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 Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

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Bio-composites and bio-hybrid composites reinforced with natural

fibers: Review
Assia CHICHANE ⇑, Radouane BOUJMAL, Abdellah El BARKANY
Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. Faculty of Science and Techniques, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University B. P. 2202, Route d’Imouzzer, FES, Morocco

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The need to adapt to sustainable development, green chemistry, and industrial ecology, which appear
Available online xxxx later, leads to the development of new materials. Among this new generation of materials are composites
that are characterized by high performance. Several types of research are studying the evolution of bio-
Keywords: composites to obtain efficient and less expensive products, especially since the availability of petroleum
Composite and conventional materials seem to be exhausted, and their cost is high. This literature review presents a
Hybrid composite summary of bio-composite materials reinforced with natural organic and inorganic fillers. Besides, it
Natural fiber
describes the bio-hybrid composites materials with ‘‘natural/synthetic fibers” or with ‘‘natural fibers”.
Mechanical and chemical properties
Modelling
These materials with natural reinforcement have a great capacity to replace conventional composites
thanks to their low cost, lightness, and ecological advantages. In addition, it reports an idea about the
resources of natural reinforcements, as well as their mechanical and chemical properties and their appli-
cation domains. Thus, the last part summarizes the modelling approaches.
Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Fifth edition of the
International Conference on Materials & Environmental Science.

1. Introduction of bio-hybrid composites have been developed thanks to their dif-

ferent reinforcing components (organic and inorganic), which not
Environmental and sustainability concerns, as well as a desire only offer alternating properties between inorganic and organic,
to adapt to new concepts like the green chemistry and green indus- but also new behaviors that allow them to be used in a wider set
trial revolution, have prompted the evolution of bio-composites of applications [7]. Many works have been conducted on the inclu-
[1,2]. In contrast to composites with synthetic reinforcements, bio- sion of natural fibers in different matrices, including thermoplas-
materials at the end of their lifecycle can be disposed of and con- tics (PP, PE. . .), and thermosets (polyester, epoxy, etc.),to
verted into ecological compost. These green materials have determine the mechanical and ultimate properties of bio-
received considerable attention thanks to improved properties, composites/bio-hybrid composites. All research has concluded that
which means they hold great promise in various uses, such as the interfacial adhesion of the matrix and fibers is a critical ele-
sports components, automotive, and construction industries [3,4]. ment that influences the reinforcement’s efficiency [8].
Moreover, it is remarkable that the use of these renewable raw The experiments are established to study the mechanical and
resources in the production of biomaterials has increased in these thermal properties of composites / hybrid composites, and to
recent years, from 5 % in 2004 to 13 % in 2010 and 18 % in 2020. It is understand the influence of the various reinforcements by varying
estimated that by 2030, it will be at 25 % [5].Among reinforcements their volume portions. These investigations must involve chemical
used,there are linen, hemp, wood, alfa, clay, coconut, jute, cotton treatment of the surfaces of the different components, followed by
hulls, etc. [6–8]. These appealing features, such as corrosion and the fabrication of specimens in this material to be tested, which
fatigue resistance, low density, high strength, and good electrical takes time and costs a lot of money [9]. As a result of these require-
insulation make them a better alternative than their traditional ments, the modeling was made to minimize the use of an experi-
counterpart (carbon, aramid, glass)[6]. Recently, a diverse range mental test and, therefore, reduce its time and cost [9–11].
Modeling allows to determine the macroscopic properties of a
heterogeneous material based on the microscopic properties of
⇑ Corresponding author. its components using homogenization approaches. These
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. CHICHANE).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.132
2214-7853/Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Fifth edition of the International Conference on Materials & Environmental Science.

