As Per Revised Syllabus under CBCGS System of BAF Course

under Mumbai University w.e.f. June, 2017

TM

Vipul’s
TAXATION – III
DIRECT TAXES
(PAPER – II)
(BAF / B.Com. Financial Management)
(Second Year : Fourth Semester)
(Elective Courses)
[For April 2021 and October 2021 Examination]

Dr. NISHIKANT JHA

ICWA, PGDM (MBA), M.Com., Ph.D., D.Litt. [USA],
CIMA Advocate [CIMA U.K.], BEC [Cambridge University],
International Executive MBA [UBI Brussels, Belgium, Europe],
Recognised UG & PG Professor and Recognised M.Phil. & Ph.D. Guide by University of Mumbai.
Asst. Professor in Accounts & HOD, BAF, Thakur College of Science and Commerce (Autonomous), Kandivali (E),
Mumbai.
Visiting Faculty in K.P.B. Hinduja College for M.Phil. & M.Com., University of Mumbai.
CFA and CPF (USA), CIMA (UK), Indian and International MBA, CA and CS Professional Course.

Edited By: Shubham K. Tiwari

THIRD REVISED EDITION

TM
VIPUL PRAKASHAN
161, Jagannath Shankar Seth Road,
Girgaum, Mumbai - 400 004.
Tele/Fax: 2387 1127 / 2387 9395
E-mail: [email protected]
Published by:
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For Vipul Prakashan
161, J. S. Seth Road
Mumbai - 400 004.

Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II) (BAF)

© Author
Exclusive Rights by Vipul Prakashan, Mumbai for manufacture and market, this and subsequent editions.

ISBN: 978-93-89709-18-6

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MMXIX

(ii)
 PREFACE
I am happy to present the book “Direct Taxes - II” to the students of B.Com.
Accounting and Finance (BAF) and B.Com. Financial Management of Mumbai University.
In this edition, an effort has been made to incorporate the latest examination questions
at relevant places in the book.

The syllabus contains a list of the topics covered in each chapter which will avoid the
controversies regarding the exact scope of the syllabus. The text follows the term-wise
chapter-topics pattern prescribed in the syllabus.

The numerous illustrations are arranged in ascending order of difficulty containing

full solutions to questions asked in various examinations of Mumbai University and
Professional Examinations. ‘Exercises’ contain the theory as well as practical questions.
I preferred to give the text of the section and the Rule as it is and thereafter added
the comments with the intention of explaining the subject to the students in a simplified
language. While making an attempt to explain in a simplified language, any mistake of
interpretation might crept it.
This book is an unique presentation of subject matter in an orderly manner. This is a
student friendly book and a tutor at home. I hope the teaching faculty and students’
community will find this book of great use.

I welcome constructive suggestions for improvement.

I am extremely grateful to Mr. Nitin Maroo of Vipul Prakashan for their devoted and
untiring personal attention accorded by them to this publication. I gratefully
acknowledge the immense contribution and suggestion from various colleges. I
gratefully acknowledge my deepest and sincere thanks to Mr. Jitendra Singh, Dr.
Chaitaly Chakraborty and Mrs. Janki Nishikant Jha for the immense contribution to
improve continuously this revision and updating without whose inspiration support,
constructive suggestions.

Author

(iii)
Authors’ Profile
Dr. N. K. Jha approved Ph.D. & M.Phil. Guide by University of Mumbai & HOD for BAF Thakur
College of Science and Commerce [Autonomous], UGC 2(F) & 12 (B) recognised college; He did
his M.Com. from University of Mumbai, in 2002. ICWAI from Calcutta, PGDBM [MBA] from ICFAI
University Hyderabad. Thereafter, he obtained Ph.D. degree from SKM University, Dumka,
Jharkhand. CIMA Advocate, CIMA London, International Executive MBA from United Business
Institutes Brussels, Belgium, Europe & BEC from Cambridge University & D.Litt. from ITU,
Maryland, USA. He has Specialization in Accounting, Banking and Finance. He is BoS member for
B.Com. Accounting & Finance and Financial Management University of Mumbai & SRTM
University Nanded & Many Autonomous Colleges. He has Successfully Guided 13 Ph. D. & 14 M.
Phil. Students. Dr. Jha has 153 books in his credit and has published 123 research papers on the
subject in reputed ISBN reference book/ ISSN journals. He also presented 111 research papers in
national and international conferences among these one paper have been accepted in UKSS
international conferences in St. Anne’s College, Oxford University UK & another paper on “How
to Teach Easily-Accounting & Finance and Management” Organized by University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He is an author for LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing is a trademark
of AV Akademikerverlag GmbH & Co. KG, Heinrich-Böcking-Str. 6-8,66121, Saarbrücken,
Germany. His 2 research paper has been selected for best research paper award in National
Conference, Mumbai, 1 research paper has been selected for best research paper award in
International Conference, Punjab & Rajasthan & One Paper on ‘Innovative Thoughts-Education,
Management, Arts, Science, and Linguistics’ Winner for “Anuragam – National Level
Competition on Teaching at Chennai. He Received Best Commerce Author & Best Researcher
Award 2013-14 by Maharashtra Commerce Association in Mumbai. National Citizen Gold Medal
Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in the field of Education and Social Service
from Global Economic Progress & Research Association Chinnai Tamilnadu. Rajiv Gandhi Gold
Medal Award GEPRA New Delhi 2014-15. Maharashtra State level Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
Excellent Teacher Award 2016. Maharashtra Guru Gaurav Award 2016-17, Outstanding
Contributions in the field of Education by Global Human Research & Welfare Society and College
Times; Thane. Maharashtra State Exemplary Teacher Award 2017-18, Outstanding Contributions
in the field of Education by KNDBM, Nasik (M.S.). Swami Vivekananda Human Service Award at
All India Talent Conference Vasco Goa 2018-19. Community Leader Award by PWD Department
Government of Maharashtra MMV Dept. & CASI Global at YBC opp. Mantralaya Mumbai 2019-
20. Life Member for Indian Commerce Association [ICA], Indian Economic Association [IEA],
Indian Accounting Association [IAA], Indian Accounting Association Research Foundation
[IAARF], Maharashtra Commerce Association [MCA].
E-mail: [email protected] / Website: www. drnishikantjha.com

(iv)
 SYLLABUS
No. of No. of
Unit Modules/ Units Lectures Lectures
for BAF for FM
1 Clubbing of Income: Section 60 to 65 5 5
2 Set Off & Carry Forward of Losses 5 5
Sec: 70 – Set off Loss from one Source against Income from another Source under the
Same Head of Income
Sec: 71 – Set Off Loss from One Head against Income of another Head
Sec: 71B – Carry Forward & Set off Losses from House Property
Sec: 72 – Carry Forward & Set Off of Losses of Business Losses
Sec: 73 – Losses in Speculation Business
Sec: 74 – Loss under the head Capital Gains
3 Computation of Tax liability of Individual & HUF 5 5
Computation of Income of Partnership Firm in
4 15 15
Relation to Sec: 40(b) & Tax Thereon With Applicable Rate of Tax
5 Return of Income – Sec 139 5 10
Excluding u/s 139(4A), 139(4B), 139(4C) & 139 (4D)
Tax Deduction at Source
6 Advance Tax U/S 207, 208, 209, 210 & 211 15 15
Interest Payable U/S 234A, 234B, 234C
Basic Aspects of Deduction of Taxes at Source
Sec: 192 – TDS on Salary
Sec: 194A – TDS on Interest
Sec: 194C – TDS on Contractor
Sec: 194H – TDS on Commission
Sec: 194I – TDS on Rent
Sec: 194J – TDS on Professional Fees
Advance Tax U/S 207, 208, 209, 210 & 211
Sec: 207 – Income Liable to Advance Tax
Sec: 208 – Liability of Advance Tax
Sec: 209 – Computation of Advance Tax
Sec: 210 – Payment of Advance Tax by Assessee on His Own Account
Sec: 211 – Due Dates of Payment of Advance Tax
Interest Payable U/S 234A, 234B, 234C
Sec: 234A – Interest for default in furnishing return of income
Sec: 234B – Interest for default in payment of advance tax
Sec: 234C – Interest for deferment of advance tax
7 DTAA U/S 90 & 91 5 5
8 Tax Planning and Ethics in Taxation – Basic Concepts 5 –
Total 60 60
Note:
(1) Relevant Law / Statute in force on 1st April immediately preceding commencement of Academic Year is
applicable for ensuing examinations after relevant year.
(2) The syllabus is restricted to study of particular section/s, specifically mentioned rules and notifications only.

(v)
 Question Paper Pattern
Duration: 2 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 75
Questions to be Set: 05
All Questions are Compulsory Carrying 15 Marks each.
Q-1 Objective Questions 15 Marks
(A) Sub Questions to be asked 10 and to be answered any 08
(B) Sub Questions to be asked 10 and to be answered any 07
(*Multiple choice / True or False / Match the columns, Fill in the blanks)
Q-2 Full Length Practical Question 15 Marks
OR
Q-2 Full Length Practical Question 15 Marks
Q-3 Full Length Practical Question 15 Marks
OR
Q-3 Full Length Practical Question 15 Marks
Q-4 Full Length Practical Question 15 Marks
OR
Q-4 Full Length Practical Question 15 Marks
Q-5 (A) Theory questions 08 Marks
(B) Theory questions 07 Marks
OR
Q-5 Short Notes 15 Marks
To be asked 05
To be answered 03
Note: Full Length Question of 15 Marks may be Divided into Two Sub Questions of 08 and 07 Marks.

CONTENTS
No. Chapter Pages

1 Clubbing of Income (Section 60-65) 1-24

2 Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss (Section 70-74) 25-53
3 Computation of Income of Partnership Firms [Sec. 40(b)] 54-91
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual and HUF and Return of Income
4 92-137
(Section 139-140)
5 Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) (Section 192-194) 138-155
6 Advance Payment of Tax (Section 207-211) 156-168
7 Interest Payable (Section 234) 169-175
8 Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) (Sec. 90-91) 176-184
9* Tax Planning and Ethics in Taxation 185-187
 Objectives 188-192
 University Question Papers 193-201

* This chapter is not to be studied by B.Com. Financial Management Course Students.

(vi)
Clubbing of Income 1

Chapter 1

Clubbing of Income
(Section 60-65)

INTRODUCTION:
Under Section 60 Income arising to any person by virtue of any transfer of income assets
remaining property of the person, who made the transfer, is deemed to be the income of
transferor and is taxable in his hands. It will not make any difference whether transfer is
revocable, or irrevocable, or it was affected before or after the commencement of the Act. There is
no exception to this rule, Transfers under a settlement, trust, covenant, agreement or
arrangement are also covered by this section.
By virtue of Section 61/62/63 income arising to any person as a result of transfer of asset, is
deemed as income of the transferor if:
 the transfer is revocable; or
 it contains any provision for the retransfer, directly or indirectly, of the whole or any part
of the income or assets to the transferor; or
 it gives the transferor a right to reassume power, directly, over the whole or any part of
the income or assets.
Generally, an individual is taxed in respect of his own income. Section 64 of the income-tax
Act provides an exception to this rule and an individual may be taxed in respect of incomes
which legally belong to some other person e.g. his spouse or minor child etc.
INCOMES TO BE CLUBBED:
Broadly speaking such incomes are:
 Remuneration of spouse
 Income from assets gifted to spouse
 Income from assets gifted to son‟s wife
 Income from assets gifted transferred for the benefit of the spouse
 Income from assets transferred for the benefit of the son‟s wife
 Income of minor child, and
 Income from own property converted into property of HUF.
REMUNERATION OF SPOUSE: [S. 64(1)(ii)]
(1) When remuneration is clubbed: Normally, remuneration received by a spouse, say Mrs. W,
wife of Mr. H, would be taxed in the hands of Mrs. W. However, such remuneration will be
taxed in the hands of Mr. H when:
(a) income arises, directly or indirectly, to (W) the spouse of the individual (H):
(b) by the way of salary, commission, fees or any other form of remuneration (whether in
cash or in kind):
(c) from a concern in which such individual (H) has a substantial interest.
 TM
2 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(2) When remuneration is not clubbed: Remuneration solely attributable to the application of
technical or professional knowledge and experience possessed by the spouse is not
clubbed.
(3) Whose remuneration is clubbed: Remuneration of the spouse is to be clubbed. Spouse
means marriage partner i.e. either the husband or the wife. (Thus, W is the spouse of H;
and H is the spouse of W). Relationship of husband/wife should exists at the same time of
accrual of income. The relationship must arise out of a legal marriage.
(4) How remuneration is clubbed: Income to be clubbed in the hands of individual is limited to
salary, commission, fees or any other remuneration received by the spouse, directly or
indirectly, whether in cash or in kind. Any other income (say, brokerage) cannot be
clubbed under this provision, even if it accrues to the spouse from a concern in which the
individual has a substantial interest.
(5) Substantial Interest: The individual has substantial interest in a concern when:
(a) in respect of a company, the individual along with his relative(s) beneficially owns
20% or more of its voting power any time during the year.
(b) in respect of any other concern (e.g. a firm), the individual along with his relative(s) is
entitled to 20% or more of its profits any time during the year.
Relative means the husband, wife, brother or sister or any lineal ascendant or descendant
of that individual.
(6) If Applicable to Both Spouses: Where both husband and wife have a substantial interest in
the concern and both earn remuneration from such concern, remuneration will be included
in the total income of husband or wife whose total income excluding such remuneration is
more. Where such income is once included in the income a particular spouse, similar income
arising subsequently must be included in the income of that spouse only.
INCOME FROM ASSETS GIFTED TO SPOUSE: [S. 64 (1(iv)]
(1) When income is clubbed: Normally, income earned by a spouse, say Mrs. W, wife of Mr. H,
from assets belonging to her would be taxed in her hands. However, such income will be
taxed in the hands of H, the transferor, if:
(a) such income arises, directly or indirectly, to the spouse of the individual (W), from the
assets transferred, directly, indirectly, to the spouse by such individual (H); and
(b) such transfer is otherwise than for adequate considerations or in connection with an
argument to live apart.
(2) When income is not clubbed: This provision does not apply to transfer of a house property
(3) Special Points: Following special points should be noted –
(a) The relationship as „spouse should exists both at the time of transfer of assets and
accrual of income. Thus, the income accruing to the would-be –wife before marriage or
the widow after death of the husband from transferred assets cannot be clubbed,
because a would-be wife or a widow is not a spouse.
(b) Transfer includes a lease.
(c) Indirectly transfer of assets means many inter-connected transfers which finally results
in such transfer of assets.
(d) Transfer for „adequate considerations‟ does not include transfer made out of natural
love and affection or transfer to obtain religious or spiritual benefits.
(e) Capital gains arising from sale of such assets is also subject to clubbing.
(f) Income arising from investments out of such transferred assets is computed and
clubbed as explained below.
Clubbing of Income 3

(i) if the spouse invests the amount received, as her capital contribution in a firm, the
interest from the firm, if any, to be clubbed is computed by the followings formula:
Capital contributed out of the assets received as on 1st day of P.Y.
Interest from the firm × Her Total capital in firm as on 1st day of P.Y.
(ii) in case of investing in any other business, the income to be clubbed is the income
arising from such business to the spouse in the previous year computed by the
following formula:
Investment out of a assets received as on 1st day of P.Y.
Income from such business × Her Total investment in business as on 1st day of P.Y.
E.g. However, income arising to the transferee from the accretion of such property or from
accumulated income of such property is not includible in the total income of the transferor. For
example, where X transfers Rs. 2,00,000 to his wife without any considerations and Mrs. X
deposits the money in a bank, interest received from the bank on such deposits is taxable in the
hands of X. if, however, Mrs. X purchases debentures of a company from the accumulated
interest income, interest received by Mrs. X on debentures is taxable in her hands and is not to be
clubbed with the income of X.
INCOME FROM ASSETS GIFTED TO SON’S WIFE: [S. 64(1) (vi)]
(4) When income is clubbed: Normally, income earned by the son‟s wife, say Mrs. D wife of
son of Mr. F, assets belonging to her would be taxed in her hands. However, such income
will be taxed in the hands of F, the transferor, if:
(a) such income arises, directly or indirectly, to the wife of the son of the individual, from
assets transferred, directly or indirectly to the son‟s wife by such individual; and
(b) such transfer is made otherwise than for adequate considerations, on or after 1st June,
1973.
(5) Special Points: Following special points should be noted-
(a) The relationship as son’s wife should be exists both at the time of transfer of assets
and accrual of income.
(b) Transfer includes a lease.
(c) Indirect transfer of assets covers a chain of many inter-connected transfers which finally
results in such transfer of assets.
(d) Transfer for adequate considerations does not include transfer made out of natural
love and affection or transfer to obtain religious or spiritual benefits.
(e) Capital gains arising from sale of such assets is also subject to clubbing.
(f) Income arising out of investments out of such transferred assets is computed and
clubbed as explained below.
(i) if the son‟s wife invests the amount received, as her capital contribution in a firm,
the interest from the firm, if any, to be clubbed is computed by the following
formula:
Capital contributed out of assets received as on 1st day of P.Y.
Interest form the firm × Her Total capital in firm as on 1st day of P.Y.
(ii) in case of investment in any other business, the income to be clubbed is the income
arising from such business to the son‟s wife in the previous year computed by the
following formula
Investment out of assets received as on 1st day of P.Y.
Interest from the firm × Her Total investment in business as on 1st day of P.Y.
 TM
4 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

E.g. However, income arising to the transferee from the accretion of such property or from
accumulated income of such property is not includible in the total income of the transferor.
INCOME FROM ASSETS GIFTED FOR BENEFIT OF SPOUSE: [S. 64(1)(Vii)]
(1) When income is clubbed: Income is clubbed U/S 64(1) (vii), if the following conditions
apply
(a) such income arises directly or indirectly to any person or association of person from
assets transferred, directly or indirectly, to such a person or association of persons from
such individual;
(b) such transfer is made otherwise than for adequate considerations; and
(c) the income from such assets is for the immediate or deferred benefit of the spouse of
such individual.
(2) Transfer to AOP: „Association of persons‟ include a trust. Thus if Mr. H makes a gift of
Rs. 1,00,000 to a trust with the specific condition that, the trust should pay out of the income
of trust Rs. 10,000 per year to his wife Mrs. W, such amount received by Mrs. W will be
taxed in the hands of Mr. H.
INCOME FROM ASSETS GIFTED FOR BENEFIT OF SON’S WIFE: [S. 64(1) (viii)]
(1) When income is clubbed: Income is clubbed u.s. 64 (1) (viii), if the following conditions
apply:
(a) such income arises directly or indirectly, to any person or association of persons from
assets transferred, directly or indirectly, to such person or association of persons by
such individual on or after 1st June, 1973;
(b) such transfer is made otherwise than for adequate considerations; and
(c) the income from such assets is for the immediate or deferred benefit of such
individual‟s son‟s wife.
(2) Transfer to AOP: „Association of person‟ include a trust. Thus, if Mr. F makes a gift of
Rs. 2,00,000 to a trust with the specific condition that, the trust should out of the income of
trust pay Rs. 20,000 per year to Mrs. D (his son‟s wife), such amount received by Mrs. D will
be taxed in the hands of Mr. F.
INCOME OF MINOR CHILD: [S. 64(1A)]
(1) When income is clubbed: All income which arises or accrues to the minor (below 18 years)
shall be clubbed in the income of his parent.
(2) When income is not clubbed: However, the following will not be so clubbed:
(a) income derived by the minor from manual work (e.g. child worker) or from any
activity involving applications of his talent or specialized knowledge and experience
(e.g. artist singer, sportsperson etc.); and
(b) income of minor child suffering from any disability of the nature specified in section
80U
(3) Clubbed with Whose Income: The income of minor will be included in the income of that
parent-
(a) whose total income [excluding the income includible under section 64 (1A)] is greater
provided that the marriage of the parents subsists (is in force); or
(b) who maintains the minor child in the relevant previous year, where the marriage of the
parents does not subsist (e.g. parents are divorced).
(4) Clubbing in Subsequent Year (s): Where any such income is once included in the total
income of either parent, any such income arising in any such succeeding year shall not be
Clubbing of Income 5

included in the total income of the other parent, unless the Assessing Officer is satisfied
(after giving that parent an opportunity of being heard) that it is necessary so to do.
(5) Exemption: In case the income of an individual includes the income of his minor child in
terms of section 64 (1A), such individual shall be entitled to an exemption upto Rs. 1,500 in
respect of each minor child [as per s. 10 (32)].
(6) Special Points: The following special points should be noted
(a) „Minor child‟ includes a step child and an adopted child; but excludes an illegitimate
child.
(b) „Income‟ to be included is the net income (i.e. gross income less deduction under
chapter VI).
(c) If a child becomes a major, on say 1st October of a previous year; his income between
1st April to 30th September is clubbed with the income of parent as explained above.
Income after 1st October will be taxed in the hands of the child.
INCOME FROM PROPERTY GIFTED TO HUF: [S. 64(2)]
(1) When income is clubbed: Normally, income earned by a Hindu undivided family (HUF)
would be taxed in the hands of the HUF. However, the situation changes if an individual,
being a member of a HUF, converts, without receiving adequate considerations, his separate
property into the property of HUF, by-
(a) Impressing his property with the character of the property of HUF; or
(b) Throwing his property into the common stock of the family; or
(c) Transferring it directly or indirectly to the HUF.
On such conversion, the individual is deemed to have transferred such property, through
the HUF, to the members of the HUF, to be held by them jointly.
(2) How income is clubbed: The income from the converted property is taxed as follows:
(a) the entire income from the converted property is treated as the income of the transferor
(until there is a partition of such property i.e. division among all the members of HUF);
(b) if the converted property is subsequently portioned amongst the members of the HUF,
the income derived from such converted property, as is received by the transferor as
well as his spouse will be treated as his income.
CLUBBING OF LOSS: [S. 64-Explanations 2]
For the purposes of including the income of specified persons in the income of the individual,
the word “income” will include a loss. Thus, if S.64 applies, not only the income will be added,
but even the losses will be deducted. Thus, where assets gifted by husband are sold by wife, if
there is capital gain it will be added to the husband‟s income; if there is short-term capital loss it
will be deducted from the husband‟s income.
Illustration 1:
Mrs. Shah is an employee of A Ltd. earning salary of `7,50,000 p a. State how her salary will
be taxed in view of the following further information and the provision of S. 64 (1) (ii):
(1) Mr. Shah holds 25% of the equity shares in A Ltd. Mrs. Shah does not have professional
qualification.
(2) Mr. Shah holds 25% of the equity shares in A Ltd. The remuneration is due solely to the
professional qualification of Mrs. Shah.
(3) Mr. Shah. Holds 25% of the equity shares in A Ltd. Mrs. Shah is a qualified engineer; but she
works as an account.
(4) Mr. Shah holds 15% of the equity shares in A Ltd. and his brother holds 15% of the equity
shares in A Ltd. Mrs. Shah does not have any professional qualification.
 TM
6 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(5) Mr. Mehta, who is Mrs. Shah‟s father, holds 25% of the equity shares in A Ltd. Mrs. Shah
does not have any professional qualification.
(6) Mr. Shah purchased 25% of the equity shares in A Ltd on 25th March of the relevant
previous year. Mrs. Shah does not have any professional qualification.
Solution:
(1) Net Salary will be clubbed with the income of Mr. Shah as he holds substantial interest in
the employer -company and Mrs. Shah does not possess any professional qualifications
(2) Net Salary will be taxed in hands of Mrs. Shah as the income is attributable solely to her
professional qualification.
(3) Net salary will be clubbed with the income of Mr. Shah as he holds substantial interest in the
employer company and though Mrs. Shah does possess professional qualifications; his
remuneration is not solely due to such qualifications.
(4) Net salary will be clubbed with Mr. Shah as he (along with his relative) holds substantial
interest in the employer company and Mrs. Shah does not possess any professional
qualifications.
(5) Net salary will be taxed in the hands of Mrs. Shah as her spouse does not hold any shares at
all in her employer-company and Mrs. Shah‟s father is not a „ relative‟ of Mr. Shah as
defined in S. 64 (1) (ii).
(6) Net Salary will be clubbed with the income of Mr. Shah as he held, during the previous year,
substantial interest in the employer company and Mrs. Shah does not possess any
professional qualifications.
Note: Net Salary is Rs. 7,50,000 less professional tax if any.
Illustration 2:
Mrs. Dilwala, who has passed FY Arts examination of the Mumbai University works as a
receptionist at her husband Dr. Dilwala‟s Heart Clinic. Dr. Dilwala claims that her salary should
not be clubbed with his professional income on the following grounds- (a) the provisions do not
apply to a professional concern, (b) the provision do not apply to a sole proprietary concern
where the individual is entitled to 100% share in the profits; (c) the provision do not require that
the spouse must possess a technical or professional qualification. Do you agree with these
arguments? Why?
Solution:
Dr. Dilwala‟s arguments cannot be accepted for the following reasons:
(1) „Concern‟ includes any establishment carrying on a business or a profession.
(2) „Substantial Interest‟ also includes 100% interest held by an individual in his sole
proprietorship concern.
(3) „Professional or technical qualification‟ does not cover passing of FY Arts‟ of a University.
Hence, Mrs. Dilwala‟s salary should be clubbed with the professional income of her husband,
as the conditions laid down u/s 64 are satisfied.
Illustration 3:
Examine the following transactions in the light of s. 64 (1) (iv) and advice whether clubbing
provisions will apply.
(1) W earns interest of Rs. 10,000 on a fixed deposit of Rs. 1,00,000 transferred by her husband H
out his natural love and affection for her as it is without ask made cut?
(2) W earns interest of Rs. 10,000 on the bank deposit of Rs. 1,00,000 gifted by H to her on the
day of their engagement.
Clubbing of Income 7

(3) W earns interest of Rs. 10,000 on the bank deposit of Rs. 1,00,000 transferred by her
ex- husband H to her as per their agreement to live apart due to break- down of marriage.
(4) W earns interest of Rs. 10,000 on the fixed deposit of Rs. 1,00,000 gifted by her brother- in-
law B, who in turn had received Rs. 1,00,000 on the same day from W’s husband H.
(5) W earns interest of Rs 1,000 on the amount saved by her out of monthly allowance given by
her husband for household expenses and invested by her in a bank deposit of Rs. 10,000.
Solution:
(1) Yes, as transfer of asset out of natural love and affection is transfer of asset without adequate
consideration.
(2) No; as there is no relationship of spouse on the date of the transfer of asset.
(3) No; as the transfer of asset is in connection with the agreement to live apart.
(4) Yes; as the there is an indirect transfer of assets.
(5) No; as there is no transfer as such of any asset.
Illustration 4:
Determine whether the following incomes are liable to be included in the total income of H
(the husband) in respect of asset transferred by him to W (his wife). Their marriage took place on
October 1, 2019.
No. Asset transferred Whether section 64 (1) (iv) is applicable to the
income derived from such asset.
1 H gifts a house property to W on Rent will be taxed under the head “Income from
December 1, 2019. The house is let out house property” in the hands of H by virtue of
for Rs. 5,000 p. m section 27 (i). The case is not covered under
section 64(1) (iv)
2 H leases an asset to W on January 1, Rs. 1 lakh is included in the total income of H. It
2020 without adequate consideration. should be noted that “transfer” includes a lease.
Income from such asset for the
previous year 2019-20 is Rs. 1 lakh.
3 H transfers a car to W for Rs. 3 lakh Income from such car is not included in the total
on January 1, 2020. Market value of the income of H as it was transferred to W for
car as on this date is Rs. 3 lakh. W runs adequate consideration.
the car on hire during the previous
year 2019-20 and earns Rs. 25,000.
4 In 3 above, assume that W sells the car Capital gain of Rs. 0.5 lakh is charged in the hands
on February 1, 2020. Capital gain of W for the assessment year 2020-21 as the
arising from such transfer is Rs. 0.5 clubbing provisions are not applicable due to
lakh. transfer being for adequate consideration.
5 Out of natural love and affection, H That part of income which is related to the
gifts Rs. 5 lakh to W on January 1, amount gifted. i.e. Rs. 5,000 (50% of Rs. 10,000) is
2019. W utilizes Rs. 10 lakh (including included in the total income of H.
Rs. 5 lakh gifted) to purchase an asset.
Income for the previous year 2019-20
from such asset is Rs. 10,000.
6 Assume in (5) that the relationship Since the relationship between H and W is not in
between H and W comes to an end on existence at the time of accrual of income, nothing
January 1, 2020. is clubbed with the income of H.
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8 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

7 Assume in (5) that W incurs Rs. 500 as Rs. 500 can be deducted under section 57(ii).
expenses for earning such income and Therefore, Rs. 250, being 50% of Rs. 500, is
that the income is taxable under the deducted from Rs. 5,000 and the balance of
head „Income from other sources‟. Rs. 4,750 is clubbed with the income of H.
8 H gifts Rs. 10 lakh to W January 1, Income to be clubbed = Rs. 4 lakh (income) × Rs. 5
2019 W starts a business on April 1, lakh being value of machinery on April 1, 2018 ÷
2019 by investing Rs. 15 lakh in cash of Rs. 20 lakh being total investment on April 1,
her own and machinery purchased out 2019. Thus, Rs. 1 lakh is clubbed with the income
of the gifted amount. The value of of H for the assessment year 2020-21.
machinery purchased out of the gifted
amount on April 1, 2019 is Rs. 5 lakh.
Income from such business for the
previous year 2019-20 is Rs. 4 lakh.
9 H gifts a computer to W on January 1, As the relationship exists as on January 31, 2020
2020, W lets it out during January being the date of accrual of income, Rs. 5,000 is
2020. For Rs. 5,000. Rent becomes due clubbed with the income of H even though the
on January 31, 2020. The relationship rent is received after their relationship comes to
between H and W come to an end on an end.
March 15, 2020.
Illustration 5:
Master Chhote Mia, who is the minor son of Mr. Bade Mia, submits the following particulars
of his income for the current previous year:
(1) Income from house property (as computed) Rs. 25,000. The house was gifted to him by his
uncle.
(2) Income from debentures of an Indian company Rs. 20,000. The debentures were gifted to
him by his mother Mama Mia.
(3) Income from acting in a films Rs. 1,00,000.
Who is liable to pay tax on the above income? Will your answer be different if Master Chhote
Mia is a handicapped child?
Solution:
(1) The following amount will be clubbed with the income of either Mr. Bade Mia or his wife
Mama Mia (depending on whose income, be fore such clubbing, is greater.
Particulars Rs.
Income from house property 25,000
Interest on debentures 20,000
45,000
Less: Exemption u /s 10 (32) (1,500)
Net Income to be clubbed 43,500
(2) Income from acting in a film will not be clubbed but taxed in the hands of Master Chhote
Mia.
(3) If Master Chhote Mia is a handicapped child, his income will not be clubbed. His income,
computed as below, will be taxed in his hands (to enable him to claim deduction u/s 80 U):
Particulars Rs.
Income from house property 25,000
Interest on debentures 20,000
Clubbing of Income 9

Income from acting in Films 1,00,000

1,45,000
Less: Deduction u/s 80U (75,000)
Net Income 70,000
Illustration 6:
Mr. Ratan transfer Rs. 1,00,000 to Mr. Ketan, his uncle. Mr. Ketan creates a trust with a corpus
of Rs. 1, 00,000 for the equal benefit of the following members of Ratan‟s family: Ratan‟s wife, his
minor daughter, his son‟s wife, son‟s minor child and an orphan child who stays with them.
Discuss the taxability of the share of income arising to each member of Ratan‟s family from the
trust.
Solution:
(1) Income arising to Ratan‟s wife from the trust will be clubbed with the income of Mr. Ratan
under S. 64 (1)(vii), as the income if from assets transferred to an AOP (trust) for the benefit
of spouse.
(2) Income arising to Ratan‟ son‟s wife from the trust will be clubbed with the income of
Mr. Ratan. Under s 64 (1) (vii), as the income is from assets transferred to An AOP (trust) for
the benefit of son‟s wife.
(3) Income arising to Ratan‟s minor daughter from the trust will be clubbed with the income of
either Mr. Ratan or his wife (depending on whose income, excluding such income of the
minor daughter, is higher), as this transaction falls under s 64 (1A).
(4) Income arising Ratan‟s Son‟s minor child will be clubbed with the income of either such
child‟s father (Mr. Ratan‟s son) or mother (Mr. Ratan‟s daughter in law), as this transaction
falls under s 64 (1A).
(5) Income arising to the orphan child from the trust will not be clubbed with the income of
Mr. Ratan, as the child is neither the natural nor the adopted child of Mr. Ratan.
Illustration 7:
X transfer his self acquired property being debentures of face value of Rs. 4,00,000 (yielding
annual interest income at the rate of 10 per cent, accruing on March 31 every year) his HUF
without any consideration on April 1, 2018. On April 1, 2019, the HUF undergoes complete
partition whereby the converted property is divided equally amongst X, his wife, his minor son
and his brother being the members of the HUF, explain how the interest will be taxed in the
respective years.
Solution:
(1) In the previous year 2018-2019, the entire interest income of Rs. 40,000 will be taxed in the
hands of Mr. X.
(2) In the previous year 2019-20, brother of X will be taxed on interest of Rs. 10,000 earned by
him. X will be taxed on the income computed as shown below:
Particulars Rs.
Interest earned by Mr. X 10,000
Interest earned by Mrs. X (including u/s 64 (2) ) 10,000
Interest earned by minor son of X 10,000
Less: Rs. 1,500 exempt u/s 10 (32)] 1,500 8,500
Total income taxed in the hands of X 28,500
Illustration 8:
M provides the following particulars of the assessment year 2020-21:
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10 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Particulars Rs.in
lakhs
Income from house property 3.00
Income from other sources 2.00
Income from business 5.00
Loss under the head „Income from other sources‟ of Mrs. M
(to be clubbed with the income of M) 1.00
Salary received by Mrs. M( to be clubbed with the income of M) 6.80
Professional income of R (minor child of M) from singing 2.00
Compute the total income of each family member.
Solution:
Total Income of M, Mrs. M and R for the assessment year 2020-21 is computed as follow
Particulars M Rs (lakh) Mrs. M Rs. (lakh) R Rs. (lakh)
(a) Income from salary:
Total salary income 6.80 - -
(b) Income from house property 3.00 - -
(c) Income from business or profession:
professional income of R (not to be clubbed) - - 2.00
Income from business. 5.00 - -
(d) Income from other sources:
Rs. 2 lakh less loss from other sources of Mrs. M of 1.00 - -
Rs. 1 lakh
(e) Gross total income (a + b + c + d) 15.80 Nil 2.00
Illustration 9:
Ramesh gifted Rs. 2,00,000 to his wife in August, 2019 which was utilized by her in buying a
house, for Rs. 3,50,000. Balance of the funds were arranged by her as under.
(a) Rs. 1,00, 000 from her personal assets.
(b) Rs. 50,000 by way of, loan from her friend.
The house is let out by her on a rent of Rs. 3,000 per month. The loan was repaid out of rent
received and now surplus amount is deposited in bank which fetches her annual interest of
Rs. 10,000. The Assessing Officer desires to club all this income in the hands of her husband.
Advice, what will be the tax consequences, if she sells the house and capital gains arise?
Solution:
(1) Out of the income of Rs. 36,000 per annum by way of rent, a portion is attributable to the gift
from Ramesh. Rs. 2,00,000 have been given by him out of the purchase price of Rs. 3,50,000.
It is therefore necessary that 2,00,000 divided by Rs. 3,50,000 multiplied by Rs. 36,000 be
included in his total income. The AO will therefore include Rs. 20,571 in the income of
Ramesh whereas his wife will pay tax on Rs. 15,429.
(2) Interest income will however be taxed in her hands because income on income from the
transferred asset is outside the scope of section 64 (1) (iv).
(3) In case she sells the house, then 4/7ths of the capital gains will be taxable in the hands of
Ramesh.
Illustration 10:
Kumar gives you particulars of different transactions affecting his assessment for the previous
year 2019-20 as below:
Clubbing of Income 11

(a) Kumar settled marriage of his son S with D on 10th July, 2019 and soon after gifted
Rs. 50,000 to D- the would be daughter in law. The marriage was celebrated in December,
2019. Income from this gift accruing to D amounted to Rs. 10,000.
(b) Kumar received remuneration from X Company Ltd. By working there as its managing
director. He did not own any shares in the company. He does not have any special
technical qualification or experience. However, his wife is holding 30% of the shares in
her name. She bought them with her own money Kumar‟s other income is Rs. 1,00,000
whereas Mrs. Kumar earns other income amounting to Rs. 30,000 only.
Discuss how the above transaction will be treated in the Assessment of Kumar of Mrs. Kumar.
Solution:
(a) Income of Rs. 10,000 accruing to D is taxable in her hands only because the gifting was done
before she became daughter in law of Kumar. Application of section 64(1)(vi) is not possible
in this case.
(b) Income from the company will be subjected to clubbing provisions of the Act. Kumar was
not appointed because of any technical qualification or experience. The clubbing is done in
the hands of that spouse whose income is higher and therefore the amount of Rs. 50,000 will
be taxed in his hands only because income of his wife is less than his income. There fore
clubbing provisions do not change the taxability.
Illustration 11:
B is karta of a Hindu undivided family whose members derive income as given below:
Particulars Rs.
(a) B from business which is his own 50,000
(b) B‟s wife a school teacher draws salary 40,000
(c) Minor daughter D acts in a film and received remuneration 1,00,000
(d) Minor son C got winning from lottery 2,00,000
Explain how the above will be taxed.
Solution:
Business income will be assessable in the hands of B.
(a) B‟s wife pays tax on her salary.
(b) Income from acting received by daughter D (through minor) will taxed in her hands.
(c) Lottery winnings to the minor will be taxed in the hands of B notwithstanding as to buy
the ticket, after deducting Rs. 1,500 u/s 10 (32).
B’s income will be as below:
Particulars Rs.
(a) Profit and gains from business. 50,000
(b) Income from other sources: Winnings from lottery to minor son (2,00,000-1,500) 1,98,500
(c) Gross Total Income (a + b) 2,48,500
Illustration 12:
Who is liable to pay tax on the following incomes:
(a) Mr. Ram transferred a property worth Rs. 3 lakhs to his son‟s minor child on 10th May,
1979. The income accrued to the child from the property Rs. 50,000 during the previous
year 2019-20.
(b) Mr. Ram transferred property worth Rs. 2 lakhs to his son‟s wife on 10th June, 2009. The
income accrued to her from the property Rs. 30,000 during the previous year 2019-20.
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12 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(c) Mr. Ram, a member of Hindu undivided family, transferred his personal property worth
Rs. 1,00,000 to the HUF on 10th July, 1984 without consideration. The income accrued to
the family from the property Rs. 20,000 during the previous year 2019-20.
Solution:
(a) Mr. Raman transferred the property to his son‟s minor child prior to 1-6-1979. During the
previous year 2019-20 the child is major. Hence the child is liable to pay tax on his income
Rs. 50,000.
(b) Mr. Ram transferred the property to his son‟s wife on 10-06-2009 without adequate
consideration. Hence, the income from such property (Rs. 30,000) is liable to be taxed in the
hands of Mr. Ram and not in the hands of Son‟s wife.
(c) Mr. Ram transferred the individual property without consideration to the HUF. On
10-07-1984, hence the whole income (Rs. 20,000) from such property is liable to be taxed in
his hand and not in the hands of the HUF.
Illustration 13:
B, an individual, furnishes the under noted in connection with the preparation of his income
tax return for the assessment year 2020-21.
In consideration of the marriage of his son D with on June 30, 2019, B made a gift to M by a
registered conveyance of property of value Rs. 25,000 on June 25, 2019, the day on which the
marriage proposal was finalized. The income arising out of this property from June 25, 2019 to
March 31, 2020 (the end of the previous year) amounted to Rs. 4,000.
Discuss how the information noted above will affect the assessment of B, D, M and Mrs. B.
Solution:
The income from property transferred to M will not be included in the income of B, because
the transfer was made to M on the date when she was not the daughter in law. For the
application of section 64(1)(vi) it is important that on the date of transfer of property the transfer
must be father in law or mother in law of the transferee and the transfer must be without
adequate consideration in money or money‟s worth, Hence, in the given problem, the clubbing
provision will not apply.
Illustration 14:
The Income of a family as under:
(a) Mr. Ram from business Rs. 50,000.
(b) Mrs. Ram from employment Rs. 40,000.
(c) Minor son of Mr. Ram (Interest from a company) Rs. 10,000.
(d) Minor son of Mr. Ram, Mr. Krishna (From acting in film) Rs. 60,000.
(e) Minor daughter of Mr. Ram, Miss Anjali Rs. 6,000.
Discuss in whose hands the incomes are assessed and to what extent.
Solution:
(A) Computation of Income of Mr. Ram
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Income from business 50,000
Income from Other Sources
Income of minor Son: Interest 10,000
Less: Amount exempt u/s 10 (32) 1,500
8,500
Income of minor daughter 6,000
Clubbing of Income 13

Less: Amount exempt u/s 10(32) 1,500

4,500
Total Income 63,000
(B) Income of Mrs. Ram:
Salary Rs. 40,000
(C) Income of minor son- Krishna
Income from acting- Not including in the income of parent 60,000
Note: Income of Mr. Ram is more than the income of Mrs. Ram. Hence, the income of minor
son and daughter has been included in his income.
Illustration 15:
S has transferred a house property to U on 1-4-2009. U married R, who is the son of S, on
1-4-2009. The income from the property received by U during the previous year 2019-20 is
Rs. 1,20,000. The Assessing Office has clubbed the above income in the hands of S. Is the action of
Assessing officer right under the law?
Solution:
The relationship of father in law and the daughter in law between S and U did not exist at the
time of the transfer of the property. Therefore, the clubbing provision of section 64(1) (vi) of the
Income tax Act, 1961 is not applicable. It is essential that such relationship should be there both
(a) at the time of accrual of the income, and (b) at the time of transfer pf property.
Transfer of asset to the prospective daughter in law is outside the scope of clubbing provision
even if income accrues after the son‟s marriage.
Therefore, the action of the Assessing Officer is not right under law.
Illustration 16:
D is born on June 7, 2004. Her engagement took place on March 5, 2019. On the said day she
received cash gifts of Rs. 25,000 each from her father, father‟s mother, father‟s father, mother,
mother‟s mother and mother‟s father. All the six relatives made similar gifts on the day of
marriage, i.e., on April 1, 2019. The amount so received is deposited in a private limited company
in which her husband has substantial interest. For the year ending March 31, 2020, the company
has paid her interest @ 14 per cent i.e. Rs. 42,000. Discuss how this income will be assessed to
income tax.
Solution:
As „D‟ is minor, therefore entire income of Rs. 42,000 Less Rs. 1,500 (exemption u/s 10(32)) =
Rs. 40,500 shall be included in the income of father/mother whose income before this clubbing is
greater.
Illustration 17:
Y is a trade. Particulars of his income and those of the members of his family are given below.
These relate to the previous year ending March 31, 2019.
Particulars Rs.
Income from Y‟s business 90,000
Salary from College earned by Mrs. Y 40,000
Income derived by Master Z (minor son) from deposits made from gift from his uncle 12,000
Receipt from sale of paintings made by Miss A (minor daughter and child artist) 60,000
Lottery prize received by Master B (minor son) 6,000
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14 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assesses: Mr. Y A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Income from business 90,000
Income from other sources - Interest on deposits 12,000
Less: Exempt u/s 10 (32) 1,500 10,500
Lottery price received by Minor son 6,000
Less: Exempt u/s 10 (32) 1,500 4,500
Net taxable income 1,05,000
Note: (1) Sal received by Mrs. Y from college is taxable in her hands. (2) Income received by minor daughter
& child artist is on her own skill & talent thus taxable in her hands separately.
Illustration 18:
Mr. Naresh and his minor Son Rajesh provide you with the following information for the year
ended 31/03/2020.
Particulars Mr. Naresh Master Rajesh
Rs. Rs.
Income from Salary 1,00,000 Nil
Income from Profession Nil 25,000
(Professional fees received as a play back singer for a film.)
Interest on Fixed Deposits 10,000 2,000
Calculate net taxable Income of Mr. Naresh and Master Rajesh for Assessment Year 2020-21
applying the provisions of clubbing of income.
(Modified, MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2008)
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. Naresh & Master Rajesh A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Income from salary 1,00,000 Nil
Income from Profession Nil 25,000
Income from other source
Interest on Fixed. Deposits:
Own 10,000
Minor son 2,000
Less: exempt u/s 10 (32) (1,500)
Net taxable income 1,10,500 25,000
Note: (1) Income from profession and as a playback singer for a film cannot be clubbed as the income solely
is attributable to minors skill and talent. (2) Interest on F. D. will be clubbed in hands of his father
Mr. Naresh and he will be entitled to exemption of Rs. 1,500 u/s 10 (32).
Illustration 19:
(a) Mr. Pravin and Mrs. Anjali (Husband and wife) each hold 25% equity shares in Kamdhenu
Pvt. Ltd. They both are also employed in the same company on a monthly salary of Rs. 25,000
Rs. 20,000 respectively. They do not have any professional qualifications. Income of Mr. Pravin
from house property is Rs. 20,000 and that to Mrs. Anjali is Rs. 75,000 from other sources.
Clubbing of Income 15

Compute the income taxable in the hands of both applying the provisions of clubbing of
Income.
Solution:
Particulars Mr. Pravin Mrs. Anjali
Income from salary
(Own) 2,40,000
(Husband) 3,00,000
Income from House property 20,000 –
Income from other sources – 75,000
Net taxable income 20,000 6,15,000
Note: When both the Husband and wife hold substantial interest and both are getting remuneration without any
professional qualification then remuneration is to be clubbed in the hands of that spouse whose total income excluding
such remuneration is greater.
(b) Ms. Apurva is the minor daughter of Mr. Girish. She earned Rs. 75,000 during the P. Y.
2019-20 from acting in the film. In addition to that she earned Rs. 25,000 as interest on F.D. in
Bank. (Amount was gifted by Girish to Ms. Apurva).
Find out who is liable to pay tax on above incomes.
(Modified, MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2008)
Solution:
Mr. Apurva, minor daughter of Mr. Girish is earning Rs. 75,000 from acting in film and since
the income is solely attributable to her skill and talent, such income cannot be clubbed.
However, interest income of Rs. 25,000 on F.D. will be clubbed in the hands of Mr. Girish as it
does not require use of any skill or talent.
Illustration 20:
(i) Mrs. Roy holds 4,000 shares out of 10,000 Equity Shares of Boy Ltd. Mr. Roy holding no
degree is working as a Finance Manager with salary of Rs. 30,000 pm. Calculate Tarable Income
of Mr. and Mrs. Roy.
(ii) Mr. Abhay transfer 10,000, 10% debenture @ Rs. 100 each of X Ltd. to his wife as an
anniversary gift. Determine in whose hand the interest will be chargeable. If Mrs. Karuna (wife of
Mr. Abhay) gives a loan to Mr. Rakesh (a friend) and gets an interest of Rs. 10,000, find out in
whose hand this interest will be chargeable.
(Modified, MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2008)
Solution:
(i) Income from salary (30,000  12) Rs. 3,60,000 received by Mr. Roy will be taxed in the hands
of Mrs. Roy because she is having substantial interest (more than 20% of shares) in Roy Ltd.
and Mr. Roy is earning income as a finance manager without any professional qualifications.
(ii) Interest on debenture held by Mrs. Karuna will be taxed in the hands of Mr. Abhay as the
transfer is without consideration. Interest on loan received by Mrs. Karuna of Rs. 10,000 will
be taxed in her hands only.
Illustration 21:
Mr. Shiva has four children consisting 2 daughters and 2 sons. The annual income of
2 daughters were Rs. 9,000 and Rs. 4,500 and of sons were Rs. 6,200 and Rs. 4,300, respectively.
The daughter who has income of Rs. 4,500 was suffering from a disability specified under section
80U.
Compute the amount of income earned by minor children to be clubbed in hands of
Mr. Sharma.
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16 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Solution:
As per section 64(1A), in computing the total income of an individual, all such income
accruing or arising to a minor child shall be included. However, income of a minor child
suffering from disability specified under section 80U would not be included in the income of the
parent but would be taxable in the hands of the minor child. Therefore, in this case, the income of
daughter suffering from disability specified under section 80U should not be clubbed with the
income of Mr. Shiva.
Under section 10 (32), income of each minor child includible in the hands of the parent under
section 64 (1A) would be exempt to the extent of the actual income or Rs. 1,500, whichever is
lower. The remaining income would be included in the hands of the parent.
Computation of income earned by minor children to be clubbed with the income of
Mr. Shiva:
Particulars Rs.
(i) Income of one daughter 9,000
Less: Income exempt under section 10(32) 1,500
Total (A) 7,500
(ii) Income of two sons (Rs. 6,200 + Rs. 4,300) 10,500
Less: Income exempt under section 10(32) (Rs. 1,500 + Rs. 1,500) 3,000
Total(B) 7,500
Total Income to be clubbed as per section 64(IA) (A+B) 15,000
Note: It has been assumed that:
(1) All the four children are minor children;
(2) The income does not accrue or arise to the minor children on account of any manual work done by
them or activity involving application of their skill, talent or specialized knowledge and experience;
(3) The income of Mr. Shiva, before including the minor children‟s income, is greater than the income of
Mrs. Shiva, due to which the income of the minor children would be included in his hands; and
(4) This is the first year in which clubbing provisions are attracted.
Illustration 22:
During the previous year 2019-20, the following transaction. occurred in respect of Mr. X.
(a) Mr. X had a fixed deposit of Rs. 5,00,000 in Bank of India. He instructed the bank to credit
the interest on the deposit @ 9% from 0.1.04.2019 to 31.03.2020 to the savings bank account of
Mr. B, son of his brother, to help him in his education.
(b) Mr. X holds 75% share in a partnership firm. Mrs. X received a commission of Rs. 25,000
from the firm for promoting the sales of the firm. Mrs. X possesses no technical or
professional qualification.
(c) Mr. X gifted a flat to Mrs. X on April 1, 2019. During the previous year, the flat generated a
net income of Rs. 52,000 to Mrs. X.
(d) Mr. X gifted Rs. 2,00,000 to his minor son who invested the same in a business and he
derived income of Rs. 20,000 from the investment.
(e) Mr. X‟s minor son derived an income of Rs. 20,000 through a business activity involving
application of his skill and talent.
During the year, Mr. X got a monthly pension of Rs. 10,000. He had no other income. Mrs. X
received salary of Rs. 20,000 per month from a part time job.
Discuss the tax implications of each transaction and compute the total income of Mr. X, Mrs. X
and their minor child.
Clubbing of Income 17

Solution:
Computation of total income of Mr. X, Mrs. X and their minor son for the A.Y. 2020-21
Particulars Mr. X Mrs. X Minor
Rs. Rs. Son
Rs.
Salary income (of Mrs. X) 2,40,000
Pension income (of Mr. X) (Rs. 10,000  12) 1,20,000
Income from House Property [See Note (3) below) 52,000
Income from other sources:
Interest on Mr. X‟s fixed deposit with Bank of India
(Rs. 5,00,000 × 9%) [See Note (1) below) 45,000
Commission received by Mrs. X from a partnership firm,
in which Mr. X has substantial interest (See Note (2) below) 25,000 70,000
Income before including income of minor
son under section 64(IA) 2,42,000 2,40,000
Income of the minor son from the investment made in the
business out of the amount gifted by Mr. X (See Note (4) below) 18,500
Income of the minor son through a business activity involving
application of his skill and talent (See Note (5) below) 20,000
Total Income 2,60,500 2,40,000 20,000
(1) As per section 60, in case there is a transfer of income without transfer of asset from which
such income is derived, such income shall be treated as income of the transferor. Therefore,
the fixed deposit interest of Rs. 45,000 transferred by Mr. X to Mr. B shall be included in the
total income of Mr. X.
(2) As per section 64(1)(ii), in case the spouse of the individual receives any amount by way of
income from any concern in which the individual has substantial interest (i.e. holding shares
carrying at least 20% voting power or entitled to at least 20% of the profits of the concern),
then, such income shall be included in the total income of the individual. The only exception
is in a case where the spouse possesses any technical or professional qualifications and the
income earned is solely attributable to the application of hers technical or professional
knowledge and experience, in which case, the clubbing provisions would not apply.
In this case, the commission income of Rs. 25,000 received by Mrs. X from the partnership
firm has to be included in the total income of Mr. X, as Mrs. X does not possess any technical
or professional qualification for earning such commission and Mr. X has substantial interest
in the partnership firm as he holds 75% share in the firm.
(3) According to section 27(i), an individual who transfers any house property to his or her
spouse otherwise than for adequate consideration or in connection with an agreement to live
apart, shall be deemed to be the owner of the house property so transferred. Hence, Mr. X
shall be deemed to be the owner of the flat gifted to Mrs. X and hence, the income arising
from the same shall be computed in the hands of Mr. X.
Note:
(i) It has been assumed that the net income from the flat i.e., Rs. 52,000 given in the question is the
net income computed under the head “Income from house property”.
(ii) Alternatively, the net income from the flat i.e., Rs. 52,000 given in the question may be taken as
the net income before providing for deduction @ 30% under section 24(a) and accordingly, the
solution can be worked out on this basis.
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18 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(iii) The provisions of section 56(2)(vii) would not be attracted in the hands of Mrs. X, since she has
received immovable property without consideration from a relative i.e., her husband.
(4) As per section 64(1A), the income of the minor child is to be included in the total income of
the parent whose total income (excluding the income of minor child to be so clubbed) is
greater. Further, as per section 10(32), income of a minor child which is includible in the
income of the parent shall be exempt to the extent of Rs. 1,500 per child.
Therefore, the income of Rs. 20,000 received by minor son from the investment made out.
Illustration 23:
Computer the gross total income of Mr. & Mrs. A from the following information
Particulars Rs.
(a) Salary income (computed) of Mrs.A 2,30,000
(b) Income from profession of Mr.A 3,90,000
(c) Income of minor son B from company deposit 15,000
(d) Income of minor daughter C from special talent 32,000
(e) Interest from bank received by C on deposit made out of her special talent 3,000
(f) Gift received by C on 30.09.2018 from friend of Mrs. A 2,500
Brief working is sufficient. Detailed computation under various heads of income is NOT
required.
Solution:
As per the provisions of section 64(1A) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, all the income of a minor
child has to be clubbed in the hands of that parent whose total income (excluding the income of
the minor) is greater. The income of Mr. A is Rs. 3,90,000 and income of Mrs. A is Rs. 2,30,000.
Since the income of Mr. A is greater than that of Mrs. A, the income of the minor children have to
be clubbed in the hands of Mr. A. It is assumed that this is the first year when clubbing
provisions are attracted.
Income derived by a minor child from any activity involving application of his/her skill,
talent, specialised knowledge and experience is not to be clubbed. Hence, the income of minor
child C from exercise of special talent will not be clubbed.
However, interest from bank deposit has to be clubbed even when deposit is made out of
income arising from application of special talent.
The Gross total income of Mrs. A is Rs. 2,30,000. The total income of Mr. A giving effect to the
provisions of section 64(1A) is as follows:
Computation of gross total income of Mr. A for the A.Y.2020-21
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Income from profession 3,90,000
Income of minor son B from company deposit 15,000
Less: Exemption under section 10(32) 1,500
13,500
Interest from bank 3,000
56(2)(vii) being less than the aggregate limit of Rs. 50,000 Nil
3,000
Less: Exemption under section 10(32) 1,500 1,500
Gross total Income 4,05,000
Clubbing of Income 19

Illustration 24:
A proprietary business was started by Smt. Rani; in the year 2015. As on 1.04.2017 her capital
in business was Rs. 3,00,000.
Her husband gifted Rs. 2,00,000 on 10.04.2017, which amount Smt. Rani invested in her
business on the same date. Smt. Rani earned profits from her proprietory business for the
Financial year 2018-19 Rs. 1,50,000 and Financial year 2019-20 Rs. 3,90,000. Compute the income
to be club in the hands of Rani‟s husband for e Assessment Year 2020-21 with reasons.
Solution:
Section 64(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 provides for the clubbing of income in the hands of
the individual, if the income earned is from the assets transferred directly or indirectly to the
spouse of the individual, otherwise than for adequate consideration. In this case Smt. Rani
received a gift of Rs. 2,00,000 from her husband which she invested in her business. The income
to be clubbed in the hands of Smt. Rani‟s husband for A.Y 2020-21 is computed as under:
Particulars Smt. Rani’s Capital Total
Capital Contribution
Contribution Out of gift
from husband
Rs. Rs. Rs.
Capital as at 1.04.2017 3,00,000 3,00,000
Investment on 10.04.2017 out of gift received from her husband 2,00,000 2,00,000
3,00,000 2,00,000 5,00,000
Profit for F.Y. 2017-18 be apportioned on the basis of capital
employed on the first day of the previous year i.e. on 1.04.2017 1,50,000 1,50,000
Capital employed as at 01.04.2018 4,50,000 2,00,000 6,50,000
Profit for F.Y. 2019-20 to be apportioned on the basis of capital
employed as at 01.04.2018 (i.e. 45 : 20) 2,70,000 1,20,000 3,90,000
56(2)(vii) being less than the aggregate limit of Rs. 50,000 Nil
Therefore, the income to be clubbed in the hands of Smt Rani‟s husband for A.Y. 2020-21 is
Rs. 1,20,000.
Illustration 25:
Write short notes on “Clubbing of income of minor children in the hands of parent”.
Solution:
Income earned by a minor child would be clubbed in the hands of the parent. If both parents
are having income, then income of minor child would be clubbed in the hands of that parent
whose income is higher before clubbing the income of minor child.
Under the following situations the income of the minor child would not be clubbed in the
hands of parent
(a) Income earned by minor child through manual work done by him.
(b) Income from activity involving application of his skill, talent or specialised knowledge
and experience.
If the relationship of husband and wife does not subsist between the parents, the income of
the minor child would be clubbed in the hands of the parent who maintains the child during the
previous year. The parent is entitled to claim an exemption under section 10(32) upto Rs. 1,500
per minor child if the income of the minor child is included in his total income.
Where any such income is once included in the total income of either parent, any such income
arising in any succeeding previous year shall not be included in the total income of the other
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20 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

parent, unless the Assessing Officer is satisfied after giving that parent an opportunity of being
heard, that it is necessary to do so.
Illustration 26:
Mr. Vatsan has transferred, through a duly registered document, the income arising from a
godown to his son, without transferring the godown. In whose hands will the rental income from
godown be charged?
Solution:
Section 60 expressly states that where there is transfer of income from an asset without
transfer of the asset itself, such income shall be included in the total income of the transferor.
Hence, the rental income derived from the godown shall be clubbed in the hands of Mr. Vatsan.
Illustration 27:
Mr. Dhaval and his wife Mrs. Hetal furnish the following information”
Particulars Rs.
(i) Salary income (computed) of Mrs. Hetal 4,60,000
(ii) Income of minor son „B‟ who suffers from disability specified in Section 80U 1,08,000
(iii) Income of minor daughter „C‟ from singing 86,000
(iv) Income from profession of Mr. Dhaval 7,50,000
(v) Cash gift received by „C‟ on 02.10.2019 from friend of Mrs. Hetal on winning of singing 48,000
competition.
(vi) Income of minor married daughter „A‟ from company deposit. 30,000
Compute the total income of Mr. Dhaval and Mrs. Hetal for the Assessment year 2020-21.
Solution:
Computation of Total Income of Mr. Dhaval and Mrs. Hetal for the A.Y. 2020-21
Particulars Mr. Dhaval Mrs. Hetal
Rs. Rs.
Salaries 4,60,000
Profits and gains of business or profession income from other 7,50,000
sources:
Income by way of interest from company deposit earned by minor 30,000
daughter A (See Note(d)]
Less: Exemption under section 10(32) 1,500 28,500
Total Income 7,78,500 4,60,000
Notes:
(a) The income of a minor child suffering from any disability of the nature specified in section 80U shall
not be included in the hands of the parents. Hence, Rs. 1,08,000 being the income of minor son „B‟ who
suffers from disability specified under section 80U, shall not be included in the hands of either of his
parents.
(b) The income derived by the minor from manual work or from any activity involving exercise of his skill
talent or specialised knowledge or experience will not be included in the income of his parent. Hence
in the given case Rs. 86,000 being the income of the minor daughter „C‟ shall not be clubbed in the
hands of the parents.
(c) Under section 56(2)(vii), cash gifts received from any person/persons exceeding Rs. 50,000 during the
year in aggregate is taxable. Since the cash gift in this case does not exceed Rs. 50,000, the same is not
taxable.
(d) The clubbing provisions are attracted even in respect of income of minor married daughter. The
income of the minor will be included in the income of that parent whose total income is greater. Hence,
income of minor married daughter „A‟ from company deposit shall be clubbed in the hands of the
Clubbing of Income 21

Mr. Dhaval and exemption under section 10(32) of Rs. 1,500 per child shall be allowed in respect of
such income.

