Chapter 2:
Introduction to
C++
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Objectives:
2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program
2.2 The cout Object
2.3 The #include Directive
2.4 Variables and Literals
2.5 Identifiers
2.6 Integer Data Types
2.7 The char Data Type
2.8 The C++ string Class
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2.1
The Part of a C++ Program
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The Parts of a C++ Program
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace to use
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement
return 0; send 0 to operating system string literal
} end of block for main
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Special Characters
Character Name Meaning
// Double slash Beginning of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor
directive
< > Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include
( ) Open/close Used when naming a
parentheses function
{ } Open/close brace Encloses a group of
statements
" " Open/close Encloses string of
quotation marks characters
; Semicolon End of a programming
statement
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2.2
The cout Object
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The cout Object
• Displays output on the computer screen
• You use the stream insertion operator <<
to send output to cout:
cout << "Programming is fun!";
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The cout Object
• Can be used to send more than one item
to cout:
cout << "Hello " << "there!";
Or:
cout << "Hello ";
cout << "there!";
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The cout Object
• This produces one line of output:
cout << "Programming is ";
cout << "fun!";
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The endl Manipulator
• You can use the endl manipulator to start
a new line of output. This will produce two
lines of output:
cout << "Programming is" << endl;
cout << "fun!";
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The endl Manipulator
cout << "Programming is" << endl;
cout << "fun!";
Programming is
fun!
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The endl Manipulator
• You do NOT put quotation marks around
endl
• The last character in endl is a lowercase
L, not the number 1.
endl This is a lowercase L
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The \n Escape Sequence
• You can also use the \n escape sequence
to start a new line of output. This will
produce two lines of output:
cout << "Programming is\n";
cout << "fun!";
Notice that the \n is INSIDE
the string.
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The \n Escape Sequence
cout << "Programming is\n";
cout << "fun!";
Programming is
fun!
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2.3
The #include Directive
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The #include Directive
• Inserts the contents of another file into the
program
• This is a preprocessor directive, not part of
C++ language
• #include lines not seen by compiler
• Do not place a semicolon at end of
#include line
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2.4
Variables and Literals
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Variables and Literals
• Variable: a storage location in memory
– Has a name and a type of data it can hold
– Must be defined before it can be used:
int item;
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Variable Definition in Program 2-7
Variable Definition
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Literals
• Literal: a value that is written into a
program’s code.
"hello, there" (string literal)
12 (integer literal)
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Integer Literal in Program 2-9
20 is an integer literal
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String Literals in Program 2-9
These are string literals
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2.5
Identifiers
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Identifiers
• An identifier is a programmer-defined
name for some part of a program:
variables, functions, etc.
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C++ Key Words
You cannot use any of the C++ key words as an
identifier. These words have reserved meaning.
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Variable Names
• A variable name should represent the
purpose of the variable. For example:
itemsOrdered
The purpose of this variable is to hold the
number of items ordered.
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Identifier Rules
• The first character of an identifier must be
an alphabetic character or and underscore
( _ ),
• After the first character you may use
alphabetic characters, numbers, or
underscore characters.
• Upper- and lowercase characters are
distinct
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Valid and Invalid Identifiers
IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID
totalSales Yes
total_Sales Yes
total.Sales No Cannot contain .
4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit
totalSale$ No Cannot contain $
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2.6
Integer Data Types
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Integer Data Types
• Integer variables can hold whole numbers such
as 12, 7, and -99.
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Defining Variables
• Variables of the same type can be defined
- On separate lines:
int length;
int width;
unsigned int area;
- On the same line:
int length, width;
unsigned int area;
• Variables of different types must be in different
definitions
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Integer Types in Program 2-10
This program has three variables: checking,
miles, and days
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Integer Literals
• An integer literal is an integer value that is
typed into a program’s code. For example:
itemsOrdered = 15;
In this code, 15 is an integer literal.
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Integer Literals in Program 2-10
Integer Literals
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Integer Literals
• Integer literals are stored in memory as
ints by default
• To store an integer constant in a long
memory location, put ‘L’ at the end of the
number: 1234L
• Constants that begin with ‘0’ (zero) are
base 8: 075
• Constants that begin with ‘0x’ are base
16: 0x75A
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2.7
The char Data Type
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The char Data Type
• Used to hold characters or very small
integer values
• Usually 1 byte of memory
• Numeric value of character from the
character set is stored in memory:
CODE: MEMORY:
char letter; letter
letter = 'C';
67
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Character Literals
• Character literals must be enclosed in
single quote marks. Example:
'A'
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Character Literals in Program 2-13
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Character Strings
• A series of characters in consecutive memory
locations:
"Hello"
• Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the end:
• Comprised of the characters between the " "
H e l l o \0
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2.8
The C++ string Class
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The C++ string Class
• Special data type supports working with strings
• #include <string>
• Can define string variables in programs:
string firstName, lastName;
• Can receive values with assignment operator:
firstName = "George";
lastName = "Washington";
• Can be displayed via cout
cout << firstName << " " << lastName;
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The string class in Program 2-15
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