Please cite this article as: A. CHICHANE, R. BOUJMAL and A. El BARKANY, Bio-composites and bio-hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers: Review,
Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.132
A. CHICHANE, R. BOUJMAL and A. El BARKANY Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

approaches are essentially based on the Eshelby inclusion problem or short fibers (aligned, random orientated) whose length is
and the choice of the representative elementary volume VER of the not equal to the piece’s dimensions).
heterogeneous material. The micro-mechanical models proposed
there are Voigt-Reuss Hashin, Halpin-Tsai, Self-coherent, Mori-
2.2. Hybrid composites
Tanaka. etc.
The goal of this paper is to provide a summary of the literature
Hybrid composites (Fig. 2.) are materials that incorporate two
on composite materials and hybrid composites with natural rein-
or more constituents (phases) that are mechanically and physically
forcements. It is broken into three sections.
distinct [17]. According to Sanchez [18], a hybrid composite mate-
The first examines the definition and classification of composite
rial is characterized as a mix of inorganic and organic materials
materials as well as hybrid composites.
with a micrometric level of mixing. However, according to Achby
The second goal is to introduce natural reinforcements, their
[19], a hybrid material is a blend of two or more materials whose
mechanical and chemical properties, and application areas, as well
dimensions and geometry have been predefined to execute a given
as work involving composites and hybrid composites reinforced by
function optimally. Generally, hybridization is a combination
natural elements as new materials to meet environmental stan-
designed to produce new and higher performance functions than
dards. The final section is devoted to a brief overview of modeling
the single components. Several reinforcing types may be com-
and the many models used to forecast composite mechanical
pounded into a hybrid material, but the valuable material can only
properties.
be obtained by mixing two types of reinforcements [20,21]. The
contributions of individual elements to the properties of hybrid
2. Composite and hybrid composite materials
composites are essential, but the interfaces between them are
equally indispensable to producing a specific property.
2.1. Composite material

A composite material is a blend of at least two non-miscible 3. Natural reinforcements

components. These components have a high penetration capabil-
ity, and their properties complement each other well [11,12]. The Recent pressure on scientists and industries to exploit renew-
composite that results is heterogeneous and has qualities that able resources, as well as the desire to produce materials that are
the separate components do not [13]. In general, it consists of a environmentally friendly and have little effect on the health of
matrix (continuous phase) that preserves the reinforcing elements users [22,23], have forced scientists and industries to use renew-
while ensuring charge transfer in these parts, also consisting of a able resources as reinforcements as much as possible due to their
discontinuous phase known as reinforcements that is stiffer and lower price and lightweight [24]. Natural fiber composites have
stronger than the matrix [14,15]. Reinforcements might be plate- lower density and superior mechanical and thermal qualities sim-
lets, particles, or fibers. Composite materials have successfully ilar to those of synthetic fiber composites (glass, aramid, and car-
replaced metallic materials in various fields of the industry thanks bon) [24]. Therefore, the raw materials needed to manufacture
to many factors such as their low density, good shock absorption these reinforcements are readily available [22,23,25].
capability, and ease of fabrication [16]. Natural reinforcements are any substances from animal or veg-
The classification of composites is done according to several etable sources that permeate a matrix in the form of particles,
parameters (Fig. 1.) [14,15]: threads, filaments, or cords. Organic animal reinforcements are
derived from secretions (silk), sheep (wool), or alpacas (hair) and

The nature of the matrix which can be polymeric, metallic or can be utilized in various application areas like wall or floor cover-
ceramic. ings, electrical or thermal insulation, paper manufacturing, and

The type of reinforcements (organic, or inorganic). packaging [14,15]. The vegetable reinforcements, on the other

The morphology of reinforcements can be in the following hand, come from fruit, leaf, grain, and other wastes [15,26,32,33].
forms: continuous (long fibers with a length comparable to The figure below (Fig. 3.) shows a summary classification of natural
the piece’s dimensions) or discontinuous (particles, platelets, elements.

Fig. 1. Classification of composite materials.