Exercises
(1) What is clubbing of income? When can Income of spouse? Minor child be clubbed with that of
Assessee? Give illustrations to your answer? [MU. Oct. 06 TYBAF]
(2) Explain in detail, the various provisions of section 64 in respect of clubbing of income. [MU. May 06
TYBAF]
(3) Explain the circumstances under which Income of other person is included in Assesse’s total income
under sections of Income tax Act. 1961. [MU. May 06 TYBAF]
(4) Explain the significance of Clubbing of Income?
(5) “An Assessee is not only liable in respect of his own income, but his liability may extend to some other
income also.” Discuss. [Modified C.A. Inter Nov. 99]
(6) Explain the provision under the Income Tax Act, 1961 requiring inclusion of minor’s income with the
Assesses total income. [C.A. Inter May. 92]
(7) Give explanatory Notes on:
(a) Individual being assessed on Income from assets transferred to spouse.
(b) Individual being assessed on Income from assets transferred to a person for the benefit of
spouse.
(c) “Substantial Interest” in context of “Clubbing of Income.” [Modified C.A. Inter May. 90]
(8) Does clubbing of Income include clubbing of losses also? [M. U. March 06 TYB.Com]
(9) Briefly explain the provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961 relating to tax consequences arising on
conversion of self acquired property in to property belonging to the HUF of which he is a member.
[C.A. Inter Nov. 93]
(10) State the provisions for clubbing of remuneration received by spouse u/s 64(1)(ii). [April 2017]
(11) State whether following statements are True or False:
(a) Where an individual has substantial interest in a concern, there shall be included in his total
income any remuneration paid by such concern to the spouse of such individual.
(b) Where an individual transfers the house property to his wife without adequate consideration, then
income from such house property shall be subject to the provisions of section 27.
(c) Clubbing provisions under section 64 (1) (vi) are applicable where the asset is transferred by an
individual without any adequate consideration to major son.
(d) As per section 64 (1A) income accruing to a minor shall be clubbed in the income of father or
mother at their option.
(e) If the marriage of the parents does not subsist, the income of the minor child shall be clubbed in
the income of father or mother whose income is higher.
(f) When income of minor child is clubbed in the income of the parent concerned, such parent will be
allowed exemption of lump-sum Rs. 1,500 per minor child.
(g) If any income has to be clubbed under section 64, it will be clubbed under the relevant head to
which it belongs.
Answers:
(a) True, (b) True, (c) False, son’s wife, (d) False, in the hands of parent whose income is more.,
(e) False, parent who maintains the child., (f) False, to the extent of actual income clubbed or
Rs. 1,500 per minor child whichever is less, (g) True.
(12) Find out the income in the following cases for the assessment year 2020-21.
(1) X is employed by A Ltd. (salary being Rs. 20,000 month) in which his father-in-law has a substantial
interest. X does not have any technical or professional qualification to justify the remuneration. Mrs. X
holds 10 shares for a few days during the previous year 2020-21.
(2) Y gives a loan of Rs. 10,00,000 to Mrs. Y at the rate of 10 percent per annum. Mrs. Y gives the
same as loan to Z Ltd. at the rate of 15 percent per annum.
Minor child of X and Mrs. X gets a birthday gift from X’s friend on September 30, 2015: Rs. 50,000.
Income of X and Mrs. X : Rs. 8 lakh and Rs. 4 lakh.
[Ans.: (1) Mrs. X: Rs. 2,40,000, (2) Y: Rs. 1,00,000; Mrs. Y: 50,000,
(3) X: Rs. 8,48,000; Mrs. X: Rs. 4,00,000]
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22 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(13) Mr. Mahesh has sold 20,000 14% debentures of Rs. 100 each to his wife for Rs. 1,80,000. The market
value of debentures on the date of transfer was Rs. 3,60,000. Compute Income to be included in the
total income of Mahesh.
[Ans.: Rs. 28,000; MV of 10,000 debentures is paid; clubbing w.r.t only bal. deb.]
(14) M gifts Rs. 10,00,000 to his wife who invested the same in the partnership business. M receives
Rs. 90,000 as her share of profits from such firm. Compute amount to be clubbed in the income of M.
[Ans.: Nil; share from firm is exempt u/s 10.]
(15) Mr. Manik gifts Rs. 10,00,000 to his wife on 1-4-2005. His wife invested the above sum as capital
contribution to the firm where she is a partner and earned interest every year. The total capital of
Mrs. M as on 1-4-2018 including 3 years interest was Rs. 1,50,000. During the year she earned
Rs. 27,000 as interest on such capital balance. Compute the income to be clubbed in the hands of
Manik.
[Modified C. A. final May 99]
(16) X holds 20 percent equity share capital in Y Ltd. Mrs. X is employed by Y Ltd. (salary being Rs. 50,000
per month) as general manager (finance). She does not have any professional qualification to justify
remuneration. Ascertain in whose hand’s salary income is charageable to tax. Does it make any
difference if Mrs. X was employed by Y Ltd. even prior to her marriage?
[Modified M. U. 2004; Ans.: No difference]
(17) X and Mrs. X hold 20 percent and 30 percent equity shares in C Ltd. respectively. They are also
employed in Mumbai branch of C Ltd. (monthly salary being Rs. 30,000 and Rs. 20,000 respectively)
without any technical/ professional qualification. Other incomes of X and Mrs. X are Rs. 1,60,000 and
Rs. 1,90,000 respectively. Find out the net income of X and Mrs. X for the assessment year 2020-21.
[Ans.: Mr. X – Rs. 1,60,000; Mrs. X – Rs. 3,60,000 + 2,40,000 + 1,90,000 = Rs. 7,90,000]
(18) Mr. Monu State in whose income the following incomes will be included. (i) Monu transferred
Rs. 1,00,000 to his daughter-in-law in 2007 without any consideration. She received Rs. 10,000 as
interest on this amount during the previous year 2019-20. (ii) Monu transferred his self-acquired
property to the HUF, of which he is a member. During the previous year 2019-20 the HUF earned an
income of Rs. 1,00,000 from his property.
[Ans.: (i) Taxable in the hands of Mr. Monu; (ii) taxable in the hands of Monu]
(19) State in whose income the following incomes will be included. M transferred his self-acquired property
to the HUF of which he is a member. The HUF earns an income of Rs. 4,20,000 per annum. During the
previous year 2019-20 the HUF is partitioned and the property is divided as under:
M 1/5th share
M’s minor son 1/5th share
M’s major son 1/5th share
Mrs. M 1/5th share
M’s brother 1/5th share
[Ans.: Modified C. A Inter Nov 98; M : – Rs. 2,50,500]
(20) Mr. Mukesh state in whose income the following incomes will be included. Mr. Mukesh transferred
debentures worth Rs. 50,000 to his wife on 1-4-2019. The debentures carry an interest of 12% per
annum. Mrs. Mukesh accumulates the interest of Rs. 6,000 perannum, which she receives on the
debentures. The accumulated amount of interest of Rs. 40,000 is invested in a fixed deposit with a
bank and Mrs. Mukesh receives interest amounting to Rs. 4,000 on this FDR.
[Ans.: Mr. Mukesh – Rs. 6,000; Mrs. Mukesh – Rs. 4,000]
(21) Decide in whose hands the following income shall be taxable. Master R (Age 10 years) received
following incomes during 2019-20.
Particulars Rs.
(a) Interest on Bank deposits 11,000
(b) Interest on Debentures 7,000
(c) Income from a singing concert held by him 60,000
(d) His mother’s total income 75,000
(e) His father’s total income 76,000
[Ans.: Rs. 16,500 clubbed with father’s income, Rs. 60,000 from singing in R’s hands]
(22) Mr. Monu explain the tax implications of the following:
Monu transferred agricultural land permanently to his wife Veena. Veena earned an income of
Rs. 60,000 from the transferred property.
[Ans.: Agr. Income will be clubbable, but exempt]
Clubbing of Income 23

(23) Explain the tax implications of the following:

Mrs. Monu holds 5,000 out of 13,000 equity shares of A Ltd., a company in which Monu holding a BA
degree, is working as Finance Manager on a salary of Rs. 50,000 per month.
[Modified C. A final Nov 92]
[Ans.: Clubbed with Mrs. M’s income, as salary not solely attributable to application of qualification]
(24) Mr. M transferred a sum of Rs. 3 lakhs to his wife in 1995 and Mrs. M constructed a property out of this
amount. She has since been using the property for her own residence.
[Ans.: Income, clubbable, but Nil as it is from SOP]
(25) Mr. M transfers Rs. 10 lakhs to Mrs. M without consideration. She starts a business by investing the
gifted money. On 1-4-2019, her total investment in business is Rs. 30 lakhs and the profit of the
previous year ending 31-3-2019 is Rs. 7,50,000, the amount taxable in the hands of Mrs. M and Mr. M
(if any). [Modified M. U. April 2005]
[Ans.: Mrs. M – Rs. 2,50,000; Mr. M – Rs. 5,00,000]
(26) Mr. M transferred his self-acquired property yielding an annual income of Rs. 6,00,000 to his Hindu
Undivided Family. The HUF is made up of Mr. M, Mrs. M, his major son R and minor son S. Show how
much income will be included in the income of M (i) before partition (ii) after partition.
[Ans.: (i) Rs. 60,000; (ii) Rs. 43,000 (Own share 15,000 + Share of Mrs. M – 15,000 +
Share of minor child [15,000 – 1,500]]
(27) Mr. Manoj gifts a house property to his wife on 27-5-2019. Mrs. M lets out the property on a monthly
rent of Rs. 10,000 with effect from 1-6-2020. In whose hands shall the rental income be charged?
[Ans.: M – deemed owner u/s 27]
(28) Mr. Rajeev gifts Rs. 9,00,000 to Mrs. Rajeev on 5-1-2010. The amount is invested by Mrs. Rajeev is
her partnership. For the previous year 2019-20, R receives Rs. 90,000 from the partnership as her
share of profits. In whose hands will this amount be taxed?
[Ans.: Share from firm is exempt]
(29) Determine the taxability of the following incomes. Assume that B is a minor child of A.
(1) A gifts certain amount to B when he is 6 months short of becoming a major. B invests the amount
on which interest of Rs. 4,000 accrues after one year of making the investment.
(2) A gifts Rs. 1 lakh to B on January 1, 2008. B invests the amount in debentures of ABC Ltd. Interest
income from debentures for the previous year 2018-19 is Rs. 15,000.
[Ans.: (1) The entire amount of Rs. 4,000 is liable to be taxed in the hands of B as he is a major
when interest income accrues. (2) Rs. 15,000 is clubbed with the total income of a for the
current assessment year subject to exemption of Rs. 1,500 under section 10(32)]
(30) Mr. A and his wife have a substantial interest in a limited company holding shares carrying not less
than 20% of voting power in the limited company. Both Mr. A and Mrs. A draw form the company
remuneration of Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 48,000, respectively. The income of Mr. A and Mrs. A, other than
remuneration from the company, is Rs. 1,20,000 and Rs. 1,00,000, respectively. Discuss the taxability
in each case.
[Ans.: Mr. A Rs. 2,28,000; Mrs. A Rs. 1,00,000]
(31) Mr. A transfers a sum of Rs. 3 lakhs to his brother Mr. B on 1-4-1990. Mr. B creates a trust by which he
settles the said amount of Rs. 3 lakhs received from Mr. A for the benefit of Mr. A’s wife, minor child,
son’s wife and son’s minor child. It is stated that:
(i) The personal income of Mr. A is Rs. 80,000;
(ii) The income of the trust created by Mr. B is Rs. 60,000;
(iii) The share of each beneficiary is 25%;
Compute the total income of Mr. A.
[Ans.: Rs. 1,10,000]
(32) An individual being a member of Hindu undivided family converted his separate property on 1-1-1974
into property belonging to his Hindy undivided family. The income in respect of such converted
property is Rs. 50,000. Assuming that the family consists of Mr. A, Mrs. A, 2 minor sons and 1 major
son, ascertain income of each member of HUF, (a) before partition (b) after partition.
[Ans.: (a) Before partition, Rs. 50,000 will be clubbed in the hands of Mr. A. (b) After partition
income received by Mr. A + Mrs. A will be clubbed either in the hands of Mr. A or Mrs. A
depending on whose other income is more; income of major son will be taxed in his hands.]
(33) Mr. A is one third partner in ABC & Co. which Firm has paid is Rs. 75,000 salary to Mrs. A (Wife of the
said Mr. A) during the previous year 2019-20. During the same year, Mr. A has received Partner’s
salary from the said firm of Rs. 2,25,000 and has also received interest on Debentures Rs. 25,000 and
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24 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Dividend from Indian companies Rs. 22,000. Compute the Gross Total Income of Mr. A and Mrs. A for
the Assessment Year 2020-21. Given that Mrs. A does not possess any technical or professional
qualification, neither has any other income.
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2007)
(34) M gifts Rs. 5,00,000 to his wife N which she invests in 10% Fixed Deposit of Rs. 4,00,000 (for 9
months during previous year 2019-20) and gives a 18% Loan for the balance amount of Rs. 1,00,000
to her relative around the same time. M has house property income (net) of Rs. 5,00,000 and income
from other sources Rs. 1,25,000 in the same year. N does not have any other income. Calculate M’s
and N’s Gross Total Income for Assessment Year 2020-21.
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2007)
(35) Mr. Oswald and Mrs. Oswald are working in a film in which Mr. Oswalds has a beneficial interest
(i.e. more than 20% voting power). Mrs. Oswald is employed in the firm as a finance manager.
However she does not have the necessary professional qualification for the same. She is drawing a
salary of Rs. 20,000 p.m. Are the provisions of clubbing of income attracted in this case?
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, Nov. 2007)
(36) Mr. Beans gifted the debentures of XYZ Ltd. to Mrs. Beans without accepting any consideration from
her. Mrs. Beans earned interest of Rs. 10,000 on the debentures during the year 2019-20. The ITO
wishes to club the interest in the hands of the transferor of debentures i.e. Mr. Beans. Is he justified in
doing so?
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, Nov. 2007)
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 25

Chapter 2

Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss

(Section 70-74)

SET-OFF LOSSES:
Inter Source Adjustment: [U/S. 70]
Where the net result of computation for any assessment year in respect of any source of
income falling under any head of income is a loss, the assessee shall be entitled to have the
amount of such loss set off against his income from any source under the same head. However,
the following are the exceptions to the above rule:
(i) Loss from speculative business; [u/s 73]
(ii) Loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses; and [u/s 74 A]
(iii) Long term capital loss. [u/s 74]
(iv) Loss from specified business u/s 35AD [Like cold chain facility for storage or
transportation of agricultural and forest produce, cross-country natural gas or crude or
petroleum oil pipeline network, Building and operating in Indra hotel of 2 star or above
hospital with at least 100 beds, developing and building a housing project, production of
fertiliser in India etc.] [u/s 73 A]
Inter Head Adjustment: [U/S. 71]
Where the net results of computation under any head of income is a loss, the assessee shall be
entitled to have such amount of loss set-off against his income under any other head of income.
This rule of inter head adjustment is subject to the following exceptions:
(a) Loss from speculation business; [u/s 73]
(b) Loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses; [u/s 74 A]
(c) Loss under capital gains; [u/s 74]
(d) Loss under Profits & Gains of Business or Profession against salary income. [u/s 74 A]
(e) Loss from specified business u/s 35 AD [u/s 73 A]
Students may note that loss under the head ―Profits and Gains of Business or Profession‖
cannot be set-off against salary income. However, setoff of Business loss against any other head
of income is allowed.
Speculation Business: A speculative transaction is defined to mean a transaction in which a
contract for purchase or sale of any commodity including stocks, shares is periodically or
ultimately settled otherwise than by actual delivery or transfer of the commodity or scips.
According to Section 58(4) any expenditure, allowance or loss shall be allowed to be set-off
against any income by way of winning from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races including horse
races, card games and other games of any sort or form of gambling or betting. However, in case a
person who is carrying on the activity of owning and maintaining such horses, deduction for
such expenditure and allowance shall be allowed.
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26 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

CARRY FORWARD OF LOSSES:

Section Nature of loss Number of years To be set-off against
71B Loss from house property 8 years Income from house property
72 Unabsorbed business loss. 8 years Profits and gains of business
or profession.
72A(1) Unabsorbed depreciation of Indefinite period Any income of the
Amalgamating company amalgamated co.
72A(4) Unabsorbed depreciation of Indefinite period Any income of the resulting
Demerged company company
72A(6) Unabsorbed depreciation of a Indefinite period Any income of successor
firm or a proprietary concern company
succeeded by a company
72AA Unabsorbed depreciation of Indefinite period Any income of banking
Banking company institution
72AB(1) Unabsorbed depreciation of Indefinite period Any income of the
amalgamating cooperative amalgamated cooperative
bank bank
72AB(3) Unabsorbed depreciation of Indefinite period Any income of resulting
demerged cooperative bank cooperative bank
72A(1) Unabsorbed business loss of Indefinite period Income from business of
amalgamating company amalgamated company
72A(4) unabsorbed business loss of Unexpired period out Income from business or
demerged company of the total profession of the resulting
permissible period of company
8 years
72A(6) Unabsorbed business loss of 8 years from the Income from business or
firm or proprietary concern expiry of the year of profession of the successor
succeeded by a company conversion of the firm company
or proprietary
concern into a
company [setoff in the
year of succession
and c/f for 8 years]
72AA Unabsorbed business loss of 8 years from the Income from business or
banking company expiry of the year of profession of the banking
amalgamation of such institution.
banking institution
[setoff in the year of
amalgamation and
c/f for 8 years]
72AB(1) Unabsorbed business loss of Unexpired period out Banking income of the
amalgamating cooperative of the total amalgamated cooperative
bank permissible period of bank
8 years
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 27

72AB(3) Unabsorbed business loss of Unexpired period out Business income of resulting
demerged cooperative bank. of the total cooperative bank
permissible period of
8 years
73 Speculation business loss 4 years Income from speculation from
business.
74 Loss under the head Capital
Gains
a) Short term capital loss 8 years Short term or long term
capital loss
b) Long term capital loss 8 years Long term capital gains
74A Loss from the activity of 4 years Income from same activity
owning and maintaining race
horses.
Loss from House Property: [U/S. 71 B]
Where the net result of computation for any assessment year under the head ―Income from
house property‖ is a loss which cannot be or is not wholly set off against income under other
heads under section 71, [NOT MORE THAN RS. 2,00,000 CAN BE SET OFF AGAINST OTHER
HEADS IN PREVIOUS YEAR] such loss can be carried forward for set off against income from
house property in the subsequent assessment years. Such carry forward is permissible for a
period of 8 assessment years.
Loss under the head Profits and Gains of Business or Profession: [U/S. 72]
In respect of unabsorbed loss under the head ―Profits and gains of business or profession‖
other than speculation business loss, the assessee is entitled to carry forward and set off in the
subsequent years subject to the following conditions:
(i) The unabsorbed business loss carried forward can be set off only against income under
the head ―Profits and gains of business or profession‖.
(ii) Such carry forward is permissible upto 8 assessment years from the end of the year in
which the loss is first computed.
(iii) Unabsorbed Depreciation carried forward u/s. 32 (2) will be set off only after setting off
of the brought forward loss under this section.
Loss can be carried forward and set off even if the business in respect of which it was incurred
and computed has been discontinued. Students may note that unabsorbed depreciation u/s. 32(2)
can also be carried forward even if the business is discontinued.
Other points - One should note the following points:
(1) Barring the aforesaid cases, any other loss can be set off against any other income within the
same head of income. For instance, -
(a) loss from a house property can be set off against income from any other house
property;
(b) loss from a non-speculation business can be set off against income from speculation or
non-speculation business.
(c) short-term capital loss can be set off against any capital gain (whether long-term or
short-term).
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28 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(d) under the head ―Income from other sources‖ loss from an activity (other than the
business of owning and maintaining race horses) can be set off against any income but
other than winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles, etc.
(2) If income from a particular source is exempt from tax, e.g., income exempt from tax under
section 10, loss from such source cannot be set off against income chargeable to tax.
(3) If there is income from one source and loss from another source within the same head of
income, one can set off the loss against the income, in all other cases loss has to be first set off
against income within the same head of income.
Illustration 1:
If X has the following income:
(`)
Business income 2,40,000
Capital Gains:
Long-term capital gain 80,000
Short-term capital gain (50,000)
Solution:
In this case, short-term capital loss will have to be set off within the same head or of income
against long-term capital gain. Therefore Long Term Capital Gain 30,000.
Illustration 2:
X, Y and Z give the following information pertaining to the income under the head ―Profits
and gains of business or profession‖.
X Y Z
Speculative Non- Speculative Non- Speculative Non-
speculative speculative speculative
(`) (`) (`) (`) (`) (`)
Business A 2,40,000 1,60,000 1,50,000
Business B (–) 50,000 (–) 1,80,000 (–) 60,000
Business C 2,00,000 4,00,000 2,10,000
Business D (–) 80,000 (–) 90,000 (–) 2,20,000
Total 1,90,000 1,20,000 (–) 20,000 3,10,000 90,000 (–) 10,000
Solution:
In this case, loss from speculative business can be set off only against income from speculative
business. However, loss from non-speculative business can be set off against income from any
business speculative or non-speculative. For instance, in the case of Y loss of `20,000 from
speculative business cannot be set off against income of `3,10,000 from non-speculative business.
In the case of Z, however, loss of `10,000 from non-speculative business should be set off against
speculative business income of `90,000. It may be noted that Z does not have any option to set off
(or not to set off) the loss of `10,000 against income of `90,000.
INTER-HEAD ADJUSTMENT - HOW MADE [U/S. 71]
The provisions of section 71 are given below-
General rule: Where the net result of computation made for any assessment year in respect of
any head of income is a loss, the same can be set off against the income from other heads.
Exceptions: The following are the exceptions to the aforesaid rule:
 Loss in a speculation business - Loss in a speculation business cannot be set off against
any other income.
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 29

 Loss under the head ―Capital gains‖- Losses under the head ―Capital gains‖ cannot be set
off against any income except income under the head ―Capital gains‖.
 Loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses - Losses from the activity of
owning and maintaining race horses cannot be set off against any other income.
 Business loss cannot be set off against salary income - Loss from business or profession
(including depreciation) cannot be set off against income under the head ―Salaries‖.
 Loss cannot be set off against winnings from lotteries, etc. - By virtue of section 58(4) a
loss cannot be set off against winnings from lotteries, crossword puzzles, races (including
horse races), card games and other games of any sort or from gambling or betting of any
form or nature.
 Loss from purchase of securities.
Other points - The following points should be considered:
(1) Before adjusting loss under section 71, one has to set off the loss under section 70.
(2) Barring the aforesaid cases, any loss can be set off against income under other heads of
income for the same year. For instance,
(a) loss under the head ―Income from house property‖ can be set off against business
income, capital gains, salary income or income from other sources;
(b) business loss can be set off against property income, capital gains or other income;
(c) a loss under the head ―Income from other sources‖ [not being from the activity of
owning and maintaining race horses] can be set off against salary income, property
income, business income or capital gains.
Illustration 3:
X submits the following information pertaining to the previous year 2019-20. (a) income from
salary: `14,00,000; (b) loss from self-occupied property: (–) `70,000; (c) business loss (including
unabsorbed depreciation): (–) `1,00,000; banks interest: `80,000.
Solution:
(`)
Income from salary 14,00,000
Income from house property (70,000)
Business loss (1,00,000)
Bank interest 80,000
Gross total income 13,30,000
Less: Deduction under sections 80C to 80U Nil
Net income 13,30,000
It includes salary income of `13,30,000 after adjusting house property loss. Business loss of
`1,00,000 is set-off against bank interest and remaining business loss of `20,000 will be carried
forward.
No order of priority is given in the Act. One should try to first set off those losses which
cannot be carried forward to the next year.
Illustration 4:
A taxpayer has the following income pertaining to the previous year 2019-20.
(`)
Income from house property 1,70,000
Profits and gains of business or profession (1,50,000)
Income from other sources (being interest on debentures which were purchased out of borrowed (1,47,000)
money)
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30 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Solution:
As the loss under the head ―Income from other sources‖ cannot be carry forward to the next
year, one should first set oft against other income. [i.e. 1,70,000 – 1,47,000 = 23,000]. But Loss from
business or profession should be carried forward to next year.
Barring the cases discussed, in all other cases a loss has to first adjusted against available
income under other heads of income. No option is available to set off a loss or not to set off a
loss.
Illustration 5:
A taxpayer has following income/loss:
Current Year Next year
(`) (`)
Business income (–) 1,00,000 8,00,000
Long-term capital gain 2,30,000 3,00,000
Solution:
Long-term capital gain is taxable at lower rate. Even then, the assessee cannot avoid set off of
business loss in the current year under section 71 against capital gain and carry forward the
business loss to the next year. In other words, business loss has to be set oft against capital gain.
There is no option. After adjusting business loss of `1,00,000, on remaining long-term capital
gain of `1,30,000 he will have to pay tax during the current year.
Moreover, partial set off is not permissible when full loss can be otherwise set off. For
instance, if an individual has property income of `2,10,000 and business loss of `1,90,000, he can
set off the entire loss and taxable income will be `20,000 on which no tax is payable. He cannot
claim the set off of business loss of only `60,000 to reduce taxable income to `1,50,000 (on which
no tax is payable) and claim carry forward of remaining amount.
Where income from a particular source is exempt from tax, e.g., incomes exempt under
section 10, loss from such source cannot be set off against income chargeable to tax. For the
purpose of section 71, loss of profits must be a loss of taxable profits.
Carry forward of loss - How to set off:
If a loss cannot be set off either under the same head or under the different heads, because
absence or inadequacy of the income of the same year, it may be carried forward and set off
against the income of the subsequent year. Under the Act, the following losses can be carried
forward:
(a) loss under the head ―income from house property‖ [sec. 71B applicable from the
assessment year 1999-2000.]
(b) loss under the head ―Profits and gains of business or profession‖ (i.e., loss from
speculative or non-speculative business). [sec. 72 and 73].
(c) loss under the head ―Capital gains‖ (i.e., short-term or long-term capital loss). [U/S. 74].
(d) loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses [sec. 74A].
Other remaining losses cannot be carried forward.
Carry forward and set off of business loss other than speculation loss [U/S. 72]: The right of
carry forward and set off of loss arising in a business or profession is subject to the following
restrictions:
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 31

LOSS CAN BE SET OFF ONLY AGAINST BUSINESS INCOME:

The following points should be:
(1) It is not necessary that business loss of year 1 should be set off against income from the same
business in year 2. In other words, loss of Business A of year 1 can be set off against profit of
business A or some other business in year 2.
(2) A loss under the head, ―Profits and gains of business or profession‖ can be set off against
pro/its of any business in the subsequent year. For this purpose, business profits would also
include profits derived from a business activity but assessable under head other than
―Profits and gains of business or profession‖.
For instance, where shares are held by an assessee as a part of his trading assets, dividend
[under section 2(22)(e)] on such shares would form part of business income and, consequently, he
will be entitled to claim set off of business loss brought forward from earlier years against
deemed dividend of the current year – Western States Trading Co. (P.) Ltd. v. CIT [1971] 80 ITR
21 (SC).
LOSSES CAN BE CARRIED FORWARD BY THE PERSON WHO INCURRED THE LOSS:
The loss can be carried forward and set off against the profits of the assessee who incurred the
loss. However, this rule has the following exceptions:
 Accumulated business loss of an amalgamating company under section 72A or 72 AA.
 Accumulated business loss of a demerged company.
 Accumulated business loss of a proprietary concern or a firm when its business is taken
over by a company by satisfying conditions of section 47(xiii)/(xiv).
 Loss of business acquired by inheritance – CIT v. Bai Maniben [1960] 38 ITR 80 (Born.).
LOSS CAN BE CARRIED FORWARD FOR 8 YEARS - The loss cannot be carried forward
for more than eight assessment years.
RETURN OF LOSS SHOULD BE SUBMITTED IN TIME [U/S. 80] - A loss cannot be carried
forward unless it is determined in pursuance of a return filed within the time allowed under
section 139(3) [i.e., the time allowed under section 139(1)].
In other words, if an assessee fails to file his return of loss on or before the due date of
furnishing of return as prescribed by section 139(1), then, by virtue of section 80, the following
losses (of the assessment year for which the return is not submitted in time) cannot be carried
forward:
(a) loss of a speculative or non-speculative business (not being unabsorbed depreciation etc.,
(b) short or long-term capital loss; and
(c) loss (not being unabsorbed depreciation etc.,) from the activity of owning and maintaining
race horses.
Right to carry forward the aforesaid losses will be lost if return is not filed in time for the year
in which the loss was incurred. In order to ensure that such right is not lost:
(a) loss should be determined in pursuance of a return filed within the time-limit of section
139(1); and
(b) such loss should be notified by the Assessing Officer to the assessee by an order in writing
under section 157.
The delay in submission of return of loss may be condoned if a few conditions are satisfied
Circular No. 8/2001, dated May 16. 2001.
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32 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

CONTINUITY OF BUSINESS NOT NECESSARY:

The business or profession in which the loss was originally suffered may or max not continue
to be carried on by the assessee during the year in which brought forward loss is sought to be set
off.
CARRY FORWARD OF UNABSORBED DEPRECIATION, CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FAMILY PLANNING EXPENDITURE:
The above rules are not applicable in the case of carry forward of depreciation which is not
absorbed during the current year, unabsorbed capital expenditure on scientific research and
family planning expenditure. These losses are governed is by section 32(2) and not by section 72.
In other words, the rules discussed above are not applicable in the case of carry forward of
unabsorbed depreciation, capital expenditure on scientific research and capital expenditure on
family planning. These losses are governed by section 32(2).
Illustration 6:
The following illustrations are given to have a better understanding:
Income of X for the previous year 2019-20 is as follows:
(`)
Business income before depreciation 1,36,000
Less: Depreciation for the current year (20,000)
Business income after depreciation 1,16,000
Other income 8,45,000
He wants to adjust the following brought forward losses:
Business Loss (`) Depreciation (`)
For the assessment year 2006-07 2,00,000 36,000
For the assessment year 2010-11 1,25,000 40,000
Solution:
In this case, business loss pertaining to the assessment year 2006-07 cannot be adjusted (it can
be adjusted before the expiry of 8 years, i.e., up to the assessment year 2013-14). The business loss
pertaining to the assessment year 2010-11 can be adjusted against the business income of
`1,16,000 and the balancing amount of `9,000 will be carried forward far being set off against
business income up to the assessment year 2019-20 (it cannot be adjusted against other incomes).
On the other hand, unabsorbed depreciation can be carried forward without any time-limit and it
can be set off against any income. The unabsorbed depreciation pertaining to assessment years
2006-07 and 2010-11 can be set off against business income as well as other income. In this case,
the brought forward unabsorbed depreciation of `76,000 (i.e., `36,000 + `40,000) can be adjusted
against other income.
Illustration 7:
Income of Y for the previous year 2019-20 is as follows:
(`)
Business income after depreciation 5,15,000
Dividend on shares in foreign companies (held as stock-in-trade) 2,36,000
Dividend on shares in foreign companies (held as investment) 1,10,000
Other incomes 46,000
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 33

He wants to adjust the following brought forward losses:

Business loss Depreciation
(`) (`)
For the assessment year 2012-13 1 ,00,000 20,000
For the assessment year 2013-14 7,65,000 60,000
Solution:
Dividend income is always taxable under the head, ―Income from other sources‖.
Consequently, the dividend income on shares held as stock-in-trade or investment is taxable
under the head ―Income from other sources‖. Brought forward business losses can be set off
during the current year against any business income and for this purpose dividend on shares
held as stock-in-trade is treated as business income, although such dividend income is taxable
(like any other dividend income) under the head, ―Income from other sources‖.
The brought forward losses will be set off as follows:
Heads of income “Business income” for the Other income (`)
purpose of adjusting brought
forward losses (`)
Salaries Nil Nil
Income from house property Nil Nil
Profits and gains of business or profession 5,15,000 Nil
Capital gains Nil Nil
Income from other sources 2,36,000 1,56,000
Total 7,51,000 1,56,000
Less: Brought forward losses
Business loss (2012-13) Nil Nil
Business loss (2013-14) 7,51,000 Nil
Depreciation (2012-13) Nil 20,000
Depreciation (2013-14) Nil 60,000
Balance Nil 76,000
The unadjusted business loss of `14,000 will be carried forward up to the assessment year
2019-20.
Illustration 8:
Mrs. Asma submits the following information for the year ending 31/3/2020:
Particulars ` `
Income from salaries Rs. 5,000 p. m. 60,000
Income from house property
House 1 16,000
House 2 (-) 20,000
House 3 ( self- occupied property) (-) 12,000 (16,000)
Profits and gains of business/ profession.
Business A (-) 25,000
Business B (Speculative) 35,000 10,000
Capital gains
Short term capital loss (-) 18,000
Long term capital gain 10,000 (8,000)
Income from other sources
 TM
34 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Income from betting 9,000

Loss on maintenance of race horses (-) 12,000
Interest on securities (gross) 18,000
Interest on loan borrowed to invest in securities 20,000 (2,000)
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. Asma A/Y – 2020-21
Legal Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of gross total income
Particulars ` `
I. Salaries:
Salary @ 5,000 p m 60,000
II. Income from house property:
House 1 16,000
House 2 (20,000)
House 3 (12,000) (16,000)
III. Profits and gains of business:
Business A (25,000)
Business B ( Speculation) 35,000 10,000
IV. Capital gains:
Short term capital loss (18,000)
Long term capital gains 10,000
(To be carried forward to A Y 2019-20) (8,000) NIL
V. Income from other sources:
Interest on Securities (Gross) 18,000
Less: Interest on loan 20,000 (2,000)
Loss on maintenance of race horses carried forward to AY 2019-20 (12,000)
Income from betting 9,000
Gross Total Income 61,000
Note: Net loss of `2,000 on account of interest on securities cannot be set off against income from
betting. However, this loss can be adjusted against any other head of income available to the assessee.
Illustration 9:
Mr. Aslam submits the following information for the A. Y. 2020-21.
Particulars `
Salary income taxable 48,000
House property income:
House 1 Income 37,000
House 2 loss (27,000)
Textile Business (discontinued on 10.10.2018) (20,000)
Brought forward loss of textile business- A Y 2017-18 (80,000)
Chemical Business (discontinued on 15-3-18) b/fd loss of previous year 2018-19 (25,000)
Unabsorbed depreciation of previous year 2019-20 (15,000)
Income from chemical business 40,000
Leather Business 62,000
Interest on securities held as stock in trade 10,000
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 35

Determine the gross total income for the assessment year 2020-21 and also compute the
amount of loss that can be carried forward to the subsequent years.
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. Aslam A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of Gross Total Income
Particulars ` ` `
I. Salaries:
Salary as computed 48,000
II. Income from House property;
House 1 Income 37,000
House 2 loss (27,000) 10,000
III. Profits and Gains of Business or Profession:
(i) Textile business loss (20,000)
(ii) Chemical business 40,000
Less: Set off brought forward loss of P Y 2018-19 u/s 72 (25,000) 15,000
(5,000)
(iii) Leather Business Income 62,000
(iv) Interest on securities held as stock in trade 10,000 72,000
67,000
Less: B/F loss of business Rs. 80,000 restricted to (Note 1) 67,000 NIL
Total 58,000
Less: Unabsorbed depreciation loss of Rs. 15,000
Restricted to Rs. 10,000 (Note 2) 10,000
Gross Total Income 48,000
Note:
(1) The unabsorbed loss of Rs. 13,000 (80,000-67,000) of Textile business can be carried forward to
A Y 2021-22 for setoff u/s 72, even though the business is discontinued.
(2) The unabsorbed depreciation of Rs. 15,000 is eligible for set off against any income other than salary
income. Accordingly, a sum Rs. 10,000 is adjusted against income from house property. The balance
Rs. 5,000 is eligible for carry forward and set off to A Y 2021-22
Illustration 10:
Mr. X informs you the following for assessment year 2020-21:
(i) Taxable salary `5,20,000.
(ii) Loss from House property A `60,000.
(iii) Income from House property B `40,000.
(iv) Brought forward business loss- assessment year 2018-19 `1, 00,000.
(v) Current year business income `80,000.
(vi) Bank interest Rs. 20,000.
Determine total income and carry forward loss, if any.
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36 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. X A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of Total Income
Particulars `
Salary Income 5,20,000
Income from House Property
HP –A (Loss ) (60,000)
HP –B Income) 40,000 (20,000)
Profits & Gains of Business or Profession 80,000
Income from Other Sources- Bank interest 20,000
6,00,000
Brought forward loss- Business loss (AY 2018-19) restricted to (80,000)
Gross Total Income 5,20,000
Note: The assessee is not eligible to carry forward unabsorbed business loss of `20,000 (`1 lakh – `80,000 set off)
to assessment year 2020-21 since the period of eight assessment years eligible for carry forward has expired.
Illustration 11:
Mr. Dinesh furnishes the following information for the year ending of 31-3-2020.
Particulars `
(a) Income from business:
Loss from trading in securities in the nature of derivatives (Not a speculative business) (50,000)
Profit from non- speculative business 1,50,000
(b) Capital gains:
Long term capital loss on sale of unlisted shares (25,000)
Short term capital loss on sale of shares (90,000)
Short term capital gain on sale of jewellery 75,000
From the above information compute the gross total income of Mr. Dinesh and the loss to be
carried forward.
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. Dinesh A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of taxable income
Particulars ` `
I. Income from business:
(a) Non speculative income. 1,50,000
(b) Loss from derivative trading (Note 1) (50,000) 1,00,000
II. Capital gains:
(a) Long term capital loss (Note 2) (25,000)
(b) Short term capital gain 75,000
Less: Short term capital loss (Note 3) (90,000)
Carried forward to next year (15,000) NIL
Gross total income 1,00,000
Note:
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 37

(1) Loss from trading in derivatives is not a speculative loss as per exception to sec 43 (5). Therefore, the
loss is eligible for set off against profit from the non- speculative business.
(2) Long term capital loss can be set off only against long term capital gain. Unabsorbed long term capital
loss of Rs. 25,000 for the assessment year 2020-21 is eligible for carried forward to subsequent
8 assessment years for set off in accordance with Sec 74.
(3) Short term capital loss of Rs. 90,000 is entitled for inter source adjustment.
(4) According to Sec 71, loss under the head ―Capital Gains‖ cannot be setoff against any other income.
Therefore, in this case the net loss of Rs. 15,000 shall be carried forward to subsequent assessment
years for set off against income under the head Capital Gains.
(5) The following is the summary of losses eligible for carried forward to A Y 2021-22.
Description Sec No. of years Amount Set off against
Long term capital loss 74 8 25,000 Long term capital gains
Short term capital loss 74 8 15,000 Income under the head‘ Capital gains‘ i.e.
either long term capital gain or short term
capital gain
Illustration 12:
The summarised Profit and Loss Account of Sri. Raj (from his grocery stores) for the Previous
Year ended 31.3.2020 is as under:
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Expenses 4,20,000 By Gross profit 6,00,000
To Net profit 2,80,000 By Dividends (from Indian listed cos.) 1,00,000
7,00,000 7,00,000
The following further information was provided for the same previous year:
I Raj had other business (Proprietary) Cloth Trade (Loss) 42,000
II Speculation (profit) 30,000
III Loss in Proprietary business carried on in the name of his minor son 45,000
IV He had carried forward loss in Electrical Spares for A Y 2021-22, which business was closed 39,000
down (Return filed in time)
V Income of Smt. Raj separately charged 55,000
Compute the chargeable income of Mr. Raj for the Assessment year 2020-21 under the head
Profits and gains of business.
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. Raj A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of business income
Particulars ` `
(1) Profits from Grocery stores business 2,80,000
Less: Income exempt from tax:
Dividend income [u/s.10(34)] (1,00,000) 1,80,000
(2) Profit from speculation business 30,000
(3) Loss from cloth Trade (42,000)
(4) Loss from business carried on in minor son‘s name (45,000)
(87,000)
1,23,000
Less: B/f loss of Electrical spares business u/s. 72 39,000
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38 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Business Income 84,000

Note: Section 64 (1A) provides for clubbing of minor‘s income with that of either of the parent whose
gross income before clubbing is greater. According to Explanation 2 of section 64 Income includes loss. Since
income of Mr. Raj (Rs. 1,29,000) is more than that of Mrs. Raj (Rs. 55,000) income/ (loss) of minor son is to be
clubbed in the hands of Mr. Raj.
Section 72 (2) does not prohibit set off loss brought forward even if the business in respect of which the
loss was determined is discontinued. Hence, loss of discontinued business can be set off against income
from business even if the business is not continued in the year of set off
Illustration 13:
From the following figures, you are required to compute the total income of Pawan for
assessment year 2020-21
Head of Income Income/ (Loss) Rs.
Income from Property (10,000)
Capital Gains:
Short term 1,05,000
Long term (N/A) (75,000)
Other sources 10,000
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. Pawan A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of Total income of Mr. Pawan
Particulars ` `
I Income from House Property (10,000)
II Capital Gains
Short term capital Gain 1,05,000
Long term capital loss 75,000
III Income from other sources 10,000
Gross Total Income 1,05,000
Less: Deduction under chapter VIA NIL
Total Income 1,05,000
Note: According to Section 70, long term capital loss is not eligible for set off against short term capital
gains. Therefore, in the given case a sum of Rs. 75,000 shall be carried forward to assessment year 2021-22
for set off against any long term capital gains as per Sec 74.
Illustration 13:
Mr. Hiroda submits the following information in respect of Assessment Year 2020-21.
Calculate his net Income, Also show losses to be carried forward.
Particulars `
Income from salary 40,000
Income from House Property:
House I 25,000
House II (–) 35,000
Income from Business:
Business I (Non – speculative) 54,000
Business II (Non – speculative) (–) 14,000
Income from Capital Gains:
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 39

Long Term Capital Gains 30,000

Income from Other Sources:
Interest on Debentures 1,000
Lottery Winnings 8,000
You are also informed that:
(1) He spent `1,500 are collection charges towards interest on debentures (allowed to be
deducted u/s 57 as an expenditure)
(2) He has following carried forward losses.
Particulars Year Amount
` `
Business Loss 2017 – 2018 10,000
Long Term Capital Loss 2017 – 2018 30,000
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2008 Modified)
Solution:
P/Y – 2018-19 Name of Assessee: Mr. Hiroda A/Y – 2019-20
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Income from salary 40,000
Income from House Property:
House I 25,000
House II (35,000) (10,000)
Income from Business:
Business I (non-speculative) 54,000
Business II (non-speculative) (14,000)
40,000
Less: C/f Business Loss (2017-18) (10,000) 30,000
Income from Capital Gains: 30,000
Less: C/f Loss of 2017-18 (30,000) NIL
Income from Other Sources:
Interest on debentures 1,000
Lottery winnings 8,000
9,000
Less: Collection charges u/s 57 (1,500) 7,500
Net Total Income 67,500
Note: Long term capital loss of `5,000 will be carried forward to A. Y. 2021-22.
Illustration 14:
X, an individual submits the following information relevant for A. Y. 2020-21:
(i) Income from Salary Computed `65,000
(ii) Income from House Property:
House I (Income) `35,000
House II (Loss) `17,000
House III (Loss) `25,000
(iii) Income from Business:
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40 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Business I (speculative) - Profit `45,000

Business II (non-speculative) – Loss `55,000
Find out the net taxable income of Mr. X for A. Y. 2020-21 applying the provisions of set off
and carry forward for losses.
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2006 Modified)
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. X A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of Net Taxable Income
Particulars `
(i) Income from salary computed 65,000
(ii) Income from House Property:
House I (Income) 35,000
House II (Loss) (17,000)
House III (Loss) (25,000) (7,000)
(iii) Income from Business:
Business I (speculative) Profit 45,000
Business II (non-speculative) Loss (55,000)
(Loss to be c/f to AY 2021-22) (10,000)
Net Taxable Income 58,000
Note: (1) Loss from House property can be set off against income from salary. (2) Loss from non-speculation
business can be set off against speculation profit. (3) Loss of `10,000 will be c/f to AY 2021-22.
Illustration 15:
Compute the taxable income in the following situation:
Particulars X Ltd. Y Ltd.
` `
Income from specified business (7,00,000) 7,00,000
Income from non specified business 10,00,000 (10,00,000)
Solution:
Particulars X Ltd. Y Ltd.
` `
Income from specified business (7,00,000) 7,00,000
Income from non specified business 10,00,000 (10,00,000)
Total Taxable Income 10,00,000 (3,00,000)
Note:
X Ltd. cannot set-off loss of specified business activity against profits of non specified business activity
as it is prohibited u/s. 73 A. Thus loss of `7,00,000 to be carried forward to subsequent years. On the other
hand Y Ltd. can set-off the profits of specified business against loss of non specified activity. Students may
note that the specified business enjoy certain tax benefits under the head ‗Profits and Gains of business of
profession‘ and loss suffered by such specified business shall not be set-off against income from any other
source or any other head of income.
Illustration 16:
MCA Ltd. engaged in the business of ―cold chain facility‖ and ―warehousing activity‖, which
are the specified businesses u/s. 35AD of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The assessee furnishes the
following information for year ending 31.03.2020.
(1) Loss from business of cold chain facility – ` 10,00,000
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 41

(2) Taxable income from business of warehousing – ` 8,00,000

(3) Taxable income from software consultancy – ` 3,00,000
(4) Taxable income from other sources – ` 3,00,000
(5) Loss from House property – ` 5,00,000
Compute the taxable income for the AY 2019-20.
Solution:
Computation of Total Income of MCA Ltd for the A. Y. 2020-21.
(`)
Amount Amount
(I) Income from House Property (5,00,000)
– As given
(II) Income from Business
– Net loss from specified business (2,00,000)
– Net income from non-specified business 3,00,000
(III) Income from other sources 3,00,000
Gross total Income 1,00,000
Illustration 17: (IPCC, Nov. 09 Modified)
Discuss briefly on carry forward and set off of losses in the case of change in Constitution of
Firm or Succession.
Solution:
Refer to caption ―Change in constitution and succession‖.
Illustration 18: (IPCC Nov. 09 Modified)
Mr. Rajat submits the following for the financial year ending 31 March, 2020. He desires that
you should:
(a) Compute the total Income and
(b) Ascertain the amount of losses that can be carried forward.
(i) He has two houses:
Sr. No. Particulars `
(a) House No. I – Income after all statutory deductions 72,000
(b) House No. II – Current year loss (30,000)
(ii) He has three proprietary businesses:
Sr. No. Particulars `
(a) Textile Business:
(i) Discontinued from 31st October, 2017 – Current year loss 40,000
(ii) Brought forward business loss of the assessment year 2018-19 95,000
(b) Chemical business:
(i) Discontinued loss from 1st March, 2018 – hence no Profit/Loss Nil
(ii) Bad debts allowed in earlier years recovered during this year 35,000
(iii) Brought forward business loss of the assessment year 2017-18 50,000
(c) Leather Business: Profit for the current year 1,00,000
(d) Share of profit in a firm in which he is a partner since 2013 16,550

