Physics M

Chapter 1 – Temperature and Heat

Section 1.1 Sensation of Hotness and Temperature

(1) 1. a) Although the hardness of egg white changes as temperature increases but it
doesn't as temperature falls back down. It is a quantity that cannot be measured,
hence it cannot be considered as a thermometric property.
b) One can measure the length of mercury column as temperature changes; hence it
is a thermometric property.
c) The mass of a fixed quantity remains constant with temperature; hence it cannot
be considered as thermometric property.

Section 1.2 Temperature Scale

(2) BT 1.2. Insert the bulb of the thermometer in melting crushed ice.
When mercury stops shrinking, mark the stem of the thermometer at the mercury
level; this should be the 0oC on the Celsius scale.
Insert the thermometer now inside a flask containing boiling water, so that the bulb
is just above the surface of boiling water.
When mercury stops expanding, mark the stem of the thermometer at the mercury
level; this should be the 100oC on the Celsius scale.
Three principal hazards, one should be aware of: fragile glassware, toxic mercury
and extreme heat.

(3) 3. a) Thermometer X goes to higher temperature

b) Liquid in X expands uniformly (with temperature rise)
c) For the same temperature rise, the liquid in X expands more

(4) 4. [G] (a) Ice point: The point on the thermometer which corresponds to the tip of the
mercury column when the thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with melting ice
at a pressure of one atmosphere. The temperature of the thermometer, when the
mercury level is at this point, is defined to be 0°C.
(b) Steam point: The point on the thermometer which corresponds to the tip of the
mercury column when the thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with the steam
above boiling water at a pressure of one atmosphere. The temperature of the
thermometer, when the mercury level is at this point, is defined to be 100°C.

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(5) 5. [G] Liquid-in-glass thermometers are based on the principle of thermal expansion of
substances. A liquid in a glass tube expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
A calibrated scale can then be used to read off the respective temperature that led to
the corresponding thermal expansion.

Section 1.3 Gas Laws

(6) BG 2.6. Use apparatus on page 6.

Slowly increase the pressure of the air using the foot pump.
Read the pressure on the Bourdon gauge and the corresponding volume from the
vertical volume scale. Repeat the experiment for several values of p and V.
Tabulate your results.
A graph of V against 1/p is plotted, if the graph is a straight line through the origin,
Boyle’s law has been verified.

(7) 7. c) since mass remains constant

(8) 8. [G] K = °C + 273.15

(9) 9. [G] a. Wires W and Y are made of the same metallic material, while wire Z is made
of a different metallic material.

b. Thermocouples have low heat capacity, which makes them respond quickly to
changes in temperature and quickly reach thermal equilibrium with the body.
Moreover, thermocouples are very sensitive over a wide range of temperatures
with a relatively high precision.

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BG 3.

Given: Required to find:

P1 – Patm = 120,000 Pa P2 – Patm = ?
t1 = 7 C
t2 = 35 C
V = constant
Patm = constant

Solution: P1 = 120,000 + 100,000 = 220,000 Pa

Using the Pressure Law: P1/ T1 = P2 / T2 
 220,000 / 280 = P2 / 308 
 P2 = 242,000 Pa

P2 is the pressure including the atmospheric pressure.

Therefore, the reading on the pressure gauge is:

P2 – Patm = 242,000 – 100,000 =

= 142,000 Pa = 142 kPa.

B 4.

Given: Required to find:

t1 = 10 C t2 = ?
P1 = 75 cm Hg = Patm
P2 = Patm + 100 cm Hg
V = constant

Solution: Using the Pressure Law: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

 75 / 283 = 175 / T2 
 T2 = 660 K; t2 = 387 C.

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BG 5.

Given: Required to find:

V1 = 1000 cm3 V2 = ?
t1 = 10 C
P1 = Patm
t2 = 80C
P = const

Solution: Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

 1000 / 283 = V2 / 353 
 V2 = 1247 cm3  1.3 L.

B 6.
Given: Required to find:
t1 = 17 C t2 = ?
P1 = 0.8 x 106 Pa
P2 = 1.0 x 106 Pa

Solution: Using the Pressure Law: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

 8.8 x 106 / 290 = 1.0 x 106 / T2 

 T2 = 362.5 K; t2  90 C.