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A. CHICHANE, R. BOUJMAL and A. El BARKANY Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

3.2. Hybrid composites with natural reinforcements

Hybridization has long been accomplished with synthetic rein-

forcements like glass, aramid, and carbon, which have excellent
mechanical properties [36], including natural fibre/ CNT reinforced
polymer composites [37], where the CNTs (short for carbon nan-
otubes) present superior mechanical properties when responding
to external loads applied in a variety of loading modes such as ten-
sion [38] and torsion [39].
Nevertheless, with the emergence of environmental issues as
air pollution, global warming, and other related issues several
types of research were conducted to investigate the possibility of
combining synthetic and natural fibers [40–42] to improve
Fig. 2. Hybrid composite with different shape reinforcements. mechanical and dynamic properties [41], or using natural fibers
instead of synthetic fibers [43,44] to improve thermal and dynamic
mechanical properties [45], as shown in Tables 2 and 3.
3.1. Composites with natural reinforcements

Table 1 presents a summary of the work done to produce com- 4. Properties of natural fibers
posites with naturally occurring fillers. It shows that many
researchers have studied different reinforcements such as alfa, coir, The tensile attribute refers to a component’s ability to with-
coconut sheath, date palm, flax, Juncus plant. These studies aimed stand a load that is attempting to expand it. The chemical compo-
to evaluate the green bio-composites by analyzing the different sition of natural components, on the other hand, is influenced by
parameters influencing the mechanical and thermal properties of several factors such as age, species, climatic circumstances, and
these composites. For example, the treated coconut fiber compos- extraction process [35]. As illustrated in Fig. 4, natural fibers are
ites show good thermal stability and better fiber–matrix bonding composed of lignin, waxes, cellulose, pectin, and hemicelluloses
compared to the raw coconut fiber composite [27]. Similarly, the [61]. Furthermore, its chemical composition change from one plant
alkali-treated alfa fiber-PP composite showed an increase in to the next, as well as within the same plant [57–60]. The mechan-
mechanical properties [28]. Alkali-treated alfa fibers, with 10 % ical and chemical properties of natural fibers are listed in Table 4.
NaOH in 24 h, were characterized by significant flexural properties Bamboo, kenaf, alfa stems, bagasse, raw date palm, Juncus plant,
[29]. These results highlighted the impact of the fibers’ chemical jute, oil palm EFB, sisal, and Borassus fruit fine had significantly
treatment. In addition, one of these studies reports the efficiency greater tensile qualities (Young’s modulus and tensile strength)
and performance of the ‘‘date palm fiber” in the field of construc- than coir fiber, which has high deformability, as shown in the table
tion thanks to its hygric and thermal properties [30] and another above. Juncus fibers have a higher Young’s modulus than other
shows the different applications of flax and hemp fibers [31]. vegetable fibers and are equivalent to some synthetic fibers

Fig. 3. Natural reinforcement: (a) vegetables resources; (b) animals resources.

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A. CHICHANE, R. BOUJMAL and A. El BARKANY Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Composites with natural elements.

Year Main results of the study Ref.

