INTRODUCTION
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical
relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital
circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called
a gate.
The Logic Gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are
used in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage)
into another (output voltage) according to some logical statement
relating them. A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has
only one output. The relationship between the possible values of input
and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table
or table of combinations.
TRUTH TABLE
It is a table that shows all the input and output possibilities for the
logic gate. George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra
based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called
Boolean algebra. A logical statement can have only two values, such
as high/low, on/off, closed/open, yes/no, true/false, conducting/non-
conducting etc. The two values of logic statements one denoted by
the binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the
HIGH value. The logical statements that logic gates follow are called
Boolean expressions.
TYPES OF GATES
There are three types of basic logic gates which follows Boolean
expression.
i. OR GATE
ii. AND GATE
iii. NOT GATE
OR GATE
The OR gate is a two inputs and one output logic gate. It combing the
input A and B with the output Y following the Boolean expression.
Y=A+B
The Boolean algebra, the addition symbol (+) is called OR (i.e. OR
operation OR operator). The various possible combinations of
the input and output of the OR gate can be easily understand with the
help of the electrical circuit. In this electric circuit, a parallel
combination of two switches A and B is connected to a battery and a
lump L. The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit is :
a) If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0)
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow.
OR gate symbol
The relationship between the inputs and the output can be captured in
a truth table. A and B represent the inputs and Q is the output.
Truth table
A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
AND GATE
The AND gate is also a two inputs and one output logic gate. An
AND gate will give a high output only if all of the inputs are high. For
example, in a simple lighting circuit with two switches in series the
lamp will light only if both switches are pressed. It combines the input
A and B with the output Y following the Boolean expression.
Y = A. B
The Boolean algebra, the multiplication symbol (. dot or x Gross) is
taken to mean AND.
Y = A. B have Y is equal to A AND B.
AND gate symbol
Truth table
A B A.B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
NOT GATES
A NOT gate is slightly different because it has just one input. It will
give a high output if the input is low. This could be represented by a
simple lighting circuit with a push-to-break switch: if the switch is
pressed then the lamp will turn off. NOT gates are often used in
emergency-stop buttons on machine tools.
NOT gate symbol
Truth table
A Q
0 1
1 0
OTHER TYPES OF LOGIC GATE
i. NAND gate: high unless both inputs are high.
ii. NOR gate: high if both inputs are low.
iii. XOR gate: similar to an OR gate but the output is only high if only
one of the two inputs is high.
NAND GATE
A NAND Gate is another Logic Gate that has two or more than two
Inputs; its Output is 0 only when all its Inputs are 1. The Schematic
Symbol of a Two-Input NAND Gate is shown in Figure
NAND Gate symbol
Truth-Table
A B Q
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR GATE
A NOR Gate is a Logic Gate that has two or more than two Inputs; its
Output is 1 only when all its Inputs are 0. The Schematic Symbol of a
Two- Input NOR Gate is shown in Figure
NOR GATE SYMBOL
Truth-Table
A B Q
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
EX-OR GATE
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus
sign ( ) is used to show the EX-OR operation.
EXOR GATE SYMBOL
Truth-Table INPUT OUTPUT
A B A XOR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
EX-NOR GATE
The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate.
It will give a low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are
high. The symbol is an EX-OR gate with a small circle on the output.
The small circle represents inversion.
EX-NOR GATE SYMBOL
Truth-Table