Sr. No. Particulars `

(iii) (a) Short-term capital gain 60,000
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42 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(b) Long-term capital loss 35,000

(iv) Contribution to LIC towards premium 10,000
Solution:
Computation of Total Income of Mr. Rajat for the Assessment Year 2020-21.
Particulars ` `
Income from House Property
(a) House 1 – Income 72,000
(b) House 2 – Loss (30,000) 42,000
Loss from business:
(a) Textile Business – Loss (40,000)
(b) Chemical business – Bad debts recovered taxable u/s. 41(4) 35,000
Leather Business – Profit 1,00,000
Total 95,000
Less: Brought forward loss from Textile Business – AY 2018-19 95,000 NIL
Loss from Chemical business of `50,000 shall be carried forward to AY 2021-22
Income from capital gain
(a) Long term capital loss — carried forward to AY 2021-22 35,000
(b) Short term capital gain 60,000
1,02,000
Gross Total Income
Less: deduction under Chapter VI-A
U/s. 80C – LIC premium 10,000
Total Income 92,000
Illustration 19:
Mr. P, a resident individual, furnishes the following particulars of his income and other
details for the previous year 2019-20.
Particulars `
(i) Income from Salary 18,000
(ii) Net annual value taxable under income from house property 70,000
(iii) Income from business. 80,000
(iv) Income from speculative business. 12,000
(v) Long term capital gain on sale of land. 15,800
(vi) Loss on maintenance of horse race. 9,000
(vii) Loss on gambling. 8,000
Depreciation allowable under the Income-tax Act comes to `8,000 for which no treatment is
given above.
The other details of unabsorbed depreciation and brought forward losses are:
`
(i) Unabsorbed depreciation 9,000
(ii) Loss from speculative business 16,000
(iii) Short term capital loss 7,800
(iv) Unrealised rent 17,000
Compute the gross total income of Mr. P, for the Assessment year 2020-21 and amount of loss
that can or cannot be carried forward. (IPCC, Nov. 08, Modified)
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 43

Solution:
P/Y 2019-20 Assessee: Mr. P A/Y 2020-21
Particulars Amount Amount
(I) Income from Salary 18,000
(II) Income from House Property
Net Annual Value 70,000
Less: 30% of Net Annual Value 21,000 49,000
(III) Income from Business 80,000
Less: (i) Depreciation 8,000
(ii) Unabsorbed Depreciation 9,000 63,000
(IV) Long Term Capital Gain 15,800
Less: Short Term Capital Loss 7,800 8,000
(V) Income from Speculative Business 12,000
Less: Loss from speculative business restricted to 12,000 Nil
Gross Total Income 1,38,000
Table showing loss to be carried forward to A.Y. 2021-22
Particulars Section Amount
Ref.
Unabsorbed depreciation 32 Nil
Short Term Capital Loss 74 Nil
Loss on maintenance of horse race 74A 9,000
Loss from speculative business 73 4,000
TOTAL 13,000
Note: Unrealised rent, if realized subsequently, the same shall be chargeable under the head ―Income from
House Property‖ in the year in which it is realized.
Illustration 20:
Ms. Geeta is a resident individual, provides the following details of her income/losses for the
year ended 31.3.2020.
(a) Salary received as a partner from a partnership firm `7,50,000
(b) Loss on sale of shares listed in BSE `3,00,000. Shares were held for 15 months and STY
paid on sale
(c) Long-term capital gain on sale of land Rs. 5,00,000.
(d) Rs. 51,000 received in cash from friends in party
(e) Rs. 53,000 received towards dividend on listed equity share of domestic companies
(f) Brought forward business loss of assessment year 2019-20 Rs. 12,50,000
Compute gross total income of Ms. Geeta for the Assessment Year 2020-21 and ascertain the
amount of loss that can be carried forward (IPCC, June 09 Modified)
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Ms. Geeta A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Individual
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of Gross total income
Particulars Refer Note Amount
(`)
(I) Profits and Gains from Business or Profession
 TM
44 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Salary received from partnership firm a 7,50,000

(II) Capital Gains
Loss on sale of shares listed in BSE b Nil
Long term capital gain 5,00,000
(III) Income from Other Sources
Cash received from friends in party c 51,000
Dividend received from domestic companies d Nil
Total: 13,01,000
Less: Set-off of Brought forward Business loss of A.Y. 2018-19, restricted to 7,50,000
`7,50,000
Gross Total Income 5,51,000
Note:
(a) Any salary received by a partner from a partnership firm is taxed under the head ‗Profits and Gains
from Business or Profession.
(b) Long term capital loss on sale of listed shares cannot be allowed to be set-off against other capital
gains. Sec. 10(38) exempts the capital gains from sale of listed shares in a stock exchange, similarly, any
loss from sale of listed shares will also be disallowed
(c) Any gifts received in excess of `50,000 from a non-relative has to tax under the head ‗Income from
other sources‘. It may be noted that the aggregate of `50,000 is not in the nature of basic exemption or
a threshold limit.
(d) Dividend received from domestic company is exempt u/s 10(34).
(e) According to Sec. 72, brought forward loss under the head ‗Profits and Gains from Business or
Profession‘ can be set-off only under ‗profit and gains from business or profession‘.
Illustration 21:
Discuss in brief the provisions relating to set off and carry forward of losses in speculation
business. (IPCC, Nov. 07 Modified)
Solution:
(Refer to caption ―Speculation business loss‖.)
Illustration 22:
Fill in the blanks:
The maximum period for which speculation loss can be carried forward is _____ years.
(IPCC, May 07 Modified)
Solution:
4 years
Illustration 23:
―Loss can be carried forward only by the person, who has incurred the loss‖. Discuss.
(IPCC, Nov. 05)
Solution:
Refer to caption ―Loss/depreciation of one person benefiting another person‖.
Illustration 24:
Write short note on Set off and carry forward of loss arising under the head ―Income from
other sources‖ (CA, Inter Nov. 05)
Solution:
Refer to caption ―Loss from activity of owning and maintaining race horses‖.
Illustration 25:
State the conditions to be fulfilled by an Amalgamated company for carry forward of the
accumulated losses and unabsorbed depreciation of the amalgamating company.
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 45

(CA, Inter Nov. 04)

Solution:
Refer to caption ―Amalgamation‖.
Illustration 26:
What are the consequences of demerger as to the accumulated loss and unabsorbed
depreciation? (CA, Inter May 04)
Solution:
Refer to caption ―Demerger‖.
Illustration 27:
Balbir a resident individual, submits the following information relevant for the previous year
ending March 31, 2020.
`
Income from Salary 16,00,000
Income from House Property:
House I 70,000
House II (–) 52,000
House III (Self occupied) (–) 25,000
Profits and Gains of Business or Profession:
Business I 2,00,000
Business II (–) 75,000
Business III (Speculative) (–) 60,000
Business IV (Speculative) 72,000
Capital Gains:
Short term capital loss (–) 83,000
Long term capital gains on transfer of Preference Shares 70,000
Income from Other Sources:
Income from card games 80,000
Loss on maintenance of horses race (–) 1,20,000
Income from owning and maintaining camels race 2,00,000
Determine the Net Income for the assessment year 2019-20.
(MU, TYBAF, April 2011, Modified)
Solution:
Name of assessee: Ganesh
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y: 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y: 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` ` `
(I) Income From Salary 16,00,000
(II) Income From House Property
House I (Profit) 70,000
House II (Loss) (52,000)
House III (Loss) (25,000) (7,000)
(III) Profits and Gains of Business/Professions
Business I (Non Speculative) 2,00,000
Business II (Non Speculative) (75,000) 1,25,000
 TM
46 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Business III (Speculative) (1,60,000)

Business IV (Speculative) 72,000
Speculative Loss Carried Forward (88,000) 1,25,000
(III) Capital Gains
Long Term Capital Gains 70,000
Less: Short Term Capital Loss 83,000
Short Term Capital Loss Carried Forward (13,000)
(IV) Income From Other Sources
Income From Card Games 80,000
Income From Owning and Maintaining Camels Race 2,00,000 2,80,000
Loss From Owning and Maintaining Horses Race
Carried Forward (1,20,000)
Net Taxable Income 19,98,000
Illustration 28:
For the assessment year, 2020-21, Mr. Ganesh a non-resident individual, furnishes the
following information:
Particulars `
Business Income 1,15,000
Income from House Property 32,000
Long Term Capital Gains 2,00,000
Short Term Capital Gains 4,05,000
Income from owning and maintain race horses 2,15,000
Income from card games 1,10,000
Besides, Mr. Ganesh has the following brought forward losses/allowances `
Brought forward business loss of the assessment year 2017-18 1,21,000
Unabsorbed depreciation allowance of the assessment year 2016-17 1,05,000
Long Term Capital Loss in respect of the assessment year 2017-18 3,45,000
Brought forward loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses of the assessment 2,75,000
year 2017-18
Speculation losses of the assessment year 2013-14 50,000
Determine the Gross Total Income of Mr. Ganesh for the assessment year 2020-21.
(MU, TYBAF, April 2013, Modified)
Solution:
Name of assessee: Mr. Ganesh
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y: 2019-20 Residential Status: Non resident A/Y: 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Income from House Property 32,000.00
Business Income 1,15,000.00
Less: Business loss 1,21,000.00
Business Loss to be carried forward to next year 6,000.00
Long Term Capital Gain 2,00,000.00
Less: Long Term Capital loss 3,45,000.00
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 47

Long Term Capital Loss cannot be carried forward beyond the A.Y. 2021-22 -1,45,000.00
Short Term Capital Gain 4,05,000.00
Income from owning & maintaining race horses 2,15,000.00
Less: Loss from owning & maintaining race horses 2,75,000.00
Carried forward to A.Y. 2021-22 -60,000.00
Income from Card Games 1,10,000.00
Total Income 5,47,000.00
Less: Unabsorbed Depreciation Allowance 1,05,000.00
Gross Total Income 4,42,000.00
Note: In the absence of speculation income, brought forward speculation loss of the A Y 2013-14 cannot
be set off. As four year time limit expires with the A Y 2018-19, the loss cannot be carried forward to the
next A Y.
Illustration 29:
Mr. Rahul is a resident individual submit the following information for the previous year
ended 31/3/2020.
(i) Income from Salary. 90,000.
(ii) Taxable Income from House Property. 3,50,000.
(iii) Income from Business. 2,00,000.
(iv) Long Term Capital gain. 1,50,000.
(v) Income from speculative business. 80,000.
(vi) Other details unabsorbed depreciation and brought forward loss are:
 Unabsorbed depreciation. 90,000.
 Loss from speculative business. 1,20,000.
 Short term capital loss. 1,00,000.
 Unrealised rent. 20,000.
Find out the gross taxable income for the Assessment Year 2020-21 applying provisions of set
off and carry forward losses.
(MU, TYBAF, April 2015, 2016, Modified)
Solution:
Name of assessee: Mr. Rahul
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y: 2019-20 Residential Status: Resident A/Y: 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Income from Salary 90,000
Income from House Property 3,50,000
Income from Business 2,00,000
Less: Unabsorbed Depreciation 90,000
1,10,000
Income from Speculative Business 80,000
Less: Loss from Speculative Business 1,20,000
–
Long Term Capital Gain 1,50,000
Less: Short Term Capital Loss 1,00,000
50,000
 TM
48 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Taxable Income 6,00,000

Note: (1) Loss from speculative business of Rs. 40,000 will be carried forward. (2) Unrealised rent cannot be
deducted.

Exercises: Objectives
(1) Explain the concept of inter source adjustment u/s 70 and inter head adjustment u/s 71.
(2) How is the loss from house property set off or carry forward u/s 71B?
(3) Explain the provisions of section 72 of Income Tax Act, 1961.
(4) State whether following statements are True of False:
(a) Unabsorbed Speculative loss can be carried forward upto 4 A. Y. Ans.: True
(b) Unabsorbed loss under the head capital gain can be carried forward for only 8 A. Y. Ans.: True
(c) Unabsorbed loss relating to short term capital assets is to be carried forward of set off against
income from capital gains, both long term & short term. Ans.: True
(d) Speculation loss can not be set off only against salary. Ans.: True
(e) Loss under the head Business/profession cannot be adjusted against. Income under the head
Business Income. Ans.: False
(f) Speculative loss can not be set off only against salary Income. Ans.: True
(g) Long term capital loss can be set off only against long term capital gains. Ans.: True
(h) Loss relating to long term capital assets is to be set off against long term capital gains. Ans.: True
(5) Explain the following statements are true or false:
(a) Loss from house property can be written off over a period of 10 years.
Ans.: False – 8 years
(b) Unabsorbed business loss can be set off against income from house property.
Ans.: False – against business or profession
(c) Set off provision for loss under head of capital gain is explained u/s 73.
Ans.: False – u/s 74
(d) Speculation business loss can be set off over a period of 8 years.
Ans.: False – 4 years
(6) Match the Column:
Column I Column II
(1) Speculative loss set off (a) Salary Income
(2) Long term capital loss set off (b) Business Income
(3) Short term capital loss set off (c) Long term capital gain
(4) Loss under the head House property (d) Income from House property
(e) Speculative Income
(f) Either long term capital gain or short term capital gain
Ans.: (1-e), (2-c), (3-f), (4-d)
Column I Column II
(1) Business loss can be set off against (a) Income from salary
(2) Speculation loss can be carried forward for (b) 10 years
(3) Business loss can be carried forward for (c) 4 years
(d) 5 years
(e) Income from business
(f) 8 years
Ans.: (1-e), (2-c), (3-f)
(7) Fill in blanks:
(a) Unabsorbed business loss can be carried forward for __________.
(b) Unabsorbed __________ can be carried forward even is business is discontinued.
(c) Loss from House property can be set off against __________ in the same A. Y.
(d) __________ cannot be set off against salary income in the A.Y.
(e) Speculative loss cannot be set off against __________.
(f) Long term capital loss should be asset off only against __________.
(g) __________ under the head capital gains cannot be set off against 8 day.
(h) Capital gains loss can be carried forward for set off for __________.
(i) Speculation loss can be carried forward for set off for __________.
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 49

Ans.: (a-8 A.Y.), (b-business loss), (c-Business Gain), (d-Business loss), (e-Business), (f-any other
head;), (g-Loss), (h-4 A.Y.), (i-long term capital gain)
(8) Rewrite the statements after choosing the correct option:
(a) Long Term Capital Losses of current year can be set-off against __________.
(i) Only Short Term Capital Gains of current year.
(ii) Only Long Term Capital Gains of Current year.
(iii) Both Short Term and Long Term Capital Gains of current year.
(b) Un-absorbed depreciation allowance can be carried forward for __________.
(i) 4 years.
(ii) 8 years.
(iii) Indefinitely
(c) Loss from activity of owing and maintain race horses can be set-off against __________.
(i) All speculative profits.
(ii) Only profits from activity of owning and maintaining race horses.
(iii) All items of income under ‘Income from House Property’.
[Ans.: (a – ii), (b – iii), (c – ii)]
(9) Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) Speculative loss can be set off only against __________.
(i) Salary Income
(ii) Capital Gain
(iii) Business Income
(iv) None of the above
(b) Long term capital loss can not be set off against __________.
(i) Short term capital gain
(ii) Business gain
(iii) Speculative Income
(iv) All of the above
(c) Unabsorbed loss from House property can be carried forward to next __________ A.Y.
(i) 6 years
(ii) 12 years
(iii) 8 years
(iv) 4 years
(d) Unabsorbed speculation loss can be carried forward to next __________ A.Y.
(i) 6 years
(ii) 12 years
(iii) 8 years
(iv) 4 years
(e) Loss under the head capital gains __________ be set off against income under any other head of
Income in the same A.Y.
(i) Can
(ii) Cannot
(iii) (i) & (ii) both
(iv) either (i) or (ii)
(f) Loss from short term Capital Asset can be set off against __________ &/or __________ in the
same A.Y.
(i) Salary Income/Income from House Property
(ii) Salary Income/Business Income
(iii) Long term capital gain/short term capital gain
(iv) None of the above
Ans.: (1-d), (2-d), (3-c), (4-d), (5-b), (6-c),

Exercises: Practical
(1) Explain the concept for carry forward of losses under different sections of Income Tax Act, 1961?
(2) Mr. X. submits the following information in relation to Assessment Year 2020-21.
Particulars `
Income from Salary 2,00,000
 TM
50 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)
Income from House Property:
HP-I-Profit 75,000
HP-II-Loss (–) 1,00,000
Income from Business:
Loss from Business – I (speculative) (–) 15,000
Profit from Business – II ( Non-speculative) 50,000
Loss from Business – III ( Non-speculative) (–) 10,000
Income from Capital Gains:
Short Term Capital Loss (–) 60,000
Loss Term Capital Gain 80,000
Income from other Sources:
Wining from crossword puzzle 30,000
[Ans.: 2,65,000]
(MU, TYBAF)
(3) Mr. Z furnishes his following particulars for previous year 2019-20:
` `
Business Loss (Plastics) (–) 4,00,000 Business Profit (Grocery) 10,00,000
Carried Forwards: Income from House Property 2,00,000
Business Loss [Speculative] (–) 6,00,000
(First determined for Asst. Year 2017-18)
Determine the Gross Total Income of Z for Assessment Year 2021-22.
[Ans.: 8,00,000]
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2007)
(4) Mr. X furnishers the following particulars of his income for the previous year 2019-20:
Income from `
House Property (Delhi) 5,00,000
House Property (Kolkotta) (–) 2,00,000
Business (Jute) (–) 15,00,000
Business (Cotton) 18,00,000
Speculation (Shares) 2,00,000
Speculation (Silver) (–) 5,00,000
Capital Gain (Short term):
Land 3,00,000
Shares (–) 2,00,000
Other Sources:
Card Game 2,50,000
Race Horses (–) 3,00,000
Determine Mr. X’s Gross Total Income for Assessment Year 2020-21. [Ans.: 9,50,000]
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, May 2007)
(5) Mr. Vyom gives you his following details for the financial year 2019-20 from which you are required to
calculate his total Income liable to tax for the Assessment year 2020-21:
` `
Brought forward: Brought forward:
Business loss (–) 20,000 Income from House property: (–) 75,000
Current year: Current year:
Short term Capital Gain (shares) 5,000 Long term Capital Gain: (debentures) (–) 25,000
Income from House Property 1,50,000 (Gold) (–) 7,000
Salary 50,000 Business loss (–) 75,000
[Ans.: 55,000]
(MU, TYBAF, Sem-VI, Nov. 2008)
(6) Mr. Yeshwant submits the following information for the financial year ending 31st March, 2020. He
desires that you should (a) compute the gross total income and (b) ascertain the amount of losses that
can be carried forward:
`
(1) He has two houses:
(a) House No. I – Computed Income 36,000
Set-off, Carry Forward of Loss 51

(b) House No. II – Current year loss 10,000

(c) Brought forward loss of assessment year 2018-19 of second house 30,000
(2) He has three proprietory business:
(a) Textile business:
(i) Discontinued from 31st October, 2018 current year loss 10,000
(ii) Brought forward business loss of the year 2019-20 80,000
(b) Chemical business:
(i) Discontinued from 1st March, 2019 hence no profits/loss in current year Nil
(ii) Bad debts allowed in earlier years recovered during this year 30,000
(iii) Carried forward business loss for the assessment year 2019-20 20,000
(c) Leather business:
(i) Profit for the current year 70,000
(3) (a) Short-term capital gains 20,000
(b) Long-term capital loss 15,000
[Ans.: 20,000]
Ans.: “Yes” or “No”.
(i) Where a person has liability to pay tax in respect of other persons’ income, be is allowed to adjust
such persons’ losses against his income.
(ii) Short-term capital losses of an assessment year may be set off against profits of a non
speculative business.
(iii) Loss from speculation silver may be carried forward for set off against profits from speculation in
gold.
(iv) Speculation losses may be set off against non-speculation profits.
(v) Business losses may be carried forward for a maximum of ten years.
(vi) Long-term capital losses cannot be carried forward.
(7) Mr. Ronak has Income under the head house property `2,00,000, Loss from long term capital gains
`30,000, income from short term capital gains `50,000, income from owning and maintaining race
camels `1,50,000 and loss from owning and maintaining race horses `55,000. Compute his total
income for the A.Y. 2019-20 and loses to be carried forward.
[Ans.: 4,00,000]
(8) Mr. Mukul has income and losses as given below:
(a) Income from growing and curing coffee ` 2,25,000
(b) Income from growing and manufacturing mango juice ` 75,000
(c) Income from growing and selling wheat ` 3,00,000
(d) Income under the head salary ` 4,50,000
(e) Long term capital loss on sale of agricultural land in the village ` 2,00,000
(f) Short term capital gain on sale of house property ` 1,75,000
(g) Income from speculation business ` 5,00,000
Compute his total income and carried forward losses for A.Y. 20-21.
[Ans.: 17,25,000]
(9) From the following particulars of Mr. Naresh for previous year ending 31/3/2020 compute the total
taxable income and losses to be carried forward.
`
(1) Income from business (Proprietary concerns)
(a) Net adjusted profit from textile trade 20,000
(b) Net adjusted loss from automotive trade (30,000)
(c) Loss in shares traded (Shares were never taken Delivery and the (40,000)
transaction were set off against each other)
(2) Negative income from house property (25,000)
(3) Capital Gains
(a) Short-Term loss (20,000)
(b) Long Term gain (45,000)
[Ans.: Nil]
(10) Simran, engaged in various types in various types of activities, give the following particulars of her
income for the year ended 31/3/2020. `
(a) Profit of business of consumer and household products 50,000
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52 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(b) Loss of business of readymade garments 10,000

(c) Brought forward loss of catering business which was closed in Assessment year 2018-19. 15,000
(d) Short-term loss on sale of securities and shares 15,000
(e) Loss of speculative transactions of assessment year 2018-19.
No set off till Assessment year 2020-21 15,000
(f) Profit of speculative transactions entered into during the year 12,500
Compute the total income of simran for the A/Y 2020-21.
[Ans.: 37,500]
(11) X, an individual, submits the following information relevant for the P.Y. 2018-19
Particular Profit ` Loss `
Salary income computed 42,000
Income from house property:
House A 15,000
House B 17,000
House C 21,000
Profit and gains of business or profession:
Business A 8,000
Business B 18,000
Business C [speculative] 11,000
Business D [speculative] 23,000
Capital gains:
Short-term capital gains 6,000
Short-term capital loss 28,000
Lon-term capital gains on sale of building 12,500
Income from other sources:
Income from card games 3,000
Loss from card games 7,000
Loss on maintenance of race horses 6,000
Interest on securities 4,000
[Ans.: 19,000]
(12) Determine the net income of X for the A. Y. 2020-21, Mr. Zilani furnishes the following particulars of his
income for the P. Y. 2019-20.
Particular `
N: Business loss (–) 4,00,000
Unabsorbed depreciation (–) 2,00,000
M: Business profit 10,00,000
Income from house property 2,00,000
Carried forward losses and allowance;
J business was discontinued on 31-12-2018 leaving the following unabsorbed:
(a) Business loss (–) 3,00,000
(b) Depreciation (–) 2,00,000
K business was discontinued on 1-3-2019 leaving the following unabsorbed:
(a) Business loss (–) 30,000
(b) Depreciation (–) 1,00,000
Compute his total income for A. Y. 20-21.
[Ans.: Nil]
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54 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Chapter 3

Computation of Income of Partnership

Firms
[Section 40(b)]

WHAT IS PARTNERSHIP?
Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 defines partnership as “relationship between
persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting
for all”. Persons who have entered into partnership with one another are called individually
partners and collectively a firm and the name under which their business is carried on is called
the firm name.
WHAT IS THE SCHEME OF TAXATION OF FIRMS?
The salient features of the scheme are as under:
 The firm is taxed as a separate entity.
 The share of the partner in the income of the firm is not chargeable to tax in the hands of
partners.
 Any salary, bonus, commission or remuneration (by whatever name called), paid/payable to
partners is allowed as a deduction to the firm. However, the deduction is subject to certain
restrictions in the hands of the firm. The amount which is allowed as deduction to the firm is
taxable in the hands of the partners.
 Where a firm pays interest to any partner, the firm can claim deduction of such interest from
its total income. However, the maximum rate at which interest can be allowed to a partner is
12 per cent per annum. The amount of interest, allowed as deduction in the hands of the firm,
is taxable in the hands of partner.
 The income of the firm is taxed at a flat rate, i.e., 30 per cent from the Asst. Year 2020-21.
However Surcharge say‟s 12% of tax where total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore and Health and
Education cess 4% of income tax and surcharge.
WHEN REMUNERATION/INTEREST IS DEDUCTIBLE?
Payment of remuneration and interest is deductible if the following conditions are satisfied:
 Conditions of section 184
 Conditions of section 40(b)
WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS A FIRM SHOULD FULFILL UNDER SECTION 184?
The five conditions which a firm has to satisfy under section 184 are as under:
Condition 1 A firm must be evidenced by a partnership deed.
Condition 2 Individual share of partners must be specified in partnership deed.
Condition 3 Certified copy of the partnership deed should be submitted.
Condition 4 Revised partnership deed should be submitted whenever there is change in the
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 55

constitution of firm/profit-sharing ratio.

Condition 5 There should not be any failure as is mentioned in section 144.
A firm must be evidenced by an instrument [U/S. 184(1)(i)]: The firm should be evidenced by
an “instrument”. In simple words, a firm should be evidenced by a partnership deed.
“Instrument” docs not mean only a regular partnership deed but it may constitute any other
formal document. If the terms of a partnership are contained in a number of documents or in the
correspondence between the parties, the documents or letters would constitute “instrument” for
this purpose.
Individual share of partners must be specified in instrument: The instrument of partnership
(i.e., partnership deed) must specify the individual shares of partners in profits of the
partnership.
Certified copy of the instrument should be submitted: A certified copy of the instrument of
partnership should accompany the first return of income of a firm. For this purpose, a copy of the
instrument of partnership (may be xeroxed copy) may be taken. It should be certified in writing
by all partners (other than minors). If, however, the return is made after the dissolution of the
firm, it should be certified by all partners (other than minors) who were partners in the firm
immediately before dissolution and by legal representative of any such partner who is deceased.
Revised instrument should be submitted whenever there is change in the constitution of
firm/profit-sharing ratio: If there is any change in the constitution of the firm or profit-sharing
ratio during any previous year, a certified copy of the revised instrument of partnership should
be filed along with return of income of the relevant assessment year. Even if there is a change in
remuneration/payment of interest to partners but there is no change in profit-sharing ratio, a
copy of revised instrument of partnership should be submitted along with return.
There should not be any failure as is mentioned in section 144: There should not be any
failure as is mentioned in section 144.
What is important is type of failure in section 144 and not an assessment under section 144.

WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS FOR CLAIMING DEDUCTION OF REMUNERATION OF

PARTNERS UNDER SECTION 40(b)?
Deduction of salary to partners depends upon conditions of sections 184 and 40(b).
Conditions of section 40(b): The following specific conditions, as prescribed by section 40(b),
should be satisfied:
Condition 1 Remuneration should be paid only to a working partner.
Condition 2 Remuneration must be authorised by the partnership deed.
Condition 3 Remuneration should not pertain to period prior to partnership deed.
Condition 4 Remuneration should not exceed the permissible limit.
PAYMENT SHOULD BE MADE TO A WORKING PARTNER:
Any payment of salary, bonus, commission or remuneration to any partner who is a “working
partner” is allowable as deduction if the other conditions are satisfied.
For this purpose, a working partner” means an individual who is actively engaged in
conducting the affairs of the business or profession of the firm of which he is a partner
[Explanation to section 40(b)1].
REMUNERATION MUST BE AUTHORISED BY PARTNERSHIP DEED:
Any payment of salary, bonus, commission or remuneration (by whatever name called) to a
working partner is allowed as deduction:
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56 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(a) if the payment is authorised by partnership deed; and

(b) if it is in accordance with the terms of partnership deed.
To claim deduction of remuneration to partner, it should not only be authorised by the
partnership deed, but also it should be in accordance with the terms of partnership deed.
IT SHOULD NOT PERTAIN TO THE PERIOD PRIOR TO PARTNERSHIP DEED:
Remuneration to the working partners (as per the partnership deed), should be payable after
the date of deed. In other words, if such payment is made from a date prior to the date of
partnership deed, it would not be allowed as deduction, unless the earlier deed provides for such
payment.
Illustration 1:
A and B enter into a partnership agreement on April 1, 2019. As per the partnership deed,
each of them is entitled for salary at the rate of `1,000 per month apart from profit. On July 1,
2019, the agreement of partnership has been amended to increase the salary to `3,000 per month
with retrospective effect from May 1, 2019.
Solution:
In this case, salary is deductible as follows subject to the satisfaction of other conditions:
X (`) Y (`)
From April 1, 2019 to June 30, 2019 1,000 per month 1,000 per month
From July 1, 2019 onwards 3,000 per month 3,000 per month
REMUNERATION SHOULD NOT EXCEED THE PERMISSIBLE LIMIT:
If the above conditions are satisfied, remuneration to partners is allowable as deduction in the
hands of the firm. However, the maximum amount of such payment to all the partners during
the previous year should not exceed the limits given below.
(a) On negative book profit or in case of a case of a loss. `1,50,000
(b) On the next `3,00,000 of the book profit `1,50,000 or at the rate of 90 per cent of the
book profit, whichever is more.
(c) On the balance of the book profit at the rate of 60 per cent of book profit
BOOK PROFIT - HOW TO COMPUTE:
It would be determined as under:
Step one Find out the net profit of the firm as per Profit and Loss Account.
Step two Make adjustments as provided by sections 28 to 44DB.
Step three Add remuneration to partners if debited to the Profit and Loss Account.
The resulting amount is “book profit”.
It max be noted that under Step two only adjustment as specified under sections 28 to 44DB
are made and, consequently:
(a) income chargeable to tax under the heads „Income from house property”, “Capital gains”
and “Income from other sources” is not part of “book profit”;
(b) brought forward business losses are not to be deducted from “book profit” (one can,
however, deduct brought forward unabsorbed depreciation); and
(c) permissible deductions from gross total income under sections 80C to 80U shall be
ignored for computing “book profit”.
(1) Interest paid to a partner by a firm is not deductible unless the following conditions are
fulfilled:
 It should be authorized by and in accordance with the partnership deed.
 It should relate to a period falling after the date of the Partnership deed.
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 57

 It should be not exceeding 12% p.a. simple rate of interest.

Further, the disallowance of interest is subject to the following explanations:
Explanation 1: If a person is a partner in his representative capacity in the firm and if he
receives interest in his individual capacity from the firm such interest should not be
disallowed.
Explanation 2: If a person who is a partner in his individual capacity receives interest for
and on behalf of some one else from the firm in which he is a partner such interest should
not be disallowed.
(2) Any amount paid by way of salary, bonus, commission or remuneration by a firm to a
partner is not deductible in the computation of income of the firm unless the following
conditions are fulfilled:
(a) It should be authorized by and in accordance with the partnership deed.
(b) It should relate to a period falling after the date of the partnership deed.
(c) It should be within the prescribed limits. The prescribed limits are as follows:
(d) It should be paid to a working partner.
For the purpose of remuneration paid to working partner by a firm the following
explanations are relevant:
Explanation 3: “Book profit” means the net profit, as shown in the profit and loss
account for the relevant previous year, computed in the manner laid down in Chapter IV-D
as increased by the aggregate amount of the remuneration paid or payable to all the partners
of the firm if such amount has been deducted while computing the net profits.
Explanation 4: “Working partner” means an individual who is actively engaged in
conducting the affairs of the business or profession of the firm of which he is a partner.
According to u/s 2(23) the terms “FIRM”, “PARTNERS” and “PARTNERSHIP” have the
meanings respectively assigned to them in the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. The expression
“PARTNER” shall also include any person who is a minor admitted to the benefits of
partnership.
CBDT has issued circular no.739 dt.25.3.96 stating that disallowance of salary to partners shall
be made in the case of a firm if the partnership deed does not specify the amount of remuneration
payable to each individual working partner or it does not lay down the manner of quantifying
such remuneration.
Students can remember that the deductible amount of interest and salary shall be the amount
payable as per partnership deed or amount calculated u/s 40(b), whichever is less. Further, rent
paid to a partner by the firm in respect of assets belonging to the partner and used by the firm is
not covered by Section 40(b) and therefore deductible.
WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS FOR CLAIMING DEDUCTION OF INTEREST TO
PARTNERS UNDER SECTION 40(b):
Deductibility of interest paid to partners by firm depends upon the fulfilment of conditions of
sections 184 and 40(b).
Compliance of section 40(b): The following specific conditions should be fulfilled to obtain
deduction of interest paid to the partners:
Condition 1 Payment of interest should be authorised by the partnership deed.
Condition 2 Payment of interest should pertain to the period after the partnership deed.
Condition 3 Rate of interest should not exceed 12 per cent.
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58 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

RATE OF INTEREST SHOULD NOT EXCEED 12 PER CENT:

Interest to partner is deductible if it does not exceed simple interest @ 12 per cent per annum.
If, however, interest payable exceeds simple interest of 12 per cent per annum, the excess amount
is not deductible.
WHEN RECIPIENT OF INTEREST ACTS IN A REPRESENTATIVE CAPACITY:
Section 40(b) deal with case where recipient of interest acts in a representative capacity.
U/S. 40 (b) provides that where an individual is a partner in a firm on behalf (or for the
benefit of) any other person, interest paid by the firm to such individual, (otherwise than as
partner in a representative capacity), is not taken into account, for the purposes of section 40(b).
Illustration 2:
X is a partner in a firm on behalf of his HUF. He has given a loan of `1 lakh in his personal
capacity @ 14 per cent to the firm. The HUF has also given a loan (or capital contribution) of
`4 lakh 14 per cent.
Solution:
In this case, `14,000 (being interest @ 1 4 per cent on `1 lakh) tax in his personal capacity is
deductible without applying the provisions of section 40(b). However, interest of `56,000 paid to
X for the benefit of HUF will be governed by section 40(b) and interest in excess of 12 percent
(i.e., `8,000) shall be disallowed. In other words, out of interest of `56,000 paid to X for the
benefit of HUF, `48,000 is allowed as deduction if conditions of sections 184 and 40(b) are
satisfied.
Illustration 3:
A partner receives `10,000 from the firm as interest on deposit made by his minor son,
`10,000 will be allowed. Similarly, if X is a partner in a firm in his personal capacity, interest paid
by the firm to X (not in his personal capacity but, say, as representing the HUF of which he is
Karta) is not taken into account for purpose of section 40 (b).
INTEREST CHARGED BY FIRM ON DRAWINGS:
Where a firm pays as well as receives interest from the same partner, interest received by the
firm will be chargeable to tax. Interest paid to the same partner will he allowed within the four-
corners of section 40(b).
INTEREST BEFORE BECOMING PARTNER OF FIRM:
The above provisions are not applicable in respect of interest paid to a person before
becoming partner.
CARRY FORWARD AND SET OFF OF LOSS IN THE CASE OF CHANGE IN THE
CONSTITUTION OF FIRM:
Section 78 provides that where there is a change in the constitution of the firm on account of
death/retirement, the firm shall not be entitled to carry forward of so much of the loss as is
attributable to such partner. This provision covers when a partner goes out of the firm (i.e., the
case of retirement or death). It does not, however, cover the case of change in profit-sharing ratio
or the case of admission of a partner.
Carry forward of house property loss, business loss, capital loss and loss from the activity
of owning and maintaining race horses: These losses can he set off and carried forward by a firm
in the case of change in constitution of the firm as follows, as per the provisions of section 78:
(1) First ascertain the share of outgoing partner in the profit/loss of the firm in the year of
change in the constitution of firm.
(2) Compute the share of loss of outgoing partner in the brought forward loss.
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 59

(3) The difference between the two (in the case of profit in the year of change) or the
aggregate of the two (if there is loss in the year of change in the constitution of firm)
cannot be allowed to be set off and carry forward.
CARRY FORWARD OF UNABSORBED DEPRECIATION:
As section 78 is not applicable in the case of unabsorbed depreciation and unabsorbed capital
expenditure on scientific research. These unadjusted allowances (without deducting share of
outgoing partner) can be carried forward by the carried firm.
Illustration 4:
X, Y and Z (1:1:2) are three partners of a firm. For the assessment year 2020-21, net income of
the firm is (-) `1,30,000 (out of which unadjusted depreciation is `40,000) On April 30, 2018, Z
retires from the firm and the other partners carry on the same business. The income of the firm
for the assessment year 2020-21 before adjusting of the aforesaid loss and depreciation is
`1,08,000.
Compute the net income of the firm after adjustment of loss and depreciation for the
assessment year 2020-21. Assume that salary and interest are not paid to partners.
Solution:
Name of Assessee: X Y & Z
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
`
Brought forward loss from the assessment year 2019-20 1,30,000
Unabsorbed depreciation 40,000
Brought forward loss (excluding depreciation) 90,000
Share of Z, the retiring partner (2/4 of `90,000) 45,000
Income of the firm of the assessment year 2020-21 before adjustment of loss 1,08,000
Out of which shore of Z, the retiring partner (1/12  2/4  `1,08,000] 4,500
Amount of brought forward loss which cannot be set off [`45,000 – `4,500] 40,500
Computation of income of the firm for the assessment year 2020-21
Income (before adjustment) 1,08,000
Less:
Brought forward loss (i.e., `90,000 – `40,500) 49,500
Unadjusted unabsorbed depreciation 40,000
Net income 18,500
INCOME OF A FIRM:
First find out the taxable income of firm under the following steps:
(1) Find out income under the different heads of income (viz., “Income from house property,
“Profits and gains of business or profession”, „Capital gains” and “Income from other
sources”) excluding incomes exempt under sections 10 to 13A. The payment of
remuneration and interest to partners is deductible if conditions of section 184 and section
40(b) are satisfied.
(2) Make adjustment on account of brought forward losses/disallowances. The total income
under the aforesaid heads is gross total income.
(3) From the “gross total income” make the following deductions and the balancing amount is
net income of the firm.
Section Nature of Deduction
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60 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

80G Donations to charitable institutions and funds.

80 GGA Donations for scientific research or rural development.
80 GGC Contributions given to political parties.
80-IA Profits and gains from industrial undertakings or enterprises engaged in
infrastructure development, etc.
80-IAB Profits and gains by an undertaking or enterprise engaged in development of special
economic zone.
80-IB Profits and gains from certain industrial undertakings other than infrastructure tore
development undertakings.
80-IC Profits and gains of certain undertaking in certain special category of States.
80-ID Profit from the business of hotel and convention centre in NCR.
80-IF Profit from certain under taking in North eastern states.
80JJA Profits from the business of collecting and processing of bio-degradable waste.
Other points: The following other points one should also keep in mind:
(1) Where at the time of assessment, it is found that a change has occurred in the constitution of
a firm, only one assessment shall be made in respect of the entire previous year in which
change in the constitution has occurred.
A change in the constitution of a firm is said to take place:
(a) if one or more of the partners cease to be partners or one or more new partners are
admitted, provided that at least one of the partners of the firm before the change
continues as partner after the change [it does not cover a case where a firm is dissolved
on the death of any of its partners] or
(b) where all the partners continue with a change in their respective shares or a change in
the share of some of them.
(2) Where a firm carrying on a business/profession is succeeded by another firm and the case is
not covered by the aforesaid provision, sepal-ate assessments shall be made on the
predecessor firm and the successor firm.
(3) Every person who was, during the previous year, a partner of a firm, and the legal
representative of any such person who is deceased, shall be jointly and severally liable along
with the firm for the amount of tax, penalty or other sum payable by the firm for the
assessment year.
(4) If conditions of section 184 and/or 40(b) are not satisfied, then salary and interest paid by a
firm to partners are not deductible.
TAX LIABILITY OF FIRM:
On the income computed above, tax is payable for the assessment year 2020-21 is calculated at
follows:
(1) Find out Income-tax:
Tax rate
Short-term capital gain under section 111A 15%
Long-term capital gain (sec. 112) 20%
Winnings from lottery, races, etc. 30%
Income (not being income which is subject to special tax rate) 30%
(2) Add. Education cess @ 2% of (1).
(3) Add: Secondary and higher education cess @ 1% of (1).
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 61

(4) Tax liability is (1) + (2) + (3).

Surcharge is applicable @ 12%, if total income exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
TAXABLE INCOME OF PARTNERS OF A FIRM:
These provisions are given below:
Share of profit: Section 10(2A) provides that in the case of a partner (including a minor
admitted for the benefit of the firm) of a firm, his share in the total income of the firm shall be
exempt from tax.
Remuneration or interest: If condition of section 184 and section 40(b) are satisfied then
interest, salary, bonus, commission or remuneration paid/payable by the firm to partners is
taxable in the hands of partners (to the extent these are allowed as deduction in the hands of the
firm).
The following points one should note:
(1) Remuneration is not taxable under the head “Salaries”: Remuneration is not taxable in the
hands of partners under section 15 under the head “Salaries” (Explanation 2 to section 15). It
is taxable as business income.
(2) Expenses are deductible under sections 30 to 37: Any expenditure incurred in order to earn
salary/interest income can be claimed as a deduction under sections 30 to 37 from such
income. For instance, if a partner borrows money to make his capital contribution to the firm
and he has received interest on his capital contribution, the amount of such interest will be
taxed under the head “Profits and gains of business or profession”, but the interest paid by
him on the borrowed money will have to be allowed as a deduction.
(3) Consequences when remuneration/interest is disallowed in firm’s hands: If salary/
interest is disallowed in the hands of firm under section 40(b) and/or section 184, then the
same is not taxable in the hands of the partners. Likewise, if a part of salary/interest is not
allowed as deduction in the hands of the firm, that part of salary/interest is not taxable in
the hands of the partners. The cumulative impact of the aforesaid provision is that in the
hands of partners the entire remuneration/interest (excluding the amount disallowed in the
assessment of partners) is chargeable to tax.
Net profit as per profit and loss account XXX
Add:
(1) Items debited to profit and loss account but not deductible including interest to partners
to be disallowed u/s. 40(b) XXX
(2) Items chargeable as business/professional income but not credited to P&L account XXX
XXX
XXX
Less:
(1) Items credited to profit and loss account but not taxable under this head of income
XXX
(2) Items not debited to profit and loss account but allowable as deduction XXX (XXX)
Adjusted income from business/profession XXX
Add: Salary and interest on capital to partners debited to profit and Loss a/c XXX
XXX
Less: Salary to working partners as per amount debited to P&L or as per u/s 40(b), XXX
whichever is less
XXX
Less: Interest on capital as per deed or at 12% whichever is less (XXX)
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62 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Taxable income from business/profession XXX

Illustration 5:
Profit and Loss account of X Co. [a firm of X, Y and Z which satisfies all conditions of sections
184 and 40(b)] for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
` `
Cost of goods sold 7,90,000 Sales 26,00,000
Remuneration to partners Rent of house property (half portion) 50,000
X 6,00,000 Interest on debentures (non-trade 60,000
investment)
Y 9,00,000
Z 55,000
Fringe benefit tax 8,000
Interest to partners @ 13.5%
X 40,000
Y 10,000
Z 60,000
Municipal tax of house property (entire 5,000
property)
Other expenses 2,10,000
Net Profit 32,000
27,10,000 27,10,000
Other information:
(1) Out of other expenses, `48,500 is not deductible under sections 36, 37(1) and 43B.
(2) On January 15, 2020, the firm pays an outstanding sales tax liability of `2,922 of the
previous year 2019-20. As this amount pertains to the previous year 2019-20, it has not
been debited to the aforesaid profit and loss account.
(3) Z is not a working partner.
(4) The firm owns a house, the ground floor is used for business purposes, the first floor is
given on rent. Municipal tax is paid on May 10, 2020.
Find out the net income of the firm (and tax treatment of the payments to partners in their
hand) for the assessment year 2020-21.
Solution:
Name of Assessee: X Co.
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of remuneration deductible under section 40(b) `
Net profit as per profit and loss account 32,000
Less: Income not chargeable to tax under section 28
Rent 50,000
Interest 60,000
Balance 78,000
Add: Expenses debited to profit and loss account but which are not deductible
Remuneration (taken separately) 15,55,000
Interest to partners (amount in excess of 12% which is not allowable as deduction] 12,222
Fringe benefit tax 8,000
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 63

Municipal taxes of house property half portion given on rent 2,500

Other expenses 48,500
Balance 15,48,222
Less: Outstanding sales tax paid during 2019-20 (deductible by virtue of section 43B) 2,922
Book profit 15,45,300
Maximum amount which is deductible on account of payment of remuneration to partners:
` `
First `3,00,000 (1,50,000 or 2,70,000 (90% of 3,00,000) whichever is higher
2,70,000
Balance of `12,45,300 @ 60%. 7,47,180 10,17,180
Book profit 15,45,300
Less: Remuneration to partners (amount deductible is actual payment of 10,17,180
`15,55,000 subject to a maximum of `10,17,180)
Income from the business of the firm 5,28,120
Income from house property
Gross annual value 50,000
Less: Municipal tax of `2,500 [not deductible as it is paid after the end of the –
previous year]
Net annual value 50,000
Less: Standard deduction (30% of `50,000) 15,000 35,000
Income from the other sources - Interest on debentures 60,000
Net income of the firm 6,23,120
Notes:
(1) It may be noted that if conditions of sections 184 and 40(b) on account of payment of salary and
interest to partners.
(2) Tax treatment in the hands of partners
X Y Z
(`) (`) (`)
Share of profit (exempt) U/S 10 (2A) – – –
Salary [to the extent allowed as deduction to the firm, `10,17,180 4,06,872 6,10,308 –
shall be distributed in ratio of 6:9 to X and Y, salary to Z is not
allowed as deduction as Z is not a working partner] Interest to
partners (to the extent allowed as deduction]
Interest to partners (to the extent allowed as deduction) 35,556 8,889 53,333
Amount taxable in the hands of partners 4,42,428 6,19,197 53,333
Illustration 6:
Profit and Loss account of X Co. [a CA firm of X, Y and Z which satisfies all conditions of
sections 184 and 40(b)] for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
` `
Expenses 2,88,000 Receipts from clients for tax advice 3,60,000
Depreciation 2,32,000 Audit fees 2,72,000
Remuneration to partners 2,75,000 Net loss 2,18,000
Interest on capital to partners 55,000
8,50,000 8,50,000
Other information:
(1) Out of expenses of `2,88,000 `57,250 is not deductible under sections 36 and 37.
 TM
64 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(2) Depreciation as per section 32 is `3,23,100.