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B 7.

Given: Required to find:

m = constant V2 = ?
V1 = 2.0 m3
t1 = 27 C
(a) t2 = 327 C
(b) t2 = - 123 C
P = constant

Solution: (a) Using Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 

 2 / 300 = V2 / 600 
 V2 = 4 m3.

(b) Using Charles’ Law: V1/ T1 = V2 / T2 

 2 / 300 = V2 / 150 
 V2 = 1 m3.

B 8.

Given: Required to find:

m = const. t2 = ?
t1 = 0 C
P2 = 2 P1
V = const.

Solution: Using the Pressure Law: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

 P / 273 = 2P / T2 
 T2 = 546 K; t2 = 273C.

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B 9.

Given: Required to find:

m = const. V2 = ?
V1 = 200 cm3
t1 = 27 C
P1 = 105 Pa
(a) P2 = 2 P1; T = const.
(b) T2 = 2 T1; P = const

Solution: (a) Using Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2 

 V2 = 105 x 200 / (2 x 105) 
 V2 = 100 cm3.

(b) Using Charles’ Law: V1/ T1 = V2 / T2 

 200 / 300 = V2 / 600 
 V2 = 400 cm3.

B 10.

Solution: “C” will NOT happen, because the amount of gas is fixed, as the
container is closed.

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Section 1.4 Change in Temperature using Kinetic Theory

(10) 10.
i. True
ii. True
iii. True
iv. True
v. True (the converse is false)

Section 1.5 Thermal Properties of Matter

(11) B 11. 11. The heat lost by the iron = the heat gained by water and pot:
mici(333.15 - T) = (mwcw + mKcK)(T - 300), implies T = 305 K.

(12) B 12.12. Qheater = Qlead + Qwater + QAl

P × t = mlead clead (80-20) + mwater cwater (80-20) + mAl cAl (80-20)
Solve to get, clead = 0.21 kJ/kg.K. Some of the heat given to the system may escape
through the walls of the container or with water vapor through the top, causing
overestimation of heat capacity. To reduce heat exchange we may cover the
container, reduce its size or insulate it.

B 14.
Given: Required to find:
Q1 = 2,000 J Q2 = ?
m1 = 1 kg
    t1 = 1 oC
m2 = 2 kg
    t2 = 10 oC

Solution: If 2000 J are needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg by 1 oC, therefore the specific heat
capacity of paraffin is c = 2000 J/kg.oC
OR:
Q1 = m1 c t1  c = Q1 / m1 t1 = 2000 J/kg.oC

Q2 = m2 c t2 = 2 × 2000 × 10 = 4 × 104 J  Q2 = 40 kJ

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B 15.
(a)
Given: Required to find:
m = 0.20 kg Q=?
ti = 20 oC
tf = 100 oC
c = 4,200 J/kg.oC

Solution: t = tf – ti = 80 oC
Q = m c t = 0.20 × 80 × 4,200 = 67,200 J = 67.2 kJ 
 Q  67 kJ

(b)
Given: Required to find:
P = 240 W τ=?

Solution: Q=E=P×τ 
 τ = Q / P = 67,200 /240  τ = 280 s

B 16.
Solution: Using Q = m c T for each,
cA = 2000 / (1.0 × 1.0) = 2000 J/kg oC = 2 kJ/kg oC
cB = 2000 / (2.0 × 5.0) = 200 J/kg oC = 0.2 kJ/kg oC
cC = 2000 / (0.5 × 4.0) = 1000 J/kg oC = 1 kJ/kg oC
B 17.
Given: Required to find:
P = 100 W t = ?
τ = 440 s
m = 2 kg
c = 2,200 J/ kg oC
Q supplied = Q gained (by paraffin)

Solution: Using Q = E = m c t:

t = E / mc = P × τ / mc = 100 × 440 / (2 × 2200)
     t = 10 oC; T = 10 K

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B 18.
Given: Required to find:
m = 5 kg T2 = ?
T1 = 290 K
h = 315 m
c = 4200 J/ kg.K
Q transferred (from/ to water) = 0

Solution: First, find T from the equation Ep = Q = m c T;

Then find T2 , using T = T2 – T1.