2018 The aim of this study is to make a PP/Talc composite and investigate the effects of talc particles (reinforcement) in the polypropylene matrix using [34]
mathematical models such as Tsai and Halpin, Kerner-Nielsen Model, and Guth Modified, as well as experimentally (tensile and morphological tests) to
determine Young’s modulus. The experimental and analytical model results show that these particles have an effect, with Young’s modulus increasing
with increasing particle content.
2017 This research aims to analyze natural fibers taken from the Juncus plant, as well as to determine the impacts of various chemical treatments applied to [35]
this fiber, which varies in fiber diameter, density, elastic modulus, and tensile strength. Because of the successful delignification, the treatment with 8 %
NaOH, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) at hot temperature yielded the highest tensile strength and elastic modulus.
2017 The purpose of this research was to determine the hygric and thermal conductivity parameters (thermal conductivity, water vapor permeability, sorption [30]
isotherm, and moisture diffusivity) of a composite containing 15 % date palm fibers to apply it in the building domain. According to the findings, the
incorporation of date palm fibers improves the efficacy and performance of this novel composite.
2016 Several technical and non-technical arguments for using flax and hemp fiber composites were covered in this paper. They were employed in a variety of [31]
applications, including musical instruments, sporting goods equipment, automobile components, and interior design and lighting.
2015 The purpose of this research is to evaluate the mechanical properties of a polypropylene matrix composite with short vegetable fibers generated from [28]
Alfa bundles. Tensile testing, acoustic emissions, and Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) are among the procedures used. The influence of the alkaline
chemical treatment was demonstrated by the large increase in Young’s modulus from 28.67 % to 132.22 % for virgin PP and in traction resistance from
11.34 % to 30.14 % for non-treated fibers for 30 %.
2014 This study focused on the compression molding of composites made from an epoxy matrix and raw coconut sheath fiber, as well as other composites [27]
made from the same components but using treated coconut sheath fiber. DMA, FTIR, SEM, TGA, and flexural, tensile, and impact strengths were among
the techniques used. Thermal stability and mechanical strength results reveal that treated fiber/epoxy composites are more effective than untreated
coconut sheath fiber/ epoxy composites, and SEM data show that treated fiber/epoxy composites have better fiber–matrix coupling than other
composites.
2011 The goal of this study is to show how alkali-treated alfa fibers affect flexural qualities so that the best chemical treatment parameters may be determined [29]
(NaOH). The flexural modulus and flexural strength increased by 1.16 to 3.04 GPa and from 23 MPa to 57 MPa, respectively, after fibers were treated with
Alfa 10 percent NaOH for 24 h. Additionally, when alfa was treated with 5 % NaOH for 48 h, the result of flexural characteristics dropped; this is due to
lignin reduction.

Table 2
Hybrid composites with synthetic/natural elements.

Year Main results of the study Ref.

2017 The effect of hybridization on the mechanical and diffusion kinetic properties of glass/ flax fiber reinforced epoxy composites was investigated in this [42]
paper. At 20 °C, glass fiber improved the tensile properties (Young’s modulus and tensile strength) while decreasing the diffusion coefficient and water
absorption. This combination, however, had a negative impact on the specific tensile strength and tensile strength at 55 °C.
2015 The main purpose of this study is to show how the orientation of kenaf fibers affects the mechanical properties of a kenaf/aramid hybrid composite that [46]
can be employed as a spall liner for military vehicles. The tensile strength of the woven kenaf hybrid composite sample was higher than the
unidirectional and mat kenaf hybrid composite samples, and the morphological results indicated that the kenaf weaved hybrid composite had good
tensile properties.
2014 The major purpose of this research is to see if a composite made of cement, sand, and date palm fibers (two sizes) could be used as insulating building [47]
materials. Many thermal properties (compressive strength, water absorption, and conductivity) were evaluated in this experimental study. The results
showed that adding fibers to this composite lowers its compressive strength and heat conductivity.
2014 The goal of this project is to investigate the tensile behavior of a hybrid composite made of oil palm fibers and glass fibers with an epoxy matrix. [48]
According to the results, the hybrid composite’s tensile properties were improved by the hybridization.
2010 The mechanical and dynamic properties of hybrid composites reinforced with glass fiber/sisal were investigated in this study. With sisal/polyester [49]
hybridization with glass fibers, the results demonstrated an enhancement in storage modulus and loss.
2007 The mechanical and thermal properties of hemp/glass fiber hybridization were improved. The flexural modulus reached 5.5 GPa when 25 % of hemp fiber [50]
was combined with 15 % of glass fiber. In addition, combining glass fiber and carbon fiber improved the resistance of hybrid composites to water
absorption as well as their thermal properties.

Table 3
Hybrid composites with natural elements.

Year Reason and main results of the study Ref.