(3) Interest on capital to partners, not deductible under section 40(b), is `17,900.
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: X Co. A/Y – 2020-21
Status: Firm
Residential Status: R & OR
`
Net loss as per profit and loss account (2,18,000)
Add: Expenses (other than remuneration) not deductible
Expenses 57,250
Interest on capital to partners 17,900
(1,42,850)
Less: Depreciation as per section 32 (i.e., `3,23,100 – `2,32,000 debited in P&L a/c) (91,100)
(2,23,950)
Add: Remuneration to partners debited to profit and loss account 2,75,000
Book profit 41,050
Maximum permissible remuneration 1,50,000
As per Section 40(b) - (i.e., 36,945 (90% of `41,050) or `1,50,000, whichever is more) and
As per partnership Deed – 2,75,000 whichever is less
Computation of income of the firm
Book profit 41,050
Less: Remuneration to partners (1,50,000)
Loss to be carried forward by firm (1,08,900)
Illustration 7:
Profit and loss account of XY and Co. (a firm) for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
` `
Cost of goods sold 2,80,000 Sales 7,92,000
Other expenses 3,91,000 Net loss 2,72,000
Interest to partners 1,25,000
Remuneration to partners 2,68,000
10,64,000 10,64,000
Out of other expenses debited to profit and loss account, `63,600 is not deductible under
sections 30, 36 and 37(1). Interest to partners is not deductible to the extent of `17,100. The firm
satisfies all conditions of sections 184 and 40(b).
Computation of remuneration deductible under section 37(1) read with section 40(b)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: XY & Co.
Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
`
Net loss as per profit and loss account (2,72,000)
Add: Expenses other than remuneration not deductible
Other expenses 63,600
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 65

Interest to partners 17,100

(1,91,300)
Add: Remuneration to partners debited to profit and loss account 2,68,000
Book profit 76,700
Maximum permissible remuneration 1,50,000
Computation of taxable income of the firm
Book profit 76,700
Less: Remuneration deductible under section 37(1) read with section 40 (b) 1,50,000
Net income (Loss) (73,300)
Illustration 8:
M/s. Sunny Industries, a partnership firm, submits the following profit and loss account to
you for computation of taxable business income for the assessment year 2020-21.
Profit and loss account for the year ending 31-3-2020
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Salaries 3,48,000 By Gross profit 6,40,000
“ Rent 24,000 “ Sundry Creditors w/off 7,000
“ Printing & Stationery 4,700 “ Dividend from UTI 13,000
“ Telephone 2,800
“ Conveyance 19,500
“ Travelling 16,000
“ Interest 68,000
“ Depreciation 20,000
“ Legal fees 12,000
“ Auditor‟s fees 12,000
“ PF contribution 18,000
“ Net Profit 1,15,000
Total ` 6,60,000 Total ` 6,60,000
Additional information:
(a) Salaries include `1,20,000 paid to working partner X and `80,000 to working partner Y.
(b) Rent of `24,000 is paid to the premises belonging to partners Y who has let it out to the
firm.
(c) Interest paid includes `60,000, being interest paid on loan given by partner Y at the rate
of 20% simple interest.
(d) Out of PF contribution debited to P & L Account `7,000 is outstanding beyond the due
date of filing of return.
(e) The firm purchased goods by issuing crossed cheques and Bank drafts except in the case
of one bill for `25,000 for which payment has been made by cash. This has been debited
to trading account as part of purchases.
Solution:
Name of Assessee: M/s. Sunny
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per Profit & Loss A/c 1,15,000
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66 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Add:
(1) Remuneration to Partner
X 1,20,000
Y 80,000 2,00,000
3,15,000
(2) Interest on loan exceeding 12% 24,000
(3) O/s PF Contribution [43B] 7,000
(4) Cash purchase [40 (A3)] 25,000 56,000
3,71,000
Less:
(1) Dividend from UTI (in other sources [exempted u/s 10(34)) (13,000)
Book Profit 3,58,000
Less: Remuneration as per Partnership Deed Or 2,00,000
as per u/s 40(b) (whichever is less) 3,04,800 (2,00,000)
Taxable Income 1,58,200
Working Note:
Calculation of Remuneration as per u/s 40(b)
Other terms Remuneration
On 1st @ 90% 3,00,000 2,70,000
On next balance @ 60% 58,000 34,800
3,04,800
Illustration 9:
M/s. Mita Traders, a partnership firm, furnishes the following Profit and Loss account and
requires you to compute the taxable business income for A.Y. 2020-21.
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Salary to staff 1,20,000 By Gross Profit 5,90,000
“ Salary to “ Insurance compensation 60,000
Partner A 1,00,000
Partner B 90,000
“ Interest 48,000
“ Rent 72,000
“ Advertisement 40,000
“ Conveyance 26,500
“ Printing & Stationery 13,500
“ Entertainment 12,000
“ Travelling 18,200
“ Office maintenance 6,800
“ Miscellaneous 1,000
“ Net Profit 1,02,000
Total ` 6,50,000 Total ` 6,50,000
(1) Interest represents interest paid to partners at 20% rate whereas partnership deed provides
for 15% rate.
(2) Insurance compensation has been received towards loss of stock-in-trade which was allowed
as deduction in earlier year.
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 67

Solution:
Name of Assessee: M/s. Mita Traders
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per Profit & Loss A/c 1,02,000
Add:
(1) Salary to
Partner A 1,00,000
Partner B 90,000 1,90,000
(2) Excess interest disallowed 19,200
3,11,200
Book Profit NIL
Less: Remuneration as per Partnership Deed Or 1,90,000
as per u/s 40(b) (whichever is less) 2,76,720 (1,90,000)
Taxable Income 1,21,200
Working Note:
Calculation of Remuneration as per u/s 40(b)
Other terms Remuneration
On 1st @ 90% of 3,00,000 2,70,000 2,76,720
balance 60% of 11,200 6,720
2,76,720 1,90,000
Whichever is more - i.e. ` 1,50,000 or 1,90,000 = `1,90,000
Illustration 10:
Determine the total income of the firm and partners for assessment year 2020-21on the basis of
following:
`
(a) Net Profit as per Profit & Loss Account 15,00,000
(b) Remuneration to partners debited to Profit & Loss Account
A (Working Partner) 5,00,000
B (Sleeping Partner) 2,00,000
(c) Interest debited – Partner C on loan of `2 Lakhs i.e. 25% 50,000
(d) Profit & Loss sharing ratio A 40%; B 30% & C 30%
Solution:
Name of Assessee: ABC
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per Profit & Loss A/c 15,00,000
Add:
(1) Remuneration to Partner „A‟ 5,00,000
(2) Remuneration to Partner „B‟ (sleeping partner) 2,00,000
 TM
68 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(3) Interest on loan exceeding 12% 26,000 7,26,000

Book Profit 22,26,000
Less: Remuneration as per partner Deed Or u/s 40(b)
(whichever is less) (14,25,600 or 5,00,000) (5,00,000)
Taxable Income 17,26,000
Working Note:
Calculation of Remuneration as per u/s 40(b):
Other terms Remuneration
On 1st @ 90% 3,00,000 2,70,000
On balance @ 60% 19,26,000 11,55,600
22,26,000 14,25,600
Calculation of Taxable income of Partners:
A B C
Remuneration 5,00,000 Nil Nil
Interest Nil Nil 24,000
Share of Profit Exempt Exempt Exempt
Taxable Income 5,00,000 Nil 24,000
Illustration 11:
A firm comprising of four partners „A‟, „B‟,‟C‟,‟D‟, carrying on business in partnership, sharing
profits/losses equally shows a Loss of `32,000 in its books after deduction of the following
amounts for the year:
`
a. Remuneration to partner „A‟ who is not actively engaged in business 48,000
b. Remuneration to partners „B‟ & „C‟ actively engaged in business
Partner „B‟ 60,000
Partner „C‟ 72,000
c. Interest to partner „D‟ on loan of `1,50,000 @ 24% 36,000
The deed of partnership provides for the payment of above remuneration and interest to
partners. You are required to work out the taxable income of the firm as well as partners for
assessment year 2020-21.
Solution:
Name of Assessee: ABCD
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per Profit & Loss A/c (Loss) (32,000)
Add:
(1) Remuneration to partner A (sleeping partner) A 48,000
(2) Remuneration to „B‟ and „C‟
B 60,000
C 72,000 1,32,000
(3) Interest on loan exceeding 12% 18,000 1,98,000
Book Profit 1,66,000
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 69

Less:
Remuneration as per partner. Deed or u/s 40(b) (whichever is less)
OR (`1,49,400 or 1,50,888) 1,50,000
B 60,000
C 72,000 1,32,000 (1,32,000)
Taxable Income 34,000
Working Note:
Calculation of Remuneration as per u/s 40(b):
Other terms Remuneration
On 1st @ 90% 1,66,000 1,49,400
1,49,400
Calculation of Taxable income of Partners:
A B C D
Remuneration Nil 60,000 72,000 Nil
Interest Nil Nil Nil 18,000
Share of Profit Exempt Exempt Exempt Exempt
Taxable Income Nil 60,000 72,000 18,000
Illustration 12:
Given below the Profit and Loss Account of JP Associates for the year-ended 31st March, 2020.
JP Associates is a partnership firm which satisfies all the conditions of Section 184 and 40 (b).
Profit and Loss A/c
Particulars (`) Particulars (`)
To Opening stock 27,600 By Sales 12,53,500
To Purchases 24,120 By Closing stock 30,000
To Salaries 20,235 By Rent Received 72,000
To General Expenses 55,500 By Interest on Investments 3,500
To Depreciation 23,550
To Electricity Charges 16,800
To Printing and Stationery 9,600
To Municipal Tax 6,000
To Remuneration to Partner
J 3,00,000
P 2,00,000
Q 1,00,000 6,00,000
To Interest to Partners @ 15%
J 80,000
P 20,000
Q 1,20,000 2,20,000
To Net Profit 3,55,595
13,59,000 13,59,000
Additional Information:
(1) Out of the General Expenses `20,000 is not deductible under the Income Tax Act.
 TM
70 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(2) The salaries include an amount of `5,000 being the bonus declared during the year.
However, the bonus was unpaid till 31st October, 2020, which is the due date for filling the
return of income. Therefore, it is to be disallowed.
(3) The rent received is in respect of a house property given on rent. The Municipal tax debited
above relates to the same property.
(4) Depreciation allowable as per the Income Tax Act is `53,550.
Ascertain the Income from Business of the firm with reference to Section 40(b) for the
assessment year 2020-2021.
(MU, TYBAF, April 2006, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: JP Association
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Taxable Income
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per Profit & Loss 3,55,595
Add: (i) Bonus not paid till due date 5,000
(ii) General expenses disallowed 20,000
(iii) Depreciation as per books 23,550
(iv) Municipal tax 6,000
(v) Remuneration to partner 6,00,000
(vi) Excess interest to partners
J 16,000
P 4,000
Q 24,000 44,000 6,98,550
10,54,145
Less: (i) Rent Received 72,000
(ii) Interest on Investment 3000
(iii) Depreciation as per Income Tax 53,550 (1,28,850)
Book Profit 9,25,595
Less: Salary to working partners as per amount debited to P & L or 40(b)
whichever is less (Working Note) (6,00,000)
Income from Business/Profit 3,25,595
Working Note:
On the 1st 3,00,000 @ 90% 2,70,000
On the next 25,095 @ 60% 15,357
(2,85,357)
Income From Firm 40,238
Illustration 13:
Following is the Profit and Loss Account of AB and Co (A partnership firm of Chartered
Accountants, which satisfies all conditions of section 184 and 40 (b) for the year ending
31st March, 2020:
Profit and Loss A/c
Particular ` Particular `
To Firm Tax (Income Tax) 25,000 By Receipts from Clients for 1,75,000
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 71

To Expenses 1,38,000 Tax Advice

To Depreciation 32,000 By Audit Fees 2,25,000
To Remuneration to Partners 1,50,000
To Interest to Partners @ 15% p.a. 30,000
To Net Profit 25,000
Total 4,00,000 Total 4,00,000
Additional Information:
(a) Expenses include the following:
(i) Capital expenditure `15,000.
(ii) Donations to Trust `10,000.
(iii) Other Expenses not deductible u/s 30 to 36 & 37, `12,000.
(b) However the following expenses paid were inadvertently not recorded in books of
accounts.
(i) Telephone Charges `5,000.
(ii) Electricity Charges `7,000.
(c) Depreciation allowable as per Income Tax Act is `35,000. Find out the income of the firm
for A. Y. 2020-21.
(MU, TYBAF, Oct. 2006, Modified)
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 Name of Assessee: Mr. AB & Co. A/Y – 2020-21
Legal Status: Firm
Residential Status: R & OR
Computation of Taxable Income
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per Profit and Loss A/c 25,000
Add: (i) Income tax 25,000
(ii) Capital expenditure 15,000
(iii) Donation to trust 10,000
(iv) Expenses not deductible 12,000
(v) Depreciations 32,000
(vi) Interest to partners (excess) 6,000
(vii) Remuneration to partners 1,50,000 2,50,000
2,75,000
Less: (i) Telephone charges 5,000
(ii) Electricity charges 7,000
(iii) Depreciation 35,000 (47,000)
Book Profit 2,28,000
Less: Remuneration debited to Profit and Loss or as per 40(b) whichever is more (2,05,200)
Net taxable income 22,800
Working Note:
On the 1st `of 2,28,000 90% 2,05,200
2,05,200
Illustration 14:
 TM
72 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

X (28 years) and Y (26 years) are two partners of XY Co. (a firm of chartered accountants). On
March 31, 2020, there is no provision for payment of salary and interest to partners. On April 1,
2019, the deed of partnership has been amended to provide salary and interest as follows:
X Y
Salary `20,833 per month `25,000 per month
Interest 24 per cent per annum 24 per cent per annum
The income and expenditure account of XY Co. for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as
follows:
Particular ` Particular `
Office expenses 2,10,000 Receipt from clients 10,10,000
Salary to employees 70,000 Interest recovered from X and Y
Fringe benefit tax 42,000 on drawings 3,000
Salary to X 2,50,000
Salary to Y 3,00,000
Interest on capital to X @ 24% p.a. 16,000
Interest on capital to Y @ 24% p.a. 19,000
Net profit (shared by X and Y
equally as per the terms of
Partnership deed) 1,06,000
10,13,000 10,13,000
Other information:
(1) Out of office expenses, `18,800 is not deductible by virtue of sections 30 to 37.
(2) During the previous year 2019-20, the firm sells a capital asset for `7,10,000 (indexed cost of
acquisition being `1,45,865).
(3) Personal income and investments of partners are as follows:
X (`) Y (`)
Interest from Government securities 4,70,000 4,23,000
Bank interest 6,00,000 1,02,000
Deposit in public provident fund 70,000 45,000
Mediclaim insurance premium 12,000 11,000
Find out the net income and tax liability of the firm for the assessment year 2019-20 on the
assumptions that:
(a) Conditions of sections 184 and 40(b) are satisfied; and
(b) Conditions of section 184 and/or section 40(b) are not satisfied.
Solution:
Situation (a): Situation (b):
When When conditions
Conditions of of section 184
sections 184 and and / or 40(b) are
40(b) are not satisfied (`)
satisfied (`)
Computation of net income/tax liability of the firm
Net profit as per income and expenditure account 1,06,000 1,06,000
Add: Fringe benefit tax 42,000 42,000
Office expenses 18,800 18,800
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 73

Salary to X and Y (entire amount) 5,50,000 5,50,000

Interest to X and Y [to the extent not allowed as deduction, i.e., 17,500 35,000
12/24 of (`16,000 + `19,000)
Book profit 7,34,300 7,51,800
Less: Remuneration to partners (maximum deductible amount is 5,30,580
90% of `3,00,000 + 60% of `7,34,300]
Income from the profession 2,03,720 7,51,800
Capital gains `
Sale proceeds 7,10,000
Less: Indexed cost of acquisition 1,45,865 5,64,135 5,64,135
Net income (rounded off) 7,67,860 13,15,940
Tax
Income-tax on long-term capital gain [20% of `5,64,135] 1,12,827 1,12,827
Income-tax on balancing amount [@ 30%] 61,118 2,25,542
Tax 1,73,945 3,38,396
Add: Surcharge (@ 12% of tax) if net income exceeds `1 crore) Nil Nil
Tax and surcharge 1,73,945 3,38,369
Add: Education cess (2% of tax) 3,479 6,767
Add: Secondary and higher education cess (1% of income-tax and 1,740 3,384
surcharge)
Tax liability of the firm (rounded off) 1,79,160 3,48,520
Note: Interest recovered from partners is fully taxable.
Illustration 15:
XY and Co. is a partnership firm. It has two partners X and Y (1 : 2). The firm is engaged in the
business of civil construction including repairs of dams and supply of labour far civil
construction. The profit and loss account of the firm for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as
follows:
(`) (`)
Opening stock of raw material 21,700 Receipts from the business of Civil construction 38,70,700
Depreciation 2,39,430 Rent of a godown 48,000
Salary to employees 1,30,000 Interest on company deposits 2,60,000
Fringe Benefit tax 5,000 Closing stock of raw material 5,11,600
Purchase of raw material 24,10,210
Interest on loan taken to make deposit in companies 13,800
Interest on loan taken for business purposes 74,400
Travelling, entertainment and advertisement expenses 57,800
Other expenses 4,12,000
Municipal tax and insurance (`6,000 + `1,200) of 7,200
godown Salary to partners as per partnership deed
X 2,16,000
Y 1,44,000
Interest to partners as per partnership deed @ 24 per
cent p.a.,
X 12,000
Y 57,000
Net profit 8,89,760
46,90,300 46,90,300
Other information:
 TM
74 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(1) Out of other expenses debited to P&L a/c `12,700 is not deductible under section 37(1).
(2) Out of travelling, advertisement and entertainment expenses `17,500 is not deductible
under section 37(1).
(3) On April 1, 2017, the firm owns the following depreciable assets:
Block 1 – Plants A, B and C, depreciated value: `3,70,000, rate of depreciation : 15%.
Block 2 – Plants D and E, depreciated value : `1,98,000, rate of depreciation : 30%.
On January 1, 2013, the firm sells Plant D for `9,10,000 and purchases Plant F (rate of
depreciation 15%) for `4,86,000.
(4) The firm gives a donation of `1,70,000 to a notified charitable institute which a is included
in other expenses.
(5) The firm wants to set off the following losses brought forward from earlier years:
Assessment years
2018-19 (`) 2019-20 (`)
Business 20,000 –
Capital loss (short-term) 2,000 1,000
(6) Income of partners X and Y is as follows:
Assessment years
X (`) Y (`)
Bank interest 4,31,000 6,23,000
PPF contribution 70,000 20,000
Find out the net income and tax liability of the firm for the assessment year 2020-21 on the
assumption that:
(a) Conditions of sections 184 and 40(b) are satisfied; and
(b) Conditions of section 184 and/or section 40(b) are not satisfied.
Solution:
Situation (a): Situation (b):
When When conditions
Conditions of of section 184
sections 184 and and / or 40(b) are
40(b) are not satisfied (`)
satisfied (`)
Computation of business income of the firm
Income from the business of civil construction [i.e., 8% of `38,70,700] 3,09,656 3,09,656
Less: Interest on capital to partners @ 12% 34,500 –
Book profit 2,75,156 3,09,656
Less: Remuneration to partners [i.e., 90% of `2,75,156] 2,47,640 –
Income from the business of civil construction 27,516 3,09,656
Computation of income
Property income [i.e., `48,000 – `6,000 – 30% of `42,000] 29,400 29,400
Business income (minus brought forward business loss) 7,516 2,89,656
Capital gain on sale of Plant D under section 50 [i.e., `9,10,000 –
`1,98,000] (minus brought forward short-term capital loss) 7,09,000 7,09,000
Income from other sources [i.e., interest on company deposits 2,46,200 2,46,200
`2,60,000 – `13,800]
Gross total income 9,92,116 12,74,256
Less: Deduction under section 80G [i.e., 50% of 10% of `9,12,116 or 49,606 63713
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 75
`12,74,256]
Net income (rounded off) 9,42,510 12,10,540
Tax 82,753 3,63,162
Add: Surcharge [not applicable] Nil Nil
Tax and surcharge 2,82,753 3,63,162
Add: Education cess (2% of tax and surcharge) 5,655 7,263
Add: Secondary and higher education cess (1% of income-tax and 2,828 3,632
surcharge)
Tax liability (rounded off) 2,91,240 3,74,060
Illustration 16:
Tanaji, Dadoji and Suryaji are partners in TDS Enterprises. They furnish the following
information for the year ended 31st March, 2020:
Profit and Loss Account of the year ended 31st March, 2020
Debit Amount Credit Amount
(`) (`)
To Tax deducted at source from Business 12,000 By Gross Profit b/d 6,80,000
Receipts
To Advance Tax Paid 90,000 By Profit on Sale of Machinery 40,000
To Drawings of Partners 48,000
To Remuneration to Partners
Tanaji 80,000
Dadoji 1,60,000
Suryaji 1,60,000 4,00,000
To Interest on Capital of partners (9%) 90,000
To Net Profit c/d 80,000
7,20,000 7,20,000
Additional Information:
Tanaji is non-working partner. Dadoji looks after production and Suryaji is in-charge of
marketing.
From above information, for the Assessment year 2020-2021:
(a) Calculate Book Profit and Remuneration of partners allowable u/s 40(b) of the Income
Tax Act, 1961.
(b) Compute the taxable income of the firm, and
(c) Calculate net tax payable by the firm.
(MU TYBAF, 2011, Modified)
Solution: Name of assessee: TDS Enterprises
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y: 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y: 2020-21
Computation of Capital Gain
Particulars ` ` `
(I) Profit and Gains of Business/Profession
NFT Profit as per profit and Loss A/c 80,000
Add: Items Considered Separately/Disallowed
(1) Tax Deducted at source 12,000
(2) Advance tax paid 90,000
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76 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(3) Remuneration to partners 4,00,000

(4) Interest on capital 90,000
(5) Drawings of partners 48,000 6,40,000
7,20,000
Less: Incomes considered separately/Incomes Exempt
(1) Profit on Sale of Machinery 40,000
6,80,000
Less: Items allowed u/s 40(b)
Interest on partner‟s capital 90,000
Book profits 5,90,000
Less: Eligible Deduction u/s 40(b)
On first 3,00,000 @ 90% 2,70,000
On Balance 2,90,000 @ 60% 1,74,000
4,44,000
OR
Remuneration paid to working partners (P. Deed)
Dadoji 1,60,000
Suryaji 1,60,000
3,20,000
Amount of Deduction Lower P. Deed and Sec 40 (b) 3,20,000
2,70,000
(II) Short Term Capital Gains
On sale of machinery 40,000
Net Taxable Income 3,10,000
Tax on Total Income
Income Tax on Total Income (At Normal Rates) 93,000
Add: Education Cess 3% 2,790
Total Tax and Education Cess Payable 95,790
Less: (1) Tax Deducted at source 12,000
(2) Advance Tax Paid 90,000 1,02,000
Refund due (6,210)
Illustration 17:
M/s. Viswanath Industries, a partnership firm, submits the following profit and loss account
you for computation of taxable business income for the assessment year 2020-21:
Profit and Loss account for the year ending 31/03/2020
Expenses ` Income `
To Salaries 3,48,000 By Gross profit 6,50,000
To Rent 24,000 By Sundry creditors w/off 7,000
To Printing & Stationery 4,700 By Dividend from UTI 13,000
To Telephone 2,800
To Conveyance 19,500
To Travelling 16,030
To Interest 68,000
To Depreciation 20,000
To Legal fees 12,000
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 77

To Auditor‟s fees 12,000

To PF contribution 18,000
To Not profit 1,25,000
Total ` 6,70,000 6,70,000
Additional information:
(a) Salaries include `1,20,000 paid working partner X and `80,000 to working partner Y.
(b) Rent of `24,000 is paid to the premises belonging to partner Y who has let it out to the firm.
(c) Interest paid includes `60,000, being interest paid on loan given by partner Y at the rate of
20% simple interest.
(d) Out of PF contribution debited to P & L Account `7,000 is outstanding beyond the due date
of filing of return.
(e) The firm purchased goods by issuing crossed cheques and Bank drafts except in the case of
one bill for `75,000 for which payment has been made by cash. This has been debited to
trading account as part of purchases.
(f) Assessee has incurred expenditure relating to exempt income and the same was charged to
personal account and not debited to the P & L account.
(MU TYBAF, 2010, Modified)
Solution:
Name of assessee: M/s. Viswanath Industries
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y: 2019-20 A/Y: 2020-21
Taxable business income
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per Profit & Loss Account 1,25,000
Add: Remuneration to partners 2,00,000
3,25,000
Inadmissible expenses:
Interest (60,000 – 36,000 being 12%) 24,000
Provident Fund outstanding u/s. 43B 7,000
Cash purchases u/s. 40A(3) 75 000 1,06,000
4,31,000
Less: Item credited but exempt
Dividend from UTI u/s. 10 (35) 13 000
Book Profit 4,18,000
Less: Remuneration to partners deductible (Note 1) 2,00,000
Taxable Business Income 2,18,000
Note: 1
Allowable remuneration to partners: `
On first 3,00,000 of book profit or case of a loss 90% 2,70,000
On the balance book profit `1,18,000 60% 70,800
Remuneration allowable u/s. 40(b) (ii) 3,40,800
Note: Since the actual remuneration paid is less than the allowable limit u/s 40(b) (ii) `2,00,000 is deducted.
It is presumed that the remuneration paid is as per the partnership deed.
Illustration 18:
Following is the Profit and Loss Account DHK & Co.
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78 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st March, 2020
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Income Tax 50,000 By Professional Fees 10,00,000
To Expenses 4,76,000
To Depreciation 64,000
To Remuneration to Partners 3,00,000
To Interest to Partners @ 15% p.a. 60,000
To Net Profit 50,000
Total 10,00,000 Total 10,00,000
Additional Information:
(a) Out of total expenses, expenses include the following:
(i) Capital expenditure ` 20,000
(ii) Donations to Trust ` 30,000
(iii) Other Expenses not deductible u/s 30 to 36 & 37 `24,000.
(b) However the following expenses paid were inadvertently not recorded in books of
accounts.
(i) Telephone Charges `12,000
(ii) Electricity Charges `12,000
(c) Depreciation allowable as per Income Tax Act is `70,000. Find out the Taxable income of
the firm for A. Y. 2020-21.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2012]
Solution:
Name of Assessee: DHK & Co.
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Taxable Income ` `
Net Profit 50,000
Add: Expenses Disallowed
Income Tax 50,000
Capital Expenditure 20,000
Donations to Trust 30,000
Expenses not Deductible 24,000
Depreciation as per books 64,000
Remuneration to Partners 1,50,000 3,38,000
Disallowed
Less: Expenses Allowed
Telephone Expenses 12,000
Electricity Charge 12,000
Depreciation actually allowed 70,000 94,000
Total Income taxable 2,94,000
Notes:
(1) Income tax, capital expenditure and Donations are disallowed.
(2) Depreciation allowed as per the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Illustration 19:
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 79

Following is the Profit and Loss a/c of ABC & Co. where Mr. B and Mr. C are partners. Mr. A
is a sleeping partner whereas Mr. B and Mr. C are working partners. You are required to compute
the taxable income of the firm for A Y 2020-21 and also the tax liability of the firm:
Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st March, 2020
Particulars ` Particulars `
To salary to staff 2,40,000 By Gross Profit 6,08,000
To salary to partner By Net Loss 64,000
Mr. A 96,000
Mr. B 1,20,000
Mr. C 1,44,000 3,60,000
To Interest to partner
Mr. C on Loan @ 24% 72,000
Total 6,72,000 Total 6,72,000
The deed of partnership provides for the payment of above remuneration and interest to
partners.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2013, Modified]
Solution:
Name of Assessee: M/s ABC & Co.
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: Firm A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Income from Business:
Net Loss As per P & L A/c – 64,000
Add: Items Disallowances or Considered Separately
Salary to partners 360,000
Interest to partners in excess of 12% 36,000 396,000
332,000
Less: Items admissible
Salary to Partners:
First Rs. 3,00,000 @ 90% 270,000
Balance Rs. 32,000 @ 60% 19,200
289,200
OR
Salary to B & C as per deed 264,000 264,000
Taxable Income: 68,000
Tax @ 30% on Rs. 68,000 20,400
Add: Education Cess @ 2% of tax 408
Add: Secondary & Higher Education Cess @ 1% of tax 204
Total Tax Payable 21,012
Illustration 20:
From the following Profit and Loss Account of a Partnership Firm for the year ended
31/3/2019. You are required calculate taxable income and tax payable for A. Y 2020-21.
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31st March, 2020
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80 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Particulars ` Particulars `
To Income tax paid 1,50,000 By Professional Fees 30,00,000
To Expenses 9,00,000
To Depreciation 1,20,000
To Partners salary 8,00,000
To Interest on Partners Capital @ 15% 1,80,000
To Net Profit c/d 8,50,000
Total 30,00,000 Total 30,00,000
Additional Information:
(i) Out of expenses includes
(a) Capital Expenditure . 1,00,000.
(b) Donations . 1,00,000.
(c) Expenses not deductible . 80,000.
(ii) Following expenses are not recorded in books of accounts:
(a) Telephone Expenses . 80,000.
(b) Electricity Expenses . 80,000.
(iii) Depreciation as per income tax . 1,20,000.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2015, Modified]
Solution:
Name of Assessee:
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Taxable Income ` `
Profit as per P&L A/c 8,50,000
Add: Expenses Disallowed
Income Tax 1,50,000
Capital Expenditure 1,00,000
Donations 1,00,000
Expenses not Deductible 80,000
Partner‟s Salary 8,00,000
Interest on Partner‟s Capital 36,000
Depreciation 1,20,000
13,86,000
22,36,000
Less: Expenses Allowed
Telephone Expenses 80,000
Electricity Expenses 80,000
Depreciation as per Income Tax Rule 1,20,000
2,80,000
Total Income taxable before Remuneration 19,56,000
Less: Remuneration allowed to Partner 8,00,000
Total Income taxable after Remuneration 11,56,000
Tax: (11,56,000  30.9  100) 3,57,204
Calculation of Remuneration:
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 81

First `3,00,000 (`3,00,000  90%) 2,70,000

Next `19,56,000 – `3,00,000 (`16,56,000  60%) 9,93,600
12,63,600
`12,63,000 or `8,00,000 whichever is lower
Hence, allowable remuneration is `8,00,000
Illustration 21:
M/s A and B, a partnership firm submits the following Profit and Loss Account for the year
ended 31-3-2020.
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Salaries 2,40,000 By Gross profit b/d 9,00,000
To Rent 1,30,000 By Dividend from UTI 10,000
To Printing 26,000 By Dividend from Indian company 60,000
To Telephone expenses 18,000 By Bank interest 49,000
To Conveyance 23,000
To Bad debts 18,000
To Interest 78,000
To Depreciation 1,20,000
To Professional fees 50,000
To Advertisement 16,000
To Net profit 3,00,000
10,19,000 10,19,000
Additional information:
(1) Salaries includes salary to partners Rs. 2,00,000.
(2) Interest includes interest paid to partners @ 20% p.a.
(3) Depreciation as per Income Tax Rs. 1,30,000.
Calculate the taxable income of the firm and tax liability for the AY 2020-21.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2016, Modified]
Solution:
Name of Assessee: M/s. A and B Partnership Firm
Legal Status: Firm
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Taxable Business Income and Tax Liability of Firm
Particulars ` `
Net profit as per profit and loss account 3,00,000
Add: Remuneration to Partner 2,00,000
Interest Paid to Partners 31,200
Depreciation 1,20,000 3,51,200
6,51,200
Less: Dividend from UTI 10,000
Dividend from Indian Company 60,000
Bank Interest 49,000
Depreciation as Income tax 1,30,000 (2,49,000)
BOOK PROFIT 4,02,200
Less: Remuneration to Partner (2,00,000)
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82 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Taxable Business Income 2,02,200

Tax Liability (2,02,200  30.90  100) 62,480
Calculation of Remuneration to Partners:
First Rs. 3,00,000 2,70,000
Next Rs. 1,02,200 (4,02,200 – 3,00,000) 61,320
3,31,320
Rs. 3,31,320 or Rs. 2,00,000 whichever is lower
Hence, allowable remuneration is Rs. 2,00,000

Exercises: Objectives

(1) State whether following statements are True of False:

(a) Remuneration received by the partner from partnership form is taxable under the head income
from salary.
Ans.: False
(b) Interest on capital to partner if authorized by partnership deed should not exceed the amount
calculated at the rate of 15% simple interest.
Ans.: False
(c) A firm can pay remuneration to its partners if it has incurred loss.
Ans.: True
(d) Partners share in the profits of the firm is not taxable.
Ans.: True
(2) Rewrite the statements after choosing the correct option:
(a) There is net loss of `2,00,000 after considering all provisions of calculation of book profits of a
firm. The maximum amount deductible on account of remuneration to partners u/s 40(b) will be
__________.
(i) Nil.
(ii) `2,00,000.
(iii) `1,50,000.
[Ans.: (a-iii)]

Exercises: Practical
(1) Explain with illustration the limits for remuneration to partners u/s 40(b). (MU, TYBAF, April 2006)
(2) Explain how the income is computed for partnership firms as per the provisions of u/s 40(b).
(3) L, M and N are partners in LMN and Co. The firm satisfies all the conditions of section 184 and 40(b).
Given below is the P & L A/c of the firm for the year ended 31-3-2020.
Profit and Loss A/c
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Opening stock 22,000 By Sales 5,40,000
To Purchases 3,00,000 By Clearing Stock 6,000
To Gross Profit 2,24,000
5,46,000 5,46,000
To Salaries 20,000 By Gross Profit 2,24,000
To Administration expenses 44,000 By Dividend on Shares 20,000
To Depreciation 10,000 By Sale of Land 24,000
To Income Tax 5,000
To Interest on loan 7,000
To Remuneration to Partners
L 60,000
M 40,000
N 22,000 1,22,000
To Interest to partners @ 13.50%
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 83
L 16,000
M 4,000
N 24,000 44,000
To Net Profit 16,000
2,68,000 2,68,000
Additional information:
(1) The dividend is received on shares which are held as investment. The entire interest on loan
`7,000 relates to loan taken for acquisition of these shares.
(2) Administration expenses include expenses of `4,000 which are not deductible under the Income
Tax Act.
(3) The depreciation allowable as per Income Tax rules is `12,000. Ascertain the income from
business of the firm with reference to Section 40(b) for the Assessment Year 2020-21.
(Ans.: Loss (9,111))
(MU. Oct. 2007 TYBAF)
(4) From the following data of M/s. Vodafone & Co., engaged in business, calculate the salary and interest
to partners allowable under Section 40 (b) of the Income-tax Act, 1961:
Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended 31-3-2020
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Salaries: By Gross Profit 16,25,300
(i) Staff 5,50,000 By Dividend from companies 25,600
(ii) partners: A 2,00,000 By Interest received on Fixed 72,500
B 1,40,000 Deposits (held as ‘Investments’)
C 60,000
To General Expenses 55,000
To Depreciation on machinery 82,000
To Rent 84,000
To Bank Interest 22,500
To Insurance premium 1,55,000
To Telephone, printing, postage & stationery 42,000
To Interest to partners: A 30,000
B 22,500
C 15,000
To Net Profit 2,65,400
17,23,400 17,23,400
You are further informed that:
(1) Rent paid includes Partner A’s personal rent `14,000.
(2) Depreciation admissible as per the Income Tax Act is `60,000.
(3) Insurance premium paid for cover of Machinery is `35,000, for stock is `85,000 and the
remaining is partners’ personal life insurance premium:
(4) General expenses include partner B’s children’s school fees `15,000.
(5) Partners are paid interest @ 15% p.a. on their capitals and C is not a working partner.
Ascertain the income from business of the firm with reference to Section 40(b) for the Assessment Year
2019-20.

(Ans.: 3,26,800)
(MU. May 2007, Sem-VI, TYBAF)
(5) Kalu and Balu are partners in KB and Co., a partnership firm which satisfies all conditions of section
40(b) and 184. They share profits equally. Given below is the P and L A/c of the firm for the year ended
31-3-2020.
Profit and Loss Account
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Salaries 30,000 By Gross Profit 3,43,000
To Depreciation 27,000 By Interest on Investments 4,000
To Conveyance 23,000
To Stationery 3,000
To Sales Tax (Unpaid) 12,000
To Staff Welfare 5,000
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84 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

To Salary to partners
Kalu 1,00,000
Balu 1,00,000 2,00,000
To Interest to partners at 18% p.a.
Kalu 9,000
Balu 9,000
18,000
To Net Profit 29,000
3,47,000 3,47,000
Additional Information:
(a) The firm is carrying on business of trading in goods.
(b) The depreciation allowable as per Income Tax Rules if `31,000.
(c) Sales Tax liability (shown above) was remaining unpaid till the due date of filling the return of
Income.
(d) Staff Welfare expenses include `2,000 which are not allowed as expenses for Income Tax
purposes.
(e) You are also informed that the partners have following incomes (in addition to salary and interest
from firm.)
Particulars Kalu Balu
` `
Income from House Property 19,000 –
Income from Other Sources – 14,000
You are required to calculate net taxable Income of the firm, as well as both the partners for
assessment Year 2020-2021.
(Ans.: Firm 41,000 Kalu 1,25,000 Balu 1,20,000)
(MU. May 2008, Sem-VI, TYBAF)
(6) The following data of X and Co., having X, Y and Z as partners is as follows:
Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31-3-2020
` `
To Opening stock 5,00,000 By Sales 85,00,000
To Purchases 62,00,000 By Closing stock 7,00,000
To Wages and other direct charges 8,00,000
To Gross Profit 17,00,000
92,00,000 92,00,000
To Salaries (Staff) 5,00,000 By Gross Profit b/d 17,00,000
To Salaries (Partners): X 1,80,000 By Dividend from Indian 1,20,000
Y 1,80,000 companies (On which u/s
Z 84,000 4,44,000 transaction tax paid)
To Depreciation on Machinery 1,05,000 By Interest on Fixed Deposits:
To Printing and Stationery 25,000 (i) held as free investments 60,000
To Telephone, Fax, Postage, Stamps & Misc. 27,750 (ii) pledged against firm’s 20,000
To Interest on Loan : Bank 75,000 Overdraft of `1,50,000
: Others 45,000
To Interest to Partners :X 42,000
:Y 36,000
:Z 30,000
To Net Profit 5,70,250
19,00,000 19,00,000
(a) The partners have been paid interest @ 15% p.a. on their Capitals;
(b) As per the Partnership Deed, the Partners are to be paid salary as mutually agreed upon between
them as per their involvement in the business and accordingly the aforesaid amounts as appearing
in the Profit and Loss account have been paid to all partners who have worked for all twelve
months during the year. The same clause of Partnership Deed further provides an overall ceiling on
the Salary paid to all the Partners at `30,000 p.m.;
(c) Depreciation on Machinery admissible under rule 5 of the Income-tax Rules read with section 32 of
the Income-tax Act is `85,000
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 85
(d) Interest is paid on the firm’s Bank Overdraft Ts. 17,000; Calculate the Partner’s Salary and interest
that would actually be allowed to the firm under section 40(b) of the Act.
(Ans.: X – 1,79,545 Y – 1,74,746, Z – 92,108 From 15,850)
(MU. Nov. 2008, Sem-VI, TYBAF)
(7) Explain the provisions of section 40(b) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 with references to its cognizance of
the Partnership Deed taken in respect of determining allowable Partner’s Salary and Interest.
(MU. Nov. 2008, Sem-VI, TYBAF)
(8) Profit and loss account of XY Co. [a firm which satisfies all conditions of sections 184 and 40(b)] for the
year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
` `
Cost of goods sold 4,05,000 Sales 20,10,000
Remuneration to partners 8,50,000 Interest on company deposit 2,70,000
Remuneration to employees 1,70,000 (being income from other sources)
Fringe benefit tax 52,500
Interest to partners 1,20,000
Other expenses 60,000
Sales tax outstanding 1,10,000
Net profit 5,12,500
22,80,000 22,80,000
Other information:
(1) Out of other expenses, `25,500 is not deductible by virtue of section 37(1).
(2) Outstanding sales tax is paid on October 1, 2014.
(3) Interest to partners is not deductible to the extent of `15,000.
Find out (a) book profit and (b) maximum remuneration to partners which is deductible under section
4 0(b) for the assessment year 2020-21. (Ans.: (a) `12,95,500; (b) `8,67,300)
(9) Profit and loss account of ABC & Co. (a firm of chartered accountings) for the year ending March, 31,
2020 is as follows:
(`) (`)
Expenses 2,10,000 Receipts from clients and audit fees 5,00,000
Depreciation 1,40,000 Dividend from foreign companies 1,05,000
Remuneration to partners 3,80,000 Net loss 2,50,000
Interest to partners 1,25,000
8,55,000 8,55,000
Other information:
(1) Out of expenses of `2,10,000, `56,400 is not deductible by virtue of sections 36 and 37.
(2) Depreciation as per section 32 is `1,27,500.
(3) Interest to partners is fully deductible under section 40(b).
(4) The firm satisfies all conditions of section 184 and 40(b).
Find out the amount of net income of the firm for the assessment year 2020-21. (Ans.: `56,100)
(10) Profit and loss account of XYZ (a firm of X, Y and Z) for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
(`) (`)
Cost of goods sold 2,69,000 Sales 1,78,000
Interest to partners 64,000 Net loss 2,45,000
Remuneration to partners 40,000
Other expenses 50,000
4,23,000 4,23,000
Out of other expenses of `50,000, `18,700 is not deductible under sections 30 to 37. Moreover,
interest to partners is not deductible to the tune of `24,000 under section 40(b). Find out the amount of
net income of the firm for the assessment year 2020-21. The firm satisfies all conditions of section
184 and 40(b). (Ans.: `2,02,300)
(11) X (28 years), Y (26 years) and Z (32 years) are three partners (1:2:3) of X Co., a firm engaged in
manufacturing leather goods. The profit and loss account of the firm for the year ending March 31,
2020 is as follows:
Particular ` Particular `
Cost of goods sold 13,43,000 Sales 38,41,000
Salary to staff 12,05,000 Long-term capital gains 1,10,000
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86 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Fringe benefit tax 1,10,000 (according to section 48)

Depreciation 2,70,500 Other business receipts 1,10,000
Remuneration to partners: Net loss 1,09,500
X 2,04,000
Y 1,20,000
Z 1,44,000
Int. on capital to partners @20% p.a.
X 86,000
Y 1,40,000
Z 8,000
Other expenses 5,40,000
41,70,500 41,70,500
Other information:
(1) The firm is note eligible for deduction under section 80-IA/80-IB.
(2) The firm has given donation of `40,000 to a notified public charitable trust which was not debited
to the profit and loss account.
(3) Salary and interest are paid to partners as per the partnership deed.
(4) Depreciation allowable under section 32 is `3,70,400.
(5) Income and investment of X, Y and Z are as follows:
X (`) Y (`) Z (`)
Interest on company deposit 4,20,000 4,05,000 4,46,000
Dividend from foreign companies 1,06,000 1,13,000 1,05,000
Contribution towards the Master Equity Plan 2014 of UTI 1,10,000 1,04,000 1,07,000
Find out the net income and tax liability of the firm for the assessment year 2020-21 on the assumption
that:
(a) Conditions of sections 184 and 40(b) are satisfied; and
(b) Conditions of section 184 and/or section 40(b) are not satisfied.
(Ans.: Situation (a) `1,58,340, `37,600 Situation (b) `5,82,600 `1,68,690)
(12) Calculate the maximum amount of deduction u/s 40 (b) for a professional firm if the book practice are:
(a) 80,000
(b) 56,000
(c) 54,000
(d) 1,20,000
(e) 2,10,000
(f) Loss of `24,000. (Ans.: all 1,50,000 excepted i.e. 1,89,000)
Solve the above Question if firm is not a professional firm.
(13) A firm comprising of 4 partners A, B, C, D carrying on business of partnership sharing Profit & Loss
equally shows a profit of `1,00,000 in its book after deducting following amounts for the year.
(a) Remuneration to partner A who is not actively engaged in business 48,000.
(b) Remuneration to partner B actively engaged in business `60,000.
(c) Remuneration to partner C actively engaged in business `72,000.
(d) Interest to partner D on a capital of `1,50,000 @ 24% `36,000.
The deed of partnership provides for payment of above remuneration and interest on partner’s
capital. You are required to workout income of firm as well as partners for A. Y. 2020-21.
(Ans.: 1,66,000)
(14) Net profit as per Profit & Loss 22,000.
Remuneration to A Non Working Partner 48,000.
Remuneration to B Working Partner 90,000.
Remuneration to C Working Partner 1,20,000.
Interest on capital pay to D @ 24% 36,000.
Calculate Taxable Income of firm & partners. (Ans.: 88,000)
(15) Profit and Loss account of X Co. [a firm of X, Y and Z which satisfies all conditions of sections 184 and
40 (b)] for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
Particular ` Particular `
Cost of goods sold 7,90,000 Sales 13,50,000
Remuneration to partners Rent of house property [half portion] 50,000
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 87
X 1,50,000 Interest on debentures
Y 1,00,000 [non-trade investment] 60,000
Z 55,000
Sundry Expenses 8,000
Interest to partners @ 13.5%
X 40,000
Y 10,000
Z 60,000
Municipal tax of house property (entire 5,000
property)
Other expenses 2,10,000
Net Profit 32,000
Total 14,60,000 14,60,000
Other information:
(a) Out of other expenses, `47,500 is not deductible under section 37 and 43B.
(b) On January 15, 2020, the firm pays an outstanding sales tax liability of `2,922 of the previous
year 2016-17. As this amount pertains to the previous year 2017-18, it has not been debited to
the aforesaid profit and loss account.
(c) Z is not a working partner.
(d) The firm owns a house, the ground floor is used for business purposes, the first floor is given on
rent. Municipal tax is paid on May 10, 2020.
Find out the net income of the firm [and tax treatment of the payments to partners in their hand for the
A. Y. 2019-20. [Ans.: Firm 36,300 X – 1,85,556, Y – 1,08,889, Z – 53,334].
(16) Profit and loss account of XY Co. [a firm which satisfies all conditions of 184 and 40(b)] for the year
ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
Particular ` Particular `
Cost of goods sold 4,05,000 Sales 8,10,000
Remuneration to partners 2,00,000 Interest on company deposit 70,000
Remuneration to employees 1,70,000 [being income from other sources]
Interest to partners 20,000
Other expense 62,500
Sales tax outstanding 10,000
Net profit 12,500
Total 8,80,000 Total 8,80,000
Other information:
(a) Out of other expenses of `25,500 is not deductible by virtue of section 37(1).
(b) Outstanding sales tax is paid on October 1, 2019.
(c) Interest to partners is not deductible to the extent of `5,000.
Find out (a) book profit and (b) maximum remuneration to partners which is deductible under section
40(b) for the A.Y. 2020-21. (Ans.: 18,300)
(17) Profit and loss account of A Co. [a firm of chartered accountants which satisfies all conditions of
sections 184 and 40(b)] for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
Particular ` Particular `
Expenses 88,000 Receipts from clients for tax advice 60,000
Depreciation 32,000 Audit fees 72,000
Remuneration to partners 75,000 Net Loss 68,000
Interest on capital to partners 5,000
Total 2,00,000 Total 2,00,000
Other information:
(a) Out of expenses of `88,000, `17,250 is not deductible under sections 36 and 37.
(b) Depreciation as per section 32 is `33,100.
(c) Interest on capital to partners, not deductible under section 40(b), is `700.
(d) You are required to workout income of firm for A. Y. 2020-21. (Ans.: 51,150)
(18) Profit and Loss account of ABC & Co. [a firm of chartered accountants] for the year ending March 31,
2020 is as follows:
Particular ` Particular `
Expenses 10,000 Receipts from clients and audit fees 1,40,000
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88 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Depreciation 40,000 Dividend from foreign companies 5,000

Remuneration to partners 80,000 Net loss 10,000
Interest to partners 25,000
Total 1,55,000 Total 1,55,000
Other information:
(a) Out of expenses of `10,000, `6,400 is not deductible by virtue of sections 36 and 37.
(b) Depreciation as per section 32 is `27,500.
(c) Interest to partners is fully deductible under section 40[b].
(d) The firm satisfies all conditions of sections 184 and 40[b]. (Ans.: From 3,900 & GTI 8,900)
Find out the amount of net income of the firm for the A. Y. 2020-21.
(19) Profit and loss account of XY and Co. [a firm] for the year ending March 31, 2020 is as follows:
Particular ` Particular `
Cost of goods sold 2,80,000 Sales 2,92,000
Other expenses 91,000 Net loss 1,72,000
Interest to partners 25,000
Remuneration to partners 68,000
Total 4,64,000 Total 4,64,000
Out of other expenses debited profit and loss account, `13,600 is not deductible under section 30, 36
and 37 (1). Interest to partners is not deductible to the extent of `7,100. The firm satisfies all conditions
of sections 184 and 40(b). Find out the amount of net income of the firm for the A. Y. 2020-21.
(Ans.: Loss 51,300)
(20) M/s. Sunny Industries, a partnership firm, submits the following profit and loss account to you for
computation of taxable business income for the A. Y. 2020-21.
Particular ` Particular `
To Salaries 3,48,000 By Gross profit 6,40,000
To Rent 24,000 By Sundry Creditors W/off 7,000
To Printing and Stationery 4,700 By Dividend from UTI 13,000
To Telephone 2,800
To Conveyance 19,500
To Travelling 16,000
To Interest 68,000
To Depreciation 20,000
To Legal fees 12,000
To Auditors fees 12,000
To PF Contribution 18,000
To Net Profit 1,15,000
6,60,000 6,60,000
Additional Information:
(a) Salaries include `1,20,000 paid to working partner X and `80,00,000 to partner Y.
(b) Rent of `24,000 is paid to the premises belonging to partner Y who has let it out the firm.
(c) Interest paid includes `60,000, being interest paid on loan given by partner Y at the rate of 20%
simple interest.
(d) Out of PF contribution debited to P&L account `7,000 is outstanding beyond the due date of
filling of return.
(e) The firm purchased goods by issuing crossed cheques and Bank drafts except in the case of one
bill for `25,000 for which payment has been made by cash. This been debited to trading account
as part of purchases. (Ans.: 1,82,000)
(21) M/s Mita Traders, a partnership firm, furnishes the following Profit & Loss account and requires you to
compute the taxable business income for A.Y. 2020-21.
Particular ` Particular `
To Salaries to staff 1,20,000 By Gross profit 5,90,000
To Salary to Partner A 1,00,000 By Insurance Compensation 60,000
To Salary to Partner B 90,000
To Interest 48,000
To Rent 72,000
To Advertisement 40,000
To Conveyance 26,500
Computation of Income of Partnership Firms 89
To Printing and Stationery 13,500
To Entertainment 12,000
To Travelling 18,200
To Office maintenance 6,800
To Miscellaneous 1,000
To Net Profit 1,02,000
Total ` 6,50,000 Total ` 6,50,000
Additional Information:
(a) Interest represents interest paid to partners 20% rate whereas partnership deed provides for 15%
rate.
(b) Insurance compensation has been received towards loss of stock-in-trade which was allowed as
deduction in earlier year. (Ans.: 1,21,200)
(22) Determine the total income of the firm and partners for A.Y. 2020-21 on the basis of following.
Particular `
(a) Net Profit as per Profit & Loss a/c 15,00,0000
(b) Remuneration to partners debited to P&L a/c
[A] (Working Partner) 5,00,000
[B] (Sleeping Partner) 2,00,000
(c) Interest debited-Partner C on loan of `2 lakhs 50,000
(d) Profit and Loss sharing ratio A 40%, B30% & C 30%
(Ans.: Firm Rs. 17,26,000; A – 5,00,000; B – Nil; C – 24,000)
(23) Given below the Profit & Loss Account of JP Associates for the year ended 31st March, 2020. UP
Associates is a partnership firm which satisfies all the conditions of Section 184 and 40(b).
Particular ` Particular `
To Opening Stock 27,600 By Sales 12,53,500
To Purchases 24,120 By Closing Stock 30,000
To Salaries 20,235 By Rent Received 72,000
To General Expenses 55,500 By Int. on Invest 3,500
To Depreciation 23,550
To Electricity Charges 16,800
To Printing and Stationary 9,600
To Municipal Tax 6,000
To Remuneration to Partner
J 3,00,000
P 2,00,000
Q 1,00,000 6,00,000
To Interest to Partner @ 15%
J 80,000
P 20,000
Q 1,20,000 2,20,000
To Net Profit 3,55,595
13,59,000 13,59,000
Additional Information:
(a) Out of the General Expenses `20,000 is not deductible under the Income Tax Act.
(b) The salaries include an amount of `5,000 being the bonus declared during the year. However,
the bonus was unpaid till 30th September, 2020 which is the due date for filling the return of
income. Therefore, it is to be disallowed.
(c) The rent received is in respect of a house property given on rent. The Municipal tax debited
above relates to the same property.
(d) Depreciation allowable as per the Income Tax Act is `53,550. (Ans.: 3,25,095)
Ascertain the Income from Business of the firm with reference to section 40[b] for the A. Y. 2020-21.
(24) Following is the Profit & Loss Account of AB and Co. [A partnership firm of Chartered Accounts, which
satisfies all conditions of section 184 and 40(b) for the year ending 31st March, 2020.
Profit & Loss Account
Particular ` Particular `
To Firm Tax (Indirect Tax) 25,000 By Receipts from Clients for Tax Advice 1,75,000
To Expenses 1,38,000 By Audit Fees 2,25,000
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90 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

To Depreciation 32,000
To Remuneration to partners 1,50,000
To Interest to Partners @ 15% p.a. 30,000
To Net Profit 25,000
Total 4,00,000 Total 4,00,000
Additional Information:
(a) Expenses include the following:
(i) Capital expenditure `15,000.
(ii) Donations to Trust `10,000
(iii) Other Expenses not deductible u/s 30 to 36 & 37, `12,000.
(b) However the following expenses paid were inadvertently not recorded in books of accounts.
(i) Telephone Charges `5,000.
(ii) Electricity Charges `7,000.
(c) Depreciation allowable as per Income Tax Act is `35,000. Find out the income of the firm for
A. Y. 2020-21. (Ans.: 53,000)
(25) Ramco Industries Ltd. is an Indian Public Company. The profit as per the Profit and Loss account of
the company for the first year ending on 31/03/2020 is `15 lakhs. This is arrived at after debiting the
following items.
(a) Expenditure incurred for acquisition of patent right for `2,80,000.
(b) Lump sum consideration paid for know how purchased from a laboratory owned by the
government `3,00,000.
(c) Equipment purchased for scientific research `5,00,000 and equipment for promotion of family
planning among employees `2,00,000.
(d) Preliminary expenses incurred by the company before commencement of business `6,20,000.
You are informed the cost of project is `80 lakhs and the capital employed is `100 lakhs as on
31/03/2020.
(26) Determine the total income of the firm and partners for assessment year 2020-21 on the basis of
following:
Particular `
(a) Net Profit as per Profit & Loss account 15,00,000
(b) Remuneration to partners debited to Profit & Loss Account
(A) (Working Partner) 5,00,000
(B) (Sleeping Partner) 2,00,000
(c) Interest debited – Partner C on loan of `2 lakhs 50,000
(d) Profit & Loss sharing ratio A 40%; B 30% & C 30%
(Ans.: Firm `17,26,000; Mr. A `5,00,000; Mr. B Nil; Mr. C `24,000)
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92 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Chapter 4

Computation of Tax Liability of Individual

and HUF and Return of Income
(Section 139-140)

INCOME TAX RETURN:

“Income Tax Return” is a term which is often used when we talk about income tax. It is a way
by which we pay this tax. When total annual income of a person, including all sources, is more
than maximum unchargeable limitation then that person is liable to pay income tax.
FILING OF RETURN OF INCOME: [U/S. 139]
139 (1) Due date for filing ROI 139 (3) Loss returns
139 (1A) Filing of returns by employees 139 (4) Belated returns
139 (1B) Electronic returns 139 (5) Revised returns
139 (4A) Return of trust 139 (9) Defective returns
139 (4B) Return by political parties
139 (4C) Return by certain institutions
139 (4D) ROI by approved scientific research institutions
INCOME TAX DATES:
It is very important to file income tax return before the last date of return filing. Last date for
corporate assesses as well as assesses requiring tax audit is 30th Sept.; While last date for other
assesses is 31st July.
Due dates:
According to Section 139(1):
(i) every person being a company or firm; or
(ii) being a person other than a company or a firm, if his total income or the total income of
any other person in respect of which he is assessable to tax during the previous year
exceeded the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income tax, shall furnish a
return of income within the due dates stipulated hereunder:
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 93

Assessee Due date

(1) In case of a person being:
(a) Company; not covered u/s 92E pertaining to
international transaction. 30th September of relevant
(b) a person whose accounts are required to be audited assessment year.
under this Act or under any other Law; (e filing mandatory)
(c) working partner of a firm whose accounts are so
required to be audited; and
31st July of relevant
(2) In the case of any other assessee Individual/HUF
assessment year.
Late fees for non-filing of Return within due-date: (SEC-234F)
Late fees
Return furnished after due date u/s 139(1) but on/before 31st Dec. of A.Y. Rs. 5,000
Return furnished after 31st Dec. of A.Y. Rs. 10,000
[In case total income does not excess Rs. 5,00,000 /- Late fees payable shall Rs. 1,000]
INCOME TAX RATES:
For individuals, HUF, Association of Persons (AOP) and Body of individuals (BOI):
For Year 2020-2021
Income tax slabs (`) Rate (%)
(1) For resident or non-resident Individual (age is less than 60 years), HUF, AOP & BOI level
of Income (`)
upto `2,50,000 Nil
`2,50,000 to `5,00,000 5%
`5,00,000 to `10,00,000 20%
`10,00,000 and above 30%
(2) For resident individual between age 60 years & 80 years level of income (`)
upto `3,00,000 Nil
`3,00,000 to 5,00,000 5%
`5,00,000 to ` 10,00,000 20%
`10,00,000 and above 30%
(3) For resident individual of the age above 80 years level of income (`)
upto `5,00,000 Nil
`5,00,000 to `10,00,000 20%
`10,00,000 and above 30%
Rebate: Will be allocated to an individual who is Resident to India whose total income does
not exceed `5,00,000. The Rebate shall be 100% or `2,500 which even is less.
*A surcharge of 10% of the total tax liability is applicable where the taxable income exceeds
Rs. 50,00,000 and 15% of the total tax liability is applicable where the taxable income exceeds
Rs. 1,00,00,000 for Individual taxable, HUF, AOP, BOI, AJP.
Note:
(a) Education cess is applicable @ 3 per cent on income tax, inclusive of surcharge as education cess 2% and
Secondary and higher education cess 1%.
(b) Agricultural income is exempted from income-tax.
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94 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

INCOME TAX CALCULATOR:

How to calculate tax
Illustration 1:
Let us take a case where the assessee’s income is `7,10,000 for assesee being male.
 According to the Income Tax Slab, the first 2,50,000 is not taxable.
 The next `2,50,000 is taxable @5%.
 5% of `2,50,000 is `12,500.
 The remaining `2,10,000 i.e. 7,10,000 – (2,50,000 + 2,50,000) is taxable @20%.
 20% of `2,10,000 is `42,000.
 Therefore, the net Income Tax Payable is `12,500 + `42,000 i.e. `54,500 + 3% education
cess 1,635 total tax liability `56,135.
Illustration 2:
Let us take a case where the assessee is women and whose taxable income is `7,40,000.
 According to the Income Tax Slab, the first 2,50,000 is not taxable.
 The next `2,50,000 is taxable @5%.
 5% of `2,50,000 is `12,500.
 The remaining `2,40,000 i.e. 7,40,000 – (2,50,000+ 2,50,000) is taxable @20%.
 20% of `2,40,000 is `48,000.
 Therefore, the net Income Tax Payable is `12,500 + `48,000 i.e. `60,500 + 3% education
cess 1,815 total tax liability `62,315
Illustration 3:
Let us take a case where the assessee is senior citizen age 75 years and whose taxable income
is `17,90,000.
 According to the Income Tax Slab, the first 3,00,000 is not taxable.
 The next `2,00,000 is taxable @5%
 5% of 2,00,000 is 10,000
 The next 5,00,000 (i.e. 10,00,000- 5,00,000) 20% of `5,00,000 is `1,00,000
 The next `7,90,000 i.e. 17,90,000 – 10,00,000 is taxable @30%
 30% of `7,90,000 is `2,37,000.
 Therefore, the net Income Tax Payable is 20% of `5,00,000 = 1,00,000 + `2,37,000 i.e.
`3,47,000 + 10,410 (i.e. 3% education cess) = 3,57,410.
Various Income Tax Return Forms with their usage.
New Income Tax Return Forms
Form No Heading
A.Y. 2020-21 Usage
For Individuals having Income from Salary/ Pension/ family pension & Interest/One
ITR 1 house property (excluding loss b/d dram P.Y) and income terms other source (not being
(i.e. Sahaj) winning from lottery and income from Horse race). Total income does not exceed
Rs. 50,00,000
ITR 2 For Individuals and HUFs not having Income from Business or Profession
For Individuals/HUFs being partners in firms and not carrying out business or profession
ITR 3
under any proprietorship
ITR 4 For individuals & HUFs having income from a proprietary business or profession
ITR 5 For firms, AOPs and BOIs
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 95

ITR 6 For Companies other than companies claiming exemption under section 11
For persons including companies required to furnish return under section 139(4A) or
ITR 7
section 139(4B) or section 139(4C) or section 139(4D)
Return for Fringe Benefits where the data/ Income in Forms ITR 1 to 6 transmitted
ITR V
electronically without digital signature.
Authorized Signatory:
Income tax return must be signed by the authorized person. Under section 140 of the Income
Tax Act, 1961 the Return form must be signed & verified by the authorized person according to
the following chart:
Return by whom to be signed – Section 140
Assessee Signatory
(1) Individual Himself
When absent from India; mentally His guardian or any other person competent to act on
incapacitated; for any other reason he is not his behalf duly authorized by him.
able to sign.
(2) H.U.F Karta
Where Karta is absent from India or is Any other adult member of the family
mentally incapacitated
(3) Company Managing Director
Where M.D. is unable to sign or where there Any other director;
is no M.D.
When company is not resident in India Any person who holds a valid Power of Attorney from
the company
When the company is in liquidation The liquidator
When the company’s management is taken The Principal Officer
over by the Government.
(4) Partnership Firm Managing partner or any other partner not being a
minor
(5) Local Authority Principal Officer
(6) Political party Chief Executive Officer
(7) Association of Person Any member or principal Officer
(8) Any other person That person or some other person who is competent to
sign.
Note: A return of income u/s 139(1) or return of fringe benefit u/s 115WD which are not signed and
verified is not merely an inaccurate or incomplete return but it is not a return at all.
Filing of Bulk Return of Income by Salaried Employees: [U/S. 139 (1A)]
In the case of salaried class assessees the return of income for any previous year shall be
furnished to the employer concerned. Such employer shall furnish all returns of income received
by him on or before the due date, in such form and manner as notified by the CBDT for this
purpose. Any employee who has filed a return of income to his employer shall be deemed to
have filed a return of income in accordance with the law.
Filing of Returns in Electronic Form: [U/S. 139 (1B)]
Any person may at his option file returns in electronic form such as floppy diskette, magnetic
cartridge tape, CD-ROM or any other computer readable media. Such return shall be furnished in
accordance with the scheme specified in this behalf by the CBDT. Returns filed in such computer
readable form shall be deemed to be return filed u/s.139.
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96 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Loss Return: [U/S. 139(3)]

Any person who sustained loss in any previous year and claims that such loss should be
carried forward under sec. 72, 73, 74 and 74A of the Act shall furnish a return of loss within the
time allowed u/s.139 (1) in the prescribed form. Any return so filed shall be treated as a return
filed u/s. 139 (1) and all provisions of the Act shall accordingly apply. Students may also refer to
80 which states that unless loss return is filed in accordance with the due date stipulated u/s. 139
and loss is determined in pursuance of that return, the loss cannot be carried forward.
The above mentioned stipulation does not cover unabsorbed depreciation carried forward
u/s. 32 (2) and loss under the head “Income from house property” u/s. 71B. These two
provisions are not specified even under section 80.
The following losses cannot be c/f if the return of loss is not submitted in time:
(a) Business loss (speculative or otherwise).
(b) Capital loss; and
(c) Loss from the activity of owing and maintaining horse race.
Consequences of Late submissions:
(a) The assessee will be liable for penal interest u/s 234A.
(b) A penalty of `5,000 may be imposed u/s 271.
(c) Few losses like business loss, capital loss, horse race can’t be c/fd.
(d) Deduction u/s 10 A & B, 80-IA, IAB, IB, IC, ID and IE will not be allowed.
Belated Return: [U/S. 139(4)]
Any person who has not furnished a return within the time allowed u/s. 139 (1) or within the
time allowed by the notice issued u/s. 142 (1) can file a belated return for any previous year at
any time before one year from the end of the relevant assessment year or before the assessment is
completed, whichever is earlier.
Returns by Trust: [U/S. 139(4A)]
Every person in receipt of income derived from property held under trust or other legal
obligation wholly or partly for charitable or religious purposes or income by way of voluntary
contributions shall furnish a return of the total income if it exceeds the maximum amount which
is not chargeable to tax before giving effect to the provisions of Sec. 11 and 12. When the income
of the trust before giving effect to sec. 11 and 12 exceeds the maximum amount not chargeable to
tax audit of accounts of the trusts is compulsory. Therefore, the due date for filing return of
income of the trust would be 31st October every year.
Returns by Political Parties: [U/S. 139(4B)]
The Chief Executive Officer of every political party shall furnish a return of income in respect
of which the political party is assessable if it exceeds the maximum amount which is not
chargeable to tax before giving effect to the provision of Sec. 13A. In order to avail exemption
u/s 13A, the accounts of a political party must be audited. Therefore the due date for filing the
return of income is 31st October of the assessment year.
Returns by Certain Associations / Institutions: [U/S. 139(4C)]
The following entities shall furnish their return of income if the total income, before giving
effect to the exemption u/s. 10, exceeds the basic exemption limit:
(i) Scientific Research Association covered under section 10(21);
(ii) News agency covered under section 10(22B);
(iii) Association or institution referred to in section 10(23A) / (23B);
(iv) Fund or institution, University or other educational or hospital or other medical
institution referred to under section 10(23C) (iiiad); (iiiae); (iv); / (v); / (via); and
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 97

(v) Trade union or association covered under section 10 (24).