Ep = m g h = 5 × 10 × 315 = 15,750 J

Ep = Q = m c T 
 T = Ep / mc = 15,750 / (5 × 4,200) = 0.75 K
T2 = T + T1 
 T2 = 0.75 + 290  T2 = = 290.75 K

(13) B 22.13. Connect immersion heater to power supply. Fill beaker with water, cover it
and weigh m1. Insert heater and heat until water begins to boil. Remove the lid so
that steam escapes and at the same time read the Joulemeter (Q1). After 15
minutes time switch off heater and replace lid.
The mass of water converted to steam is m1 - m2
Find L using L = (Q2 - Q1)/(m1 - m2).
No thermometer is needed because there is no change of temperature during
evaporation. Read Joule meter again (Q2). Weigh the beaker again with lid, m2.

(14) B 23. 14. Connect the electric heater to its power supply and measuring circuit. Put
ice of known mass m at 0°C into a thermo flask containing water at 0°C and
upon heating keep stirring the mixture. Turn on the stopwatch when heating
starts. Record the values of the current I and the voltage V. Once the ice has just
melted, turn the heater and the stopwatch off, and record the time t it took the ice
to melt. The heat energy supplied by the heater is Q = IVt.
Use the equation lf = Q/m = IVt/m to calculate the latent heat of fusion.
Thermometer is not needed there is no change in temperature during fusion.

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(15) 15. [G] A liquid evaporates not only at its boiling point, but also at any temperature.
The difference is that at the boiling point evaporation takes place anywhere within
the body of the liquid, whereas at other lower temperatures evaporation takes place
only at the surface. Evaporation is always accompanied by cooling.
According to the kinetic molecular theory, the potential energy of the particles that
leave the liquid increases; this happens at the expense of the molecules that stay in
the liquid state. Only the more energetic molecules near the surface leave the liquid;
the remaining molecules will have a lower average kinetic energy, and therefore a
lower temperature.

(16) 16. [G] The energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of a substance
by 1 degree Celsius is called the specific heat capacity.

(17) 17. BG 13. [G] The quantity of heat needed is given by:
Q  mcT
Q  5.0 kg3.0102 J/kg.oC10.o C  1.5104 J
BG 19.
(a)
AB & CD
(The temperature stays constant during these intervals.)

(b)

B  C (The graph is the steepest.)

(c)

Point E (Greatest average kinetic energy means highest temperature.)

(18) 18. [G] The parts corresponding to the substance existing in two states are AB and
CD. During a phase change, the temperature of a substance does not change. This
corresponds to the horizontal lines AB and CD.

(19) 19. [G] The quantity of heat needed is:

Q  mlv
.
Q  0.500 kg2.30 MJ/kg  1.15 MJ

The electric heater can supply this quantity in:

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Q
t
P .
1.15106 J
t  7.67 10 2 s
1.50 103 W

(20) 20. [G] The energy required to turn one kilogram of a substance from a solid into a
liquid state is the specific latent heat of fusion.
The energy required to turn one kilogram of a substance from a liquid into a gas
state is the specific latent heat of vaporization.

B 20.

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY = heat energy released or absorbed by 1 kg of a substance when

it changes its temperature by 1 0C or 1 K.
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF FUSION = heat energy released or absorbed by 1 kg of a
substance when it changes from SOLID to LIQUID state or from LIQUID to SOLID state,
respectively, without any change in temperature.
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = heat energy released or absorbed by 1 kg
of a substance when it changes from LIQUID to GAS state
or from GAS to LIQUID state, respectively, without any change in temperature.

BG 21.
Given: Required to find:
M ice = 3.00 kg (a) Q fusion = ?
t initial = 0 0C (b) Q water
Q supplied = 1,509 kJ (c) t final = ?
L fusion = 335,000 J / kg
cwater = 4200 J/kg.0C

(a) Q fusion = m ice L fusion = 3.00 × 335,000 = 1,005,000 J = 1,005 kJ

(b) Q water = Q supplied – Q fusion = 1,509 kJ – 1,005 kJ = 504 kJ

(c) Q water = m water × c water × t 

   t = Q water / (m water × c water) = 504,000 / (3.00 × 4,200) = 40 0C

 tfinal = 0 + 40 = 40 0C

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BG 24.

