ/ΔT)P=(ΔU/ΔT)P+P(ΔV/ΔT)P
Now ideal gas equation for 1 mole of gas is
PV = RT
= P(ΔV/ΔT) = R
From above equations
CP - CV=(ΔU/ΔT)P-(ΔU/ΔT)V+P(ΔV/ΔT)P
► Since internal energy U of ideal gas depends
only on temperature so subscripts P and V
have no meaning.
CP - C V = R
which is the desired relation.
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD 19
EVALUATION
► Q1. What is zeroth law of thermodynamics?
► Q2. State the 1st law of thermodynamics?
► Q3. Give an example for isothermal process?
► Q4. Give an example for adiabatic process?
► Q5. Which process is called quasi-static process?
► Q6. How the efficiency of heat engine increases?
► Q7. State the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
► Q8. Say the relation between specific heat capacities?
► Q9. Why Cp > Cv .
► Q10. If it is possible to get 100% efficiency by any engine?
PREPARED BY : S D KHOBRAGADE PGT PHYSICS JNV OSMANABAD 20
RECAPTULATION
► Thermodynamic Process : A thermodynamic process is said to be taking place, if the
thermodynamic variable of the system change with time.
► Types of thermodynamic Process:-
► (1) Isothermal process: process taking place at constant temperature.
► (2) Adiabatic process: process where there is no exchange of heat.
► (3) Isochoric process: process taking place at constant volume
► (4) Isobaric process: Process taking place at constant Pressure.
► (5) Cyclic process: Process where the system returns to its original state.
► First law of Thermodynamics : It states that if an amount of heat dQ added to a system
, a part of heat is used in increasing its internal energy while the remaining part of
heat may be used up as the external work done dW by the system.
► Mathematically dQ=dU+dW
► dQ=dU+ PdV.
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THANK YOU
PREPARED BY:
S D KHOBRAGADE
PGT PHYSICS
JNV OSMNABAD
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