Returns by Associations / Institutions approved u/s 35: [U/S. 139(4D)]
Every University, College or other institutions approved u/s. 35, which is not required to file
return of income under any other provisions of section 139, shall furnish the return of income or
loss for every previous year.
Revised Return: [U/S. 139(5)]
Any person who has furnished a return u/s. 139 (1) or in pursuance of a notice issued
u/s. 142(1) can file a revised return if the assessee discovers any omission or any wrong
statement in the return filed earlier. Such revised return can be furnished at any time before the
expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment year or before completion of
assessment whichever is earlier. The effective return for the purposes of assessment is the return
ultimately filed by the assessee. A revised return replaces the original return. Therefore, if the
assessee discovers any omission or wrong statement in such a revised return he is entitled to
furnish a second revised return.
Defective Return: [U/S. 139(9)]
If the return of income furnished by the assessee is defective according to assessing officer, it
is intimated to the assessee and given an opportunity to rectify the defect within 15 days from the
date of such intimation or within such further period as may be allowed by the assessing officer
on the request of the assessee. If this is not rectified by the assessee within the aforesaid period
then the return shall be deemed invalid and further it shall be deemed that the assessee had
failed to furnish the return.
Circumstances when a return can be treated as defective:
A return of income can be regarded as defective by the Assessing Officer under the following
circumstances:
(1) Annexures, statements and columns in the returns of income has not been duly filled;
(2) Return of income has not been accompanied by:
(a) Statement showing computation of tax on returned income
(b) Proof of tax claimed to have deducted or collected at source (TDS or TCS) advance tax
paid and self-assessment tax paid. However, the return of income shall not be regarded
as defective if a certificate for TDS/ TCS was not received by the person furnishing the
return of income and such certificates is produced within the period of 2 years from the
end of the assessment year in which the income covered by the TDS/TCS is assessable.
Once the certificate is so furnished, the Assessing Officer shall amend the intimation or
deemed intimation or the order of assessment for the relevant assessment year by
virtue of sec. 155 (14) to grant the credit for the TDS/TCS.
(c) Tax Audit report u/s. 44B or copy of such report together with the proof of furnishing
the report on earlier date.
(3) Where regular books of accounts are maintained, the copies of Manufacturing account or
Trading account of Profit and Loss account or Income and Expenditure account or any other
similar account and Balance Sheet has not been furnished. Similarly, where no copies of
personal account of the proprietor, partner or member of AOP/BOI have been filed;
(4) If the accounts are audited and copies of audited statement of accounts and auditor’s report
have not been filed (including Cost audit report, if any);
(5) Where regular books are not maintained, a statement indicating the amount of turnover or
gross receipts, gross profit, expenses and net profit and the basis thereof together with the
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98 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

amount of total sundry debtors, sundry creditors, stock- in – trade and cash balance at the
end of the previous year have not been filed.
Procedure for rectifying the defect:
The A.O. may intimate the defect in the return of income to the assessee and within 15 days or
within such extended time the assessee may be called upon to rectify the defect. If the detect is
not so rectified then the A.O. shall treat the return of income as an invalid return. However, if the
assessee rectifies the defect after the time allowed but before the assessment is made, the
Assessing Officer is empowered to condone the delay and treat the return as valid.
Permanent Account Number (PAN) [U/S 139A]:
Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a number which is used by Income Tax Department as
an identification of a person. Through this number income tax department can get every
information about the assessee.
It is a 10 digit alphanumeric number which is printed on a laminated card, known as PAN
card along with other details like PAN number, name of applicant, father’s name, date of birth
and passport size photo
(PAN number is taking place of General Index Registrar (GIR) Number. GIR number is given
by an assessing officer to assessee who also contains details of assessing officer.)
Under section 139A of Income Tax Act, 1961, PAN number is required for following persons:
 Whose total annual income is more than the amount which is not chargeable under
income tax act
 Whose turnover through business or other profession is more than `5 lakhs
 Who is filling income tax return
PAN is necessary in case of following transactions:
 Filing income tax return
 Any correspondence with income tax department
 Submitting challans for payment of any tax to the department
 At the time of verifications of identity of assessee in income tax department
PAN Application Form:
Permanent Account Number – Rule 114 / Form no. 49A: [U/S. 139A]
The following persons are required to apply for and obtain Permanent Account Number:
(a) Any person who is assessable to tax either in respect of his income or the income of any
other person is required to apply on or before the 31st May of the relevant assessment
year.
(b) Any person carrying on business / profession whose turnover or gross receipts likely to
exceed `5,00,000 in any previous year is required to apply before the end of the relevant
previous year.
(c) Any person who is required to furnish a return of income u/s.139(4A) is required to
apply before the end of the previous year.
(d) Employer, who is required to furnish his return of income under the provisions of fringe
benefit tax u/s. 115WD.
(e) Any person registered under the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 or the General Sales Tax Act,
applying for import –export code, service tax assessee or columns, excise assessee of the
appropriate state or union territory.
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 99

Filing of Return in Electronic Form: [U/S. 139D]

The Central Board of Direct Taxes is empowered to make rules providing for:
(a) the class or classes of persons who shall be required to furnish the return in electronic
form;
(b) the form and the manner in which the return in electronic form may be furnished;
(c) the documents, statements, receipts, certificates or audited reports which may not be
furnished along with the return in electronic form but shall be produced before the
Assessing Officer on demand;
(d) the computer resource or the electronic record to which the return in electronic form may
be transmitted.
[Note: As such section 140 onwards are not there in T.Y.BAF Syllabus but for practical understanding and for
filling Income Tax Return these sections are important that is why we have incorporated these section in our Text
book.]
Self-Assessment Tax: [U/S. 140A]
On the basis of the:
(1) Return of income that is being filed u/s. 139 or in response to notice issued u/s. 142 (1) for
making inquiry before assessment or in response to notice u/s. 148 where income has
escaped assessment; or
(2) Return of fringe benefit being filed u/s. 115WD or in response to notice u/s. 115WH where
fringe benefits have escaped assessment; or under any other provisions of this Act, the
assessee is required to compute the tax payable by him after considering the following:
(a) Tax paid under the provisions of the Act;
(b) Amount of Tax Deducted at Source and Collected at Source;
(c) Double Taxation Relief;
(d) Credit on minimum Alternate Tax available in case of companies
Besides, interest payable for delay in filing return of income [u/s 234A], interest for default in
payment of advance tax [u/s 234B] or interest for deferment in payment of advance tax
[u/s 234C] and interest payable for delay in filing fringe benefit tax return shall be computed and
paid together with the tax payable before filing the return if income or return of fringe benefit tax
and the proof of payment shall be attached thereto.
If the payment made by the assessee falls short of the aggregate of the tax and interest, the
payment made shall first be adjusted towards the interest payable and the balance amount shall
be adjusted towards the tax payable.
After a regular assessment is made under section 143 or 144 or any other relevant provision of
the Act, any amount paid under this section shall be deemed to have been paid towards such
regular assessment or best judgement assessment, as the case may be.
Failure to pay the tax wholly or in part and interest shall result in the assessee being treated as
an “assessee in default”.
Late Return:
Any person not filing the return within the time mentioned is allowed to file a late return at
any time before the expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment year or before the
completion of the assessment year, whichever is earlier.
Penalty:
Penalty for delay filing of return is calculated as a percentage of the shortfall of tax. In case
where tax has been deducted at source, or advance tax has been duly paid, no penalty is leviable.
 TM
100 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

INCOME TAX COMPLAINT:

There is a provision of Income Tax Complaint in Income Tax Act, 1961. According to the act,
one can file a complaint against any person who is not fulfilling the Income Tax Act to his
assessing officer or other officer in-charge like CIT or CCIT or DGIT (investigation), responsible
for its further processing. The person who is filing the complaint can also submit proof/evidence
for his/her own interest. On the basis of his/her complaint, if the IT department collects more tax
from such person, then he/she will be rewarded monetarily from the department.
CRITIQUE OF INCOME TAX:
Critics of income tax systems have argued that they can be extremely complex, requiring
detailed record-keeping, lengthy instructions, and complicated schedules, worksheets, and
forms. Critics further claim that income tax systems can penalize work, discourage saving and
investment, and hinder the competitiveness of business. Taxation systems such as a national sales
tax or value added tax remove the tax component when goods are exported and apply the tax
component on imports. The principles of an income tax are also argued by critics. Frank
Chodorov wrote “... you come up with the fact that it gives the government a prior lien on all the
property produced by its subjects.” The government “unashamedly proclaims the doctrine of
collectivized wealth. ... That which it does not take is a concession.”
WHAT IS SELF-ASSESSMENT [U/S. 140A]:
The provisions of section 40A are given below:
 An assessee is required to submit his return of income or fringe benefits under section
115WD or 115WH or 139 or 142 or 148 or 153A or 158BC.
 Before submitting the aforesaid return, he is supposed to find out whether any tax and/or
interest is payable. For this purpose, tax and/or interest shall be calculated as follows:
Find out income-tax, surcharge, education cess and secondary and higher
education cess as per return of income xxxx
Add: Interest
Under section 234A or 115WK for late submission of return of income* or fringe xxxx
benefit
Under section 234B for non-payment or short payment of advance tax* or fringe xxxx
benefit
Under section 234C for non-payment or short payment of different instalments of xxxx xxxx
advance tax
Total tax and interest xxxx
Less: Advance tax, tax deducted at source, tax collected at source, MAT credit
and relief under section 90/90A/91A xxxx
Self assessment tax payable under section 140A xxxx
Interest under sections 234A and 234B shall be calculated on the basis of income declared in
the return of income.
 Self-assessment tax so determined shall be deposited by the assessee before submitting
return of income. From April 1, 2009, all corporate assessees and other assessees (who are
subject to compulsory audit under section 44AB) will have to make electronic payment of
tax through internet banking facility offered by authorized banks. Alternatively, these
taxpayers can make electronic payment of tax through internet by way of credit or debit
cards.
 The proof of deposit should be submitted along with the return of income (i.e., BSR code
of bank, Serial No. of challan, amount of deposit and date of deposit)
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 101

 Where the amount paid by the assessee falls short of the aggregate of tax and interest, as
determined above, the amount so paid shall first be adjusted towards interest payable and
the balance, if any, shall be adjusted towards tax payable.
Illustration 4:
Tax liability of Mr. Rajeev for the assessment year 2019-20 is `2,40,000. He is liable to pay
interest under sections 234A, 234B and 234C of `4,340, `12,000 and `1 5,000, respectively. He is
entitled for tax credit on account of pre-paid taxes (i.e., advance tax paid during the financial year
2019-20: `1 7,000 and tax deducted/collected at source `6,000). At the time of filing of return of
income for the assessment year 2020-21 on December 12, 2020, the tax payable under section
140A shall be determined as under.
Name of Assessee: Mr. Rajeev
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
` `
Income-tax 2,40,000
Add: Interest
Under section 234A 4,340
Under section 234B 12,000
Under section 234C 15,000 31,340
Total 2,71,340
Less: Prepaid taxes
Advance tax 1 7,000
Tax deducted, collected at source, MAT credit and double taxation relief
under section 90/90A/91 6,000 23,000
Self-assessment tax under section 140A 2,48,340
If the amount of tax paid under section 140A is less than `2,48,340, then the amount paid
under section 140A, shall be first adjusted towards interest payable and the balance if any, shall
be adjusted towards tax payable. Suppose in the above case Mr. Rajeev pays (a) `1,69,000 or
(b) `25,000 under section 140A, then tax so paid shall be adjusted as under:
Situation Situation
(a) ` (b) `
Tax paid under section 140A 1,69,000 25,000
Amount treated as payment of interest under sections 234A, 2348 & 234C 31,340 25,000
Amount treated as payment of tax (`1,69,000 – `31,340) 1,37,660 Nil
Other points:
The following should also be kept in view:
 After a regular assessment of income or fringe benefits has been made, any amount paid
under section 140A shall be deemed to have paid towards such regular assessment.
 If any assessee fails to pay whole or any part of such tax or interest or both in accordance with
the provisions of section 1 40A, he shall (without prejudice to any other consequences which
he may incur) be deemed to be an assessee in default in respect of the tax or interest or both
remaining unpaid, and all the provisions of the Act shall apply accordingly.
If an assessee is deemed to be an assessee in default, then under the different provisions of the
Income-tax Act, he is liable for the following:
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102 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(1) The assessee is liable for payment of self-assessment tax (including interest) (as calculated
above), which he has not paid so far.
(2) Besides, he is liable for payment of simple interest under section 220(2) at the rate of 1 per
cent per month (or part thereof) for the period of default. This interest is in addition to the
interest payable under sections 234A, 234B and 234C.
(3) Moreover, he is liable for penalty under section 22 1(1). Under section 22 1(1), the Assessing
Officer may impose a penalty of an amount not exceeding the amount of tax in arrears after
giving the assessee a reasonable opportunity of being heard.
Problem on Return of Income and Assessment:
Illustration 5:
Discuss whether the following persons are required to submit return of income for the
assessment year 2020-21 [indicate form number mode of Submission and due date]:
Assessee Net income Deduction Sources of income Turnover /
` claimed under Gross
sections 10A, Receipt
10B, 10BA, `
80C to 80U
X Ltd. 41,000 – Business 40,80,000
Y (24 years) 3,60,000 4,000 Salary and property –
Z (47 years) 1,37,000 14,500 Rent from a plot of land –
A Ltd. (30,000) – Business 50,00,000
B (60 years) (20,000) 1,80,000 Profession 65,00,000
C (31 years) (32,000) 1,70,000 Capital Gain and agricultural income –
D (65 years) 2,03,000 11,000 Pension –
E (72 years) 1,60,000 65,000 Business 38,00,000
Mrs. F (29 years) 15,000 1,74,000 Business 1,45,00,000
G (18 years) 75,000 76,000 Business 1,49,00,000
H (64 years) 1,60,000 100 Partner in a firm –
Solution:
Assessee Is it necessary to submit return under section 139 (1) Due date
Yes or No Form No. Compulsory
Electronic Format
X Ltd. Yes ITR-6 Yes September 30, 2020
Y Yes ITR-2 Optional July 31, 2020
Z Yes ITR-1 Optional July 31, 2020
A Ltd. Yes ITR-6 Yes September 30, 2020
B Yes ITR-4 Yes September 30, 2020
C No ITR-2 Optional –
D No ITR-1 Optional –
E No ITR-4S Optional –
Mrs. F Yes ITR-4 Yes September 30, 2020
G Yes ITR-4 Yes September 30, 2020
H Yes ITR-3 Optional July 31, 2020
Notes:
(1) Audit under section 44AB is compulsory when turnover exceeds `1 Cr even if taxable income is lower
than the amount of exemption limit.
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 103

(2) If return of income is not submitted in time, loss cannot be carried forward.
(3) If a taxpayer is an individual/HUF/AOP/BOI and his income (before giving any deduction under
sections 10A, 10B, 10BA, 80C to 80U) exceeds the exemption limit, he will have to submit his return of
income. This rule is applicable even if his taxable income (after giving aforesaid deductions) is equal to
or less than exemption limit and his tax liability is zero. For instance, income of Z (after giving
aforesaid deductions) is `1,37,000 (which is less than the exemption limit of `2,00,000 and tax liability
is zero). However, he will have to submit his return of income, as his income (before giving deduction
under aforesaid sections) is `2,01,500.
(4) Income of E (before giving deduction under aforesaid sections) is `5,00,000, he may not submit his
return of income (E being senior citizen, exemption limit is `5,00,000).
(5) Likewise, income of Mrs. F is `15,000 (tax liability is zero). She will have to submit her return of
income because turnover exceeds 1 Cr.
Illustration 6:
State, giving reasons, whether the following are correct or incorrect:
(1) Income of X Ltd. for the assessment year 2020-21 is (–) `12,000 (i.e., loss from other sources).
As the loss under the head “Income from other sources” is not permitted to be carried
forward, the company should not submit return of income.
(2) Income of Y for the assessment year 2020-21 is `98,000 deduction under section 80C is
`90,000. He is not entitled for any other deduction. He does not want to submit return of
income, as the income is not more than `2,00,000.
(3) Z is a salaried employee. His net income for the assessment year 2020-21 is `2,00,000
(income include F.D. Interest `12,000). He has claimed deduction of `5,000 under section
80C. The employer has not deducted tax at source. He is liable to submit return of income.
(4) A is a minor. As his income is included in the income of his father, he not required to submit
his return of income.
Solution:
Except (1), all are correct
Illustration 7:
Rakesh, a Chief Executive appointed on a contract of 2 years by Reliance Industries Ltd. the
following particulars of his income for the financial year ending 31st March, 2019. Compute his
total income and tax liability for the assessment year 2020-21.
(A) Salary particulars:
Particulars `
(1) Basic Pay and Dearness Allowance 2,48,000
(2) Other Allowances:
(a) Taxable Education Allowance 3,000
(b) House rent Allowance 12,000
(c) Servant Allowance 1,500
(d) Gas, Electricity, Water supply 1,500
(C) Interest income:
Particulars `
(a) Public Provident Fund 1,000
(b) On fixed Deposits with Bank 11,000
(D) He has invested the following amounts out of his income:
Particulars ` `
(a) Deposited into Pension Plan of LIC 13,000
(b) Mediclaim Insurance premium paid on the life of
 TM
104 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(i) dependent son 1,000

(ii) wife 2,000 3,000
(Modified C.A. Inter)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Rakesh
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
Income from Salary
Basic Pay 2,48,000
Education allowance 3,000
House Rent allowance 12,000
Servant allowance 1,500
Gas, Electricity and Water supply 1,500 2,66,000
Less: Deduction u/s 16 Nil
Taxable Salary 2,66,000
Income from other sources
Interest on Fixed Deposit with Bank 11,000
Gross Total Income 2,77,000
Less: Deductions u/s 80
80CCC Pension Pan of LIC 13,000
80D Mediclaim Insurance Premium 3,000
16,000
Net Taxable Income 2,61,000
Tax Liability:
Particulars ` `
1st `2,50,000 Nil Nil
On balance- 11,000 ( 2,61,000 – 2,50,000) 5% 550
Total 1,100
Add: Education cess (2% + 1%) 17
567
Less: T.D.S Nil
Total Tax Liability 567
Illustration 8:
From the following details and information, compute the total income and Tax Liability of
Ms. Ravina individual, for the assessment year 2020-21:
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31/3/2020
Particulars (`) Particulars (`)
To Staff Salaries, bonus etc. 32,000 By Trading Profit 1,60,000
To Drawings for Household 12,000 By Rent from portion let out 24,000
To Life Insurance premium paid 6,000 By Share of Profit from Partnership firm 8,000
To Contribution to Public Provident Fund 5,000 By Receipt from HUF as member of HUF 1,500
To Depreciation on assets used in business 21,000
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 105

To Advertisement Expenses 6,000

To Printing and Stationery 3,000
To Net income for the year 1,08,500
1,93,500 1,93,500
Further Details:
(1) An analysis of the fixed assets, ledger revealed the following:
(a) Ms. Ravina had purchased an accounting machine in June 2000 for `36,000. Its written
down value, as per Income-tax records, as on 1/4/2018 was `22,110. In October 2019, it
was sold for `38,110.
(b) Depreciation available on other fixed assets for the current year, as per Income tax
Rules was `18,000.
(2) Included in salaries was salary of `6,000 drawn by Ms. Ravina and a payment of `4,800 to
his brother’s son, who was a student of the tenth standard and did not attend to Ms. Ravina
business.
(3) Ms. Ravina owned two house properties-the first of which was used half for running the
business and the other half was let out at `2,000 p.m. The second property was wholly used
as a residence by Ms. Reena. Municipal taxes for the two properties were the same at `4,800
per annum. The business and the let out premises were insured against loss by fire and the
annual insurance premium was `600. The payment of municipal taxes and the insurance
premium was included in household expenses.
(4) Included in Advertisement is Personal Expenses of `1,500.
(Modified C.A. Inter)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Ms. Ravina
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` `
(1) Income from House Property (W. N 1) 15,120
(2) Profits and Gains of Business & Profession (W N 2) 1,10,600
(3) Capital Gains (W.N.3) 16,000
Gross Total Income ` 1,41,720
Less: Deduction u/s 80 6,000
80C LIC premium paid 5,000
PPF Deposit 11,000
Net Taxable Income 1,30,720
Tax Liability:
Upto `2,50,000 (No tax) therefore Tax liability will be Nil.
WN (1) Income from House Property:
Particulars ` `
Gross annual value u/s 23 (2) (Actual Rent) 24,000
Less: Municipal Tax 50% of `4,800 for LOHP 2,400
Net Annual Value 21,600
Less: Deduction u/s 24
(i) 30% Standard Deduction 6,480
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106 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(ii) Interest Nil 6,480

Income from LOHP 15,120
Income from SOHP Nil
WN (2) Profits and Gains of Business/Profession:
Particulars ` `
Net Profit as per P & L A/c 1,08,500
Add: Inadmissible Expenses
Drawings for House hold expenses 12,000
LIC premium paid 6,000
Contribution to PPF 5,000
Salary to proprietor Ms. Reena 6,000
Add: Depreciation on Asset used in business considered separately 21,000
Add: Payment to brothers son unreasonable u/s 40A (2) 4,800
Add: Personal Expenses Included in Advertisement 1,500
56,300
1,64,800
Less: Items considered separately
Rent from House Property 24,000
Share in Partnership Profits 8,000
Less: Admissible expenses 1,500
Depreciation 18,000
Fire Insurance Premium (50% of 600) 300
Municipal Taxes (paid) 2,400
54,200
Chargeable Business Income 1,10,600
WN (3) Capital Gain:
Particulars `
Machinery as Block of asset Sale Price during the year 38,110
Less: WDV as on 1/4/2014 22,110
Short Term Capital Gain u/s 50 16,000
Illustration 9:
Compute the taxable income and Tax liability of Ms. Mridula for the Assessment year 2020-21:
Particulars `
Net Income from Chemical business 1,30,000
Interest on Post Office Saving Bank Account 900
Share of Profit from a Partnership Concern 22,000
Short-term Capital Gain on Land 24,000
Long-term Capital Gain on House property 1,20,000
Share of Income from HUF in which he is a Member 8,200
Winning from Horse Race 10,000
TDS for P. Y. 2019-20 3,000
Interest on Bank Deposits:
Deposit in his own name 4,000
In the name of minor son 1,300
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 107

Contribution to Pension Fund 12,000

[CA Inter Modified]
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Ms. Mridula
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income
Particulars ` ` `
Profits & Gains of Business/Profession:
Income from Chemical Business 1,30,000
Share of Profit from Partnership Firm 22,000
Less: Exempt u/s 10 (2A) 22,000 Nil 1,30,000
Capital Gains:
Short Term Capital Gain 24,000
Long Term Capital Gain 1,20,000 1,44,000
Income from Other Sources:
Interest on Post Office Saving Bank A/c 900
Less: Exempt u/s 10 (15) 900 Nil
Winning from Horse Race 10,000
Interest on Bank Deposit 4,000
Interest in the name of minor 1,300
Less: Exempt u/s 10 (32) 1,300 Nil 14,000
Gross Total Income 2,88,000
Less: Deduction u/s 80
80CCC Contribution to pension fund 12,000
Relief Fund – 12,000
Net Taxable Income 2,76,000
Tax Liability:
Particulars ` `

Tax on LTCG (16,000 (1,20,000 - 1,04,000) × 20%) [2,50,000 - (2,76,000 - 1,20,000 - 3,200
10,000)] = 1,04,000
Tax on Winning from Horse race 3,000 (30,000 × 10%) 3,000
Tax on Other Income 1,46,000 Nil

Total 6,200
Add: Educational Cess [2% + 1%] 186
6,386
Less: TDS 3,000
Total Tax Liability 3,386
Illustration 10:
The following particulars are furnished by Mr. Manav for the year ending 31st March, 2020.
`
Net salary received after deduction of tax at source 80,000
 TM
108 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Tax deducted from salary 4,000

Ex-gratia received 16,000
House Rent Allowance (Exempt `5,600) 8,400
Project Allowance 6,800
Arrears of salary received for 2017-18 8,000
Professional Tax paid by Employee 840
Interest on Government Securities (net) 18,000
Tax deducted at source on Interest on Securities 2,000
Winning from Lotteries 7,000
Interest Paid to Bank for money borrowed for above Investment 2,000
Paid to G.I.C. for medical insurance for self and his wife by cheque 16,000
Contribution to ULIP for his wife 3,000
Compute the Total Income & tax liability for the Assessment Year 2020-21.
(T.Y.B.Com. Oct. 99, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Manav
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` ` `
(A) Income from Salary
Net Salary 80,000
Add: Tax Deducted at Source 4,000 84,000
Ex-gratia Received 16,000
House Rent Allowance u/s 10 (13A) 8,400
Less: Exempt ( 5,600) 2,800
Project Allowance 6,800
Arrears of Salary Received 8,000
Add: Allowances 1,17,600
Less: Deductions u/s 16
Professional Tax Paid (840) 1,16,760
(B) Income from Other Sources
Interest on Government Securities (Net) 18,000
Add: Tax Deducted at Source 2,000 20,000
Winning from Lottery 7,000
Less: Interest Paid on Investment u/s 57 2,000 25,000
(C) Gross Total Income (A + B) 1,41,760
(D)Less: Deductions under chapter VIA:
U/S 80C: ULIP 3,000
U/S 80D: Medicalim Insurance Premium (limited to) 16,000 19,000
(E) Net Taxable Total Income (C – D) 1,22,760
Tax Liability:
Up to `2,50,000 No Tax therefore Tax liability for Mr. Manav will be `Nil.
Illustration 11:
Mr. Sagar is a 90% physically handicapped person and sales manager of Raj Ltd. provides you
the following information for the year ending 31st March, 2020.
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 109

(a) Basic salary `6,500 per month.

(b) Dearness allowance `1,000 per month.
(c) Bonus `8,000.
(d) Commission 1% on sales which for the year was `15,00,000.
(e) Perquisite value `7,500.
(f) Educational allowance `300 per month (exempted `100 per month).
(g) Entertainment allowance `825 per month since 1st January, 1991.
(h) Professional tax deducted `700.
Mr. Sagar has borrowed `75,000 @ 30% and made following Investment.
(i) 14% Debentures in D.C.M Ltd. `50,000.
(ii) 11% Fixed Deposit with S.B.I. `25,000.
(iii) Contribution to PPF `10,000.
Compute the total Taxable Income & Tax Liability of Mr. Sagar for the assessment year
2019-20.
(T.Y.B.Com. April 98, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Sagar
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` `
(A) Income from Salaries
Basic Pay (6,500  12) 78,000
Dearness Allowance (1,000  12) 12,000
Bonus 8,000
Commission [1% of 15,00,000] 15,000
Other Allowances 7,500
Education Allowance (200  12) 2,400
Entertainment Allowance (825  12) 9,900 1,32,800
Less: Deductions
U/s. 16 (iii) Prof. Tax (700)
(B) Income from Other Sources 1,32,100
D.C.M. Debentures Interest (50,000  14%) 7,000
S.B.I. Bank Interest (25,000  11%) 2,750
Less: Deduction U/S 57 Interest Period on borrowings [30% of 75,000] (22,500) (12,750)
(C) Gross Total Income (A + B) 1,19,350
(D) Less: Deductions Under CH. VIA
(1) U/S. 80C Provident Fund 2,750
(2) U/S. 80U being a physically handicapped person (90%) [restocked] 1,25,000 (1,27,750)
(E) Net taxable Income (C – D) 8400
Tax Liability: Up to `2,50,000 No Tax therefore Tax liability for Mr. Sagar will be `Nil.
Illustration 12:
Mr. Sonu Nigam (a handicapped person to the extent of 75%) has let out house property
situated at Matunga, for residential purpose. Following details are given regarding the let out
property for the year F.Y. 2019-20:
 TM
110 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Amount (`)
Reasonable letting value 6,60,000
Rent received 20,000 per month
Municipal Taxes paid by tenant 40,000
Land Revenue payable 7,000
Ground Rent payable 10,000
Fire Insurance paid 8,000
Repairs by Mr. Nigam (urgently needed) 12,000
Minor repairing done by tenant 1,500
Salary of rent collector 300 per month
Interest for the year 2014-15 on loan taken for construction
(Out of which `5,000 is outstanding) 30,000
Mr. Sonu Nigam also had the following investments and incomes:
14% Debentures of Nirma Industrial Ltd. `75,000.
11% Fixed Deposits with HDFC Bank `70,000.
50 shares of Jay Ltd. of `100 each. The company paid interim dividend @ 30%.
Interest on National Saving Certificates `1,000.
During the year he won a crossword puzzle prize of `10,000.
Compute the Total Taxable Income and Tax liability of Mr. Nigam for the Assessment Year
2020-21. If TDS in ` 3,000.
(T.Y.B.Com. Oct. 2001, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Sonu Nigam
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` ` `
(A) Income from House Property
Reasonable Letting Value 6,60,000
Rent Received (20,000  12) 2,40,000
Annual Value (Whichever is higher) 6,60,000
Less: Municipal Taxes Paid by owner Nil
Net Annual Value 6,60,000
Less: Deduction u/s 24
(1) Standard Deduction (30%  6,60,000) 1,98,000
(2) Interest on Loan taken 30,000 2,28,000
Income from House Property 4,32,000
(B) Income from Other Sources
14% Interest on Debentures in Nirma Ltd. 10,500
11% Fixed Deposits with HDFC Bank 7,700
Interest on National Saving Certificates 1,000
Dividend - Co-op. society 1,500
Cross Word Puzzle Prize 10,000
Income from Other Sources 30,700
(C) Gross Total Income (A + B) 4,62,700
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 111

(D) Less: Deduction Under Chapter VI A

U/S 80 C: Interest on NSC 1,000
U/S 80 U: For Physically Handicapped 75,000 76,000
(E) NET Taxable Income (C - D) 3,86,700
Tax Liability:
Particulars ` `
1st `2,50,000 No Tax Nil
On balance (3,86,700 – 2,50,000 = 1,36,700) @ 5% 6,835
Total 6,835
Add: Educational Cess [2% + 1%] 205
7,040
Less: TDS (3,000)
Income Tax Payable 4,040
Illustration 13:
Ms. Megha who is totally blind, has let out her house property situated at Navi Mumbai for
Residential purpose. The details of the said property for the year ended 31st March, 2020 are as
follows:
(a) Rent Received `1,20,000.
(b) Municipal Valuation `1,00,000.
(c) Fair Rent `1,50,000.
(d) Municipal Taxes paid by Tenant `10,000.
(e) Interest on Loan taken from ICICI Bank for construction of house property `35,000. Loan
was taken in April 2012.
Following are the details of other income earned by her during the year.
(i) Interest accrued on NSC, `20,000.
(ii) Interest accrued on Public Provident Fund account `5,000.
(iii) Dividend from M/s. Raymond Ltd. `10,000.
(iv) Interest Accrued on private loans to friend and relatives `60,000.
Compute the Net Taxable Income of Ms. Megha for Financial Year 2018-19, relevant to
Assessment Year 2020-21. (T.Y.B.Com. Oct. 2001, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Ms. Megha
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` `
(A) Income from House Property
(1) Gross Annual Value:
(a) Rent Received 1,20,000
(b) Municipal Valuation 1,00,000
(c) Fair Rent 1,50,000
Whichever is higher 1,50,000
Less: Municipal Taxes paid by owner NIL
(2) Net Annual Value 1,50,000
(3) Less: Deduction u/s 24
(a) Standard Deduction @ 30% 45,000
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112 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(b) Interest on House Construction Loan 35,000 (80,000) 70,000

(B) Income from Other Sources
Interest Accrued on NSC 20,000
Interest Accrued on PPF 5,000
Less: Exempt U/S 10 (5,000) Nil
Dividend from Raymond Ltd. 10,000
Less: Exempt U/S 10 (10,000) Nil
Interest on Private Loans to Friends and Relatives 60,000
80,000
(C) Gross Total Income 1,50,000
(D) Less: Deductions under Chapter VIA
U/S 80C: Interest accrued on NSC 20,000
U/S 80U: For Physically Handicapped (100% Totally Blind) 1,25,000 1,45,000
(E) NET TAXABLE INCOME (A – B) 5,000
Tax Liability:
Up to `2,50,000 No Tax therefore Tax liability for Ms. Megha will be `Nil.
Illustration 14:
Mrs. Ritu Bist owns two houses in Mumbai. The particulars of her Income from properties for
the year ended 31st March, 2020 is as follows:
(A)
Particulars House Property I House Property II
(1) Nature of occupancy Self-Occupied Let out
(2) Fair rent ` 4,00,000 ` 6,00,000
(3) Municipal valuation ` 4,20,000 ` 6,10,000
(4) Rent received ` NIL ` 6,50,000
(5) Municipal taxes paid on 15/3/2018 ` 30,000 ` 40,000
(6) Fire Insurance Premium paid ` 8,000 ` 10,000
(7) Rent collection charges ` – ` 8,000
(8) Land Revenue payable ` 2,000 ` 3,000
(9) Interest paid on loan taken for construction of house property ` 1,60,000 ` 1,50,000
(10) Date on which loan taken 26-11-05 22-10-04
(11) Repayment of principal amount of loan ` 30,000 ` NIL
(B) Mrs. Ritu Bist also received the following other income after paying interest of `40,000:
(a) Dividend from Mafatlal Industries `10,000.
(b) Interest on fixed deposits with Bank of India `20,000
(C) Mrs. Ritu Bist paid Medical Insurance premium of `18,000 for self & Advance Tax `90,000
by cheque.
Compute her Net Taxable Income and Tax Liability for the Assessment Year 2020-21.
(T.Y.B.Com. March 2008, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mrs. Ritu Bist
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` `
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 113

(I) Income from House Property

(A) House Property – 1 (Self-Occupied)
Gross Annual Value NIL
Less: Municipal Taxes paid NIL
Net Annual Value NIL
Less: Deduction u/s 24
Interest on Loan 1,60,000
restricted to 2,00,000
Income from House Property - 1 (A) (1,60,000)
(B) House Property – 2 (Let Out)
Fair Rent 16,00,000
Municipal Valuation 16,10,000
Annual Letting Value (higher of above) 16,10,000
Actual Rent Received 16,50,000
Gross Annual Value (higher of above) 16,50,000
Less: Municipal Tax paid by owner 40,000
Net Annual Value 16,10,000
Less: Deduction u/s 24
Standard Deduction @ 30% 4,83,000
Interest on loan 1,50,000 6,33,000
Income From House Property - 2 (B) 9,77,000
Net Income from House Property (A + B) 8,17,000
(II) Income from Other Sources
(A) Dividend from Mafatlal Industries 10,000
Less: Exempt u/s 10 10,000 Nil
(A) Interest on FD with Bank of India 20,000
Less: Deduction U/S 57 Interest Paid (40,000) (20,000)
Gross Total Income 7,97,000
Less: Deduction under Chapter VI-A
U/s 80C: Housing Loan Principal Repayment 30,000
U/s 80D: Medical Insurance Premium
18,000
48,000
Net Taxable Income 7,49,000
Tax Liability:
Up to `2,50,000 = Nil
Therefore 2,50,000 @ % = 12,500
Balance 2,49,000 @ 20% = 49,800
62,300
Ec @ 3% = 1,869
64,169
Less: Advance Tax (90,000)
Net Tax Liability (25,831)
Illustration 15:
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114 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Mr. Kuldeep Sharma owns two houses in Mumbai, both of which are used by him for his own
residence. The particulars of these houses are as follows for the previous year ended 31/3/2020:
Particulars House House
Property I Property II
(`) (`)
(1) Gross Municipal Valuation 2,25,000 3,50,000
(2) Fair Rent 2,50,000 4,00,000
(3) Municipal taxes – due 25,000 35,000
– paid 2,000 1,000
(4) Repairs 2,000 3,000
(5) Insurance Premium – due 500 600
(6) Ground rent due 150 200
(7) Interest on funds borrowed for – Construction of house property 40,000 40,000
(8) Year in which loan was taken 1997 1998
He also received the following income of the paying collection charges and Interest of `40,000
during the previous year 2019-20:
(a) Accrued Interest on NSC (VIII issue) ` 6,000
(b) Winning from lottery ` 10,000
(c) Interest on deposits with Bank of India ` 4,000
(d) Interest on P.P.F. ` 5,000.
He also paid Medical Insurance Premium for self, by cheque of `3,000.
Compute the Net Taxable Income and Tax liability of Mr. Kuldeep Sharma for the previous
year 2018-19, relevant to Assessment year 2020-21. (T.Y.B.Com. March 2006, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Kuldeep Sharma
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` `
(I) Income from House Property
Property I (Deemed to be Let Out)
Gross Annual Value (Highest of the Following)
Municipal Value 2,25,000
Fair Value 2,50,000
 Annual Value 2,50,000
Less: Municipal Taxes paid 2,000
Net Annual Value 2,48,000
Less: Deduction u/s 24
(i) Standard Deduction @ 30% 74,400
(ii) Interest on borrowed funds for construction 40,000 1,14,400
Income from LOP (A) 1,33,600
Property II (Self-Occupied)
Annual Value Nil
Less: Municipal Taxes Nil
Net Annual Value Nil
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 115

Less: Deduction u/s 24

Interest on Borrowed Funds for construction 40,000
Restricted to `30,000 as taken before 1-4-99 30,000
Income from SOP (B) 30,000
Income from House Property (A + B) 1,03,600
(II) Income from Other Sources
Accrued interest on NSC 6,000
Winning from Lottery 10,000
Interest on Bank Deposits 4,000
Interest on PPF (Exempt u/s 10) NIL
Lees: Deduction u/s 57 Interest Paid (40,000)
(20,000)
Gross Total Income 83,600
Less: Deductions under Chapter VIA
u/s 80C: Interest accrued on NSC 6,000
u/s 80D: Medical Insurance Premium 3,000
9,000
Net Taxable Income 74,600
Tax Liability:
Up to `2,50,000 No Tax therefore Tax liability for Mr. Kuldeep Sharma will be `Nil.
Illustration 16:
Mr. Rahul owns two houses in Mumbai, the particulars of which are as follows for the
previous year 2019-20:
Particulars House Property I House Property II
(1) Nature of occupancy Let out Self-Occupied
(2) Municipal Valuation ` 2,00,000 ` 3,00,000
(3) Fair rent ` 1,90,000 ` 2,70,000
(4) Rent received ` 3,50,000 ` NIL
(5) Municipal taxes paid on 1/3/2019 ` 20,000 ` 30,000
(6) Fire Insurance Premium paid ` 3,000 ` 5,000
(7) Collection charges ` 1,000 ` NIL
(8) Land revenue payable ` 1,500 ` 2,400
(9) Interest paid on loan taken for construction of house property ` 1,60,000 ` 40,000
(10) Repayment of principal amount of Loan ` 50,000 ` 10,000
(11) Date on which loan was taken 20/12/1999 25/1/1998
Mr. Rahul also received the following Income during the previous year 2019-20.
(a) Royalty on book written by him `2,25,000.
(b) Dividend received from co-operative society `75,000
(c) Interest received on debentures from Indian Company `75,000.
(d) Expenses incurred to earn above income `70,000.
He contributed `11,000 to L.I.C. Pension Fund Policy.
Compute the Net Taxable Income and Tax Liability of Mr. Rahul for the previous year 2019-20
relevant to assessment year 2020-21. If he paid advance tax `2,000 and there was tax deducted at
source `399. (T.Y.B.Com. Oct. 2006, Modified)
Solution:
 TM
116 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Name of Assessee: Mr. Rahul

Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Net Taxable Income ` `
Income from House Property
(A) Property I (Let Out Property)
Gross Annual Value
Fair Rent 1,90,000
or Gross Municipal Valuation 2,00,000
or Actual Rent 3,50,000
whichever is higher 3,50,000
Less: Municipal Taxes paid by the owner 20,000
Net Annual Value 3,30,000
Less: Deduction u/s 24
(a) Standard Deduction @ 30% 99,000
(b) Interest on Construction Loan 1,60,000 2,59,000
Income from Let Out House Property (A) 71,000
(B) Property II (Self-Occupied Property)
Net Annual Value NIL
Less: Deduction u/s 24
Interest on Construction Loan `40,000
restricted to 30,000
Income from Self Occupied House Property (B) (30,000)
Total Income from House Property (A + B) 41,000
Income from Other Sources
Royalty 2,25,000
Dividend from Co-op. Society 75,000
Interest on Debentures 75,000
Less: Deduction u/s 57 Expenses incurred 70,000 3,05,000
Gross Total Income 3,46,000
Less: Deduction under Chapter VI A
U/s 80 C: Repayment of Housing Loan 60,000
U/s 80 CCC: LIC Pension Fund Policy 11,000 71,000
Net Taxable Income 2,75,000
Tax Liability:
Up to `2,50,000 No Tax = Nil
balance 25,000 @ 5% = 1,250
(+) education cess 3% 38
1,288
(–) Advance Tax paid (2,000)
(–) T.D.S (399)
Income Tax Payable/ (refundable) 1112
Illustration 17:
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 117

Mr. Sahu, who is a resident of Mumbai owns three houses, the particulars of which are given
as under for the year ended 31st March, 2020.
(i) The first house is occupied by him for his own residence, the Gross Annual value of which is
`30,000. He paid `2,500 as property tax and `1,60,000 as interest on loan taken for
construction of house.
(ii) The second house has been let out for a rent of `10,000 per month. The municipal valuation
of the house was `90,000 whereas the fair rent was `1,10,000. The above house remained
vacant for 2 months. He paid `9,000 as property tax on 29th May, 2020. The insurance
premium paid amounted to `2,225 and ground rent `1,075. Unrealised rent of last year
`2,000 was recovered during the year.
(iii) The third house property which was purchased at a cost of `3,22,595 in the financial year
3017-18 was sold on 15th April, 2019. The purchaser paid `14,00,000 on 1st May, 2019 and
balance consideration of `3,50,0000 was paid on 30th June, 2019. Mr. Sahu paid brokerage of
`13,000 for the sale transaction. The cost inflation index for financial year 2019-20 -280; Total
TDS & Advance Tax and for Mr. Sahu during the year was `1,85,000. He has a severely
handicapped son. He paid mediclaim premium ` 10,000.
Compute the total taxable income and tax liability of Mr. Sahu for the Asst. Year 2020-21.
(T.Y.B.Com. March 2003, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Sahu
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` ` `
(I) Income from House Property
House - I (Self-Occupied Property)
Annual value NIL
Less: Municipal taxes NIL
Net Annual Value NIL
Less: Deduction u/s 24
Interest on Loans NIL
1,60,000
(1,60,000)
House - II (Let out Property)
Annual value (Highest of following)
Municipal valuation 90,000
Fair valuation 1,10,000
Rent receivable (10,000  12) 1,20,000
 Annual value 1,20,000
Less: Vacancy allowance 20,000
Actual rent received 1,00,000
Less: Municipal taxes NIL
Net Annual Value 1,00,000
Less: Deduction u/s 24
Standard deduction @ 30% 30,000
30,000
 TM
118 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

70,000
Add: Unrealised rent recovered 2,000
72,000
(II) Income from Capital Gain
Short Term Capital Gains on Sale of House Property
Sale Proceeds (14,00,000 + 3,50,000) 17,50,000
Less: Brokerage 13,000
17,37,000
Less: cost of acquisition 3,22,595
14,14,405
Gross Total Income 13,26,405
Less: Deduction Under CH. VI A
(1) U/S 80D: Medi-claim Premium 10,000
(2) U/S 80DD: Premium for severely handicapped son 1,25,000 (1,35,000)
Net Taxable Income 11,91,405
Tax Liability:
Particulars ` `
For 1st Rs. 2,50,000 Nil
then 2,50,000 @ 5% 12,500
then 5,00,000 @ 20% 1,00,000
on balance 1,91,405 @ 30% 57,422
11,91,405 1,69,922
Add: Education cess (2% + 1%) 5,097
Tax Payable 1,75,019
Less: TDS & Advance Tax (1,85,000)
Total Tax Payable 9,981
Illustration 18:
The following is the Profit and Loss Account of Mr. Deepak. Compute his total taxable income
and Tax liability for the Assessment Year 2020-21.
` `
To Salaries and Bonus 45,000 By Gross Profit 2,30,000
To Provision for doubtful debts 10,000 By Share of profit from Partnership Firm 30,000
To Printing and Stationery 6,000 By FD Interest 17,900
To Entertainment Expenses 25,000 By Sales Tax Refund 10,000
To Bad Debts 5,000 By Recovery of Bad Debts 13,000
To Interest on capital 5,000
To Advertisement Expenses 20,000
To General Expenses 17,000
To Personal Drawings (Mediclaim) 20,000
To Advance Income Tax paid 10,000
To Bank charges (Dividend collection) 2,000
To Office Rent 25,000
To Depreciation 5,000
To Net Profit 1,05,900
` 3,00,900 ` 3,00,900
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 119

Additional Informations:
(a) Advertisement expenses include `5,000 for advertisement in souvenir of a political party.
(b) Recovery of bad-debts was earlier allowed as deduction.
(c) Mediclaim policy is on the health of his mother who is a senior citizen.
(d) Depreciation allowable as per Income Tax Rules `4,000.
(e) Interest paid on money borrowed for F.D. `31,800.
(T.Y.B.Com. Oct. 98, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Deepak
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` ` `
(I) Income from Business/Profession
Net Profit as per Profit and Loss A/c 1,05,900
Less: Share of Profit from Partnership firm (exempt) 30,000
FD Interest 17,900 47,900
58,000
Add: Expenses Disallowed/considered separately
Provision for Doubtful Debts 10,000
Interest on Capital 5,000
Advertisement to Political Party 5,000
Mediclaim Premium 20,000
Advance Tax 10,000
Bank Charges for Interest 2,000
Depreciation 5,000 57,000
1,15,000
Less: Expenses allowed
Depreciation 4,000
1,11,000
(II) Income from Other Sources
FD Interest 17,900
Less: Bank Charges for Collection (2,000)
Interest paid on money borrowed (31,800)
(15,900)
Gross Total Income 95,100
Less: Deductions under Chapter VI A:
S. 80D: Mediclaim Premium 20,000 (20,000)
Net Taxable Income 75,100
Tax Liability:
Up to `2,50,000 No Tax therefore Tax liability for Mr. Deepak will be `Nil.
Illustration 19:
Mr. Mukesh proprietor of NDA Enterprises, furnishes you the following information for the
previous year ending on 31st March, 2020.
Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended 31st March 2018
Particulars ` Particulars `
 TM
120 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Salaries and wages 1,22,000 Gross Profit 7,10,000

Printing and stationery 24,400 Agriculture Income 8,000
Motor car expenses 29,600 Interest on PPF account 6,000
Rent 24,000 Gift from father 4,000
Entertainment Expenses 17,000 Winning from Lotteries 10,000
Advertisement Expenses 47,000 NSC Interest 2,000
Depreciation 32,000
Drawings 50,000
Advance income tax 15,000
Embezzlement by an employee 5,000
Training Expenses 28,000
Staff welfare expenses 66,000
Net profits 2,80,000
` 7,40,000 ` 7,40,000
Other Informations:
(a) Allowable Depreciation as per Income Tax Rules is `35,000.
(b) Half of the rent is attributable towards his residential flat.
(c) Staff welfare expenses includes `16,000 incurred for his own medical treatment.
(d) Advertisement expenses includes `15,000 for introducing new product.
(e) Printing includes `4,400 paid for printing marriage cards of his son.
(f) He spent `200 for purchase of lottery tickets.
(g) Training expenses of `28,000 were incurred on his 40% handicapped dependent brother.
(h) Interest and Collection changes paid for lottery prize & NSC interest `24,000.
(i) TDS for the year tax 5,000.
Compute his taxable income and Tax liability for the Assessment Year 2020-21.
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Mukesh
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Total Income ` ` `
(I) Income from Business/Profession
Net Profit as per Profit and Loss A/c 2,80,000
Add: Expenses Disallowed/treated separately
Printing of Son’s Marriage Card 4,400
Rent of Residential Flat 12,000
Drawings 50,000
Advance Tax 15,000
Training 28,000
Own Medical Expenses 16,000
Depreciation 32,000
1,57,400
4,37,400
Less: Expenses Allowed
Depreciation as per Income Tax Rules 35,000
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 121