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, the intermolecular potential energy of the
molecules that leave the liquid is greater than that of the molecules which remain in the
liquid. This extra-energy comes from the expense of the average kinetic energy of the
remaining molecules, which become slower, and by this, the temperature of the remaining
liquid decreases.

Section 1.6 Expansion of Solids and Liquids upon Heating

(21) B 25. 21. Copper has a greater expansion coefficient and hence expands faster
than iron. The bimetallic strip thus bends downwards.

(22) 22. [G] An object shrinks when its temperature drops. Therefore, the wire will most
probably break.

Section 1.7 Heat Transfer by Conduction

(23) 23. All will have the same temperature. Because at thermal equilibrium, all bodies in
an insulated system end up with the same temperature.

(24) 24. No. They can exchange energy mechanically, for example.

(25) B 26. 25. [G]

a) We explain the flow of heat by means of the kinetic molecular theory by
imagining that the faster-moving molecules in the hotter parts of matter collide
with the slower-moving molecules in the colder parts in contact with them, thus,
passing on to them a part of their kinetic energy.

b) The free electrons in a metal are not confined to any particular place, but are
free to move throughout the body of the metal.
If a part of a metallic object is hotter than another, free-moving fast electrons
move across the body of the metal, and thus carry thermal energy across the
body, much faster than it can be transferred from molecule to molecule by
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molecular collision.

(26) 26. [G] The ice at the bottom of the beaker did not melt. Then, heat was not transferred
through water from the top of the beaker to its bottom. Therefore, we can conclude
that water is a bad conductor of thermal energy (heat).

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Section 1.8 Convection

(27) BG 27. 27.

(a) Paper is a good heat insulator; more, if it is crumpled, the “trapped” air between its
layers is also a very good insulator and it cannot be carried away by convection.
(b) Trapped air forms a very good insulator preventing heat produced in our bodies from
escaping.
(28) 28. a) They preserve the thin layer in contact with the body by reducing convection.
b) They preserve the thin layer in contact with the body by reducing convection.
c) Forced convection: wind removes heat from the skin.

(29) 29. [G] Convection is a mode of heat transfer that takes place in fluids. In this method,
heat transfer takes place with the actual motion of matter from one place within the
body to the other.

For example, when water is heated at the bottom of a container, it expands and
becomes lighter since its density decreases. The warmer and less dense water
moves upwards forcing the cold and denser water at the top to come down and
thus get heated up and rising again; the cycle repeats forming convection currents.

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Section 1.9 Radiation

B 28.
1. The black paint is a good radiator of heat energy. As its temperature increases, it radiates more
energy.
White is the best reflector of heat energy; heat energy which is radiated from the oven towards the
outside, will be reflected by the white, external surface, back into the oven.

2. The black (paint) is the best absorber and the best radiator of heat energy, amongst all colors. So
it quickly absorbs the heat from inside the pipes and radiates it away.
The white paint on the outside of the refrigerator reflects the heat energy coming from the exterior
(white is the best reflector amongst all colors).
3. Metals are good conductors of heat energy; therefore, a metallic radiator conducts heat away
from the motor more than a radiator made of another material.
Black is the best absorber and radiator of heat energy; therefore, the black paint on the radiator
absorbs heat from the motor and radiates it away from it, more than a paint of another color would
do.
More fins increase the surface of metal in contact with the air; therefore, more heat is lost by
conduction.
The fan speeds up the loss of energy by forcing convection currents.
4. Painting the block dull black, so that it absorbs more heat from the block and it radiates it away.
5. Slower.
6. White color is the best reflector of radiant energy, amongst all colors.
By painting the walls white,
the heat inside the house is reflected back into the inside, which is convenient in cold countries;
the heat coming from outside is reflected back to the outside, which is convenient in hot countries.
7. Radiation is involved as all bodies radiate energy (hot bodies do it more than the others),
therefore the radiator does it, too. (This energy is absorbed by air inside the whole room,
increasing its temperature.)
Conduction takes place from the radiator to the air in contact with it.
Convection currents occur as, by warming up, the air in contact with the radiator expands, becomes
less dense, rises, and it is replaced by denser, cold air. (These currents transfer heat energy to the
entire room.)
8. A silvered surface is a very good reflector of heat - it reduces transfer of radiation through it, by
reflecting it back from where it came (to the inside, in case inside there is a hot drink and to the
outside, in case inside there is a cold drink, that has to be kept cold).