2021 The purpose of this research is to see how melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) affects the treatment of various percentages of coir fiber and fibrous chips [51]
reinforced trilayered bio-composites. Mechanical parameters (tensile, flexural, and internal bonding strengths), thermal properties, as well as
morphological, microstructural, and bonding mechanisms were investigated. The thermo-mechanical results show that bio-composite panels can be
successfully formed.
2020 The mechanical properties of a hybrid composite composed of a polyester matrix and natural fibers such as sisal and cattail were investigated in this [52]
experiment. Fabricated composites were constructed with different hybrid fiber weight fractions (5 to 25 %) while keeping a 50/50 fiber blend ratio.
Other composites were created with a constant fiber weight fraction of 20 % and a fiber mix ratio ranging from 0 to 100 %. The researchers discovered that
increasing the fiber weight fraction from 5 % to 20 % at a given fiber blend ratio of 50/50 improved the mechanical properties. When the fiber blend ratio
adjusted between 0 and 75 percent, the tensile, compressive, and flexural characteristics improved, with best values at a 75 % of sisal and 25 % of cattail.
2017 This experimental investigation used Alfa fibers and clay particles for reinforcing a polypropylene matrix, with a constant total filler 30 %, to create a [53]
hybrid composite using ecological elements. The qualities of mechanical, thermal, and morphological materials were studied. The mechanical parameters
altered with filler %, and the thermal stability of the matrix was increased with increasing the clay.
2013 In comparison to oil palm, the tensile characteristics of the hybrid composites improved as the jute fiber content increased, demonstrating that adding [54]
jute fiber to an epoxy/palm composite enhanced the storage modulus and shifted the damping factor to a higher temperature range.
2010 The fabrication of hybrid composites reinforced with jute is woven and Empty Fruit Bunch fiber was the subject of this paper. Tensile and flexural [55]
experiments revealed that using jute woven in the pure Empty Fruit Bunch composite improved the mechanical capabilities of hybrid composites.
2005 The goal of this project was to create hybrid composites using a polyester matrix, banana fibers, and sisal fibers. The results of this investigation showed [56]
that combining the two fibers had a favorable impact on flexural strength, with the tensile strength improving with hybridization and reaching a higher
value at a 1:4 ratio of sisal and banana.

4
A. CHICHANE, R. BOUJMAL and A. El BARKANY Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

[51,57,65,67,70,71]
[57,65,67,68]
[57,65–67]

[72–74]
[62,63]
[57,64]

[53,72]
[69]

[35]

[55]

[73]
[73]
[72]
[27]
[27]
Ref.
up to saturation (%)
Water absorption

110–240

85–105
407
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

–
–
–
Fig. 4. Structure of the plant fiber [61].

Microfibrillar
Angle MFA

30–49
9–15
2–10
–
–

–
–
–

–
–
–
–
_
[35,75,76]. The main structural component of natural plant fibers is
cellulose, which has poor temperature resistance [77]. Table 4

8.0–11.0
Lignin %

22,2–45

27(±1)
23(±2)
21–31

12–14
demonstrates that when fiber elasticity drops, the microfibrillar

21.53
21.2
24
25

29
20
angle (MFA) increases, although this elasticity increases linearly

–
–
with cellulose content [78].

Hemi-cellulose %
The main areas of application of natural fibers as reinforce-
ments are as follows:

13.6–20.4

10.0–14.2
‘‘sisal/jute fibers” are used in engineering and technology [79],

17.2–37

26(±2)
17(±3)
32.76
kenaf performs well in military vehicles [43], as well as in Toyota

20.3
24
17

18

21
30
logs [77]. In addition, ‘‘oil palm/jute fibers” are used in automobiles

–
–
and the construction industry [54]. On the other hand, ‘‘flax fibers”
Cellulose %
are applied in sporting goods or automotive components, musical

26,8–43

58(±5)
40(±3)
26–65

58–63

67–78
instruments, equipment and interior decoration, and lighting

45.67
49.6
45
55

72
46
[31]; they are similar to those of ‘‘hemp fibers” [31]. Due to its high

40

–
–
thermal properties, ‘‘date palm” has been used in building insula-
tion materials [47]. ‘‘Sisal/ flax/ coir fibers” can be used in the pro- 1.29 (±0.20)
2.8 (±0.7)

4.5 (±0.8)
break (%)
Strain at

duction of engine covers and transmissions [80].