4,02,400
Less: Income Considered Separately/Exempt
Agricultural Income 8,000
Interest on PPF 6,000
Gift from Father 4,000
Winning from Lottery 10,000
Dividend from Co-operative Society 2,000
30,000
Income from Business/Profession 3,72,400
(II) Income from Other Sources
Lottery Prize Received 10,000
NSC Interest 2,000
Less: Deduction u/s 57 Expenses incurred (24,000) (12,000)
Gross Total Income 3,60,400
Less: Deductions under chapter VI A
U/s 80 C: NSC Interest 2,000
U/s 80DD: Exp. on 40% handicapped dependent 75,000 77,000
Taxable Income 2,83,400
Tax Liability:
Particulars ` `
Tax on lottery prize 10,000 × 30% 3,000
Tax on balance income 2,73,400 (2,83,400 - 10,000) 1,170
Total 4,170
Add: Education Cess (2% + 1%) 125
Tax Payable 4,295
Less: TDS & Advance Tax (5,000 + 15,000) (20,000)
Total Tax Refund 15,705
Illustration 20:
For the assessment year 2020-21, X (age 38 years), a non-resident individual, furnishes the
following information:
`
Income from house property 3,18,500
Business income 1,05,000
Shod-term capital gains 4,22,000
Long-term capital gains 2,02,500
Income from owning and maintaining race horses 1,15,000
Income from card games 2,16,000
Besides, X has the following brought forward losses/allowances
Brought forward business loss of the assessment year 2016-17 1,12,000
Unabsorbed depreciation allowance of the assessment year 2015-16 2,06,000
Long-term capital loss in respect of the assessment year 2016-17 2,47,200
Brought forward loss from the activity of owning and maintaining race horses of the
assessment year 2017-18 1,25,000
Speculation losses of the assessment year 2014-15 30,000
 TM
122 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Determine the net income and tax liability of X for the assessment year 2020-21.
Solution:
Name of Assessee: X
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
` `
Income from house property 3,18,500
Business income 1,05,000
Less: Brought forward business loss of the assessment year 2015-16 (1,12,000)
Business loss to be carried forward to next assessment year (7,000) Nil
Long-term capital gains 2,02,500
Less: Brought forward long-term capital loss (2,02,500) Nil
Short-term capital gains 4,22,000
Income from owning and maintaining race horses 1,15,000
Less: Loss from owning and maintaining race horses of the assessment
year 2017-18 (1,15,000) Nil
Income from card games 2,16,000
Total 9,56,500
Less: Unabsorbed depreciation allowance 2,06,000
Gross total income 7,50,500
Less: Deductions under sections 80C to 80U Nil
Net income 7,50,500
Notes:
(1) In the absence of speculation income, brought forward speculation loss of the assessment year 2014-15
cannot be set off. As four-year time-limit expires with the assessment year 2017-18 the loss cannot be
carried forward to the next assessment year.
(2) Long-term capital loss of `44,700 will be carried forward (it cannot be carried forward beyond the
assessment year 2023-24.
(3) Loss from the activity of awning and maintaining race horses of `10,000 will not be carried forward to
assessment year 2020-21.
(4) Computation of tax liability:
`
Tax on income from card games (i.e., `2,16,000 @ 30%) 64,800
Tax on the remaining income [as the remaining income (`5,34,500)] 19,400
Tax 84,200
Add: Education cess (2% of tax) 1,684
Add: Secondary and higher education cess (1% of income-tax and surcharge) 842
Tax liability (rounded off) 86,726
Illustration 21:
From the following data, find out tax liability for the assessment year 2020-21.
X (a resident AB (HUF) (a
individual) resident Hindu
(age: 32 years) undivided
` family) `
Income from house property 1,95,000 2,02,000
Capital Gain:
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 123

Short-term 12,000 12,000

Long-term on sale of silver 35,000 60,000
Deductions under sections 80CCC, 80D, 80DD and 80E 7,000 8,000
Payment of life insurance premium, contribution to public provident 28,000 30,000
fund
Solution:
P/Y – 2019-20 A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Net Income X (a resident AB (HUF)
individual) (a resident
(age: 32 years) Hindu
` undivided
family) `
Income from house property 1,95,000 2,02,000
Capital gain 47,000 72,000
Gross total income 2,42,000 2,74,000
Less: Deduction under section 80C 28,000 30,000
Less: Deduction under sections 80CCC, 80D, 80DDD and 80G 7,000 8,000
Net income 2,07,000 2,36,000
Computation of tax
Net income (excluding long-term capital gain) (a) 1,72,000 1,76,000
Income-tax on (a) Nil Nil
Income-tax on long-term capital gain (c)
*20% of [`35,000 – (`1,80,000 – `1,72,000)]:
** 20% of [`60,000 – (`1,80,000 – `1,76,000)]: 5,400* 11,200**
– –
Tax and surcharge [(b) + (c) + (d)] (e) 5,400 11,200
Add: Education cess (2% of tax and surcharge) (f) 108 224
Add: Secondary and higher education cess (1% of tax and surcharge) 54 112
Tax payable [(e) + (f)] 5,560 11,540
Illustration 22:
Thakur Trust, a resident Hindu undivided family, has the following income for the previous
year 2019-20:
`
Business income (15,000)
Short-term capital gain 63,000
Long-term capital gain on sale of land 8,21,000
Find out the tax liability for the assessment year 2020-21, assuming that the family pays life
insurance premium of `65,000.
[Modified CA 2010]
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Thakur Trust
Legal Status: HUF
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Net Income Long Term Short Term
` `
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124 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Business income (15,000)

Capital gain
Short-term 63,000
Long-term 8,21,000
Less: Deduction u/s 80 (65,000)
Net income (being long-term capital gain, after adjusting business loss) 8,06,000 Nil
Computation of tax
Tax on 20% of [8,06,000 – 1,80,000] 1,25,200
Add: Education cess 2% 2,504
Add: Secondary and higher education cess 1% 1,252
Tax liability 1,28,956
Illustration 23:
On June 30, 2019, X (31 years) sells the following assets:
Equity shares in Equity shares in Shares in C Ltd.
A Ltd. (listed) B Ltd. (listed) (non-listed)
` ` `
Sale consideration 5,00,000 8,25,000 6,89,000
Cost of acquisition 26,000 10,000 20,000
Date of acquisition May 10, 2003 June 6, 2004 April 6, 2005
Income of X from other sources if `7,86,000. X deposits `50,000 in public provident fund.
Find out the net income and tax liability for the assessment year 2020-21 under the following
situations:
(Modified CS, 2010)
Solution:
Computation of long-term capital gain under situation (a)
Name of Assessee: X
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Equity shares in Equity shares in Shares in C Ltd.
A Ltd. (listed) B Ltd. (listed) (non-listed)
` ` `
Sale consideration 5,00,000 8,25,000 6,89,000
Less: Indexed cost of acquisition** 66,789 24,778 47,863
Long-term capital gain 4,33,211 8,00,222 6,41,137
Computation of Net Income
Long-term capital gain 18,74,570
Income from other sources 7,86,000
Gross total income 26,60,570
Less: Deduction under section 80C 50,000
Net income (rounded off) 26,10,570
Computation of tax
Tax on income other than long term capital gain
(i.e., tax on `7,36,000) 69,700
Add: Tax on long-term capital gain (see Note) 3,74,914
Tax 4,44,614
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 125

Add: Not applicable for Individual Assessee Nil

Tax 4,44,614
Add: Education cess @ 2% 8,892
Add: Secondary and higher education cess @1% 4,446
Tax payable (rounded off) 4,57,952
Note: Computation of tax on long-term capital gain
26‚000 10‚000 20‚000
** A Ltd. ` 109  280 B Ltd. ` 113  280 C Ltd. ` 117  280 (FY 18-19)
Illustration 24:
On April 20, 2019, Rakesh (29 years) sells the following assets:
Sale
Consideration
(`)
(1) Self-generated goodwill of a business (long-term) 14,00,000
(2) Bonus shares in A Ltd. (listed) (being long-term capital assets) 6,00,000
(3) Bonus shares in B Ltd. (non-listed) (being short-term capital assets) 8,00,000
(4) Listed debentures of C Ltd. (acquired on March 6, 1985 for `40,000) 1,00,000
Find out the tax liability of X for the assessment year 2020-21 on the assumption that his
business income is `6,000 in the following two situations:
(a) when shares are transferred outside a recognised stock exchange
(b) when shares in A Ltd. are transferred through a recognised stock exchange
(ICWAI, 2010, Modified)
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Rakesh
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of long-term capital gain under situation (a)
Goodwill Listed bonus Non-listed Listed
shares in A Ltd. bonus shares in debentures of
shares in B Ltd. C Ltd.
` ` ` `
Sale consideration 14,00,000 6,00,000 8,00,000 1,00,000
Less: Cost of acquisition [* the benefit
of indexation is not available in the
case of transfer of debentures/bonds] Nil Nil Nil 40,000*
Short-term capital gain – – 8,00,000 –
Long-term capital gain 14,00,000 6,00,000 – 60,000

Computation of Income ` `
Business income 6,000
Capital gain
Short-term 8,00,000
Long-term 20,60,000 28,60,000
Net Income 28,66,000
Computation of tax under situation (a)
Tax on income other than long-term capital gain (i.e., tax on `8,06,000) 73,700
 TM
126 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Tax on long-term capital gain [20% of `14,00,000 + 10% of

`6,00,000 + 10% of `60,000] 3,46,000
Tax 4,19,700
Add: Surcharge is not applicable in case of individual Nil
Tax and surcharge 4,19,700
Add: Education cess (2% of `4,19,700) 8,394
Add: Secondary and higher education cess [1% of income-tax and surcharge] 4,197
Tax payable (rounded off) 4,32,291
Tax Liability:
Particulars ` `
Upto 2,50,000 Nil
2,50,000 – 5,00,000 @ 5% 12,500
5,00,000 – 8,06,000 @ 20% 61,200
73,700
Note:
(1) In the case of listed bonus shares and listed debentures/bonds, it is better if tax is computed as per the
Option 2.
(2) If the shares in A Ltd. are transferred in a recognised stock exchange, X will have to pay securities
transaction tax [i.e., 0.125% of (`6,00,000)] and long-term capital gain will not be chargeable to tax and
short-term capital gain is taxable @ 15% (plus surcharge plus education cess plus secondary and higher
education cess).
Computation of Income (b) `
Tax on income other than long-term capital gain (i.e., tax on `8,06,000) 73,700
Tax on long-term capital gain [20% of `14,00,000 + 10% of `60,000] 2,86,000
Tax 3,59,700
Add: Surcharge Nil
Tax and surcharge 3,59,700
Add: Education cess (2% of `3,79,880) 7,194
Add: Secondary and higher education cess (1% of income-tax and surcharge) 3,597
Tax payable (rounded off) 3,70,491
Illustration 25:
Mr. Rohan owns two houses properties particulars of which as follows:
Particulars House I (SOP) House II (LOP)
` `
Municipal Valuation 3,00,000 4,00,000
Fair Valuation 3,50,000 4,50,000
Rent Received – 5,00,000
Municipal Tax paid 15,000 50,000 (50% paid
by tenant)
Insurance 10,000 30,000
Land Revenue 5,000 10,000
Interest on loan (loan taken after 1/4/1999) 50,000 80,000
His other income as follows:
(i) Dividend from foreign company 45,000.
(ii) Interest Income 80,000.
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 127

(iii) Dividend from cooperative bank 90,000.

He contributed 50,000 for provident fund and he repaid 80,000 housing loan principal
amount. Calculate the net taxable income for the AY 2020-21 and tax liability of Mr. Rohan.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2015, 2016, Modified]
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Rohan
Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Net Taxable Income ` `
Income from House Property
(A) House I (Self-Occupied Property) NIL
Less: Municipal Taxes paid by the owner NIL
Net Annual Value NIL
Less: Deduction u/s 24
Standard Deduction @ 30% NIL
Interest on Construction Loan `50,000 50,000
Income from Self Occupied House Property (A) 50,000
(B) Property II (Let Out Property)
Gross Annual Value 5,00,000
Less: Municipal Taxes paid by the owner 25,000
Net Annual Value 4,75,000
Less: Deduction u/s 24
(a) Standard Deduction @ 30% 1,42,500
(b) Interest on Construction Loan 50,000
Income from Let Out House Property (B) 2,82,500
Total Income from House Property (A + B) 2,32,500
Income from Other Sources
Dividend from Foreign Company 45,000
Interest Income 80,000
Dividend from Co-operative Bank 90,000
Total Income from other Sources 2,15,000
Gross Total Income 4,47,500
Less: Deduction under Chapter VI A 1,30,000
Net Taxable Income 3,17,500
Calculation of Tax liability:
` `
Tax Payable 67,500  5% (3,17,500 – 2,50,000) 3,375
3% Cess of 3375 101
Income Tax payable 3,476
Illustration 26:
Mr. A is an individual with disability (60%) certified by the medical authority employed in a
private limited company. From the following information for the AY 2020-21 calculate the taxable
income and tax liability.
- Gross salary Rs. 10,00,000.
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128 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

- Exgratia Rs. 1,20,000.

- Perquisite value Rs. 80,000.
- Employers contribution to Provident fund in excess Rs. 20,000.
- Profession tax deducted Rs. 2,500.
- Mr. A owns a house property for his own residence. During the previous year he paid
interest on housing loan Rs. 48,000 and repayment of principal Rs. 12,000. (Loan taken before
1-4-99)
[MU., TYBAF, April 2016, Modified]
Solution:
Mr. A
Particulars ` `
(I) Income From Salary:
Gross Salary 10,00,000
Ex-gratia 1,20,000
Perquisite Value 80,000
Employee’s Contribution to PF in excess 20,000
12,20,000
Less: Profession Tax - 2,500
Net Income from Salary 12,17,500
(I) Income from SOP
Net Annual Value Nil
Less: Interest on Housing loan (Loan is taken before 1.4.1999) - 30,000
- 30,000
Total Income (I + II) 11,87,500
Less: Deduction under Chapter VIA
80 C: Repayment of Principal 12,000
80 U: 60% Disability 50,000
- 62,000
Taxable Income 11,25,500
Tax Payable
12,500 + 1,00,000 + 37,650 1,50,150
Add: 3% Cess 4,505
1,54,655
Illustration 27:
Partnership firms deriving loss need not file return of income.
Solution:
False. To topic “Loss Return”
Illustration 28:
Mr. A is a resident Indian. During the F. Y. 2018-19, interest of `1,42,000 was credited to his
Non-Resident (External) Account with the SBI. `20,000 being interest on fixed deposit with SBI
was credited to his savings bank account during this period. He also earned `4,000 as interest on
this savings account. Is Mr. A Required to file return of income?
Solution:
It is given in the question that Mr. A is a resident. It is assumed that he is permitted to
maintain NR(E) account. According to section 10(4), any interest from NR(E) account is exempt
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 129

from tax. After excluding interest in NR(E) account, the total income of Mr. A is `24,000 only. As
his income before giving effect to section 10A, 10B, 10BA or chapter VIA is less than the basic
exemption limit of `2,00,000 he is not required to file the return of income u/s. 139(1).
Loss Return
Illustration 29:
If a return of loss was not filed within a due date, what are the consequences?
Solution:
Refer to topic “Loss Return”.
Returns by Trusts
Illustration 30:
When is a charitable trust required to file its audit report along with return of income?
Solution:
Refer to topic “Returns by Trusts”
Returns by certain associations/institutions
Illustration 31:
The total income of a University without giving effect to exemption under section 10(23C) is
`46 lacs. Its total income however is nil. Should the University file its return of income?
Solution:
Since the total income of the University before giving effect to the exemptions exceeds the
basic exemption limit, it has to file its return of income. Only Sec 10A, 10B or Chapter VIA forms
the basis for the amount of total income for the purpose Filing of Return of Income u/s. 139(1).
Revised Return
Illustration 32:
Explain with brief reason whether the return of income can be revised under section 139(5) of
the Income Tax Act, 1961 in the following case:
(i) Defective or incomplete return filed under section 139(9).
(ii) Belated return filed under section 139(4).
(iii) Return already revised once under section 139(5).
(iv) Return of loss filed under section 139(3).
Solution:
Any person who has furnished a return under section 139(1) can file a revised return if he
discovers any omission or any wrong statement in the return filed earlier. Accordingly:
(a) A defective or incomplete return filed under section 139(9) cannot be revised. However,
the defect can be removed.
(b) A belated return filed under section 139(4) cannot be revised. Only a return furnished
under section 139(1) or in pursuance of a notice issued under section 142(1) can be revised.
(c) A return revised earlier can be revised again as the first revised return replaces the
original return. Therefore, if the assessee discovers any omission or wrong statement in such a
revised return, he can furnish a second revised return within the prescribed time i.e. within one
year from the end of the relevant assessment year or before the completion of assessment,
whichever is earlier.
(d) A return of loss filed under section 139(3) is deemed to be return filed under section
139(1), and therefore, can be revised under section 139(5).
Illustration 33:
Time limit for filing revised return where assessment has not been completed is
Solution:
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130 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Before the expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment year or before the
completion of assessment whichever is earlier.
Illustration 34:
What are the requisites for filing a revised return?
Solution:
Refer to topic “Revised return”.
Defective Return
Illustration 35:
Write short note on Defective Returns.
Solution:
Refer to topic “Defective Return”.
Permanent Account number
Illustration 36:
Enumerate eight transactions for which quoting of Permanent Account Number are
mandatory.
Solution:
Refer to topic “Permanent Account Number”.
Illustration 37:
The assessing officer has the power, inter alia, to allot PAN to any person by whom no tax is
payable.
Solution:
True. Section 139(2) has been substituted w.e.f. 1 - 6 - 2006, to provide that the Assessing
Officer may, having regard to the nature of transactions as may be prescribed, also allot a PAN to
any other person, whether any tax is payable by him or not, in the manner and in accordance
with the procedure as may be prescribed.
Illustration 38:
What are the documents/Prescribed transactions, relating to which a allottee of PAN, should
quote his PAN?
Solution:
Refer to topic “Mandatory of quoting PAN”.
Tax Return Preparer
Illustration 39:
Mrs. Hetal, an individual, engaged in the business of Beauty Parlour, has got her books of
account for the Financial Year ended on 31st March, 2020 audited u/s. 44AB. Her total income for
the assessment year 2020-21 is `1,75,000. She wants to furnish her return of income for
assessment year 2020-21 through a tax return preparer.
Solution:
As per section 139B TRP scheme is not applicable for a company or a person who is required
to undergo audit u/s. 44AB of the Income Tax Act or audit under any other law. Hence
Mrs. Hetal cannot file her return of income through a Tax Return Preparer.
Return by whom to be signed
Illustration 40:
Can an individual, who is not in India, sign the return of income from outside India? Is there
any other option?
Solution:
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 131

Refer to topic “Return by whom to be signed”.

Illustration 41:
Where the karta of HUF is absent from India, the return of income can be signed by any male
member of the family.
Solution:
False. Refer to topic “Return by whom to be signed”.
Illustration 42:
Write short notes on signatory to return of income filed by an individual and partnership
firm.
Solution:
Refer to topic “Return by whom to be signed”.
Illustration 43:
What are the particulars required to be furnished with the return of income, as per Sec. 139(6)?
Solution:
Refer to topic “Particulars to be furnished with the return”.

Exercises: Theory
(1) Write short note on “Return of income.” [MU. Oct. 07 TYBAF]
(2) What do you mean by income-tax return? What are the various forms which are to be filed by different
categories of assessees while filing income-tax return? State the limitation periods under the provisions
of the Income-tax Act relating to filing the return.
(3) What is the time limit for filing of return of income under the Income-tax Act?
(4) What do you mean by reassessment? State the provisions under the Income-tax Act relating to
assessment.
(5) What are the time limits for filing return of income, completion of assessment and rectification of
mistake under section 154?
(6) Explain the provisions of Sec 140. (Return of whom to be signed)?
(7) Compute the taxable liability if Mr. Tejas is earning `4,80,000 for P/y 2019-20.
(8) If Mrs. Kareena earning `4,80,000. How much will be her Income- Tax Liability for A. Y. 2020-21.
(9) Explain Income Tax Rate of A/y 2019-20 for following Assessee:
(a) Individuals (b) HUF (c) AOP (d) BOI.
(10) Explain various Income Tax Return forms with their usage?
(11) Explain in details about different provision of section 139 for filing of return?
(12) What will be income tax liability for `11,45,000?
(a) If it is earned by Abhishek Bachchan.
(b) If it is earned by Aishwarya Bachchan.
(c) If it is earned by their Son Abhiaish age one year.
(13) Write short note on:
(a) Revised Return. (b) Belated Return. (c) Defective Return. (d) Self Assessment Tax. (e) Loss
Return. (f) Self-assessments. (g) Regular assessments.

Exercises: Objectives
(1) Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) Rented house is sublet for a rent of `20,000 p.m. The income from such rent shall be taxable
under the head:
(i) Income from House Property
(ii) Income from Business
(iii) Income from Other Sources.
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132 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(b) If Gross Total Income is `1,90,000 and Life Insurance Premium paid is `1,95,000, the Net
Taxable Income would be:
(i) `90,000
(ii) NIL
(iii) `(–) 5,000.
(c) Mr. Ravi a practicing Chartered Accountant is a full time Lecturer in Thakur College. He was
appointed as Internal Auditor of Students’ Council of S. N. College and was paid Audit fees of
`5,000. These fees are taxable under the head:
(i) Income from Business and Profession
(ii) Income from Other Sources
(iii) Income from Salary.
(d) Remuneration received by a working partner of a partnership firm u/s 40 (b) is taxed under:
(i) Income from Salary
(ii) Income from Other Sources
(iii) Income from Business and Profession.
(e) There is a Long Term Capital gain if equity shares sold were held for:
(i) More than 36 months
(ii) More than 12 months
(iii) More than 10 months.
(f) Voluntary Retirement Compensation received by retiring employee is exempt u/s 10(10C) to the
maximum extent of:
(i) `3,50,000
(ii) `5,00,000
(iii) `1,00,000
[Ans.: (a-iii), (b-ii), (c-iii), (d-iii), (e-ii), (f-ii)]
(2) (a) Match the following Columns and rewrite the sentences:
Column A Column B
(1) Equity Shares of Indian company hold for (a) Ordinarily Resident
8 months (b) Non Resident
(2) An Indian Company (c) 30%
(3) Dividend from Indian Company (d) 33% or `15,000 whichever is less
(4) Shivaji University (e) Gross Total Income
(5) Maximum Deduction Under Chapter VI A (f) `1,00,000
(6) Standard Deduction on Family Pension (g) Short Term Capital Asset
(h) Long Term Capital Asset
(i) Artificial Juridical Person
(j) Local Authority
(k) Taxable
(l) Exempt u/s 10
Ans.: (1 – g), (2 – a), (3 – l), (4 – i), (5 – e), (6 – d)
(b)
Column A Column B
(1) Maximum total Deduction u/s 80 (a) `50,000
(2) Maximum contribution to pension funds u/s 80C & 80CC (b) `1,00,000
(3) Severally handicapped resident Individual u/s 80U (c) `1,00,000
(4) Handicapped dependent Individual (d) Restricted to GTI
(5) Maximum deduction for interest on loan for (e) `70,000
higher education u/s 80E (f) u/s 80D
(6) Deduction u/s 80D (g) Actual Amount Paid
(h) Cheque only
Ans.: (1 – d), (2 – b), (3 – c), (4 – g), (5 – f), (6 – h)
(c)
Column A Column B
(1) Revised Return (a) 30th September
(2) Belated Return (b) 31st March
(3) Defective Return (c) 31st July
(4) Audited Accounts (d) Return furnished after due date
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 133

(5) On Audited Accounts (e) Omission or wrong statement is discovered.

(f) Return not accompanied by a start showing computation of tax payable
Ans.: (1 – e), (2 – d), (3 – f), (4 – a), (5 – c)
(3) Fill in the blank:
(a) Family pension deduction to assessee is least of the following __________% or __________.
(b) Share of income received by a member of HUF is __________ income.
(c) Dividends from a __________ company is exempt from tax.
(d) Agricultural income from Srilanka is taxable under the head __________.
(e) Amount exceeding `__________ received without consideration from non-relatives, is taxable
under the head income from other sources.
(f) Deduction under sec. 80 of the chapter VI A of the income tax __________ are allowed from
__________.
(g) Deduction u/s 80C is respect of tution fees is allowed maximum upto __________ children.
(h) __________ expenses of the assessee is not deductable u/s 58.
(i) Deduction u/s 80 E is available for interest on loan for higher education to __________ assessee
only.
(j) The deduction u/s 80 E for payment of interest on loan for higher education is allowed for a
maximum period of __________ years.
(k) Due date for filing __________ for company or an company or an assessee whose books of
accounts are audited is 30th September.
(l) Due date for filing Income tax returns for other assessee (i.e. other than co. & whose books are
audited) is __________.
(m) For carry forward of __________ under any head the return of income should be filed before due
date each year else he cannot carry forward the loss to the succeeding year.
(n) Belated return on revised return can be __________ before the expiry of one year from the end of
the relevant assessment year or before the competition of assessment whichever is earlier.
[Ans.: (a) 33 1/3% or `15,000; (b) Exempt; (c) Indian; (d) Income from other source; (e) `50,000;
(f) Gross total Income; (g) Two; (h) personal; (i) Individual; (j) 8 years; (k) Income tax return;
(l) 31st July; (m) loss; (n) furnished.]
(4) Rewrite the following sentences by selecting the correct option:
(a) For computing lottery income, the assessee shall
(i) Be entitled to any deduction for purchase of lottery tickets.
(ii) Not entitled to any deduction for purchase of lottery tickets.
(iii) Be entitled to deduction upto 10% of total purchase of tickets.
(iv) None of the above.
(b) The legal heir of the deceased who received family pension is allowed standard deduction from
such pension to the extent of:
(i) 33 1/3% of such pension.
(ii) 33 1/3% of such pension or `15,000 whichever is less.
(iii) 33 1/3% of such pension or `15,000 whichever is more.
(iv) None of the above.
(c) Deduction u/s 80C in respect of LIP, Contribution to provident fund, etc. is allowed to:
(i) Any assessee
(ii) Any individual
(iii) An individual and / or HUF
(iv) An individual or HUF who is resident in India
(d) An assessee has paid life insurance premium of `1,25,000 during the previous year for a policy
of `5,00,000. He shall:
(i) Not be allowed deduction u/s 80C
(ii) Be allowed Deduction u/s 80C to the extent of 20% of the capital sum assured i.e.
`1,00,000
(iii) Be allowed Deduction for the entire premium as per the provisions of section 80C
(iv) None of the above
(e) Deduction u/s 80C in respect of term deposit with a scheduled bank is allowed if the term deposit
is for a period.
(i) Not less than 3 years
(ii) No less than 5 years
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134 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(iii) Not less than 10 years

(iv) None of the above
(f) Deduction u/s 80D is allowed to an individual for premium paid to insure the health of
(i) Assessee himself
(ii) Assessee and his family
(iii) assessee his spourse dependent parents and dependent children
(iv) None of the above
(g) Deduction u/s 80E shall be allowed for the higher education of
(i) Assessee himself
(ii) Assessee, spouse and children
(iii) Assessee and dependent children
(iv) None of the above
(h) If the taxable income of the firm is `10,00,000, the tax payable including Education Cess will be
__________.
(i) `3,00,000.
(ii) `2,08,000.
(iii) `3,09,000.
(i) The due date for filing return of income for a company assessee is __________.
(i) 31st July.
(ii) 30th September.
(iii) 31st December.
(j) Belated return for the previous year ended 31st March, 2010 can be filed before the completion of
assessment or on or before __________.
(i) 31st March, 2011.
(ii) 31st March, 2012.
(iii) 31st March, 2013.
[Ans.: (a – ii), (b – ii), (c – iii), (d – ii), (e – ii), (f – iii), (g – ii), (h – iii), (I – ii), (h – iii), (i – ii)]
(5) State whether following statements are True or False:
(a) Any sum received including bonus under keyman insurance policy is taxable under the head
income from other sources. Ans.: True
(b) Gift in contemplation of death of the payer is taxable. Ans.: False
(c) Dividend declared by Mutual fund is taxable in the hands of the shareholders.
Ans.: False
(d) For claiming Deduction u/s 80C in respect of LLP, premium can be paid by assess for himself,
spouse and any child.
Ans.: True
(e) For claiming Deduction u/s 80C, for life insurance premium if the payment is made by the
assessee for this child, then the child must be minor dependent and unmarried.
Ans.: False
(f) Deduction u/s 90C in respect of tution fee is allowed to an individual for any number of his
children.
Ans.: False
(g) The premium under section 80D can be paid by an individual, for his dependent parents.
Ans.: True
(h) Where the medical insurance premium is paid to effect an insurance in relation to a senior citizen,
the deduction allowed shall be `1,20,000.
Ans.: False
(i) Deduction u/s 80U in case of permanent physical disability allowed to an individual who is citizen
of India.
Ans.: False
(j) Revised return can be filed before the expiry of one year from the end of the relevant assessment
year or before the completion of assessment whichever is earlier.
Ans.: True
(k) Belated Return can be submitted at any time before expiry of one year from the end of the
relevant assessement year or before the completion of the assessment whichever is earlier.
Ans.: True
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 135

(l)If an assessee has suffered any loss in any previous year under any head and claims the loss to
be carried forward for set off then he must file the return of income within the time limit given u/s
139 (1).
Ans.: True
(m) The due date for filing Income tax returns for all the assessee is 31st October every year.
Ans.: False
(6) Answers in one word on one Sentence:
(a) What is the amount of exemption available u/s 10 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 when the income
Tax Act, 1961 when the income exempt income. Is her claim correct?
(b) Mr. Sachin retired from a Government organisation. He received monthly pension of `15,000
during the previous year. He claims pension as exempt being received from a Government
Organisation. Is his claim correct?
(c) Mr. Ramdas retired from a Government Organisation. He received pension @`5,000 p.m. During
the previous year. He claims this pension as exempt being received from a Government
Organisation. Is his claim correct?
(d) Mr. Satish received Dividend of `5,000 from XYZ Ltd., an Indian company. Can he claim this
dividend income as exempt u/s 10 (34)?
(e) Mr. Pradeep earns `1,50,000 during the previous year as interest on public provident fund (PPF)
account maintained with State Bank of India. Whether tax needs to be deducted at source by
State Bank of India?
(f) Rajaram received `7,50,000 as compensation on voluntary retirement and claims that entire
amount is exempt u/s 10 (10C). Is he right?
(g) What is the maximum amount exempt in case of Leave Encashment to non-Government
employees?
(h) Amar has earned `5,000 from a lottery ticket and claims `500 as a deduction for purchase of
lottery tickets. Can he avail this deduction?
(i) Is Interest credited to Public Provident Fund fully exempt from tax?
[Ans.:
(a) The amount of exemption for clubbing of Minor’s income is `1,500 per child, and is available to
the parent with whose income it is clubbed u/s. 10(32)
(b) No, As Mr. Sachin received uncommuted pension it is taxable even in the hands of Government
Employee. U/S 10 (10A)
(c) No. Uncommuted pension is taxable as salary u/s 10(10A).
(d) Yes. Mr. Satish’s claim is correct as dividend from Indian Company is exempt u/s 10(34).
(e) No. Interest on PPF is exempt from tax u/s 10 (11).
(f) No, Exemption u/s 10(10C) towards compensation received on voluntary retirement is limited to
`5,00,000.
(g) The maximum amount exempt in case of Leave Encashment to non-government employees is
`3,00,000
(h) No deduction for any expenses incurred for earning lottery income is allowed.
(i) Yes, interest credited to Public Provident Fund is fully exempt from tax u/s 10.

Exercise: Practical
(1) Mr. Z furnishes his following particulars for previous year 2018-19: [MU. May 2007 TY BAF]
` `
Business Loss (Plastics) (–) 4,00,000 Business Profit (Grocery) 10,00,000
Carried Forwards: Income from House Property 2,00,000
Business Loss (–) 6,00,000
(First determined for Asst. Year 2011-12)
Determine the Gross Total Income of Z for Assessment Year 2020-21.
(2) (i) Given below is the Profit and Loss A/c of AB and Co. a partnership for the year ended 31/03/2020.
[MU. May, 2008 TY BAF]
Profit and Loss Account
Particulars ` Particulars `
To Purchases 30,00,000 By Sales 57,00,000
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136 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

To Other Expenses 10,00,000

To Salary to Partners
A 2,50,000
B 2,50,000
5,00,000
To Net Profit 12,00,000
57,00,000 57,00,000
Both A and B are working partners in the firm. Both of them do not have any income, other than
salary received from firm.
From the information given above, determine the due date for furnishing the return of Income of the
firm AB and Co. and both its partners A and B for the Assessment year 2020-21.
(i) Mr. X received a salary of `5,00,000 p.a. during 2019-20 from Central Railway. He has no other
income. What is the due date for filing return of income of Mr. X for Assessment Year 2020-21.
[MU. Oct. 2008 TY BAF]
(3) During the previous year ended 31-3-2020, Mr. X has earned salary of `84,000 profits form
partnership firm `55,000 wherefrom he has also received salary as Partner of `48,000 and has paid to
the firm interest on capital (Debit bal.) of `15,000 and also has own Proprietory business wherefrom
he has earned a taxable profit of `70,000 which amounted to 1% of its Sales Turnover. The said
Partnership firm has a Turnover of `95 lakhs during the said year. Determine, with reasons, due date
of filing of the income-tax return of Mr. X for the relevant assessment year.
[MU. Oct. 2008 TY BAF]
(4) M/s. AB Ltd. is a partnership firm having a Turnover of `38 lakhs and a business loss of `2,00,000 for
the previous year ended 31-3-2020. When is it liable to file its Return of income for the relevant
Assessment year? Mr. Y is a director in the said co. and has earned Interest on Debentures of
`52,000, dividend of Rs. 37,000 as other incomes. When is he liable to file the income-tax return for
the relevant assessment year? [MU. Oct. 2008 TY BAF]
(5) Mr. K filed his return of Income for `3,00,000 for Assessment year 2020-21 on 31-8-2020 instead of
his due date of 31-7-2019 on which his gross tax was determined at `40,800 (which is also per the
assessment) against which he had paid advance-tax during the previous year 2019-20 as `6,000 on
15-9-2019, `10,000 on 14-12-2018, `8,000 on 15-3-2020, `5,000 on 31-3-2020 and the balance
alongwith the return of income after adjusting his tax deducted at source claim of `1,800 which was
well admitted. Determine his liability to various interests under the Income-tax Act, 1961.
[M.U. Oct. 2008 TY BAF]
(6) X (24 years) has the following income for the previous year 2019-20:
`
Salary 1,27,000
Business income (54,000)
Short-term capital gain 92,000
Long-term capital gain on sale of non-listed shares 79,000
He deposits `55,000 in the public provident fund account, find out the tax liability for the
assessment year 2020-21 on the assumption that X is (a) resident and ordinarily resident, or
(b) resident but not ordinarily resident, or (c) non-resident in India.
(Ans.: `1,850, `1,850, `5,150)
(7) X Ltd., an Indian company, sells the following assets outside a recognised stock exchange on May 19,
2019.
Government Preference
securities ` shares (listed) `
Sale consideration 90,000 9,92,000
Cost of acquisition 70,000 1,00,000
Date of purchase April 19, 2012 April 28, 2001
Find out the amount of tax liability for the assessment year 2020-21 on the following assumptions:
(a) Income of X Ltd. from business : `5,56,000;
(b) Amount invested in NSC VIII issued on March 31, 2020 : `1,00,000.
(Ans.: `92,510)
(8) The “tax due on the returned income” for the assessment year 2020-21 is `15,000 (i.e. tax on returned
income less tax deductible or collectible at source). Advance tax paid is `11,000 (`1,000 on
Computation of Tax Liability of Individual ……….. 137

15-9-2019, `4,000 on 15-12-2019 and `9,000 on 19-3-2020). Calculate the interest u/s. 234C
assuming that the assessee is an individual.
(Ans.: Interest payable uls. 234C is ` 3,251)
(9) When will tax not required to be deducted at source on interest payable to a resident on any bond or
security issued by a company though the aggregate amount of interest exceeds `2,500, the bask
exemption limit under section 193 of the Act?
(Ans.: Refer to caption “Interest on securities” Application)
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138 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Chapter 5

Tax Deduction at Source (TDS)

(Section 192-194)

INTRODUCTION:
Income is earned over a period of time and the assessment determination of tax liability takes
place much later. To avoid the liquidity problem for the tax payer at a later stage and also to
ensure a regular How of revenue for the government, the Income Tax Act, has provided for
periodic recovery of tax from Income liable to tax by way of:
 Payment of advance tax in instalments during the financial year in which the Income
arises.
 Requiring tax to be deducted from certain income/payment as and when such income/
payments are credited/paid i.e. TDS.
 Requiring tax to be collected at the time of Receiving certain amount i.e. TDS.

TDS FROM SALARIES: [S. 192]

(1) WHO SHOULD DEDUCT TAX:
Any person responsible for paying any income chargeable under the head “Salaries” is
required to deduct tax at source on the amount payable. Such person is the employer himself;
and in case of a company the company or its designated principal officer (e.g. its managing
director).
(2) WHEN TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax is to be deducted at the time of payment of the salary itself. Thus, if salary for April 2019,
tax is to be deducted on 7th May, 2019 itself. As far as the previous year 2018-19 is concerned, tax
is to be deducted only if the estimated salary during 2019-20 is likely to exceed the minimum
taxable amount. i.e.`2,50,000 , `3,00,000 or 5,00,000 as the case may be. Excluding salary received
by Partners from Partnership firm. Which is computed U/S. 40 (b).
(3) HOW MUCH TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
TDS is to be deducted at average rate of Income Tax computed on the basis of the rates in fare
in that A.Y.
TDS FROM INTEREST ON SECURITIES: [S. 193]
(1) WHO SHOULD DEDUCT TAX:
Any person responsible for paying to any resident any income by way of any interest on
securities (e.g. debentures) is required to deduct tax at source on the amount payable. Such
person is the local authority, corporation or company including its principal officer e.g. its
managing director.
(2) WHEN TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax is to be deducted at the earlier of (a) crediting interest to the payee‟s account or to any
account such as Interest Payable Account or Interest Suspense Account; or (b) paying interest by
cash cheque etc.
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 139

(3) HOW MUCH TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:

In case of an individual recipient, tax is to be deducted at source at the prescribed rate i.e. 10%
It PAN is provided otherwise 20%.
In the following cases tax is not deducted or deducted at lower rates:
(1) if the recipient obtains a certificate from his assessing officer in this regard;
(2) if the recipient furnishes Form No. 15H to the payer;
(3) if the interest on debentures satisfy the following conditions;
(a) the debentures have been issued by a widely held public company;
(b) the debentures are listed in a recognized stock exchange in India;
(c) the interest is paid by the company by an account payee cheque; and
(d) the annual interest is due to an individual resident and does not exceed Rs. 10,000.

[A] TDS FROM INTEREST: [U/S. 194A]

(1) WHO SHOULD DEDUCT TAX:
Any person, not being an individual or a Hindu undivided family, who is responsible for
paying to a resident any income by way of interest, other than on securities, is required to deduct
income-tax thereon at the prescribed rates.
(2) WHEN TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax should be deducted at the time of credit of such income to the account of payee or
interest payable account or suspense account or at the time of payment thereof, in cash or by
issue of a cheque or draft or by any other mode, whichever is earlier.
(3) WHEN TAX NEED NOT BE DEDUCTED:
The provisions of this section are, however, not applicable in the following cases:
(a) where interest is credited or paid by a firm to its partners;
(b) where interest is credited or paid by a co-operative society to its members or to any other
co-operative society;
(c) Compensation by Motor Accidents claims Tribunal (Interest should not exceed `50,000
during financial year).
(d) where the aggregate amount of interest credited or paid (or likely to be credited or paid)
during the financial year does not exceed `10,000 in the case of bank interest from “term
deposit” and deposits with housing finance companies;
(e) where interest is credited or paid to any banking company, co-operative society engaged
in banking business, public financial institutions, the Life Insurance Corporation, the
Unit Trust of India, a company or a co-operative society carrying on the business of
insurance, or notified institutions; Basic exemption `5,000.
(f) Interest on zero coupon bonds.
(g) Interest paid by off share banking units on deposits or borrowings.
(h) where interest is credited or paid in respect of deposits under the schemes of Post Office
(Time Deposits), Post Office (Recurring Deposits), Post Office Monthly Income Account;
Kisan Vikas Patra; National Savings Certificates (VIII Issue); and Indira Vikas Patra; Basic
exemption `10,000.
(i) where interest is in respect of deposits (other than time deposits) with a banking
company or with a co-operative society carrying on the business of banking; Basic
exemption `10,000.
(j) where interest is credited or paid in respect of deposits with a primary agricultural credit
society or co-operative land mortgage bank or co-operative land development bank; and
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140 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(k) where interest is credited or paid by the Central Government under different provisions
of the direct taxes.
(4) HOW MUCH TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
TDS is to be deducted at the prescribed rates i.e. @ 10%. However, recipient may apply to his
Assessing Officer and obtain a certificate authorizing the Payer to pay interest at a lower or Nil
rate TDS will be Nil, if the recipient furnishes Form No. 15H to the payer.

[B] TDS FROM PAYMENTS TO CONTRACTORS [U/S 194 C]:

WHO SHOULD DEDUCT TAX:
(1) Payer to Resident Contractor: Any person responsible for paying any sum to any resident
contractor for carrying out any work (including supply of labour for carrying out any work)
in pursuance of a contract between a specified person and the resident contractor is required
to deduct tax at source.
(2) Payer or Principal Officer of Co.: For this purpose, the payer himself is treated as person
responsible for paying any sum to contractor. If, however, the payer is a company, the
company itself including the principal officer thereof, is the person responsible for paying
the resident contractor.
(3) Sub-Contractor: The above rule is also applicable in case payment is made by a contractor to
a resident sub-contractor for carrying out (or for the supply of labour for carrying out. the
whole (or any part) of the work undertaken by the contractor, or for supplying, whether
wholly or partly, any labour which the contractor has undertaken to supply.
Specified Payers: Tax is deductible under section 194C (1) only if payment is made of a
contract between a specified person and a resident contractor. The following are the persons”
for this purpose:
(a) the Central Government or any State Government; or
(b) any local authority; or
(c) any corporation established by or under a Central, State or Provincial Act; or
(d) any company; or
(e) any co-operative society; or
(f) any authority constituted in India by or under any law, engaged either for the purpose of
dealing with and satisfying the need for housing accommodation or for the purpose of
planning, development or improvement of cities, towns and villages, or for both; or
(g) any society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or under any law
corresponding to that Act in force in any part of India; or
(h) any trust; or
(i) any University established or incorporated by or under a Central, State or Provincial Act
and an institution declared to be a University under section 3 of the University Grants
Commission Act, 1956; or
(j) any firm.
WHEN TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax is to be deducted at the earlier of (a) crediting amount to the payee‟s account or to any
account such as Payable Account or Suspense Account; or (b) paying the sum by cash, cheque etc.
Tax is to be deducted at source where the amount credited or paid to a contractor or sub-
contractor exceeds `30,000 in a single payment or ` 1,00,000 in the aggregate during a financial
year.
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 141

HOW MUCH TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED?

TDS is to be charged on the entire bill including reimbursements, if any. TDS may be Nil or
lower if the Assessing Officer gives a certificate to such effect. Rate of TDS is 1% if recipient is
individual/HUF and rate of TDS is 2%, if the recipient is any other person Rate of TDS is 20% in
case of nor having PAN)
MEANING OF CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR/WORK:
(1) Contractor: A “contractor” is one who makes an agreement with another to do a piece of
work. Such contractor controls the means, methods and manner of doing the work. The
expression “contractor” also includes a contractor who is carrying out any work (including
supply of labour for carrying out any work) in pursuance of a contract between the
contractor, and the Government of a foreign State; or a foreign enterprise; or any association
or body established outside India.
(2) Sub-contractor: Sub-contractor is one who takes portion of contract from principal
contractor or another sub-contractor.
(3) Work: The expression “work”, also includes (a) advertising, (b) broadcasting and telecasting
including production of programmes for such broadcasting or telecasting, (c) carriage of
goods and passengers by any mode of transport other than by railway, and (d) catering. TDS
is applicable only where contract is either a “work contract” or a “contract for supply of
labour for works contract”. These provisions are, therefore, not applicable for payments
made under contract for sale of goods.

[C] TDS FROM COMMISSION OR BROKERAGE [U/S. 194 H]:

WHO SHOULD DEDUCT TAX:
Any person, not being an individual or a Hindu undivided family, who is responsible for
paying to a resident any sum by way of commission or brokerage shall deduct tax at source.
WHEN TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax is to be deducted at the earlier of (a) crediting commission etc. to the payee‟s account or to
any account such as Payable Account or Suspense Account; or (b) paying the sum by cash,
cheque etc. Tax should be deducted only if the commission or brokerage paid or likely to be
credit and paid during the financial year by the aforesaid person to the account of, or to, the
payee, exceed `15,000.
HOW MUCH TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax shall be deducted at the prescribed rate i.e. 5%. TDS may be Nil or lower if the Assessing
Officer gives certificate to such effect.
MEANING OF COMMISSION OR BROKERAGE:
Commission or brokerage includes any payment (except insurance commission) received or
receivable, directly or indirectly, by a person acting on behalf of another person for services
rendered (except professional services), or for any service in the course of buying or selling goods
or in relation to an/transaction relating to any asset, valuable article or thing, not being securities.

[D] TDS FROM RENT: [U/S. 194-I]

(1) WHO SHOULD DEDUCT TAX:
Any person (not being an individual or a Hindu undivided family) responsible for paying
rent to a resident is required to deduct tax at source under the provisions of section 194-I. For this
purpose, payer himself is treated as person responsible for paying rent. If, however, payer is a
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142 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

company, the company itself, including the principal officer thereof, is the person responsible for
paying rent.
(2) WHEN TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax is to be deducted at the earlier of (a) crediting rent to the payee‟s account or to any
account such as payable Account or Suspense Account; or (b) paying the sum by cash, cheque etc.
No tax is deductible if the amount of rent credited/paid during the financial year does not exceed
`1,80,000.
(3) HOW MUCH TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
TDS is to be deducted at the prescribed rate i.e. Rent of plant or machinery 2% rent of land,
building, furniture 10% (excluding service tax and municipal tax). TDS may be Nil or lower if the
Assessing Officer gives a certificate to such effect.