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B 29.
(30) 30.

The vacuum completely stops conduction and convection.

The silvered surfaces reflect back radiation and prevent it from escaping the flask.

1. The vacuum between the double walls of the glass vessel prevents heat transfer by
conduction and convection [actually, it only reduces (it does not prevent) heat transfer
by conduction, as it is not an absolute vacuum].
2. The silvered surfaces reduce heat transfer by radiation, as they are good reflectors of
radiant energy.
3. The stopper prevents heat transfer by convection and reduces heat transfer by
conduction.

BG 30.

(a) Water cools most quickly in the matt black beaker, as:
* black bodies are the best absorbers and the best radiators of heat energy, from
amongst all “colors”, therefore heat energy is taken away from this beaker at the
fastest rate;
* being matt, the beaker also ensures that no heat is reflected from it, back into the body
of water.

(b) Evaporation.

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(31) B 31. 31. By conduction: the lamp filament gets hot when the bulb is switched on
and because the argon gas is in contact with both the glass and the filament,
conduction takes place. Filament being a metal is a good conductor so heat energy
is passed from the filament to the glass bulb since the filament is hotter than the
bulb.
Convection currents take place in gas or a liquid, and here the gas is argon. As the
gas around the filament gets hot, its density decreases. Thus argon gas around the
filament rises and is replaced by the cool argon gas whose density is higher.
Therefore, convection currents are created and heat is lost.
Radiation: since all hot bodies give off radiant energy, the filament of the lamp
emits radiant energy at the beginning. Heating up the gas. which in turn heats the
glass bulb. The glass bulb becomes hot and again starts to emit radiant energy to
the surrounding.

(32) 32. [G] Radiation is defined as the flow of heat from one place to another by means
of electromagnetic waves. Radiation has all the properties of electromagnetic
waves and can travel through vacuum.

(33) 33. [G]

E  hf
E  6.631034 m2.kg/s6.01014 Hz  4.01019 J

(34) 34. [G] Black color is the best absorber and emitter of radiation.
White color is the best reflector of radiation.

Section 1.10 Heat Insulation

(35) B 32.35. Double glazing. Loft insulation. Floor carpeting

(36) 36.
a) Copper is a good conductor of heat.
b) Black color is a good absorber of heat.
c) An insulating material is added to reduce heat loss to the surrounding.
d) Trapped air inside the glass sheet increases the energy collected by the water.

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(37) 37. [T]

a. The energy supplied to the substance as it melts is used to increase the potential energy
of its atoms/molecules, allowing them to overcome the intermolecular forces that hold them
together, and break free.

b.
i. Q  mwater cwater T , Q  0.300 kg4.1103 J/kg. C  20 C  0 C  2.5104 J
ii. For the amount of ice that melts: Q  mice Lf
Q 2.5104 J
mice  , mice   0.074 kg , Remaining ice: m = 250 g – 74 g = 176 g
Lf 3.4105 J/kg

c. Conduction, convection, and radiation

(38) 38. [T]

a.
i. p  
1 
kPa/K T , Dividing T over p gives, within the margin of error, the value of 2.7
2.7 
 
in all columns
ii. volume, mass/amount

b. Greater temperature results in a greater average speed / momentum of gas particles,

which collide more often and more vigorously with the walls of the container producing a
greater pressure on the walls of the container.

c.

increases stays the same decreases

Volume of air X
Density of air X
Temperature of air X

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(39)39. [T]
a. 9C, When the sample freezes, its temperature remains constant.

b. As the internal energy is lost to the surrounding, the potential energy of the particles of
the sample decreases until it is low enough for the attraction of particles to form crystal
bonds.

c. Qf  mLf , Qf  60103 kg264103 J/kg  16 kJ

d. convection

(40) 40. [T]

a. evaporation

b. The fan forces the fast moving air molecules of hot air to come in contact with the wet
cloth. Some of this kinetic energy is transferred to the water molecules, allowing them to
break free and evaporate.
As the result, water molecules absorb the thermal energy from air, cooling it down.

c. The fan maintains the forced convection of air gradually moving all air towards the wet
parts of the swamp box.

