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Methods to solve nonlinear equations
Numerical Methods by Chapra: Chapter 5&6
Numerical Analysis by Burden: Chapter 2
Bracketing Open
Methods Methods
Fixed point
Bisection
iterative
Method
Method
False Newton
Position Raphson
Method Method
Secant
Method
Open Methods
• The open methods are based on formulas that require only a single
starting value of x or two starting values that do not necessarily
bracket a root.
Newton Raphson Method
Numerical Methods
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and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
y f ( x)
(x0 , f ( x0 ))
(x1 , f ( x1 ))
(x2 , f ( x2 ))
x
x3 x2 x1 x0
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Derivation of Formula
Algorithm
Example 1:
Rel error
1 0 0.5
2 0.5 0.5663
3 0.5663 0.5671 0.0014
4 0.5671 0.5671 0.0000
Numerical Methods
In each problem either number of iterations will be mentioned or find root correct to
n decimal point will be mentioned. If both or not mentioned then perform 6 iterations
by default and using chopping (truncation at 5 decimal point) not rounding.
Note: In correct up to n decimal points, take at most n+1 digits in every iterations
and evaluation of function and derivative at x.
This Criteria will be used in all problems solving by any numerical method and also
Follow it in your quizzes, assignments, OHTs and ESE.
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and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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14 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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16 of Science
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Numerical Methods
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17 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
2/19/2024 National University of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
2/19/2024 National University of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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20 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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21 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
2/19/2024 National University of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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23 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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24 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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25 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
Numerical Methods
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Quaid-i-Azam 26 of Science
University
andDepartment
Technology, Islamabad
of Mathematics
Numerical Methods
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Quaid-i-Azam 27 of Science
University
andDepartment
Technology, Islamabad
of Mathematics
Numerical Methods
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Quaid-i-Azam 28 of Science
University
andDepartment
Technology, Islamabad
of Mathematics
Numerical Methods
2/19/2024 National University
Quaid-i-Azam 29 of Science
University
andDepartment
Technology, Islamabad
of Mathematics
Numerical Methods
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Quaid-i-Azam 30 of Science
University
andDepartment
Technology, Islamabad
of Mathematics
Numerical Methods
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Quaid-i-Azam 31 of Science
University
andDepartment
Technology, Islamabad
of Mathematics
Advantages of Newton Raphson Method
• It is one of the fastest methods that convergences quadratically to the
root.
• Near a root, the number of significant digits approximately doubles
with each step.
• This leads to the ability of Newton-Raphson Method to “polish” a
root from another convergence technique.
• Easy to convert to multiple dimensions.
Disadvantages of Newton Raphson Method
• Must find the derivative.
• If initial guess is too far from local root then it may diverge.
• It may encounter a zero derivative.
• It may loop indefinitely
Initial guess is too far from local root
It may encounter a zero derivative
It may loop indefinitely
Example 2
Exercises
Numerical Analysis by Burden & Faires
Exercise 2.3: Solve relevant questions
Numerical Methods by Chapra
Exercise 6: Solve relevant questions
Numerical Methods
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Quaid-i-Azam 39 of Science
University
andDepartment
Technology, Islamabad
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