[E] TDS FROM PROFESSIONAL FEES: [U/S. 194-J]

(1) WHO SHOULD DEDUCT TAX:
Any person, not being an individual or a Hindu undivided family (not being subject to Tax
Audit u/s 44A), who is responsible for paying to a resident any sum by way of fees for
professional services, or fees for technical services or royalty or „non-compete fees‟ u/s 28(va)
shall deduct tax at source.
(2) WHEN TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax is to be deducted at the earlier of (a) crediting fees to payee‟s account or to any account
such as Payable Account or Suspense Account; or (b) paying the sum by cash, cheque etc. Tax
should be deducted only if fees paid or likely to be credited and paid during the financial year by
the aforesaid person to the account of, or to, the payee, exceed `30,000.
(3) HOW MUCH TAX SHOULD BE DEDUCTED:
Tax shall be deducted at the prescribed rate i.e. 10% (no surcharge and education cess etc.) on
total payment including service tax). Even reimbursement of actual expenditure can not be
deducted in case of consolidated bill. TDS may be Nil or lower if the Assessing Officer gives a
certificate to such effect.
Section Types of When to deduct tax at source At what rate to be
Payment/Income deducted at Source
192 SALARY If GTI is more than ` 2,50,000 or `3,00,000 As per Income Tax slab
Rate.
193 Interest in Securities `10,000 10% I.T.
194 Dividends 2,500 10%
194 A Interest other than At the time of credit or payment, whichever 10% as I.T. if PAN is
interest on Securities is earlier, when the aggregate sums payable provided.
during the financial year exceeds `5,000. 20% if PAN is not
[`50,000 in the case of bank interest co- provided.
operative Society, Post office Deposits etc.]
194 C Payment to Contractors At the time of credit or payment, whichever 2% as IT for other
and Sub Contractors is earlier, when the contract value exceeds Person.1% as IT for
`30,000 Individual & HUF. 20%
OR It PAN is not provided
Aggregate of payments during the year for both.
exceeds `1,00,000
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 143

194 H Commission or At the time of credit or payment whichever is 5% as IT. It PAN is

brokerage earlier. When aggregate sums credited/paid provided.
during the financial year exceeds `15,000. 20% If PAN is not
provided.
194 I Rent At the time of credit or payment whichever is 2% as IT on Machinery.
earlier, when aggregate sum credited/paid Plant or equipment
during the financial ear exceeds `2,40,000. (10% as IT & SC for
Land and Building.)
194 J Fees for Professional or At the time of credit or payment whichever is 10% as IT. It PAN is
Technical services earlier, when the aggregate sums provided.
credited/paid during the financial year 20% If PAN is not
exceeds `30,000 in either case. provided.
PROCEDURE PENALTY AND PROSECUTION - TDS:
Once it is ascertained that an assessee is required to deduct tax at Source (TDS) then various
procedures and compliances must be studied in order that no penalties or prosecution
proceedings are launched against the assessee.
Following are the steps which are required to be followed
(1) Obtain Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number (TDCAN).
(2) Deduct Tax from income/payments liable for TDS as per the Act.
(3) Pay the tax to the government within stipulated period.
(4) Issue TDS certificates to payees within stipulated period.
(5) Furnish various returns/statements to the Income tax department within the stipulated
period.
Obtain Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number (TDCAN) (U/S 203A):
The application for TDCAN No. is required to be made in form 49B, in duplicate to the
assessing officer. Such an application is required to be made within one month from the end of
the month, in which tax is deducted/collected at source. On obtaining the TDCAN No. the same
is required to be quoted on all challans, returns and certificates related to TDS matters.
Failure to comply with provisions of Section 203A may attract a penalty upto `10,000
u/s 272BB.
Deduct Tax from income/payments liable for TDS as per the Act.
The provision as to when to deduct tax and at what rate differs for each payment of Income.
These are covered up by under section 192 to 196D. Under .each section the act specifies the types
of Payers and Payee to be covered (along with the conditions if any required to be fulfilled). The
payees reduce or escape the TDS burden either by filing certain forms (i.e. 15H. 15G etc.) to
payers or (Form 13, 13C) to assessing officer and obtain appropriate certificate.
However, no TDS should be made u/s 196 by any person from any sum payable as Interest or
dividend or other sums payable to government. Reserve bank or Certain Corporations or Mutual
Fund u/s 10(23D)
But if a person fails to deduct tax at source he is treated as an „Assessee in default‟ in respect
of the said tax and shall be liable to pay:
(i) Simple Interest @ 1% for every month or part of the month on the amount of tax from the
date on which tax was deductable to the date on which tax was actually paid (Sec. 201)
(ii) Penalty in addition to arrears of tax and interest which can be to the extent of tax in
arrears (Sec. 221).
(iii) Penalty equal to the amount of tax which he failed to deduct at source. (Sec. 271 C).
Pay the tax to Government within stipulated period.
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144 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

After the tax is deducted at source in accordance with the provisions of the Act, the payer is
required to pay the same to the government within the prescribed time and in the prescribed
manner.
However, if a person after deducting the tax fails to deposit the tax as required by the Act, he
shall be treated as an “Assessee in default” and such person is liable to
(i) Pay Simple Interest @ 1% for every month or part of the month on the amount of tax
from the date on which tax was deductible to the date on which such tax was actually
paid. Also the tax and interest shall have a charge on the asset of the person who has
failed to pay deducted tax (Sec. 201).
(ii) Pay Penalty in addition to arrears of tax and interest which can be to the extent of tax in
arrears. (Sec. 221).
(iii) Punishment with a rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than
3 months and fine and can be extended to 7 years.
TDS Return:
In the case of a person file TDS return should be submitted in a computer readable media. For
other person deducting tax at source, it still optional to file a paper return or return on computer
media. The return is to be prepared on the data structure provided by the NSDL and copied on a
CD. The CD affixed with label indicating name PAN No., TDS A/c No., address, the period to
which the return pertains the form number of the return.
Issue Certificate of TDS to the payees within stipulated (U/S 203).
TI S certificate are to be issued in form 16 for salary payment of Income and 16A in any other
cases. Such TDS certificates are to be issued on payers own stationery or can be purchased from
the market. The time limit for issuing if TDS certificates to payees are covered independently
under each payment/income. If TDS certificate is lost the payer can issue it in duplicate TDS
certificate. The payer has to prepare 3 copies of TDS certificate, Original for time assessee, Second
for the Payer and Third copy to be attached relevant annual returns.
However, if a person fails to issue TDS certificate otherwise than by reasonable cause as per
the Act within the stipulated period he shall be liable to pay by way of penalty a sum which shall
not be less than `100, but may extend to `200 for every day for which failure continues and
however no upper limit has been provided for the amount of penalty. However, where tax has
been deducted or paid in accordance with the provisions of the act on or after 1st April 2006 there
shall be no requirement to furnish a certificate as referred above.
Furnish various returns, Statements to the Income tax department within stipulated time
(i.e. Annual Return Form 24, 25. 26, 26A etc.)
As per Section 206, the person responsible for deduction of tax at source is also liable to file
annual returns of TDS after the end of each financial year within prescribed time limit.
In case of default otherwise than by reasonable cause, assessee shall be liable to pay by way of
penalty a sum which shall not be less than `100 but extended to `200 for every day for which
failure continues.
Payments to travel agents:
It is clarified that the provisions of Sec.194C do not apply to the payments made to the airlines
or the travel agents for purchase of tickets for air travel of individual. The provisions shall,
however, apply when payments are made for chartering an aircraft for carriage of passengers or
goods. „Further, this clarification shall apply mutatis mutandis to the tickets for travel of
individual by any other mode of transport also - Circular No. 713, dated 2nd August, 1995.
Payments relating to Advertisement: (i) Payments made directly to Doordarshan, a
Government Agency, is not liable to income-tax. The payments made directly to print and
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 145

electronic media would be covered u/s 194C; (ii) Section 194C applies for sponsorship of debates,
seminars and other functions with a view to earn publicity through display of banners, etc., put
up by the organizers. Deduction of tax is required to be made on payments for cost of
advertisements issued in the souvenirs brought out by various organizations - Circular No. 715,
dated 8th August, 1995.
Other Points:
(a) Payments made to couriers for carrying documents, letters, etc., attracts Sec 194G.
(b) Service contracts would be covered by the provisions of this section since service moans
doing „any work‟. However, contracts involving professional! technical services would be
covered u/s 194J.
(c) Provisions of Sec. 194C cover written as well as oral contracts.
(d) Where advance payments are made during the execution of the contract and such
payments are to be adjusted at the time of final settlement of accounts, tax will have to be
deducted at the time of making advance payments, subject to fulfillment of other
conditions of Sec 194C.
(e) Sec 194C refers to any sum paid. Obviously, reimbursement of actual expenses cannot be
deducted out of the bill amount for the purpose of tax deduction at source.
Circular:
No. 723, dated 19-9-1995.
(f) The rate of tax prescribed u/s.194G shall be applied on the gross amount and not on the
„Income element comprised in the contract amount. Therefore, the person responsible to
deduct tax at source is not required to estimate the income comprised in the payment –
ACC Ltd vs. CIT (1993) 201 ITR 435 fSC).
Illustration 1:
Dr. Zubin is an individual medical practitioner. His gross receipt from the medical practice for
the year ending 31st March, 2020 was `75 lakhs. Whereas the gross professional receipts for the
year ending 31st March, 2019 is `8 lakhs. During the financial year 2019-20, he makes the
following payments to a resident contractor for various activities:
Contract Name of the Description of Contract Amount paid or
No. Contractor credited in the books
(`)
A Mr. X Medical equipment maintenance contract 45,000
B Mr. X Household personal equipment maintenance 2,50,000
contract
C Mr. Y Clinic furnishing contract 20,025
D Mr. Y Clinic furnishing contract 29,000
E Mr. Y Clinic furnishing contract 28,000
F Mr. M Personal catering contract in connection with 3,00,000
daughter‟s wedding.
Examine the liability to deduct tax and the amount of TDS under section 194C for the
AY 2020-21. [MU., TYBAF, April 2010, Modified]
Solution:
In the case of individuals, the liability to deduct tax u/s. 194C arise, only where they are
subject to tax audit u/s. 44AB in the immediately preceding previous year in which such
payments or credit entries are made. In the given case, the individual‟s account is subject to tax
audit for the year ending 31st March, 2020 and therefore, the provisions of section 194C is
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146 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

applicable in respect of payments covered there under. Gross receipts for the financial year
2019-20 is not relevant to determine the applicability of Sec. 194C. Accordingly, the liability to
TDS is as follows
Contract A:
Since the amount of individual contract exceeds `30,000 the provisions of sec.194C shall apply
and therefore, tax of `450, being 1%, shall be deducted at source at the time of payment or
passing credit entries in the books, whichever is earlier.
Contract B and F:
In the case of individual or HUF, where the payment under a contract is made for personal
purpose, liability to deduct tax does not arise. Therefore, in the given case, the contract for
maintenance of household personal equipment and catering contract for daughter‟s marriage
does not attract tax deduction at source.
Contract C, D and E:
The liability to deduct tax in respect of payment made in pursuance of a contract arise only
where the amount of individual contract exceeds `30,000 or the aggregate amounts of all
contracts to a resident contractor exceeds `1,00,000 during the financial year. In the given case,
though the independent contract value of contracts of C, D and E does not exceed `30,000, the
aggregate value of all these contracts to Mr. Y also does not exceeds `1,00,000 during the
financial year. Therefore, Dr. Z is not responsible to deduct tax u/s. 194C.
Therefore, the total amount of tax to be deducted by Dr. Zubin for the AY 2020-21 under
section 194C is `450.
Illustration 2:
Examine the applicability of tax deduction at source in the following situations:
(a) Akshath, an individual carrying on business and made gross turnover of `70,00,000 for
the year ended 31-03-2019, effected a payment of `35,000 to Times of India news paper
for recoupment of staff;
(b) ABC private limited has paid a sum of `1.5 crores to Sical C & F limited towards clearing
and forwarding charges;
(c) XYZ limited paid a sum of `28,000 to ABT parcel service and `10,00,000 to Indian
Railways towards freight charges.
(d) K Private limited entered into a contract with Thermax Limited for supply of materials
amounting to `30,00,000. [MU.,TYBAF, Oct. 2010, Modified]
Solution:
(a) Tax shall be deducted @ 2% of `35,000; (b) Liable for tax deduction @ 2%; (c) Freight
Payment to ABT not subject to TDS as the value of contract does not exceed `30,000 and payment
to Railways is exempt from TDS; (d) Supply of materials shall not be considered to be “work”
and therefore not subject to tax.
Illustration 3: [MU, TYBAF, April 2011 Modified]
(a) Sun Ltd. makes the following payments during the Financial Year 2019-20.
Paid to Nature of Payment `
(i) Desai and Co. Audit Fees 18,000
(ii) Tilak and Co. Account writing fees 35,000
(iii) Tilak and Co. Reimbursement of out of pocket expenses
(Under Separate Bill) 20,000
(iv) Naik and Co. Fees for Interior Decoration: Office 40,000
(v) Patil and Co. Brokerage for arranging office on Rental basis 2,000
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 147

Determine on which of the above payments tax is to be deducted at source for the Assessment
year 2020-21.
(b) Determine on which of the following payments tax is to be deducted at source for the
Assessment year 2020-21.
Payer Payee Nature of Payment `
(i) Manoj and Co. (a partnership firm) Mr. Manoj (a partner) Interest on capital 15,000
(ii) Indian Post Office Mr. Jagan (age 69 years) Interest on Senior Citizen
Savings scheme Account 18,000
(iii) Janata Sahakari Bank Ltd. Mr. Pramod Interest on Fixed Deposit 21,000
(iv) Motor Accident Claim Tribunal Mrs. Sunita Interest on Compensation
of `1,00,000 9,000
(v) Income Tax Department Mr. Suresh Interest on Income
Tax Refund 6,000
(c) Determine on which of the following payments tax is to be deducted at source for the
Assessment year 2020-21.
Payer Payee Nature of Payment `
(i) Mumbai University Mr. Sagar Contract Charges
for construction of over-bridge 49,000
(ii) Sawant and Bros. (HUF) Mr. „X‟ for Interior Decoration work
having tax audit u/s 44 carried out at home 75,000
AB in the year 2018-19
(iii) MTNL Mr. Parag Commission
(PCO operator) on PCO Collection 4,500
(iv) Moon Ltd. Shyam Ltd. Accomodation of General Manager 2,10,000
(V) Asha Ltd. Mr. Mahendra Refundable Deposit for flat taken on lease 1,50,000
Solution:
(a)
Paid to Nature of Payment ` Remarks
(i) Desai and Co. Audit Fees 18,000 No
(ii) Tilak and Co. Account Writing Fees 35,000 Yes
(iii)Tilak and Co. Reimbursement of out of pocket expenses (Under Separate Bill) 20,000 No
(iv) Naik and Co. Fees for Interior Decoration: Office 40,000 Yes
(v) Patil and Co. Brokerage for Arranging Office on Rental Basis 2,000 No
(b)
Payer Payee Nature of Payment ` Remarks
(i) Manoj and Co. (a partnership firm) Mr. Manoj (a partner) Interest on capital 15,000 No
(ii) Indian Post Office Mr. Jagan (age 69 years) Interest on Senior Citizen
Savings scheme Account 18,000 Yes
(iii) Janata Sahakari Bank Ltd. Mr. Pramod Interest on Fixed Deposit 21,000 Yes
(iv) Motor Accident Claim Tribunal Mrs. Sunita Interest on Compensation
of `1,00,000 9,000 Yes
(v) Income Tax Department Mr. Suresh Interest on Income
Tax Refund 6,000 No
(c)
Payer Payee Nature of Payment ` Remarks
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148 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(i) Mumbai University Mr. Sagar Contract Charges for construction of over-bridge 49,000 Yes
(ii) Sawant and Bros. Mr. „X‟ For Interior Decoration work carried out at 75,000 No
home
(HUF.) having tax
audit u/s 44 AB in
the year 2018-19
(iii) MTNL Mr. Parag Commission on PCO Collection 4,500 No
(PCO operator)
(iv) Moon Ltd. Shyam Ltd. Accomodation of General Manager 2,10,000 Yes
(v) Asha Ltd. Mr. Mahendra Refundable Deposit for flat taken on lease 1,50,000 No
Illustration 4:
(a) Determine on which of the following payments tax is to be deducted at source for the
Assessment year 2020-21.
Payer Payee Nature of Payment `
(i) Manoj Ltd. Mrs. Loomba Returnable deposit for flat taken on lease 2,00,000
(ii) Kiran Ltd. Raghav Ltd. Accommodation of Director 1,90,000
(iii) LIC of India Mr. Kirit Shah Amount of Commission 2,00,000
(iv) Pawar & Co. (a partnership firm) Mr. Shreyas Int on Capital 20,000
(Partners)
(v) Great Bombay Co. op Bank Ltd. Mr. Lokesh Interest on F.D 19,000
(b) Shyam Ltd. makes the following payments during the Financial Year 2019-20.
Paid to Nature of Payment `
(i) Shah & Co. Account writing fees 30,000
(ii) Mehta & Co. Reimbursement for out of pocket expenses (under separate bill) 20,000
(iii) Gandhi & Co. Audit fees 19,000
(iv) Sanghi & Co. Fees for technical services 50,000
(v) Darji & Co. Brokerage for after space 1,000
(c) Determine on which of the following payments tax is to be deducted at source for the
Assessment year 2020-21.
Payer Payee Nature of Payment `
(i) Income tax department Mr. Rakesh Interest on I.T. refund 20,000
(ii) MTNL Mr. Mukesh (PCO Operator) Commission on PCO collection 4,000
(iii) IGNOU Mr. Vikas Contract charges for construction of flyover 74,000
(iv) Mr. Ravi Mr. Suresh Part of that 1,00,000
(v) Indian Post office Mr. Singham (Age 71 yrs) Interest on Senior Citizen saving scheme 21,000
account
Solution:
(a)
Payer Payee Nature of Payment ` TDS
(i) Manoj Ltd. Mrs. Loomba Returnable deposit for flat taken on lease 2,00,000 No
(ii) Khan Ltd. Raghav Ltd. Accommodation of Director 2,90,000 Yes
(iii) LIC of India Mr. Kirit Shah Amount of Commission 2,00,000 Yes
(iv) Pawar & Co. (a partnership Mr. Shreyas Interest on Capital 20,000 No
firm) (Partners)
(v) Great Bombay Co. op Bank Mr. Lokesh Interest on F.D 19,000 Yes
Ltd.
(b)
Paid to Nature of Payment ` Remarks
(i) Shah & Co. Account writing fees 30,000 Yes
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 149

(ii) Mehta & Co. Reimbursement for out of pocket expenses (under separate bill) 20,000 No
(iii) Gandhi & Co. Audit fees 19,000 No
(iv) Sanghi & Co. Fees for technical services 50,000 Yes
(v) Darji & Co. Brokerage for office space 1,000 No
(c)
Payer Payee Nature of Payment ` Remarks
(i) Income tax department Mr. Rakesh Interest on I.T. refund 20,000 No
(ii) MTNL Mr. Mukesh (PCO Commission on PCO collection 4,000 No
Operator)
(iii) IGNOU Mr. Vikas Contract charges for construction of flyover 74,000 No
(iv) Mr. Ravi Mr. Suresh Part of flat 1,00,000 No
(v) Indian Post office Mr. Singham (Age Interest on Senior citizen saving scheme 21,000 Yes
71 yrs) account
Illustration 5:
Discuss the clarifications issued by the Cetnral Board of Direct Taxes on Section 194C.
Solution:
The following clarifications have been issued by the Board on section 194C.
 Advertising Contracts – The payments made directly to print and electronic media would be
covered under section 194C as these are in the nature of payments for purposes of
advertising. It may, however, be noted that the payments made directly to Doordarshan may
not be subjected to tax deduction as Doordarshan, being a Government agency, is not liabel
to income tax.
 Payment by an advertising agency to print media/electronic media – It is not subject to tax
deduction under section 194C.
 Sponsorship of debates is advertisement – The agreement of sponsorship of debates,
seminars and other functions in schools/colleges/associations is in essence an agreement for
carrying out a work of advertisement. Therefore, provisions of section 184C shall apply.
 Advertisement in souvenirs – Tax has to be deducted on payments for cost of advertisements
issued in the souvenirs brought out be various organisations.
 Payment of putting up a hoarding – the contract for putting up a hoarding is in the nature of
advertising contract and provisions of section 194C would be applicable. If, however, a
person has taken a particular space on rent and thereafter sublets the same fully or in part for
putting up a hoarding, he would be liable to tax deduction under section 1940-1 and not
194C.
 Payment of an Electrician – The payment made to an electrician or to a contractor who
provides the service of an electrician will be in the nature of payment made in pursuance of a
contract for carrying out any work. Accordingly, provisions of section 194C will apply in
such cases.
 Maintenance contracts – Routine, normal maintenance contracts which include supply of
spares will be covered under section 194C. However, where technical services are rendered,
the provisions of section 194J will apply in regard to tax deduction of source.
 Fixed deposit commission – FD commission/brokerage cannot be covered by section 194 C –
circular No. 715, dated August 8, 1995.
 Procurement of Orders – Rendering services for procurement of orders is not covered by
section 194C (but by section 194J) – Circular No. 715, date August 8, 1995.
 Cooling charges – Section 194C will be applicable to the amounts paid as cooling charges by
the customers of the storage.
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150 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

 Reimbursement – Section 194C refers to any sum paid. Reimbursements cannot be deducted
out of the bill amount for the purpose of tax deduction at source.
Illustration 6:
Discuss the rate at which tax is deductible in the following cases during Financial year 2018-
19.
(1) X Ltd. pays Rs. 40,000 to Doordarshan on March 15, 2020.
(2) An advertising company pays Rs. 1,00,000 to The Times of India on account of
publication of its advertisement on November 10, 2019.
(3) A publishing company sponsors a seminar and pays Rs. 1,00,000 to the organiser
(an AOP) on January 31, 2020.
(4) A garment manufacturing company pays Rs. 80,000 to an advertising company on
February 5, 2020. It includes Rs. 65,000 being bill of media.
(5) X, an individual (having only rental income), pays Rs. 30,000 to a contractor for carrying
out routine repair work on March 20, 2020.
(6) X Ltd. pays Rs. 30,001 to a contractor for carrying out routine repair work on May 10,
2020.
Solution:
(1) Nil
(2) Nil
(3) 2% of 1,00,000 = 2,000
(4) 2% of 80,000 = 1,600
(5) Nil
(6) 1% of 30,001 = 300.
Illustration 7:
Discuss the clarification issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes on section 194-1.
Solution:
 When building is let out alongwith furniture/fittings - if a building is let out alongwith
furniture/fittings but rent is payable under two separate agreements (one for building and
another for furniture/fittings) the composite rent is subject to tax deduction under section
194-1.
 Rent of „any‟ building is covered – Rent of any building is covered by section 194-1.
 The payee may not be owner of the building – Section 194-1 is applicable even if the person
to whom rent is paid, is not the owner of the building. In other words, tax is deductible even
in the case of sub-lease of a building.
 Warehousing charges – The term „rent‟ as defined in Explanation (i) below section 194-1
means any payment by whatever name called under any lease, sub-lease, tenancy or any
other agreement or arrangement for the use of any building or land. Therefore, the
warehousing charges will be subject to deduction of tax under section 194-1.
 Rent inclusive of municipal tax, ground rent – The basis of tax deduction at source under
section 194-1 is „income by way of rent‟. Rent has been defined to mean any payment under
any lease, tenancy, agreement, etc., for the use of any land or building. Thus, if the
municipal taxes, ground rent, etc., are borne by the tenant, no tax will be deducted on such
sum.
Illustration 8:
Compute the amount of tax to be deducted at source in the following cases:
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 151

(1) X Ltd. takes a building on rent and sub-lets it to Y, an individual who has only salary
income, Y, the sub-tenant, pays rent of Rs. 2,00,000 on January 5, 2020.
(2) X Ltd. takes a building on rent and sub-lets it to Y Ltd. pays Rs. 2,00,000 as rent on
January 5, 2020.
(3) On November 1, 2019, Z Ltd. takes a building on rent from A (rent being Rs. 15,000 per
month). During 2019-20, Rs. 1,95,000 is paid to A (i.e., regular rent of 2019-20; Rs. 1,80,000
and advance rent of April 2020 : Rs. 15,000) on March 31, 2020.
(4) On October 1, 2019, B Ltd. takes a commercial building on rent (rent for the period
ending March 31, 2019 being Rs. 5,00,000). Rent is payable on December 31, 2020 to three
co-owners as follows:
C (1/2 share) : Rs. 2,50,000;
D Ltd. (40 per cent share) : Rs. 2,00,000;
E Ltd. (10 per cent share) : Rs. 50,000.
(5) Assume in (4), if the building is taken on rent by B, an individual B is a businessman but
his books of account are not audited.
Solution:
(1) Nil
(2) 10% of 2,00,000 = 20,000
(3) 10% of 1,95,000 = 19,500
(4) 45,000
(5) Nil

Exercises: Objectives
(1) Explain the various provisions under the Income Tax Act, 1961 for the tax deduction at source?
[M. U. May 08 TYBAF]
(2) Write short notes on: [M. U. Nov. 06 TYBAF]
(a) T. D. S from Salary.
(b) T. D. S from Dividend.
(c) T. D. S on Interest on Securities.
(d) T. D. S for payment to contractors.
(e) T. D. S on Rent.
(f) Tax Deducted at Source.
(g) Tax Deduction Account Number.
(h) Tax Deduction Account Number.
(3) State whether following statements are True of False:
(a) NSDL stands for National Security Depositary Ltd. Ans.: True
(b) TAN stands for Tax deduction Account No. Ans.: False
(c) TDS is not deducted if commission paid is `20,000. Ans.: False
(d) 26 QQA From No. is to be filled and submitted for TDS on Interest. Ans.: True
(e) CIN stands for challan identification number. Ans.: True
(f) The rate of deduction of tax at source for interest is 5%. Ans.: False
(g) The TDS rate u/s 194 C for payment to contractors for individuals is 2%. Ans.: False
(h) A flat monetary limit `20,000 is fixed u/s 194 A on TDS on Interest. Ans.: False
(4) Match the Column:
Column I Column II
(1) Sec. 194 A (a) TDS on Securities
(2) Sec. 194 C (b) TDS on fees
(3) Sec. 194 H (c) TDS on Professional
(4) Sec. 194 I (d) Payment to Resident Contractors
(5) Sec. 194 J (e) TDS on Interest
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152 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(f) TDS on Rent

(g) TDS on Commission
Ans.: (1-g), (2-d), (3-e), (4-f), (5-c)
Column I Column II
(1) TDS if interest paid exceeds (a) `1,000
(2) TDS monetary limit for contract (b) `1,500
(3) TDS on commission paid (c) `15,000 p.a. and above
(4) TDS on Rent (d) `10,000 & above
(5) TDS on professional fees (e) `30,000 & above
(f) `15,000 & above
(g) `30,000 & above
(h) `1,80,000 p.a. above
Ans.: (1-d), (2-g), (3-c), (4-h), (5-e)
Column I Column II
(1) TDS on Interest (a) 5%
(2) TDS on Payment to Resident contractor being Ind/HUF (b) 15%
(3) TDs on payment to contractor for Firm, Co., etc. (c) 2%
(4) TDs on Rent payment for Plant, Mach & equipment. (d) 7.5%
(5) TDS on Rent of land & building. (e) 10%
(f) 1%
(g) 2%
(h) 10%
Ans.: (1-e), (2-f), (3-c), (4-g), (5-h)
(5) Fill in blanks:
(a) TDS on interest on securities paid by __________ is done at 10% if interest paid exceeds 10,000.
(b) __________ rates of payment made to contractors is 1% for individuals / HUF and 2% for firm,
company etc.
(c) TDS shall be necessary if a single contract exceeds __________ & __________ if there are
multiple contracts.
(d) TDS shall be necessary in case of commission or brokerage exceeds.
(e) TDS provisions on __________ is not applicable to __________.
(f) __________ on rent paid for plant & machinery is 2% and for land and building is 10%.
(g) TDS is applicable an professional fees paid above `__________.
[Ans.: (a-banking company) (b-TDS); (c-`30,000, `1,00,000); (d-15,000); (e-Commission/brokerage
BSNL or MTNL or PCO franchise); (f-TDS); (g-`30,000)]
(6) Rewrite the statements after choosing the correct option:
(a) When Axis Bank Ltd. pays interest to its customer Mr. Gajanan, it will have to deduct tax at
source if total interest paid/credited to him during the year exceeds __________.
(i) `5,000.
(ii) `10,000.
(iii) `20,000.
(b) When an E-TDS return has 78 deductee records, charges for furnishing E-TDS return are
__________.
(i) `30.
(ii) `182.
(iii) `606.
(c) The rate of deduction of tax at source on payments to a resident individual contractor u/s 194C is
__________.
(i) 10%
(ii) 2%
(iii) 1%
[Ans.: (a-ii), (b-i), (c-i), (d-iii)]
(7) Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) While applying TDS on Rent service tax is to be __________.
(i) excluded
(ii) ignored
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 153

(iii) included
(iv) None of the above
(b) The monetary limit for deducting TDS on professional fees is `_________.
(i) ` 15,000
(ii) ` 20,000
(iii) ` 40,000
(iv) ` 30,000
(c) The TDS rate to be applied on commission is _________%.
(i) 1%
(ii) 2%
(iii) 10%
(iv) None of the above.
(d) The monetary limit for deducting TDS if interest payment made by a banking company is
`_________.
(i) ` 22,500
(ii) ` 17,500
(iii) ` 10,000
(iv) ` 25,000
(e) The monetary limit for deducting TDS u/s 194C for a single contract `_________.
(i) ` 30,000
(ii) ` 60,000
(iii) ` 50,000
(iv) ` 40,000
[Ans.: (a-i); (b-ii); (c-iii); (d-iii); (e-i)]
(8) Mr. Avinash who earns taxable salary from ABC Ltd. requests the employer not to deduct tax from his
salary and offers to pay tax on his own. Is it correct for the employer not to deduct tax?
[Modified M. U. Oct 04]
(9) Enumerate any four payments to which TDS provisions are applicable. [M. U. April 05 TYBAF]
(10) Write short notes on Provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 for tax deduction at source from any five
different types of payments. [M. U. May 07 TYBAF]
(11) Explain in detail steps to be followed for tax to be deducted at source.
(12) Explain various penal provision for Tax deducted at Source.
(13) What is the amount of interest paid or payable in a P.Y. after which TDS on interest on securities
becomes applicable u/s 193? (M.U. April, 2004)
Ans.: `2,500
(14) What is the rate of TDS on Payments Pursuant to any contract or sub-contract of work u/s 194 C?
(M.U. April, 2004)
Ans.: 2% for contract, 1% for sub-contract
(15) Mr. Badani who earns taxable salary from T. N. Ltd. requests the employers not to deduct tax from his
salary and offers to pay the income tax on his own. Whether it is correct? (M.U. Oct., 2004)
(16) Mr. Raju earns `2,00,000 during Assessment Year 2020-21 as interest on PPF account maintained
with State Bank of India. Whether tax needs to be deducted at source? (M.U. Oct., 2004)
(17) The rate of T.D.S. on payment of interest to a resident other than a company is 12%. Is it correct? Give
reasons. (M.U. April, 2005)
Ans.: False - 10%
(18) Enumerate any four payments to which TDS provisions are applicable. (M.U. April, 2005)
(19) M/s. Sanglikar Pvt. Ltd. paid to M/s. Kokane & Co. Chartered Accountants sum of `30,000 as
retainership fees during the previous year ending 31st March, 2020 without deducting any tax at
source. Are they right? (Adapted M.U. April, 2007)
Ans.: No Refer Sec. 194 J
(20) Mr. Avinash who earns taxable salary from ABC Ltd. request the employer not to deduct tax from his
salary and offers to pay tax on his own. Is it correct for the employer not to deduct tax?
(21) When will tax not required to be deducted at source on interest payable to a resident on any bond or
security issued by a company though the aggregate amount of interest exceeds `2,500, the basic
exemption limit under section 193 of the Act? (M.U. Oct., 2009)
Ans.: Refer to caption “Interest on securities” Application
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154 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(22) Mrs. Hemalatha has made payments of `5 lacs to a contractor (for business purposes) during the last
two quarters of the year ended 31-3-2020. Her turnover for the year ended 31-3-2019 was `1.2 crore.
Is there any obligation to deduct tax at source? (M.U. May, 2008)
Ans.: Sec. 194C mandates tax deduction at source on any payment made in pursuance of any
contract for carrying out any work or for supply of labour in connection with carrying out work. In case
where the payer is an individual, the provisions of tax deduction at source shall apply only where the
turnover/gross receipts of such individual has exceeded the limits specified in Sec. 44AB of the Income
tax Act (`1 crore in the case of business and `50 lakhs in the case of profession) in the financial year
immediately preceding the year in which such payment is made.
In the given case, since the business turnover of Mrs. Hemalatha has exceeded ` 1 crore for the year
ended 31st March, 2019, and the contract payment is relating to business activities, she shall be liable
to deduct tax at source in respect of payment made to a contractor.
(23) State with reasons, whether tax deduction at source provisions are applicable to the following
transactions and if so, the rate of tax deduction:
(a) An Insurance Company paid `45,000 as Insurance Commission to its agent Mr. Han.
(b) X & Go. (Firm) engaged in wholesale business assigned a contract for construction of its godown
building to Mr. Ravi, a contractor. It paid `25,00,000 to Mr. Ravi as contract payment.
(c) AB Ltd. allowed a discount of `50,000 to XY & Co. (a firm) on prompt payment of its dues
towards supply of automobile parts.
(d) Y & Co engaged in real estate business conducted a lucky dip and gave Maruthi car to a prize
winner. (M.U. May, 2010)
Ans.: (i) Refer to caption “Insurance Commission”.
(ii) Yes. Refer to caption “TDS on contract”.
(iii) No. Amount allowed as discount does not warrant tax deduction.
(iv) Yes. Refer to caption “Winnings from lottery/crossword puzzle”.
(24) State the concessions granted to transport operators from 1st October, 2019 onwards in the context of
cash payments u/s. 40A (3) and deduction of tax at source u/s.194G. (M.U. May 10)
Ans.: Refer to caption “Tax deduction in the case of transporters”.
(25) Person not deducting tax also deemed to be an assessee in default under Section 191 read with
Section 201 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. (M.U. Oct. 09)
Ans.: True. Refer to caption “Consequences of failure to deduct or pay”.
(26) An AOP having gross receipts of `50 Lakhs during the financial year 2018-19 is not required to deduct
tax at source under Section 194C of the Income-tax Act, 1961, on payment made to contractors during
the financial year 2018-19. (Nov. 09)
Ans.: False. Refer to caption “TDS on contracts – Sec.194C”.
(27) Explain the consequences of failure to deduct tax at source and payment of the same to the
Government A/c under income Tax Act, 1961. (M.U. Oct. 09)
Ans.: Refer to caption “Consequences of failure to deduct or pay”
(28) Failure to deduct tax at source in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XVII – B, inter alia, from
the amounts payable to a resident as rent or royalty, will result in disallowance while computing the
business income. (M.U. Oct. 07)
Ans.: TRUE. Sec. 40 (a) (ia) provides for disallowance of certain specified expenditure which includes
rent and royalty payable to a resident, for which tax has not been deducted or the amount of tax
deducted has not been remitted to the credit of Central Government as per the provisions of the tax
deduction at source.
(29) Briefly explain the provisions of Section ~97 in respect of obtaining certificate for deduction of tax at a
lower rate. (M.U. Oct. 07)
Ans.: Refer to caption “Lower / no deduction of tax at source - Sec 197”
(30) What are the consequences of failure to deduct tax at source or pay the tax deducted at source to the
credit of Central Government? (M.U. May 07)
Ans.: Refer to caption “Responsibilities attached to deduction of tax”. Such expenditure shall be
allowed only in the year in which tax is deducted and remitted to the credit of Central Government.
(31) Mrs. Indira, a landlord, derived income from rent from letting a house property to M/s Vaibhav
Corporation Ltd. of `1,00,000 per month. She charged the service tax @ 10.3% on lease rent charges.
Calculate the deduction of tax at source (TDS) to be made by MIs. Vaibhav Corporation Ltd. on
payment made to Mrs. Indira and narrate related Formalities in relation to TDS. What are the
consequences of failure to deduct or pay TDS? (M.U. Oct. 09)
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS) 155

Ans.:
(a) The CBDT vide circular no. 4/2008 dated 28-04-2018 has clarified that service tax paid by the
tenant does not partake the nature of income of the landlord. In view of this clarification, Tax
deduction at source. (TDS) under section 194-I of Income tax Act would be required to be made
on the amount of rent paid/payable without including the service tax. CBDT clarification refers
only to TDS u/s 194–I.
(b) In the given case, tax has to be deducted on `12,00,000 which is exclusive of service tax.
Therefore, tax to be deducted is `1,20,000, being 10% on `12,00,000/-; i.e.`10,000 per month.
(c) Surcharge and education cess are not to be applied on tax deduction w.e.f. 01.10.2018.
(d) Refer to caption “Consequences of failure to deduct or pay”…
 TM
156 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Chapter 6

Advance Payment of Tax

(Section 207-211)

Liability for Payment of Advance Tax:

Tax shall be payable in advance during any financial year in respect of the total income of the
assessee which would be chargeable to tax for the assessment year immediately following that
financial year – Section 207.
Advance tax shall be payable during any financial year in every case where the amount of
such tax payable by the assessee during that year is `10,000 or more – Section 208.
A senior citizen not having any income from business/profession, is not liable to pay advance
tax.
Computation and Payment of Advance Tax:
The amount of advance tax payable by an assessee in the financial year shall be computed by
first estimating his current income. The income tax payable on such estimated income shall be
reduced by the amount of tax deductible at source and tax collectible at source to arrive at the
advance tax payable for that year – Section 209.
By virtue of Section 210, every person who is liable to pay advance tax u/s 208 shall be, of his
own accord, pay the appropriate percentage of the advance tax on his current income calculated
in the manner laid down in Section 209 on or before each of the due dates specified in Section 211.
Due Dates for Payment of Advanced Tax: [U/S. 211]
For all Assesee which are liable to pay advance tax shall have to pay the installments as
follows:
Due date of installments – on or before Amount
(1) 15th June Not less than 15% of such advance tax
(2) 15th September Not less than 45% of such advance tax, as reduced by
the amount, if any, paid in the earlier installments.
(3) 15th December Not less than 75% of such advance tax, as reduced by
the amount or amounts, if any paid in the earlier
installments or installments
(4) 15th March The whole amount of such advance tax, as reduced
by the amount or amounts, if any paid in the earlier
installments or installments.
Assessed covered u/s 44 AD are to pay advance tax of the whole amount in one installment
on or before 15th March of the financial year consequent upon raising of turnover unit from ` 1
crore to ` 2 crore, these amendments were from 1st June, 2016.
If any assessee does not pay any installments of the advance tax, he shall be deemed to be an
assessee in default in respect of such installments or installments – Sector.218.
Advance Payment of Tax 157

Any sum paid by or recovered from an assessee as advanced tax shall be treated as a payment
of tax in respect of the income assessable in the relevant assessment year and credit thereof shall
be given to the assessee in the regular assessment – Section 219.
When a person becomes liable to pay advance tax:
Every person is liable to pay advance tax if advance tax payable is `10,000 or more. All items
of income are liable for payment of advance tax.
Illustration 1:
The following illustration is given to have a better understanding:
Ravi (26 years) is employed by a manufacturing company. For the previous year 2019-20 his
estimated income is as follows:
` `
Estimated gross salary 12,40,000
Less: Ravi contribution towards recognised provident fund 1,28,800
Tax deduction at source by employer 1,01,880
Take home pay 10,09,320
Estimated bank interest 1,00,000
Less: Tax deduction at source by the bank 10,000
Net interest likely to be received by X from bank 90,000
Solution:
If advance tax payable is `10,000 or more, then Ravi is liable to pay advance tax during the
financial year 2019-20. For this purpose, the calculation shall be made as follows:
Name of assessee: Ravi
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y: 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y: 2020-21
` `
Gross salary 12,40,000
Less: Deduction u/s 16 –
Income from salary 1 2,40,000
Bank interest 1,00,000
Gross total income 13,40,000
Less: Deduction under section 80C 1,28,800
Net income 11,11,200
Tax on net income 1,45,860
Add: Surcharge Nil
Tax and surcharge 1,45,860
Add: Health and education cess @ 4% 5,834
Tax liability 1,51,694
Less: Tax deduction at source
By employer 1,01,880
By bank 10,000 (1,11,880)
Advance tax payable during the financial year 2018-19 (a) 39,814
By 15th June 2018 (39,814 × 15%)- 5,972
By 15th September 2018 (39,814 × 45%) – 5,972 11,944
By 15th December 2018 (39,814 × 75%) – 17,916 11,944
By 15th March 2019 (39,814 × 100%) – 11,917 9,954
 TM
158 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

In his case, tax computed is `10,000 or more. Therefore, Ravi will have to pay advance tax
during the financial year 2019-20 (the detailed provisions are given below). It may be noted that it
tax computed is less than `10,000, then no advance tax is payable by Ravi.
When Advance Tax payment becomes due:
Advance tax is payable as follows:
In the case of a all assessee
On or before June 15 of the previous year Up to 15 per cent of advance tax payable
On or before September 15 of the previous year Up to 45 per cent of advance tax payable
On or before December 15 of the previous year Up to 75 per cent of advance tax payable
On or before March 15 of the previous year Up to 100 per cent of advance tax payable
 Where advance tax is payable by virtue of the notice of demand issued by the Assessing
Officer, the whole or the appropriate part of the advance tax shall be payable in the
remaining instalments.
 Any payment of advance tax made before March 31 shall be treated as advance tax paid
during the financial year.
 If the last day for payment of any instalment of advance tax is a day on which the receiving
bank is closed, the assessee can make the payment on the next immediately following
working day, and in such case, the mandatory interest leviable under sections 234B and 234C
would not be charged.
How advance tax is computed:
Advance tax liability is computed as follows:
Payment of advance tax by the assessee on his own account: An assessee who is liable to pay
advance tax is required to estimate his current income and pay advance tax thereon without
having to submit any estimate or statement of income to the assessing authorities.
 Revision of second and subsequent instalments: After making payment of first/second
instalment of advance tax, an assessee can revise the remaining instalment(s) of advance tax
in accordance with his revised estimate of current income and pay tax accordingly without
any requirement of filing the revised estimate of advance tax.
Computation of Tax: Tax can be computed on the current income (estimated by the taxpayer)
at the rates in force during the financial year. From the tax so computed, tax deducted/collected
at source will be deducted. Calculation can be made on similar lines in the case of
upward/downward revision of current income.
The amount of advance tax payable by an assesse in the financial year shall be computed as
follows U/S 209:
Estimated taxable income for the year XX
Tax on Estimated income XX
Less: Tax deducted or collected at source (XX)
Amount payable as advance Tax XXX
By virtue of section 210, every person who is liable to by advance tax U/S 208 shall, of his
own accord, pay appropriate percentage of the advance tax on his current income calculated in
the manner laid down in section 209 on or before each of the due date specified U/S 211.
Illustration 2:
The following are the particulars submitted by different taxpayers for the assessment year:
2020-21.
Advance Payment of Tax 159

X (an Y (a Hindu Z (a firm)

individual) (30 undivided `
years) ` family) `
(1) (2) (3)
Salaries 1,10,000 —
Income from house property 62,000 6,97,000 6,000
Profits and gains of business or profession 10,00,000 (3,000) 5,98,840
Capital gains (short-term) 6,000 — 18,380
Income from other sources 3,000 38,000 23,000
Gross total income 11,81,000 7,32,000 6,46,220
Less: Deductions under sections 80C to 80U
Under section 80C 50,000 61,000 —
Under section 80D 10,000 14,500 —
Under section 80D — 13,000 1 ,02,000
Net income 11,21,000 6,43,500 5,44,220
Tax 1,48,800 41,200 1,63,266
Add: Surcharge Nil Nil Nil
Tax and surcharge 1,48,800 41,200 1,63,266
Add: Health and education cess @ 4% 5,936 1,648 6,531
Total 1,54,336 42,848 1,69,797
Less: Tax deducted or collected at source 1,70,045 5,636 61,886
Balance (a) (15,709) 37,212 1,07,911
Determine the amount of advance tax payable during the financial year 2019-20.
Solution:
Advance tax payable for the financial year 2019-20 will be as under:
X Y Z
` ` `
Adv tax payable on/before 15th June, 2017 (15% of (a)) –* 5,582 16,187
Advance tax payable on or before September 15, 2017 [45% of (a)] – Adv –* 11,164 32,373
tax upto 15th June
Advance tax payable after September 15, 2017 but on or before
December 15, 2017 [i.e., 45% of (a)] – Adv tax upto 15/9 –* 11,164 32,373
Advance tax payable after December 15, 2017 but on or before
March 15, 2018 [i.e., 100% of (a)] – paid upto 15/12 –* 9,303 26,978#
*Since in the case of X, amount of tax Refund as shown at (a) is `(16,781) it is not necessary to pay
advance tax. As z is a firm, flat 30% tax is applied.
Note:
# To be rounded off to nearest `10.

Illustration 3:
In the cases given below, find out the amount of advance tax payable during the financial year
2019-20.
X A Ltd. (an B & Co.
(29 years) Indian (a firm)
Co.)
` ` `
Business income 1,80,000 1,80,000 1,80,000
 TM
160 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Long-term capital gain on transfer of capital asset on June 1, 2016 1,46,000 1,63,000 1,63,000
Bank interest 1,26,000 1,26,000 1,26,000
Other income 2,10,000 2,10,000 2,10,000
Tax deducted at source 28,975 42,000 42,000
Solution:
X A Ltd. &
Individual B & Co.
Business income 1,80,000 1,80,000
Bank interest 1,26,000 1,26,000
Other income 2,10,000 2,10,000
5,16,000 5,16,000
LTCG in June 1,46,000 1,46,000
Total Income 6,62,000 6,62,000
Tax on above:
X A Ltd. &
Individual B & Co.
5,16,000 (at slab rate) 15,700 1,54,800 (30%)
1,46,000 (20% LTCG) 29,200 29,200
44,900 1,84,000
Add: 4% Health and education cess 1,796 7,360
46,696 1,91,360
Less: TDS 28,975 42,000
Amount payable as Advance Tax 17,721 1,49,360

X A Ltd. (an B & Co.

Individual Indian (a firm)
Co.)
15th June, 2017 2,658 22,404 22,404
15th Sept. 2017 5,316 44,808 44,808
15th Dec. 2017 5,316 44,808 44,808
15th Mar. 2018 4,430 37,340 37,340
Note:
Each installment should be rounded off to nearest ` 10.
Illustration 4:
From the following particulars submitted by X (25 years), ascertain the advance tax payable
during the financial year 2019-20.
Income Tax deduction
by payer
` `
Salary 1,60,000 3,000
Rent @ `15,000 per month 1,80,000 16,621
Long-term capital gain on sale of shares on June 1, 2018 1,25,000 –
Winning from a TV game show 10,000 3,000
Winning from lottery 5,00,000 1,50,000
Winning from races 50,000 15,000
Advance Payment of Tax 161

Bank interest 80,000 8,000

Dividend from foreign companies 70,000 –
X has contributed `13,600 towards recognised provident fund.
Solution:
Computation of income of X `
Income from Salary 1,60,000
Income from House Property [i.e., `1,80,000 – 30% of `1,80,000] 1,26,000
Long-term Capital Gain 1,25,000
Income from Other Sources
Winnings from betting, lottery, etc. [`10,000 + `5,00,000 + `50,000] 5,60,000
Bank interest 80,000
Dividend 70,000
Gross Total Income 11,21,000
Less: Deduction under section 80C 13,600
Net income 11,07,400

Computation of X ` `
(1) Tax on `11,07,400
Tax on `1,25,000, being long-term capital gain [i.e., 20% of `1,25,000] 25,000
Tax on `5,60,000, being winnings from lottery [i.e., 30% of `5,60,000] 1,68,000
Tax on the balance (i.e. `4,22,400) 8,620 2,01,620
Add: cess @ 4% 8,065
Tax liability 2,09,685
Less: TDS [`3,000 + 16,621 + 3,000 + `1,50,000 + `15,000 + `8,000] 1,95,621
Amount payable by way of advance tax 14,064
Adv tax payable on/before June 15, 2018 2,110
Advance tax payable on or before September 15, 2018 4,219
Advance tax payable after September 15, 2017 but on or before December 15, 2018 4,219
Advance tax payable after December 15, 2017 but on or before March 15, 2019 3,516
Payment of advance tax in pursuance of order of Assessing officer: The provisions are given
below:
(1) The taxpayer is one who has earlier been assessed to income-tax.
(2) Inspite of the legal obligation, he has not paid advance tax.
(3) The Assessing Officer may pass an order under section 210(3) requiring him to pay advance
tax on his current year’s income.
(4) The order must specify the different instalments in which the advance tax should be paid.
(5) Such order must be passed during the previous year but not later than last day of February.
 Lower estimate by the assessee: On receipt of the notice from the Assessing Officer to
pay advance tax, the assessee can submit his own estimate of lower current income/
advance tax and pay tax accordingly. In such a case he has to send an intimation in Form
No. 28A to the Assessing Officer.
 Higher estimate by the assessee: Alternatively, if the advance tax on current income, as
per own estimate of the assessee, is likely to be higher than the amount estimated by the
Assessing Officer, the assessee shall pay higher tax in accordance with his own
calculation. In such case, no intimation to the Assessing Officer is required.
 TM
162 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

COMPUTATION OF TAX BY ASSESSING OFFICER:

The provisions are given below:
First of all, the Assessing Officer will have to find out income of the current year. Current
year’s income would be calculated on the following basis:
(a) Total income of the latest previous year in respect of which the assessee has been
assessed by way of regular assessment; or
(b) The total income returned by the assessee for any subsequent year, whichever is higher.
Tax liability on the income of the current year would be calculated according to the rate
applicable. Tax deducted/collected at source will be deducted.
Calculation can be made on the similar lines when the assessee wants to make upward/
downward revision of current income.
Payment of advance tax in pursuance of revised order of Assessing Officer:
The provisions are given below:
(1) The order passed by the Assessing Officer under section 210(3) can be revised by him under
section 210(4).
(2) Such revision is possible if subsequent to passing an order under section 210(3) but before
March 1 of the relevant financial year, the assessee has furnished a return of income for a
later year or any assessment for a later year has been completed at a higher figure.
(3) On receipt of revised order, the assessee will have to pay advance tax accordingly.
Lower estimate by the assessee: The taxpayer can submit his own estimate of lower current
income/advance tax and pay tax accordingly. In such a case he has to send an intimation in Form
No. 28A to the Assessing Officer.
Higher estimate by the assessee: If, the advance tax on current income as per own estimate is
likely to be higher than the amount re-estimated by the Assessing Officer, the assessee shall pay
higher tax in accordance with his own calculation. In such a case intimation to the Assessing
Officer is not required.
COMPUTATION OF TAX: The total income declared in the return furnished by the assessee
for the later previous year or total income in respect of which the regular assessment is made
after passing an order by the Assessing Officer but before March 1, shall be taken and income tax
thereon shall be calculated at the rates in force in the financial year. From the tax so determined,
tax deducted at source will be deducted.
Illustration 5:
From the following information find out the amount of Advance Tax payable during the
Financial year 2019-20 for Mr. Kishore (age 69 years).
Rs.
Business Income:
Speculative Business 1,00,000
Non-speculative Business
Business I (Profit) 2,30,000
Business II (Loss) (30,000)
Long term Capital Gain (on 15-05-2019) 5,00,000
Short Term Capital Loss (1,00,000)
Income form Other Sources
Bank Interest 80,000
Other Income 1,90,000
Tax deducted at Source 8,410
Advance Payment of Tax 163

(MU TYBAF, April 2011, Modified)

Solution:
Name of assessee: Mr. Kishore
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y: 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y: 2020-21
Computation of Capital Gain
Particulars ` ` `
(I) Profit and Gains of Business/Profession
Business I (Non Speculative) 2,30,000
Business II (Non Speculative) (30,000) 2,00,000
Speculative Business 1,00,000 3,00,000
(II) Capital Gains
Long Term Capital Gains 5,00,000
Less: Short Term Capital Loss 1,00,000 4,00,000
(III) Income From Other Sources
Bank Interest 80,000
Other Income 1,90,000 2,70,000
Gross Total Income 9,70,000
Less: Deductions Under Chapter VIA -
Net Taxable Income 9,70,000
Tax on Total Income
At Normal Rates 2,00,000 @ 5% & 70,000 @ 20% 24,000
At Special Rates (on LTCG `4,00,000 @ 20%) 80,000 1,04,000
Add: Cess 4% 4,160
1,08,160
Less: Tax Deducted at Source (8,410)
Total Tax Payable 99,750
Advance Tax Payable
On or Before
15 June 14,963
15 Sept. 29,925
15 Dec. 29,925
15 March Balance 24,938
99,750
Illustration 6:
From the following information find out the amount of advance tax payable during the year
2019-20.
Particulars Mr. Kapoor (72 yrs)
Resident Individual
Business Income 6,00,000
Other Sources 2,80,000
Deduction u/s chapter VI – A 1,20,000
Tax deducted at source 15,000
[MU., TYBAF, April 2012 Modified]
 TM
164 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Kapoor
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Taxable Income `
Business Income 6,00,000
Other Sources 2,80,000
Gross total Income 8,80,000
Less: Deduction U/S Sec. 80 1,20,000
Taxable Income 7,60,000

Computation of Tax on above Income `

Rs. 3,00,000 – 5,00,000 @ 5% 10,000
Rs. 2,60,000 @ 20% 52,000
62,000
Add: 4% cess 2,480
64,480
Less: TDS paid (15,000)
Net Tax Payable 49,480

Computation of Advance Tax Payable `

Till 15th June 7,422
Till 15th September 14,844
Till 15th December 14,844
Till 15th March (Balance) 12,370
Illustration 7:
From the following particulars submitted by Mr. Rajaram (70 years), ascertain the advance tax
payable during the financial year 2019-20:
Particulars Income Tax Deduction
` by Payer `
Salary 20,00,000 10,000
Rent @ `10,000 per month 1,20,000 –
Long Term Capital Gains on sale of shares on September 1, 2018 1,20,000 –
Winning from races 5,00,000 15,000
Bank Interest 50,000 15,000
Mr. Rajaram has contributed `10,500 towards recognized provident fund.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2013, Modified]
Advance Payment of Tax 165

Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Rajaram
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Taxable Income
Particulars ` `
Income from Salary 20,00,000
Rent 84,000
Long Term Capital Gain 1,20,000
Winning from races 5,00,000
Bank Interest 50,000
Gross Total Income 27,54,000
Less: Deduction under section 80C
Contribution to Recognised Provident Fund 10,500
Net Income 27,43,500
Computation of Tax:
Tax on `27,43,500
Tax on Long Term Capital Gain `1,20,000 @ 20% 24,000
Tax on winning from races `5,00,000 @ 30% 1,50,000
Balance Taxable Income 21,23,500
Less: Exemption Limit 3,00,000
Taxable Income 18,23,500
Tax on `18,23,500 0 – 3,00,000 Nil
3,00,000 – 5,00,000 @ 5% 10,000
5,00,000 – 10,00,000 @ 20% 1,00,000
8,23,500 @ 30% 2,47,050 3,57,050
Tax payable 5,31,050
Ed. Cess and SHEC 1% 15,931
Total tax payable 5,46,981
TDS 40,000
Balance tax payable 5,06,981
Solution:
Following needs to be added:
(adv tax on normal income) `
upto 15th June, 2017 (15% of 5,06,981) 76,047
upto 15th Sept., 2017 (30% of 5,06,981) 1,52,094
upto 15th Dec., 2017 (30% of 5,06,981) 1,52,094
upto 31st Mar, 2018 25% 1,26,746
Illustration 8:
From the following particulars submitted by Mr. Ramesh. Find out the advance tax payable
during the financial year 2019-20.
Particulars Income Tax Deducted
` by payer `
Winning from Lotteries 5,00,000 1,50,000
 TM
166 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Income from House Property 3,00,000 50,000

Winning from Horse races 3,00,000 90,000
Income from Salary 6,50,000 50,000
Dividend from Foreign Company 3,00,000 –
Dividend from Indian Company 50,000 –
Interest Income 50,000 –
Contribution to Provident Fund 1,00,000.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2015, 2016, Modified]
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Ramesh
Legal Status: Individual
P/Y – 2019-20 Residential Status: R & OR A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Taxable Income and Tax Liability
Particulars ` `
Income from Salary 6,50,000
Income from House Property 3,00,000
Winning from Lotteries 5,00,000
Winning from Horse Races 3,00,000
Interest Income 50,000
Dividend from Foreign Company 3,00,000
Gross Total Income 21,00,000
Less: Deduction under section 80C 1,00,000
Net Taxable Income 20,00,000
Computation of Tax:
Tax on winning from lotteries and horse race 8,00,000 × 30% 2,40,000
Tax on other income 12,00,000 (20,00,000 – 8,00,000) 1,72,500
Tax Payable ( 4,12,500
Add: Cess @ 4% 16,500
Total Tax Payable 4,29,000
Less: Tax Deducted at Source 3,40,000
Advance Tax Payable 89,000
Advance Tax breakup:
First 15% on 15-06-2019 13,350
Next 30% on 15-9-2019 26,700
Next 30% 15-12-2019 26,700
Balance 25% on 15-3-2020 22,250
89,000

Exercises: Objectives

(1) State whether following statements are True of False:

(a) There are 4 due dates for payment of advance tax in case of companies.
Ans.: True
(b) Advance tax is also payable or capital gains income earned by the assessee.
Ans.: True
Advance Payment of Tax 167

(c) Advance tax is payable if the tax liability is `5,000 or more.