(41)41. [T]
a. Only a small amount of energy is wasted on heating the pot; most of the energy of the
stove is used to heat the food in it.

b.
i. E  Pt , E  1.5103 W2.4 min60 s/min  2.16 105 J

ii. Qw  cmT , Q  4200 J/kg. C0.6 kg80 C  2.02 105 J

w

iii. The rest of the heat was transferred to the pot:

Qp  Q  Qw
Qp  2.16105 J  2.02105 J  0.14105 J
0.14 105 J
Qp  cpmpT , cp   700 J/kg.

 0.25 kg  80 C 
iv. Some of the heat supplied to the hotplate was lost to the surrounding

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(42)42. [T]
a. A potential difference is generated between the wires made of two different metals, if
there is a difference in temperature between them.

b. potential difference (accept: current)

c.
i. Type N
ii. Type T

d. This is not necessarily true. If a precise instrument has a systemic error in its graduation,
it will give reading to many s.f., but all of them will be incorrect = inaccurate.

(43)43. [T]
a. They vibrate about the equilibrium positions.

b. As the faster-moving particles of warm air collide with the slower-moving particles of
ice, they transfer some of their energy.
This energy is used to overcome the attraction of water particles in the crystalline lattice.
Once this is accomplished, the bonds between the particles are broken and the water
becomes liquid.

c. Q  mLf
Q  5103 kg334 103 J/kg  1.7 103 J

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Chapter 2 – Electricity

Section 2.1 Rubbing Together Some Materials

(44) 1. No, since for objects to be charged by rubbing, they must be rubbed against
objects of a different material.

Section 2.2. Electric Charges and Charged Bodies

(45) 2. The charge of B is negative; it would attract D.

(46) 3. [G] Two, positive and negative.

(47) 4. [G] Like charges would repel: diagrams A and C

Unlike charges would attract: diagram B

Section 2.3 Conductors and Insulators

(48) 5. Conductors: metals, electrolytes. Insulators: wood, plastic, etc.

(49) 6. [G] Conductors allow the flow of electric charges through them while insulators
limit the flow of charges.

Section 2.4 Sharing an Electric Charge

(50) B 1. 7. The ball will lose its charge to your body. If you were barefoot, charges leak
from the ball through your hand and into the earth.

(51) 8. [G] To earth a charged object means to bring it in contact with a much larger
conductor, which may or may not be planet Earth.

(52) 9. [G] 1. An uncharged metal sphere is put on an insulating stand.

2. A positively charged glass rod is brought near the sphere without actually
touching it.
3. Without removing the glass rod, the sphere is momentarily earthed.
4. The glass rod is moved far away.
5. The metal sphere is left with a negative charge.

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Section 2.5 Attraction of Neutral Bodies by Charged Objects

(53) B 2. 10. a) The metal rod will attract the sphere.

b) An induced negative charge will appear at the end of the rod closer to the ball
causing a net attractive force.

(54) B 3. 11.
a) We rub the plastic strip with paper. The strip becomes negatively charged and
the paper positively charged. We touch one of the spheres with the paper and the
sphere becomes positively charged. Then we touch the charged sphere to the
second one and the charge will spread so the spheres will have equal positive
charges.

b) We rub the plastic strip with paper so the strip becomes negatively charged. The
two metal spheres are put on insulating stands such that they touch each other.
The charged strip is brought near one of the metal spheres, and the spheres are
separated by pulling the stands apart. The sphere that was nearer to the charged
strip is found to have positive charge and the other one an equal amount of
negative charge.

(55) B 4.12. Since charges have same magnitude, nothing happens as the two rods
tend to attract the sphere with opposite forces.

(56) 13. [G] Based on Coulomb’s law:

q q
F  k 1 2 , with q  q  q

1 2
F r22

q 2 
k
F r2
q 

5.0 N1.0 102 m

2

q  2.4 107 C
9.0 109 N.m2 /C2

(57) 14. [G] Consider a negatively charged plastic rod and an uncharged conducting
sphere.