1.5–1.8
8–18

47.2
3–7
–
–

–
–

–
–
5. Modelling approaches
Elastic modulus (GPa)

To predict and understand the mechanical behavior of compos-

ite/hybrid materials, the mechanical and thermal properties of the
material as stress, elastic modulus, ratio of Poisson, thermal expan-
2.0 (±0.3)

9.4–22.0
13–17.8

sion coefficients. . . the literature is rich in micro-mechanical mod-

11–20

2–7.5

26.5

els allowing to determine these properties from the characteristics

122

1–9

4.9
17

53

–
–

–
–

of its constrictive elements (matrix and reinforcement). These

models are based on scale transition modeling linking microscopic
Tensile stress

properties to macroscopic properties by replacing a heterogeneous

393–773
134–220

468–640
140–490

58–203

50–400

material with an equivalent homogeneous ‘‘medium” (MHE)

44(±8)
(MPa)

1800

65.2
290

930

[81,82]. During this procedure, a clearly defined application

–
–

–
–

domain called the representative elementary volume (REV), which

100–1000

is an essential phase in the scaling procedure. Indeed, it is neces-

380 (±90)
66.9–312
Diameter

90–120

55–100

sary to assume that the volume is large enough about the size of
8–480
(lm)

the heterogeneities to contain all the heterogeneous phases of

40
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

the microstructure and that the results remain unchanged for a lar-
1.20 (±0.24)

ger size, and small enough concerning the size of the structure so
0.6–1.23

0.7–1.55
(g.cm3)

that the stresses it undergoes are macroscopically homogeneous.

Density

0.9–1.5

Thus, the modeling seeks to reduce the utilization of experimental

1.25

1.45

1.25
1.4

1.3

–
–
–
–
–
–

tests and consequently reduce the expense associated with them

[83]. It’s also meant to forecast how constructions made of these
Untreated coconut sheath
Juncus plant hot treated

Borassus fruit fine (BFF)

Treated coconut sheath

materials will react to external stresses before they’re made [84].

Properties of plant fibers.

Several models, such as Voigt [86,87], Reuss [88], rule of hybrid

mixtures [85,89,90], Halpin-Tsai model [85,91], Hirsch model, and
Raw date palm

technique of finite elements ‘‘MEF” [89], are used to study the

Oil palm EFB
Alfa stems

behavior of composite and hybrid composites materials.

Bamboo
Bagasse

Banana

The boundary models are the Voigt-Reuss models (law of mix-

Kenaf
Fiber
Table 4

Cork
Sisal
Coir

Jute

tures ROM- Inverse Rule of Mixture IROM), which represent the

maximum and minimum limits of elastic characteristics, respec-
5
A. CHICHANE, R. BOUJMAL and A. El BARKANY Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Hirsch’s model [96], which is semi-empirical, is a hybrid of the

two previous models. It introduces an adjustment parameter
‘‘x” that regulates the transmission of stresses between fibers
and matrix. Reuss’ ‘‘series law” and Voigt’s ‘‘parallel law” [97].
The orientations of the fibers, length, and stress concentration
at the fiber ends are its main determinants [98].

Ec ¼ xðEm  V m þ Ef  V f Þ þ ð1  xÞðV f =Ef þ V m =Em Þ ð4Þ

The semi-empirical Halpin-Tsai equations [99] are an approxi-

Fig. 5. Scheme of the Voigt (a) and the Reuss (b) models. mation description based on self-consistent micromechanics‘‘
[100]. It’s utilized to calculate the elastic modulus of a compos-
ite reinforced with aligned short fibers [101]. This model takes
into account the morphology of the fibers through the aspect
tively. The Voigt limit is derived using a deformation technique, in ratio L/D, with L and D denoting the length and diameter of
which the deformation is assumed to be constant in all phases and the fibers, respectively.
equal to the imposed macroscopic deformation. The Reuss limit is
an excellent addition to this model. It assumes that the stress Ef
1 þ fgV f 1
remains constant across all stages and is equal to the macroscopic Ec =Em ¼ ; g ¼ EEm ð5Þ
1  gVf f
þf
imposed stress [93]. They are based on the volume fractions and Em
individual qualities of the different components of composite
With f an empirically established reinforcement factor depends
materials (matrix and fibers).
on the fiber arrangement, geometries, and loading conditions
[102].