Ans.: False
(d) There are 4 due dates for payment of advance tax in case of assesses other than companies.
Ans.: False
(2) Match the Column:
Column I Column II
(1) Advance tax payable (a) 31st December
(2) 4 due dates/installments of advance tax (b) 1st April
(3) 3 due dates/installments of advance tax (c) For companies
(4) 1st due date for company (d) 15th June
(5) 1st due date of assessee other than company (e) If tax payable is ` 10,000 or more
(f) If tax payable is ` 15,000 or more assesses
(g) For other than companies
(h) 15th September
Ans.: (1-e), (2-c), (3-g), (4-d), (5-h)
(3) Rewrite the statements after choosing the correct option:
(a) Advance tax installment due on 15th September is applicable to __________.
(i) Registered Firms.
(ii) Companies.
(iii) All Assessees.
(b) On or before 15th December a company has to pay total advance tax instalment of not less than
__________.
(i) 30% of tax liability.
(ii) 60% of tax liability.
(iii) 75% of tax liability.
[Ans.: (a-iii), (b-iii)]
(4) Multiple Choice Questions:
(a) The first due date for payment of Advance Tax for company is __________.
(i) 15th March
(ii) 15th June
(iii) 15th September
(iv) 15th December
(b) The first due date for Payment of Advance tax for Asseessee other than companies is
__________.
(i) 15th March
(ii) 15th June
(iii) 15th September
(iv) 15th December
(c) Advance tax is payable in cases where tax payable for an assessee is `__________ or more.
(i) `10,000
(ii) `15,000
(iii) `25,000
(iv) `50,000

Exercises: Practicals
(1) In the case of an individual, if the information in concept tester is modified as under, what will be the
interest implication?
(a) Tax and interest fully paid only on 31-8-2018 and return filed on 31-8-2018.
(b) Tax and interest fully paid only on 31-3-2019 and return filed on 31-12-2019.
(c) Tax and interest fully paid only on 15-3-2019 and return filed on 1-9-2019.
Ans.: (a) 234A `100; 234B `500; 234C `370; (b) 234A and 234B Nil; 234C `370; (c) 234A and 234B
Nil; 234C `270.
(2) The ‘tax due on the returned income for the assessment year 2020-21 is Rs. 15,000 (i.e. tax on
returned income less tax deductible or collectible at source). Advance tax paid is Rs. 14,000 (Rs. 1,000
 TM
168 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

on 19.9.2018, Rs. 4,000 on 15.12.2019 and Rs. 9,000 on 19.3.2018). Calculate the interest u/s 234C
assuming that the assessee is an individual.
Ans.: If assessee is an individual, interest payable u/s 234C is `325.
(3) Explain the various provisions under Income Tax Act, 1961 in respect of Advance Tax Liabilities.
[M. U. Oct 07 TYBAF]
(4) Short note on Due dates for payment of Advance Tax. [M. U. May 06 TYBAF]
(5) N Ltd. paid `3,15,000 advance-tax during the year ended 31-3-2019 and furnished Return with Total
Income of `10,00,000 alongwith T.D.S. Certificates for `20,500. Determine N Ltd. tax liability
(alongwith interest payable if any) for Assessment Year 2020-21 if its assessed Total Income is
`15,00,000) and presuming its tax on Returned Total Income to be `3,00,000 and tax on assessed
Total Income to be `4,50,000. [M. U. May 07 TYBAF]
(6) Mr. M had gifted `5,00,000 to his wife before five years, which his wife had, very prudently, invested in
10% Fixed deposit `4,00,000 and the balance in a Partnership firm’s Capital. She had also, very thrift
fully, accumulated the interest income from the deposit in a separate back account which, ultimately,
she had invested in Debentures. If, in the current year, she has received interest of `15,000 on the
said debentures and Partner’s Salary of `75,000 and share in profit of the firm `1,00,000 apart from
the interest on Fixed deposit held, calculate her taxable income for the current year.
[M. U. Oct. 08 TYBAF]
(7) The following particulars are submitted by X (26 years) for the previous year 2019-20.
Gross TDS Net amount
amount amount
` ` `
Winning from lottery 25,000 7,500 17,500
Rent [before any deduction under section 24] received on February 24, 2019 2,00,000 20,000 1,80,000
Interest on debentures received on November 15, 2018 30,000 6,000 24,000
Salary income 11,05,810 1,87,000 9,17,890
Bank interest received on December 31, 2020 12,000 1,200 10,800
Ascertain the advance tax payable for the financial year 2020-21 on the assumption that he has
contributed `81,000 towards Home Loan Account Scheme of the National Housing Bank.
(8) Compute the amount of advance tax payable for the A.Y. 2020-21 in the following cases.
(a) When the total income of Mr. Vijai is `2,20,000;
(b) When the total income of Mr. Adi, aged 66 years is `3,40,000;
(c) When the annual salary of Ms. Sai, employed in Pavithra Computers Pvt. Ltd. is `5,90,000 and
TDS on such salary is `20,000.
Ans.:
(a) Nil, since the amount of tax payable by the Assessee during the year is less than `10,000
(b) `10,000. Section 208 applies when the amount of tax payable for a FY is `10,000 or more.
(c) `29,000. Since the advance tax is payable after reducing the amount of tax by the TDS as per
Sec. 209.
[Ans.: `29,260]
(9) Due dates of Advance tax by companies.
[Ans.: 15th June, 15th September, 15th December, and 15th March]
Interest Payable 169

Chapter 7

Interest Payable
(Section 234)

Interest for delay in furnishing Return of Income: [S. 234A]

(1) Where the return of income for any assessment year is furnished after the due date specified
in Section 139(1) or is not furnished, the assesse shall be liable to pay simple interest @ 1%
for every month or part of a month.
(2) The interest shall be payable for the period commencing from the date immediately
following the due date and-
(a) where the return is furnished after the due date, ending on the date of furnishing of the
return; or
(b) where no return has been furnished, ending on the date of completion of assessment
u/s 144 {best judgement assessment}
(3) The interest shall be calculated on the amount of tax on the total income as determined
u/s 143 (1) or on regular assessment as reduced by the advance tax paid and any deducted
or collected at source.
Interest for defaults in payment of Advance Tax: [S. 234B]
(1) Where in any financial year, an assessee who is liable to pay advance tax u/s.208 has failed
to pay such tax or the advance tax paid by such assessee is less than 90% of the assessed tax,
the assessee shall be liable to simple interest @1% for every month or part of a month.
(2) The period for which interest is payable would be period from the first day of April next
following such financial year to the date of determination of total income u/s.143 (1).
However, if regular assessment is completed, then interest is chargeable up to the date of
regular assessment.
(3) The amount on which interest shall be the amount equal to the assessed tax or on the
amount by which the advance tax paid falls short of the assessed tax.
Interest for deferment of Advance Tax: [S. 234C]
(1) In the case of all assesses calculation of interest u/s.234C shall be as follows: Where the
advance tax paid by the assessee on its current income on or before 15th June, 15th
September, 15th December is less than 15%, 45% and 75% respectively on the returned
income, then the assessee shall be liable to pay simple interest at the rate of 1% per month
for a period of three months on the amount of the shortfall. However, where the advance tax
paid by assessee on or before 15th day of June and on or before 15th September is not less
than 12% and 36% respectively of tax due on the returned income the assessee are not liable
on shortfall.
(2) Where the whole amount of advance tax paid by any assessee on or before 15th March is less
than the tax due on the income returned then the assessee shall be liable to pay simple
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170 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

interest @1% on the amount of shortfall from the tax due on the returned income. This
applies as to companies as well as to other assessees.
(3) If the short fall in the payment of the tax due on the returned income is on account of
underestimation or failure to estimate.
(a) capital gains
(b) winnings from lotteries, crosswords puzzles, races (including horse races), card games
and any other activity in the nature of gambling, betting etc., and the assessee has paid
the amount of tax payable in respect of such income as part of the remaining
installments of advance tax which are due or where no such installments are due, by
the 31st March of the financial year, no interest shall be leviable in respect of such
shortfall.
(4) “Tax due on the returned income” means the tax chargeable on the total income declared in
the return of income furnished by the assessee for the assessment year commencing on the
1st April immediately followings the financial year in which the advance tax is paid or
payable as reduced by the amount of tax deductible or collectible at source on any income
which is subject to such deduction or collection and which is taken into account in
computing such total income. (Explanation to sec.234C).
ILLUSTRATIONS:
In the case of Ms. Seema, you are furnished the following details from which you are expected
to calculate interest u/s. 234A. 234B and 234C:
Tax on total income Rs 10,000; Due date of filing returns: 31-7-2018; Date of filing the return
1-8-2017; Tax and interest thereon fully paid on 31-7-2019.
Illustration 1:
Solution:
Assessee: Ms Seema A Y 2020-21
Computation of Interest u/s. 234A, 234B & 234C
Particulars Rs. Rs.
Interest u/s 234A = 10,000  1% 100
u/s 234B = 10,000  1%  4 months 400
15,000  1% × 3 months 45
u/s 234C = 4,500  1%  3 months 135
7,500  1%  3 months 225
10,000  1% 100
505
Total Interest Payable 1,005
Note: Self assessment tax paid u/s 140A on 31.07.2017 amounting to Rs. 10,000 shall not be considered for
computation of interest u/s 234A.
Illustration 2:
Mr. A. (aged 48 years) files return of income on 10th January, 2020 though the due date is 31st
July, 2018 for the Assessment Year 2020-22. On 10th January, 2019 he deposits `42,130 u/s 140A
Self-Assessment tax which is computed as under:
Particulars ` `
Tax on income of `6,00,000, returned 46,350
Less: Advance tax paid during 2018-19
15-09-2016 3,800
15-12-2016 5,200
Interest Payable 171

15-03-2017 1,000
10,000
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) 1,000
Balance Payable 35,350
Add: Interest Calculated:
U/s 234A 2,145
U/s 234B 3,443
U/s 234C 1,193
6,781
Total Tax paid u/s 140A 42,131
Self Assessment Tax Rounded off 42,130
An assessment is completed u/s 143(3) on 20th April 2019 and income assessed is `7,20,000.
Solution:
Tax Slab in case of an individual other than resident senior citizen and other than resident
women below 65 years of age for the A.Y. 2020-21:
Income Rate of Tax
Upto `2,50,000 (Basic Exemption Limit) NIL
Above `2,50,000 upto `5,00,000 10%
Above `5,00,000 upto `10,00,000 20%
Above `10,00,000 30%
Section 234A – Interest for default in furnishing return of income:
The actual interest liability which is calculated in the month of April 2018 taking assessed
income as base.
Particulars ` `
Assessed Income u/s 143(3) 7,20,000
Assessed Tax on above income 50,470
Less: Advance tax paid during 2018-19
15-09-2016 3,800
15-12-2016 5,200
15-03-2017 1,000
10,000
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) 1,000
Amount to be paid u/s 140A (SA Tax) 39,470
Interest u/s 234A (Rule 119A) = 39,400  1%  6 (Aug. 17 to Jan. 18)
= `2,364.
The interest element involved u/s 234A in the total SA Tax payment of `42,130 which is
calculated in the month of January 2019 taking returned income as base.
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172 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Particulars ` `
Returned Income 6,00,000
Tax on Returned Income 46,350
Less: Advance tax paid during 2018-19
15-09-2016 3,800
15-12-2016 5,200
15-03-2017 1,000
10,000
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) 1,000
Amount to be paid u/s 140A (SA Tax) 35,350
Interest u/s 234A (Rule 119A) = 35,300  1%  6 (Aug. 17 to Jan. 18)
= `2,118.
Section 234C – Interest for deferment of Advance Tax:
The interest under this section is always calculated taking returned income as base.
Particulars ` `
Returned Income 6,00,000
Tax on Returned Income 46,350
Less: Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) 1,000
Amount of Advance Tax payable 45,350
First installment:
Particulars ` `
Due on/before 15th June, 2016 (15%) no Adv tax paid 6,802
Less: No Advance Tax paid 6,802
int u/s 234C 6,802 × 1% × 3 months 204
Due on before 15th September, 2016 (i.e. 45%) 20,407
Less: Actual Advance Tax paid 3,800
Balance of Advance Tax payable (Rounded off in 100 Rs.) 16,607
Interest u/s 234C (Rule 119A) = 16,607  1%  3
= `498.
Second installment:
Particulars ` `
Due on before 15th December, 2016 (i.e. 75%) 34,762
Less: Advance Tax paid till date (3,800 + 5,200) 9,000
Balance of Advance Tax payable (Rounded off in 100 Rs.) 25,762
Interest u/s 234C (Rule 119A) = 25,762  1%  3
= `773.
Third installment:
Particulars ` `
Due on before 15th March, 2017 (i.e. 100%) 45,350
Less: Advance Tax paid till date (3,800 + 5,200 + 1,000) 10,000
Balance of Advance Tax payable 35,300
Interest u/s 234C (Rule 119A) = 35,300  1%  1
= `353.
Thus, total of all three installments:
Interest Payable 173

Total Interest u/s 234C = 204 + 498 + 773 + 353

= `1,828.
Section 234B – Interest for defaults in payment of Advance Tax:
The actual interest liability which is calculated in the Month of April 2019 taking assessed
income as base.
Particulars ` `
Assessed Income u/s 143(3) 7,20,000
Assessed Tax on above income 46,350
Less: Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) 1,000
Advance Tax Payable 45,350
The advance tax paid by Mr. A (i.e. `10,000) is less than 90% of the assessed tax (i.e., 45,350 
90% = `40,815. Hence, Mr. A shall be liable to pay simple interest @1% for every month or part of
a month.
Particulars ` `
Advance Tax Payable 45,350
Less: Advance tax paid during 2018-19
15-09-2016 3,800
15-12-2016 5,200
15-03-2017 1,000
10,000
Balance Payable 35,350
Interest u/s 234B (Rule 119A) = 35,300  1%  10 (Apr. 17 to Jan. 18)
= `3,530.
The interest element involved u/s 234B in the total Self Assessment Tax payment of `42,130
which is calculated in the month of January, 2019 taking returned income as base.
Particulars ` `
Returned Income 6,00,000
Tax on Returned Income 46,350
Less: Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) 1,000
Advance Tax Payable 45,350
The advance tax paid by Mr. A (i.e. `10,000) is less than 90% of the assessed tax (i.e., 45,350 
90% = `40,815). Hence, Mr. A shall be liable to pay simple interest @ 1% for every month or part
of a month.
Particulars ` `
Advance Tax Payable 45,350
Less: Advance tax paid during 2018-19
15-09-2016 3,800
15-12-2016 5,200
15-03-2017 1,000
10,000
Balance Payable 35,350
Interest u/s 234B (Rule 119A) = 35,300  1%  10 (Apr. 17 to Jan. 18)
= `3,530.
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174 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

The amount paid towards tax in the Self Assessment Tax payment of `42,130.
Particulars ` `
Amount paid u/s 140A Self Assessment Tax 42,130
Less: Amount paid towards interest:
U/s 234A 2,118
U/s 234B 3,530
U/s 234C 1,828
7,476
Total amount paid 34,654
The actual interest liability u/s 234B for the period February 2019 to April 2019 i.e. the next
month immediately succeeding month in which return was filed till the month in which
assessment got complete.
Particulars ` `
Total Advance Tax Payable 39,470
Less: Total Advance Tax Paid 34,654
Balance of Advance Tax payable (Rounded off in 100 Rs.) 4,816
Interest u/s 234B (Rule 119A) = 4,900  1%  3 (Feb. 19 to Apr. 19)
= `147.
Total Interest u/s 234B = `3,530 + `147
= `3,677.
The statement ascertaining the net amount due from Mr. A or the net amount payable to him.
Particulars ` `
Assessed Income u/s 143(3) 7,20,000
Assessed Tax on above income 50,470
Less: Advance tax paid during 2019-20
15-09-2017 3,800
15-12-2017 5,200
15-03-2018 1,000
10,000
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) 1,000
Amount paid u/s 140A Self Assessment Tax 42,130
Balance Payable (2,660)
Add: Interest Calculated:
U/s 234A 2,346
U/s 234B 3,677
U/s 234C 1,828
7,851
Net amount payable by Mr. A for the A.Y. 2020-21 5,191

Exercises
(1) In the case of an individual, if the information in Illustration 1 is modified as under, what will be the
interest implication?
(a) Tax and interest fully paid only on 31-8-2018 and return filed on 31-8-2018.
(b) Tax and interest fully paid only on 31-3-2018 and return filed on 31-12-2018.
Interest Payable 175

(c) Tax and interest fully paid only on 15-3-2018 and return filed on 1-9-2018.
Ans.: (a) 234A Rs. 100; 234B Rs. 500; 234C Rs. 370; (b) 234A and 234B Nil; 234C Rs. 370; (c) 234A and
234B Nil; 234C Rs. 270.
(2) The ‘tax due on the returned income for the assessment year 2020-21 is Rs. 15,000 (i.e. tax on
returned income less tax deductible or collectible at source). Advance tax paid is Rs. 14,000 (Rs. 1,000
on 19.9.2017, Rs. 4,000 on 15.12.2017 and Rs. 9,000 on 19.3.2017). Calculate the interest u/s 234C
assuming that the assessee is an individual.
Ans.: If assessee is an individual, interest payable u/s 234C is Rs. 325.
(3) When can interest be payable by Assessee? Explain in brief various clauses specified in Sec. 234 A,
234 B and 234 C. [MU. Oct. 06 TYBAF]
(4) Mr. Ramadurai has computed his net taxable income for the Assessment Year 2020-21. On that basis,
he informs you that his total tax payable for the Assessment Year 2020-21 is Rs. 60,000. As against
this the TDS from his income is Rs. 20,000. He has paid advance tax of Rs. 30,000 as follows:
Date Rs.
14-09-2016 10,000
14-12-2016 10,000
14-03-2017 10,000
Therefore, his net tax payable is Rs. 10,000. He has paid this net tax of Rs. 10,000 by way of self
Assessment tax on 31-08-2018. Also, he has filed his return of income on 31-08-2016. However, the
due date for filing the return of income was 31-07-2018.
Calculate the advance-tax interests payable by Mr. Ramadurai u/s 234 A, 234 B and 234 C.
[MU. Oct. 07 TYBAF]
(5) Mr. Don informs you that his tax liability for the Assessment Year 2020-21 is Rs. 4,000. The due date
for filing the return of income was 31-07-2018. But he filed his return on 02-08-2018.
(i) Is he liable to pay interest u/s 234 A for Late filing of return? If yes, calculate the amount of interest.
(ii) Is he liable to pay interest u/s 234 B for shortfall of advance tax? If yes, calculate the amount of
interest. (Ignore interest u/s 234 C.) [MU. Oct. 07 TYBAF]
(6) Mr. Davda informs you that the net tax payable by him for the year 2018 – 2019 is Rs. 20,000. The
advance tax paid by him during the year is as follows:
Date Rs.
15/09/2017 3,000
15/12/2017 5,000
15/03/2018 2,000
In addition to the above, the tax deducted at source on his income is Rs. 4,000.
You are also informed that he filed his return of Income on 28/12/2018 even though the last date of
filling the return of Income was 31/07/2018.
Calculate interest u/s 234 A, 234 B, 234 C. [MU. May 08 TYBAF]
(7) Interest u/s 234 A:
Ans.:
(1) The assesse is required to pay interest u/s 234 A in respect of his default in furnishing return of
income within the given time.
Where the return of income for any assessment year is furnished after the due date specified
in Section 139 (1), 139 (4) or after the time allowed in the notice issued u/s 142 (1). OR is not
furnished at all the assesse shall be liable to pay simple interest @ 1% for every month or part of
a month.
(2) The interest u/s 234 A is applicable on the tax on assessed income and not on the tax on
returned income.
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176 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Chapter 8

Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement

(DTAA)
(Section 90-91)

INTRODUCTION:
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) is a bilateral economic agreement between
two nations that aims to avoid double taxation of the same income in two countries.
Income tax is chargeable to tax on the basis of following:
(1) Source of income.
(2) Residential status.
In case of foreign income it is possible that a person‟s income is charged to tax in the country
in which the in which the income is earned and also the country in which the person is resident.
Till now, India has DTAA with 84 nations, including Armenia, Bangladesh, Finland, Ireland,
Japan, Kazakhstan, Greece, Italy and several others. Further, India is constantly trying to
establish DTAA with other nations because these agreements can promoting trade and
investments among contracting nations.
The Provisions of DTAA override the general provisions of Income tax Act. As per Sec. 90(2) it
is clear that assessee has an option of choosing to be governed either by the provisions of
particular DTAA or the provisions of the Income Tax Act, whichever are more beneficial.
The Non Resident can certainly take the benefit of the provisions of DTAA entered into
between India and the country, in which he resides, more particularly in respect of Interest
Income from NRO account, Government securities, Loans, Fixed Deposits with Companies and
dividends etc.
AGREEMENT WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES OR SPECIFIED TERRITORIES U/S 90:
(1) The Central Government may enter into an agreement with the Government of any country
outside India or specified territory outside India,
(a) for the granting of relief in respect of –
(i) income on which have been paid both income-tax under this Act and income-tax in
that country or specified territory, as the case may be, or
(ii) income-tax chargeable under this Act and under the corresponding law in force in
that country or specified territory, as the case may be, to promote mutual economic
relations, trade and investment, or
(b) for the avoidance of double taxation of income under this Act and under the
corresponding law in force in that country or specified territory, as the case may be, or
(c) for exchange of information for the prevention of evasion or avoidance of income-tax
chargeable under this Act or under the corresponding law in force in that country or
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) 177

specified territory, as the case may be, or investigation of cases of such evasion or
avoidance, or
(d) for recovery of income-tax under this Act and under the corresponding law in force in
that country or specified territory, as the case may be, and may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, make such provisions as may be necessary for implementing the
agreement.
(2) Where the Central Government has entered into an agreement with the Government of any
country outside India or specified territory outside India, as the case may be, under sub-
section (1) for granting relief of tax, or as the case may be, avoidance of double taxation,
then, in relation to the assessee to whom such agreement applies, the provisions of this Act
shall apply to the extent they are more beneficial to that assessee.
(3) Any term used but not defined in this Act or in the agreement referred to in sub-section (1)
shall, unless the context otherwise requires, and is not inconsistent with the provisions of
this Act or the agreement, have the same meaning as assigned to it in the notification issued
by the Central Government in the Official Gazette in this behalf.
[(4) An assessee, not being a resident, to whom an agreement referred to in sub-section (1)
applies, shall not be entitled to claim any relief under such agreement unless [a certificate of his
being a resident] in any country outside India or specified territory outside India, as the case may
be, is obtained by him from the Government of that country or specified territory.]
[(5) The assessee referred to in sub-section (4) shall also provide such other documents and
information, as may be prescribe.]
Explanation 1: For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that the charge of tax in respect
of a foreign company at a rate higher than the rate at which a domestic company is chargeable,
shall not be regarded as less favourable charge or levy of tax in respect of such foreign company.
Explanation 2: For the purposes of this section, “specified territory” means any area outside
India which may be notified as such by the Central Government.]
[Explanation 3: For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that where any term is used in
any agreement entered into under sub-section (1) and not defined under the said agreement or
the Act, but is assigned a meaning to it in the notification issued under sub-section (3) and the
notification issued there under being in force, then, the meaning assigned to such term shall be
deemed to have effect from the date on which the said agreement came into force.]
COUNTRIES WITH WHICH NO AGREEMENT EXISTS U/S 91:
(1) If any person who is resident in India in any previous year proves that, in respect of his
income which accrued or arose during that previous year outside India (and which is not deemed
to accrue or arise in India), he has paid in any country with which there is no agreement under
section 90 for the relief or avoidance of double taxation, income-tax, by deduction or otherwise,
under the law in force in that country, he shall be entitled to the deduction from the Indian
income-tax payable by him of a sum calculated on such doubly taxed income at the Indian rate of
tax or the rate of tax of the said country, whichever is the lower, or at the Indian rate of tax if both
the rates are equal.
(2) If any person who is resident in India in any previous year proves that in respect of his
income which accrued or arose to him during that previous year in Pakistan he has paid in that
country, by deduction or otherwise, tax payable to the Government under any law for the time
being in force in that country relating to taxation of agricultural income, he shall be entitled to a
deduction from the Indian income-tax payable by him:
(a) of the amount of the tax paid in Pakistan under any law aforesaid on such income which
is liable to tax under this Act also; or
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178 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(b) of a sum calculated on that income at the Indian rate of tax;

whichever is less.
(3) If any non-resident person is assessed on his share in the income of a registered firm
assessed as resident in India in any previous year and such share includes any income accruing
or arising outside India during that previous year (and which is not deemed to accrue or arise in
India) in a country with which there is no agreement under section 90 for the relief or avoidance
of double taxation and he proves that he has paid income-tax by deduction or otherwise under
the law in force in that country in respect of the income so included he shall be entitled to a
deduction from the Indian income-tax payable by him of a sum calculated on such doubly taxed
income so included at the Indian rate of tax or the rate of tax of the said country, whichever is the
lower, or at the Indian rate of tax if both the rates are equal.
Explanation: In this section,
(i) the expression “Indian income-tax” means income-tax charged in accordance with the
provisions of this Act;
(ii) the expression “Indian rate of tax” means the rate determined by dividing the amount of
Indian income-tax after deduction of any relief due under the provisions of this Act but
before deduction of any relief due under this [Chapter], by the total income;
(iii) the expression “rate of tax of the said country” means income-tax and super-tax actually
paid in the said country in accordance with the corresponding laws in force in the said
country after deduction of all relief due, but before deduction of any relief due in the said
country in respect of double taxation, divided by the whole amount of the income as
assessed in the said country;
(iv) the expression “income-tax” in relation to any country includes any excess profits tax or
business profits tax charged on the profits by the Government of any part of that country or
a local authority in that country.
OTHER DETAILS:
Double taxation occurs when an individual is required to pay two or more taxes for the same
income, asset, or financial transaction in different countries. Double taxation occurs mainly due to
overlapping tax laws and regulations of the countries where an individual operates his business.
Double taxation Agreement is the systematic imposition of two or more taxes on the same
income. When an Indian businessman makes a profit or some other type of taxable gain in
another country, he may be in a situation where he will be required to pay a tax on that income in
India, as well as in the country in which the income was made! To protect Indian tax payers from
this unfair practice, the Indian government has entered into tax treaties, known as Double
Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) with other countries. The double liability is often
mitigated by tax agreements, known as treaties, between countries. These agreements provides
for relief from the double taxation in respect of incomes by providing exemption and also by
providing credits for taxes paid in one of the countries. These treaties are based on the general
principles laid down in the model draft of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) with suitable modifications as agreed to by the other contracting countries.
In case of countries with which India has double taxation avoidance agreements, the tax rates are
determined by such agreements and are indicated for various countries as under:
The Central Government acting under the authority of Law (Sec. 90) has entered into DTAAs
with more than 82 countries including U.S.A, Canada, U.K, Japan, Germany, Australia,
Singapore, U.A.E, and Switzerland. DTAA ensures that India's trade and services with other
countries, as well the movement of capital are not adversely affected. Such treaties serve the
purpose of providing protection to the tax payers from double taxation. As per section 90(2), in
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) 179

relation to an assessee to whom any DTAA applies, the provisions of the Act shall apply only to
the extent they are more beneficial to the assessee. The provisions of these DTAAs thus prevail
over the statutory provisions. For availing the benefits under DTAA the NRIs need to complete
certain formalities for example for getting the reduced rate of tax deduction from bank interest
(NRO deposits), they need to submit certain declaration with their banks before the starting of
the financial year.
To avail benefit of lower rates of tax as per double taxation avoidance treaty entered in by
India, NRIs need to submit certain declarations and forms with his banker. These documents
should be submitted to the designated bank branch at the time of opening the bank account and
subsequently each financial year. The reduced TDS rate shall be applied only after the submission
of the required declarations by the NRIs with the designated banker.
(1) Indian Residents posted abroad for employment:
Indian residents who have taken up employment in countries with which India has got
DTAA are entitled to the benefit of the DTAA entered into by India with the country of
employment. Accordingly, their tax liability is decided.
Indian expatriates working abroad have been granted several special tax concessions
under the Act. Professors, teachers and research workers working abroad in any university
or any educational institutions are entitled to deduction of 75% of their foreign
remuneration provided the same is brought into India in convertible foreign exchange
within a period of 6 months from the end of the previous year or such extended time as may
be allowed (Sec. 80-R). Similarly, in case of an Indian Citizen having received remuneration
for services rendered outside India, 75% of his foreign remuneration is deductible from his
taxable income provided such remuneration is brought to India in convertible foreign
exchange within the time specified above (Sec. 80 RRA).
From assessment year 2001-2002 onwards, there has been a change in the amount of
deduction available under sections 80R/80RRA. For details, reference may be made to the
sections concerned of the Income Tax Act. No deduction u/s 80R/80RRA shall be allowed in
respect of A.Y. 2005-06 onwards.
It may also be mentioned here that as per section 9(1)(iii) income chargeable under the
head „Salary‟ payable by the Government to a citizen of India for services rendered outside
India is deemed to accrue or arise in India. However, allowances or perquisites paid or
allowed outside India by the Govt. to a citizen of India for rendering services abroad is
exempt from taxation u/s 10(7).
(2) Capital Gain Tax Rates:
Under Section 90 and 91 of the Income Tax Act, relief against double taxation is provided
in two ways:
(a) Unilateral Relief:
Under Section 91, the Indian government can relieve an individual from double taxation
irrespective of whether there is a DTAA between India and the other country concerned.
Unilateral relief may be offered to a tax payer if:
 The person or company has been a resident of India in the previous year.
The same income must be accrued to and received by the tax payer outside India in the
previous year.
 The income should have been taxed in India and in another country with which there is
no tax treaty.
 The person or company has paid tax under the laws of the foreign country in question.
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180 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

(b) Bilateral Relief:

Under Section 90, the Indian government offers protection against double taxation by
entering into a DTAA with another country, based on mutually acceptable terms. Such relief
may be offered under two methods:
 Exemption method: This ensures complete avoidance of tax overlapping.
 Tax credit method: This provides relief by giving the tax payer a deduction from the tax
payable in India.
(3) The Countries with which India has DTAA:
India has entered into DTAA with more than 80 countries including countries like U.S.A.,
U.K., Japan, France, Germany, etc. These agreements provides for relief from the double
taxation in respect of incomes by providing exemption. The Countries with which India has
DTAA are given below:
Country Year
Australia 1993-94
Austria 1963-64
Bangladesh 1993-94
Belarus 1999-2000
Belgium 1989-90; 1999-2000
Brazil 1994-95
Bulgaria 1997-98
Canada 1987-88; 1999-2000
China 1996-97
Cyprus 1994-95
Czechoslovakia 1986-87; 2001-02
Czech Republic 1998-99
Denmark 1991-92
Egypt 1970-71
Finland 1985-86; 2000-2001
France 1996-97
Germany 1996-97
Greece 1964-65
Hungary 1989-90
Indonesia 1989-90
Israel 1995-96
Italy 1997-98
Japan 1991-92
Jordan 2001-02
Kazakhstan 1999-2000
Kenya 1985-86
Korea 1985-86
Kyrgyzstan 2001-02
Libya 1983-84
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) 181

Malaysia 1973-74
Malta 1997-98
Mauritius 1983-84
Morocco 2000-01
Country Year
Mongolia 1995-96
Namibia 2000-01
Nepal 1990-91
Netherlands 1990-91
New Zealand 1988-89
Norway 1988-89
Oman 1999-2000
Philippines 1996-97
Poland 1991-92
Portugal 2000-01
Qatar 2001-02
Romania 1989-90
Russian Federation 2000-01
Singapore 1995-96
South Africa 1999-2000
South Korea 1985-86
Spain 1997-98
Sri Lanka 1981-82
Sweden 1990-91; 1999-2000
Switzerland 1996-97
Syria 1983-84
Tanzania 1983-84
Thailand 1988-89
Trinidad and Tobago 2001-02
Turkey 1995-96
Turkmenistan 1999-2000
United Arab Emirates 1995-96
United Kingdom 1995-96
United States 1992-93
Uzbekistan 1994-95
Vietnam 1997-98
Zambia 1979-80
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) is an agreement entered into by India
with various countries. Under the current DTAA provisions, you can enjoy the benefit of
concessional rates for Tax Deducted at Source (TDS), providing you a higher yield as
compared to the regular NRO FD offered today.
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182 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

In case the NRIs who wish to avail the reduced rate of TDS from NRO deposits as per
DTAA they need to submit the required declaration with their banks along with their PAN
number before the cut of date specified by the bank for each financial year
PAN updation is mandatory to avail of DTAA. One set of the below documents is
required per Customer ID.
Declaration that the client was an NRI during the year in which tax is sorted to be
deducted & that he does not have any permanent establishment in India.
Original or certified true copies of the tax residency certificate from income tax
authorities to be obtained from the client OR
(ii) In case of non-taxpaying countries, any valid proof issued by the government,
certifying that the client is a resident of that country OR
(iii) If the client is unable to obtain the residency certificate in (i) above, and has been
assessed as a resident earlier, then he may obtain a certificate from any CA firm registered in
India). However, in such cases, the CA certificate should be supported by certified true
copies of documentation from tax authorities, e.g., assessment order, notice from the tax
authorities clearly indicating the residential status of the customer as a 'resident' under the
local tax laws.
Self attested copy of passport & visa. (not required in case the client is submitting Tax
Residency Certificate).
For UAE and KUWAIT ONLY- photocopy of the passport pages which give the details of
entry and exit.(to ascertain 183 days stay in a calendar year for UAE and 183 days in a
financial year for Kuwait)
If your PAN is not updated with the Bank/financial institution, then the DTAA rate or
applicable TDS (Income tax will be deducted at source under Section 195 of the Income Tax
Act, 1961, at the rates in force) rate whichever is higher will be applicable. For more details,
please contact your bank.
(4) How to get relief in case of Double Taxation?
In any country the tax is levied based on (1) Source Rule and 2) the Residence Rule. The
source rule holds that income is to be taxed in the country in which it originates irrespective
of whether the income accrues to a resident or a non-resident whereas the residence rule
stipulates that the power to tax should rest with the country in which the taxpayer resides. If
both rules apply simultaneously to a business entity and it were to suffer tax at both ends,
the cost of operating on an international scale would become prohibitive and would deter
the process of globalisation. It is from this point of view that Double Taxation Avoidance
Agreements (DTAA) becomes very significant.
Steps to calculate the relief:
(1) First of all, add the Total income of India as well as foreign country which is earned force in
India & abroad.
(2) Now, calculate the total Tax on above calculated income.
(3) Now calculate average rate of Tax.
(4) Now, multiply the rate with the income of foreign country.
(5) Now, deduct the Tax paid in the foreign county form the Tax calculated in step 4 above.
(6) The resultant amount would be the amount of relief u/s 90.
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) 183

The following chart shows the double taxation relief:

Relief

Unilateral Relief Bilateral Relief

Relief by Home Tax Credit Method Tax Exemption

Country Method
ILLUSTRATIONS:
Illustration 1:
Mr. Jash who derived income of Rs. 10,00,000 during the AY 2020-21 from a country with
which India has no double taxation avoidance agreement. Tax of Rs. 1,00,000/- was deduced at
Source in the country. His income from business in India during AY 2020-21 amounted to
Rs. 8,00,000. Compute tax payable by Mr. Jash for AY 2020-21.
Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Jash
P/Y – 2019-20 Legal Status: Individual A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Tax Payable
Particulars ` `
Income from India 8,00,000
Income from foreign country 10,00,000
Total Income 18,00,000
Tax on Total Income 3,52,500
Health and education cess @ 4% 14,100
Total Tax 3,66,600
(a) Average rate of tax in India
3‚66‚600
18‚00‚000  100) = 20.36%
(b) Average rate of tax in foreign country
1‚00‚000
10‚00‚000  100 = 10%
Less: Amount of Relief u/s 91 1,00,000
Lower of (a) or (b) (10L  10%)
Tax payable 2,66,600
Illustration 2:
Mr. Shubhash who derived income of Rs. 4,00,000 during the assessment year 202-21 from a
country with which India has no double taxation avoidance agreement Tax of Rs. 80,000/- was
deducted at source in the country. His income from profession in India during the assessment
year 2020-21 amounted to Rs. 6,00,000. Compute tax payable by Mr. Shubhash for Assessment
year 2020-21.
[MU., TYBAF, April 2016, Modified]
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184 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Solution:
Name of Assessee: Mr. Subhash
P/Y – 2019-20 Legal Status: Individual A/Y – 2020-21
Computation of Tax Payable
Particulars ` `
Income in the Foreign Country 4,00,000
Income in India 6,00,000
Total Income 10,00,000
Tax on Total Income 1,12,500
Add: EC + SHEC (4%) 4,500
Total Tax 1,17,000
(a) Average Rate of Tax in India
1,17,000  10,00,000  100 11.7%
(b) Average Rate of Tax in Foreign Country
80,000  4,00,000  100 20%
Less:
Amount of Relief u/s 91 (4,00,000  11.7%) Lower of (a and b) -46,800
Tax Payable 70,200

Exercises
(1) Mr. A is having income from India of `2,00,000 and `50,00 from US TDS has been deducted on BIS
US income of 2,500.
n
Cal of relief under section 91?
Note: Section 91 is applicable in case DTAA doesn’t exist b/w the countries in which assessee has
earned income.
(2) Mr. X is having income from India of `4,00,000 & `1,50,000 from US. TDS has been deducted on his
US income of `50,000.
n
Cal of relief u/s 91
[Ans.: `13,080]
(3) Ms. Jayanti is a resident individual. Income earned in India `5,00,000. Income earned from foreign
` 2,00,000. (tax paid there `50,000).Calculate Relief u/s 91.
[Ans.: ` 38,625]
(4) What are the steps to be followed for calculation of relief u/s 91?
Ans.: Step to find out Relief u/s 91
(i) Compute the Net Taxable Income
(ii) Find out the amount of Gross Tax
(iii) Find out the Average Rate of Tax on NTI
(iv) A.R.T = Gross Tax payable *100/Net taxable Income.
(v) Find out the rate, at which the tax was deducted / paid in foreign country
(vi) Find out the lower of rate tax from step no. 3 and 4.
(vii) Relief u/s 91 Doubly taxed income included in NTI * Rate of Tax found out in Step No. v.
Tax Planning and Ethics in Taxation 185

Chapter 9*

Tax Planning and Ethics in Taxation

Basic Concept:
There is a vast difference between the two terms Tax Evasion / Avoidance V/s Tax Planning.
The former refers to a scenario wherein Tax is avoided by way of not declaring the Income
with the Authorities. This is done by involving an element of deceit, misrepresentation of facts,
falsification of Accounting calculations or downright fraud. The result is that at a subsequent
stage of assessment the Evasion / Avoidance surfaces and the Authorities levy a very heavy
Interest and Penalty. Ultimately the Tax avoided is paid in double the amount as otherwise paid.
As against this the term Tax Planning is a wider terminology and a legitimate way in which
an assessee is legally entitled to claim rebates against his Income that are chargeable to Tax. These
rebates are mainly in the form of Exempt Incomes covered under Sections 10 to 13 and
deductions / weightage deductions covered under section 80. Similarly benefits of Adjustment of
losses in Intra Head and other heads and adjustments of current year profits against carry
forward of earlier year losses are also available.
There are other deductions available under other sections like Income from House Property,
Income from Capital Gains and Income from Other Sources.
There is also a concept of Diversion of Income at Source which proves to be the most
meaningful tool in Tax Planning. In such case it is observed that the Income is diverted as
Income of someone else by overriding title and application of Income before it reaches the
assesse. This tool prevents the assesse from the elements of disallowances of expenses in
assessment proceedings. However diversion does not mean that transferring Income belonging to
the assesse to someone else. In such cases during assessment proceedings the Authorities are
empowered with clubbing provisions and the penal provisions get attracted.
Furthermore and the most essential element to be noted is the concept of Capital Income V/s
Revenue Income. In all cases Revenue Income is always taxable unless otherwise exempt whereas
in all cases Capital Income is always exempt unless otherwise taxable.
Apart from above new and novel concepts of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement and
Double Taxation Reliefs with different countries needs also be kept in mind. Section 90, 90A and
91 of the Income Tax Act mainly deals with such cases.
Therefore it is always necessary to conduct a Taxation Impact Analysis before starting any
new business.
What test to Apply for a Successful Tax Planning:
The Institute of The Chartered Accountants of India in the study modules for aspiring
Chartered Accountants clearly states the following:
There has to be a conformity on two outstanding tests:
(a) Conformity with Current Law: This knowledge of law extends not only to the provisions
of the taxing statues and the case law that has developed on those statutes, but also to the

* This chapter is not in the syllabus of B.Com. Financial Management Course. Hence, it is not to be studied
by students of B.Com. Financial Management Course.
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186 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

other branches of law, both civil and personal, so that the tax planner’s device does not
get defeated by the universal principles of jurisprudence.
(b) Flexibility: Flexibility seeks to ensure that the success of tax planning device is not
nullified by statutory negation. Though the tax planner may be successful in seeking out
a device which in his opinion is in conformity with the law, the subsequent statutory
negation may nullify his success. In order to counter this exigency, his tax plan must be
flexible. Flexibility means that the device provides for suitable changes in accepted forms.
Flexibility is a practical concept and will vary from case to case and situation to situation.
The tax planner should always be watchful of all significant development related to his
field and design such plans which are capable of avoiding irretrievable situations to the
maximum possible extent.
To conclude it has to be understood that tax planning should not ignore the legislative
intent and should be directed in every case to see that not only tax benefits are obtained
but also the tax obligations are discharged without fail so that the penal provisions are
not attracted.
Retrospective Legislation:
It is judicially settled that the law to be applied to the assessment year is the law that stands in
the year and not the law that stood in the year in which Income was earned.
Therefore the Tax Planner should ensure that the Planning is done on the law applicable as
the beginning of the assessment year unless otherwise stated or implied i.e. the law as it stands
on 1st April, the commencement of Assessment Year. Any amendments that comes into force after
1st April of the Assessment Year will not be applicable even if assessment is actually made after
the amendment comes into force.
Platforms of Tax Planning:
Tax Planning is carried out in a Matrix Format as follows:
Heads of Income Form of Business Organization in Conjunction with Residential Status
Individual HUF Partnership AOP / Co-op. Corporate (Pvt AJP
Firm / LLP BOI Soc. Ltd/Ltd)
Salary NA NA NA NA NA NA
House Property
Business / Professions
Capital Gains
Other Sources
Though the Tax Planning could run into a number of pages, a bird eye view can be projected
to give a preliminary understanding and generate confidence in the mind of assesse. The assesse
has to be sure of one thing that the Tax Planning will depend on various combinations of above
table and from case to case.
(1) Tax Planning in respect of Salary Income: Salary Structure
(a) Employee’s Welfare Scheme.
(b) Insurance Policies.
(c) Dearness Allowance, Dearness Pay.
(d) Commission.
(e) Leave Travel facility.
(f) Rent Free Accommodation / House Rent Allowance.
(g) Medical Allowances.
(h) Uncommuted / Commuted Pension.
(i) Provident Fund.
(j) Retirement benefits.
Tax Planning and Ethics in Taxation 187

(k) Pension received by Non-Residents.

(l) Accident Insurance.
(m) Exempted Perquisites.
(n) Deductions under chapter VIA.
(o) Rebate u/s 89.
(2) Tax Planning in respect of House Property Income: Payments towards Taxes paid to
local municipal board and Interest paid on Money borrowed from specific institutions
towards acquisition / repairs of House Property.
(3) Tax Planning in respect of Income from Business / Profession:
(a) Form of Organisation.
(b) Nature of Business.
(c) Location.
(d) Financial Structure.
(e) Acquisition of Plant or Machinery and other Fixed Assets.
(f) Setting Up and commencement of Business.
(g) Deductions under chapter VIA.
(h) Exemptions.
(4) Tax Planning in respect of Income from Capital Gains:
(a) Sec 54
(b) Sec 54EC
(c) Sec 54F
(5) Tax Planning in respect of Income from Other Sources: There is not much planning in
this head of Income except the exemptions and deductions.
Ethics in Taxation:
Ethics in taxation refers to extent of compliance with tax laws. Tax planning is lawful as it
makes use of deductions, exemptions, rebates etc in accordance with the law. Whereas tax
avoidance is unlawful as it makes use of loopholes in taxation laws to reduce the tax burden.
Thus tax evasion attracts heavy penalties and prosecution.
Ethics can be seen from two angles:
(1) Fundamental ethical principles to be followed by ICAI members in practice.
(2) Ethical considerations from tax payer’s angle.
Fundamental Ethical Principles to be followed by ICAI members in practice:
A professional accountant should:
(a) Be honest in performing professional services.
(b) Be fair and unbiased.
(c) Respect confidentiality.
(d) Act in the manner consistent with the good reputation of profession.
(e) Rely on information provided by the client provided that the information appears
reasonable.
(f) In case of knowledge about material error or omission must advice client to revise the
return.
Ethical Considerations from Tax Payer’s Angle:
A tax payer’s ultimate consideration is to minimize payment of tax. There are two ways to
reduce tax impact: one is through lawful tax planning and second is through tax avoidance i.e. by
finding loopholes in the tax laws. An assessee should provide correct information and furnish
authentic records and should not resort to concealment, misrepresentation or willful omission.
 TM
188 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

Objective Type and Theory Questions

Objective Type Questions
(1) (a) Rewrite the following sentences by selecting correct option.
(1) TDS applicable on commission is __________%. (10, 2, 5)
(2) Filling of TDS returns electronically is mandatory for __________ deductor.
(corporate, government, both)
(3) First due date of payment of advance tax of individual is __________ (15th Sept.,
15th June, 15th Dec.)
(4) Speculative loss can be set off against __________ (Salary income, business income,
speculative income)
(5) Due date of return of income for company is __________ (31st March, 30th Sept., 31st
Oct.)
(6) Income from minor child is entitled for exemption of Rs. __________ per child.
(1000, 1500, 2000)
(7) Dividend from Indian Company is __________ (taxable, exempt, partly exempt)
(8) Advance tax total installment to be paid by 15th December non corporate assessee
is not less than __________ (60%, 30%, 80%)
(9) The assesse is liable to pay interest __________ for every month under section
234A. (1%, 1.5%, 2%)
(10) Service tax shall be __________ while deducting tax on rent. (excluded, included,
none of the above)
Ans.: (1) 5% (2) corporate (3) 15th September (4) speculative income (5) 30th September (6) 1500 (b)
exempt (8) 60% (9) 1% (10) excluded.
(b) State whether the following statements are true or false:
(1) Due date for filling of return for all assessee on 30th June every year.
(2) Advance tax is payable if tax liability is more than Rs. 5,000.
(3) TDS under section 194 A is deducted at 15%.
(4) There are three due dates for payment of advance tax for companies.
(5) Short term capital loss can be set off against all income.
(6) Business loss includes speculation loss.
(7) Clubbing of income includes clubbing of losses.
(8) Non resident can claim relief under section 91.
(9) A firm can pay salary to its partner if there is a loss.
(10) Tax deducted on interest income is 5%.
Ans.: (1) False (2) False (3) False (4) False (5) False (6) False (b) True (8) False (9) True (10) False.
(2) (A) Rewrite the following sentences by selecting correct option.
(1) Due date of filing of return of income for a company is ________. (31st July, 30th Sept.,
31st Dec.)
(2) Speculation loss can be carried forward upto ________ years. (4, 8, 6)
(3) First due date of payment of advance tax for an individual is ________. (15th Sept., 15th
June, 15th Dec.)
(4) Business Loss can be set off against ________. (Salary income, Business income,
Speculative income)
(5) Interest paid to partners on their capital cannot exceed _______%. (10, 18, 12)
(6) Loss from _______ cannot be set off. (Capital asset, Other sources, House property)
Objective Type and Theory Questions 189

(7) Clubbing of income aims to prevent avoidance by ________ of income. (Diversion,

Double taxation, Transfer)
(8) If rent is paid for Land and Building, TDS is to be deducted @ _________. (2%, 10%,
20%)
(9) TDS u/s 194 H is deducted @ ________ %. (10, 5, 20)
(10) Minor child _________ illegitimate child. (Includes, Excludes, None of the above)
[Ans.: (1) 30th September, (2) 4, (3) 15th September, (4) Business Income, (5) 12, (6) Other Sources,
(7) Diversion, (8) 2%, (9) 5%, (10) Excludes]
(B) State whether the following statements are True or False:
(1) There are four due dates for payment of advance tax for companies.
(2) Resident Indian can claim relief under section 91.
(3) Clubbing of income includes clubbing of losses.
(4) TDS under section 194I is deducted @ 15%.
(5) There can be a loss under the head of income from salaries.
(6) Speculation loss can be set off against all income.
(7) Due date for filing of return for corporate assesses is 30th April every year.
(8) Advance tax is payable if tax liability is more than Rs. 15,000.
(9) Unabsorbed losses from house property cannot be carried forward.
(10) Partner’s share in profits of the firm is exempt.
[Ans.: (1) True, (2) True, (3) True, (4) False, (5) False, (6) False, (7) False, (8) True, (9) False, (10)
True]
Theory Questions
(1) (a) What are the steps to be followed for calculation of relief u/s 91?
Ans.: Step to find out Relief u/s 91:
(1) Compute the Net Taxable Income
(2) Find out the amount of Gross Tax
(3) Find out the Average Rate of Tax on NTI
A.R.T = Gross Tax payable *100/Net taxable Income.
(4) Find out the rate, at which the tax was deducted / paid in foreign country
(5) Find out the lower of rate tax from step no. 3 and 4.
(6) Relief u/s 91 Doubly taxed income included in NTI * Rate of Tax found out in Step
No. 5.
(b) State the provisions for clubbing of remuneration received by spouse u/s 64 (1) (ii).
Ans.: The individual is taxable in respect of income arising to his/her spouse
directly or indirectly if the following conditions are satisfied:
(1) The nature of income arising to the spouse is salary, commission, fees or any other
form or remuneration whether in cash or in kind.
(2) Such income is received from a concern in which such individual has a substantial
interest.
Exception where income is not included:
(1) Any income other than the income specified above shall not be clubbed, even if it
accrues to spouse from the concern in which the assesse has substantial interest.
(2) If the spouse possesses technical or professional qualification and the income is
solely attributable to the application of his or her technical or professional
knowledge and experience then the above clubbing provisions are not applicable.
If husband and wife both have substantial interest and both receive remuneration:
Where both husband and wife have substantial interest in a concern and both are in
receipt of income form the said concern without technical or professional qualification,
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190 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

such income will be includible in the hands of that spouse, whose total income,
excluding such income is higher.
OR
(1) Write short notes on:
(a) Remuneration to Partners.
Ans.:
(1) Remuneration should be paid only to a working partner.
(2) Remuneration must be authorized by the partnership deed.
(3) Remuneration should not pertain to period prior to partnership deed.
(4) Remuneration should not exceed the permissible limit.
(b) Belated Return.
Ans.: U/S. 139 (4):
Any person who has not furnished a return within the time allowed u/s. 139 (1) or
within the time allowed by the notice issued u/s. 142 (1) can file a belated return for
any previous year at any time before one year from the end of the relevant assessment
year or before the assessment is completed, whichever is earlier.
(c) Due dates of Advance tax by companies.
Ans.: 15th June, 15th September, 15th December, and 15th March.
(d) Double Taxation Relief.
Ans.:
Relief

Unilateral Relief Bilateral Relief

Relief by Home Tax Credit Tax Exemption

Country Method Method
(e) Interest u/s 234A.
Ans.:
(1) The assesse is required to pay interest u/s 234 A in respect of his default in
furnishing return of income within the given time.
(a) Where the return of income for any assessment year is furnished after the due
date specified in Section 139 (1), 139 (4) or after the time allowed in the notice
issued u/s 142 (1). OR is not furnished at all the assesse shall be liable to pay
simple interest @ 1% for every month or part of a month.
(2) The interest u/s 234 A is applicable on the tax on assessed income and not on the
tax on returned income.
(2) (a) Explain Double Taxation Relief.
Ans.: A person, whose income has been taxed twice, would face genuine hardship
and he therefore, needs some relief. There are following two types of Double Taxation
Relief which can be provided to such persons:
(i) Unilateral Relief: Where only one country comes forward to provide relief, then it
is called as Unilateral Relief. This is possible only in a case, where there is no
DTAA between Indian and the other country. In such situation Government of
India will provide double taxation u/s 91 of the Income Tax Act. Such one side
relief offered by Government of India is called Unilateral Relief. However, such
unilateral relief will be provided only to those who are residents of India.
Objective Type and Theory Questions 191

(ii) Bilateral Relief: Where both the countries provide relief, it is called as Bilateral
Relief. Under this, the Government of India will enter into a DTAA with the
Government of Foreign country u/s 90 of the Income Tax Act, to provide relief
from double taxation.
If there is a DTAA between GOI and the foreign Government, then bilateral relief
can be provided by either of the following two methods:
(i) Tax Credit Methods: Under this method, tax will have to pay in both the
countries. However, one of the countries will give credit for the tax paid in the
other country on doubly taxed income.
(ii) Tax Exemption Methods: Under this method, income will be taxed in any one
country only and the other country will exempt such income from taxability in
that country.
(b) Provisions of clubbing of income from minor child [Section 64 (1A)]
Ans.: Income of a minor child is required to be added to the income of his/her
parent.
As per definition of child u/s 2 (15B), it includes a step child and adopted child.
The income of the minor child only up to the date of attaining majority is to be
clubbed in the hands of the parents.
Clubbing of Minor’s income shall be in father’s hands or mother’s hands: Income of
a minor child shall be clubbed with the income of his either of the parents whose total
income is higher.
Exception: The clubbing as provided in Section 64(1A) shall not be applicable in the
following cases;
(1) Income arises to minor child due to his manual work or
(2) Income to minor child due to his skill, talent, specialized knowledge or experience
or
(3) If the minor child is suffering from any disability specified u/s 80U.
OR
(2) Write short notes on:
(a) Inter-head adjustment u/s 71:
Ans.: Loss of any head can be set off against income of any other head within the
same year. Thus if the net result of computation under any head of income is a loss, the
assesses is entitled to have such amount of loss set off against the income under any
other head of income within the same year. However, the following rule does not apply
to the following activities.
(i) Speculation Loss cannot be adjusted against any other income.
(ii) Loss from activity of owning and maintaining race horses cannot be adjusted
against any other income.
(iii) Loss under the Capital Gain cannot be adjusted against any other income.
(iv) Loss under the head Income from business/profession cannot be adjusted against
income under the head salary.
(b) Defective return:
Ans.: It is essential that the return filed should be correct and complete in all
respects and should be accompanied by necessary attachments and proofs etc. required.
Else it would be considered as defective return.
Where the AO considers that the return of income furnished by the assesses is
defective, he may intimate the defect to the assesses for rectifying the same within 15
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192 Vipul’s Taxation - III (Direct Taxes - II)

days from the date of such intimation or within such further period which he may
grant, on an application made in his behalf.
(c) TDS from commission or brokerage:
Ans.: Deduct TDS, if commission or brokerage paid exceeds Rs. 5,000 p.a.
Above provision is not applicable on any commission or brokerage payable by
BSNL or MTNL or their PCO franchisees.
Payer:
Any person other than individual and HUF who are not subject to tax audit in the
preceding financial year.
Payee:
Any Resident Person
TDS RATES:
Individual/HUF/BOI – 10%
Company/Firms etc. 10%
(d) Loss from House Property:
Ans.: Where the net result of computation of income for any assessment year under
the head income from house property is a loss which cannot be or is not completely set
off against income under other heads, such loss (i.e. unabsorbed loss) can be carried
forward to next 8 years for set off against house property income only.
(e) Interest u/s 234A:
Ans.:
(1) The assesses is required to pay interest u/s 234A in respect of his default in
furnishing return of income within the given time. The salient features of section
234A are as follows:
(i) Where the return of income for any assessment year is furnished after the due
date specified in section 139(1), 139(4) or after the time allowed in the notice
issued u/s 142(1) or is not furnished at all, the assesses shall be liable to pay
simple interest @ 1% for every month or part of a month.
(ii) The interest shall be payable for the period commencing from the date
immediately following the due date and
(a) Where the return is furnished after the due date, ending on the date of
furnishing return or
(b) where no return has been furnished, ending on the date of completion of
assessment u/s 144
(2) The interest u/s 234A is applicable on the tax on assessed income and not on the
tax on returned income.
(3) Where in relation to an assessment year an assessment is made for the first time
u/s 147 or u/s 153A, the assessment so made shall regarded as regular assessment
for this purpose.
(4) The final interest payable u/s 234A shall be reduced by any interest paid u/s 140A
towards interest chargeable under this section.