Lesson 2: Zoology as part of distinguished also by the absence of
characteristics that have evolved in the
Biology other eukaryotes.
Photosynthesis and cell wall are absent
Biology is natural science that studies life
from animals
and living organisms.
Hyphae, tubular filaments in fungi are
Now, animal form a distinct branch on the
absent from animals.
evolutionary tree of life.
Eukaryotes EUGLENA
A motile, single-called organism that
Organisms whose cells contain membrane
resembles plants in being photosynthetic, but
enclosed nuclei.
it resembles animals in its ability to eat food
Includes animals, plants, fungi, and numerous
particles.
unicellular forms.
As recall, meron tayong last universal common
ancestor, it is what we call luca??
We are following these 3 domain system. WHAT SCIENCE IS? WHAT IS NOT?
domain bacteria
domain archaea
Scientific Method
Bigger domain eukarya - part ng branching An empirical method of acquiring knowledge
ng eukarya ang animals. that has characterized the development of
science since at least the 17th century..
It involves careful observation, applying
Animals rigorous skepticism about what is observed,
given that cognitive assumptions can distort
Consists of eating other organisms how one interprets the observation.
HETEROTROPHS Now, in biology, we have this so called
diverse systems for capturing and experimental and evolutionary science.
processing a wide array of food items and Experimental science- investigate the
for locomotion. proximate causes.
iba ang movement ng animals sa plants Proximate cause- how a certain
organism behave.
focuses on the immediate cause of Theories of Evolution and Heredity
the behavior Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
they proceed using experimental 1. Perpetual Change
method. 2. Common descent
You test your understanding on a 3. Multiplication of species
biological system 4. Gradualism
5. Natural Selection
Evolutionary Science
when you want to answer the Perpetual Change
ultimate cause
they proceed largely using States that the living world is neither
comparative method rather than constant nor perpetually cycling, but is
experimentation. always changing.
Ultimate cause - it answers why May changes palagi, from one generation to
does it behave that way. another.
documented by fossil record (which clearly
refutes creationist)
considered as scientific fact
Common Descent
states that all forms of life descended from
a common ancestor through a branching of
lineages.
basis of taxonomy classification of animals.
All of these studies confirm the theory that
life history has a structure of branching
evolutionary tree called phylogeny
The resulting phylogeny would always
served as the basis of taxonomy
classification of animals which is one of the
major goal of a certain zoologists.
Multiplication of Species
Evolutionary process produces new species
by splitting and transforming older ones.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Gradualism Natural selection also explains why organisms
are constructed to meet the demands of
Large differences in anatomical traits that their environment.
characterize diverse species originate Nag aadapt base sa pangangailangan.
through accumulation of many small Adaptation is the expected result of a
incremental changes over very long periods process that accumulate the most favorable
of time. variance occurring in a population throughout
the long periods of time.
The Chromosomal Theory of
Inheritance
GENETIC APPROACH
PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION OF A
consists of mating or crossing populations of
CERTAIN ANIMAL.
organisms that are breeding for alternative
origin traits, and then following heredity
May gradual changes over time. Those transmission of those traits through
gradual changes happens also because of a subsequent generations.
certain environment and because of certain
ecological niche. GENES
Ecological niche - function niya sa certain located in chromosomes
environment.
CHROMOSOMES
Natural Selection pairs
organisms that are more adapted to their
environment are more likely to survive and HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SEPARATE
pass on the genes that aided their success. DURING MEIOSIS
Survival of the fittest WHY?
You cannot say one organism is fit if that So that alleles are separated
organism cannot transfer their traits from Meiotic products have one of each (But not
one generation to another. both)
Fertilization restores the pairs of
chromosomes
