Use of MSI, LSI and VLSI IC’ hardware
Design
• Integration –integration: the joining of capacitors, resistors, diodes
and transistors, by wires or by printed circuit boards (PCB)to form a
circuit so as to save cost, energy and enhance speed. These are
usually joined by soldering and are called Discrete Circuits
• ICs are improved technology to DCs.
• An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is
a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny
resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated.
• An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter,
computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized
as either linear (analog) or digital, depending on its intended
application.
Use of MSI, LSI and VLSI IC’ hardware
Design
Integrated circuit categories are: SSI, MSI, LSI, and VLSI.
• SSI- less than 100 components (about 10 gates)
• MSI- Less than 500 components (more than 10 but less than 100
gates)
• LSI- More than 500 components but less than 300000 (more than
100 gates)
• VLSI -More than 300000 components per chip
• VVLSI (ULSI)- More than 1500000 components per chip
• GSI – More than 1 billion components per chip, achieved in 2010
• MSI devices have a complexity of approximately 10 to 1000 ICs in a
single package. Several combinational circuits are available in MSI
form, e.g. adders, sub tractors, decoders, encoders, multiplexers,…
etc.
• Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)are IC's with internal logic gates
(arrays of AND gates and OR gates) connected through fuses to
establish a pattern of connections.
• A typical PLD may have hundreds to millions of gates interconnected
thru hundreds to thousands of internal paths.
Integrated Circuit (IC) Technologies
• 1. MOS Technology
• The MOSFET Transistor
• Transistor Performance Models
• MOS Technologies (nMOS, pMOS, CMOS)
• 2. (Bipolar Technology)
• 3. IC Fabrication
• Fabrication Process
• Example of a Diode and a MOSFET
• 4. Silicon Technological Evolutions
• Processor and Technology Roadmaps
• Technology Scaling
• 5. Interconnects
Storage Devices
» Primary and Secondary memories
» Primary Storage
» Also known as main memory.
» Main memory is directly or indirectly
connected to the central processing unit via a
memory bus.
• The CPU continuously reads instructions
stored there and executes them as required.
• Example:
– RAM
– ROM
– Cache
Primary Storage RAM
• It is called Random Access Memory because any of the
data in RAM can be accessed just as fast as any of the
other data.
• There are two types of RAM: –
• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
• – SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
RAM
• Static RAM Dynamic RAM
• • Faster
• • More expensive
• • More power consumption
• • Does not need to be refreshed
• Dynamic RAM
• • Slower
• • Less expensive
• • Less power consumption
• • Needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second
Primary Storage ROM
•
• • This memory is used as the computer begins to boot up.
• • Small programs called firmware are often stored in ROM
chips on hardware devices (like a BIOS chip), and they
contain instructions the computer can use in performing
some of the most basic operations required to operate
hardware devices.
• • ROM memory cannot be easily or quickly overwritten or
modified.
Cache
• • Cache is a high-speed access area that can be
either a reserved section of main memory or a storage
device.
• • Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2 cache,
while older computers included only L1cache
Secondary Storage
• • It is not directly accessible by the CPU.
• • Computer usually uses its input/output channels to access
secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate
area in primary storage.
• Example: – Hard disk
• The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage
device in a computer.
• • It can store anywhere from 160 gigabytes to 2 terabytes.
• • Hard disk speed is the speed at which content can be read and
written on a hard disk.
• • A hard disk unit comes with a set rotation speed varying from
4500 to 7200 rpm.
• • Disk access time is measured in milliseconds.
Hard Disk
• Internal Hard disk External
Hard disk
• Portability No Yes
• Price Less expensive More expensive
• Speed Fast Slow
• Size Big Small
Tertiary Storage
• • Typically it involves a robotic mechanism
which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass
storage media into a storage device.
• • It is a comprehensive computer storage system that is
usually very slow, so it is usually used to archive data that
is not accessed frequently.
• • This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data
stores, accessed without human operators.
• Tertiary Storage Examples:
• – Magnetic Tape
• – Optical Disc
Magnetic Tape
• • A magnetically coated strip of plastic on which
data can be encoded.
• • Tapes for computers are similar to tapes used to store
music.
• • Tape is much less expensive than other storage mediums
but commonly a much slower solution that is commonly
used for backup.
Optical Disc
• • Optical disc is any storage media that holds
content in digital format and is read using a laser assembly
is considered optical media.
• The most common types of optical media are
• – Blu-ray (BD)
• – Compact Disc (CD)
• – Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
Optical Disc
• CD DVD BD
• Capacity 700MB 4.7GB – 17GB 50GB
• Wavelength 780nm 650nm 405nm
• Read/Write Speed 1200KB/s 10.5MB/s
36MB/s
Example • CD-ROM, • CD-R • CD-RW • DVD-ROM •
DVD+R/RW • DVD-R/RW • DVD-RAM • BD-R • BD-RE