Voigt model is generally used to predict the longitudinal mod-
ulus [92]:
5.1. The classification of micromechanical models
Ec ¼ Em  V m þ Ef  V f ð1Þ
The development and classification of micro-mechanical mod-
els have been based on the physical characteristics of the fibers,

Reuss models for predicting transverse modulus, see Fig. 5 which can be in the form of unidirectional continuous fibers, ‘‘ran-
[94,95]: domly oriented” short fibers, or particulate fibers, as shown in
Fig. 6. To determine the stiffness of composite and hybrid compos-
Ec ¼ V f =Ef þ V m =Em ð2Þ ite materials, the framing models (Voigt -Reuss) and the Halpin-
Tsai equations are the most widely used [85,96]. While several
studies reported that the Halpin-Tsai equations were shown to

The hybrid mixing rule is similar to the preceding way, but it
be more precise than the laws of mixtures for short random fiber
applies to hybrid composites reinforced with two different
composite materials [83]. However, the Tsai-Pagano equation
types of fibers [85].
[83] was used quite particularly for estimating the stiffness of short
fiber composites provided that the values of the transverse and
Ec ¼ Em  V m þ Ef 1  V f 1 þ Ef 2  V f 2 ð3Þ
longitudinal moduli are given. The Bowyer-Bader technique [103]
Where Ec, Em, Ef (1,2) represent respectively the elastic moduli is more often employed because it mainly takes into account the
of the composite, of matrix and fibers (1,2). fiber length distribution and evaluates the effect of fiber orienta-

Fig. 6. Micromechanical models classified.

6
A. CHICHANE, R. BOUJMAL and A. El BARKANY Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5
Overview of the micro-mechanical models used to estimate the mechanical properties of bio-composites.

Year Composite /Hybrid composite Micromechanical model Ref.

2021 Jute and Ramie fibers / Unsaturated Polyester ROM, IROM, Halpin–Tsai and Hirsch [96]
2019 Stipa Stem Fiber/ Polypropylene Kelly-Tyson modified equation and a modified rule of mixtures [110]
2018 Talc/ Polypropylene Tsai and Halpin, Kerner-Nielsen Model, and Guth Modified [34]
2013 Plant Tissue: Cellulose Microfibril (fibre)/ matrix of hemicelluloses and ROM, IROM [95]
lignin
2013 Kenaf and Glass Fiber /Polypropylene (PP) Rule of Hybrid Mixtures (RoHM) and ROM [83]
2013 Kenaf and Glass Fibers /PP ROM and ROHM [114]
2012 Banana/sisal/epoxy RoHM [112]
2007 Kenaf and wood flour fibers/PP Halpin–Tsai equation and ROHM [113]
2006 Hardwood A / high-density Polyethylene HDPE, Hardwood B /HDPE, Hemp/ Rule of mixtures, Halpin–Tsai, Nairn’s generalized shear-lag analysis and [111]
HDPE, Rice hulls/HDPE and E-glass/HDPE Mendels et al. stress transfer models
2004 Flax/PP,glass/PP Griffith and Halpin-Tsai Models [115]

tion via orientation factors. It is applicable to short fiber composite Declaration of Competing Interest
[104]. At the microscopic length scale, the Kelly-Tyson single cylin-
drical fibre embedded in a cylindrical matrix has been a useful The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
micromechanical representative volume element model for cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
describing the state of stress in a fibre and the surrounding during to influence the work reported in this paper.
stress transfer [105] and fracture energy during failure, e.g. fibre
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