When brought near each other, the positive charges within the conducting sphere
are attracted towards the negatively charged plastic rod, while the negative charges
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are repelled away from the rod. This results in a positive charge nearer to the rod,
and an equal negative charge farther away from the rod.
Since the positive charge is nearer, the attractive force is greater than the repulsive
force exerted on the equal negative charge, hence resulting in a net attractive force.

Section 2.6 A Model for Electric Charge

(58) B 5.15. q = Ne so N = 7.4 × 10-9/1.6 × 10-19 = 4.625 × 1010 electrons.

(59) 16. q = Ne so N = 20/1.6 × 10-19 = 1.25 × 1020 electrons.

(60) 17. [G] When an object gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
When an object loses electrons, it becomes positively charged.

Section 2.7 Charge Detection

(61) B 6.18. The negatively charged plastic rod will repel electrons from the metal cap to
the gold leaves, causing the gold leaves to separate and rise as the excess of
electrons in the gold leaves leave them negatively charged. When we take the rod
away, the electrons that were repelled return to the metal cap and the gold leaves hang
straight down.
B 7.
The leaves are being charged with the same type of charge (positive, as the rod), so they repel
each other. After the rod is removed, the leaves retain their charges, so they keep repelling each
other with the same strength.
No difference in behavior would occur; the leaves would also charge with similar charges, this
time – of negative sign – and they would also repel each other.

B 8.
(a) The leaf and the metal plate acquire negative charges by influence, and therefore they repel
each other.
(b) The divergence of the leaf decreases to zero (a number of electrons repelled from the cap
neutralize the positive charges on the leaf and on the metal plate, so they don’t repel each
other anymore), and then increases again to a larger value (another, (big) number of following
electrons repelled from the cap make the leaf and the metal plate negatively charged, so they
repel each other again).

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(62) BG 9. 19. [G] Bring the body with the unknown charge near the cap of an
uncharged electroscope:

• If the leaf does not diverge, then the body is neutral.

• If the leaf diverges, then the body is charged and we have to find the sign of that
charge. For this, electrify the electroscope with a charge of a known sign. After
charging the electroscope with a negative charge for example, we then bring the
charged body near the metal cap of the electroscope. If the leaf diverges more,
then the object is negatively charged and if the divergence of the leaf decreases,
then the object is positively charged.

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Section 2.8 Electrostatics in Real Life – Applications

(63) 20. a) The hair gets charged and repel like the leaves of an electroscope.
b) Paint drops are charged negatively as they leave the gun and are attracted to
the wall (which is grounded). by grounding the surface to be painted, charged
particles are attracted to the surface, hence depositing on it a thin coating. Static
electricity can cause a sparkle that might ignite the petroleum product.
c) The conductor provides a path for electrons to flow easily in huge numbers
from the top of a building to the ground. Thunderclouds carry charges, and if a
negatively charged one passes overhead it repels electrons from the spikes to the
earth. The points on the spikes are left with a high positive charge density. The air
between the cloud and the thick copper strip will be ionized and the positive ions
will be attracted to the cloud, leaving the negatively charged electrons to pass
through the thick copper strip towards the metal plate which is buried deep in the
ground.
d) The specimen to investigate is on one plate and it is connected to the negative
terminal of the power supply. The metal plate with the powder is connected to the
positive terminal of a high voltage charger, making it acquire a positive charge.
The positively charged powder is repelled from the metal plate and hits the
specimen, sticking only to the ridges of the fingerprint. The other powder particles
lose their positive charge and acquire a negative charge, so they are repelled back
to the bottom plate.
e) A fine wire grid inside the precipitator is kept highly charged so that a
discharge will always occur between the fine grid and the two concave metal
plates, which are earthed. When the smoke and dust particles carrying waste gases
rise through the region between the grid and the concave metal plates, the charged
dust particles are repelled from the wire grid and attracted to the earthed plates
where they are deposited.

(64) 21. a) positive charge

b) No. The balloons repel because they have like charges.

Section 2.9 Electric Field

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B 10.

(65) 22. the one "feeling" the field

(66) 23. A uniform electric field is characterized by parallel lines of field and has the
same magnitude and direction at any point in space.

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(67) 24. [G] An electric field is a vector quantity and thus has both magnitude and direction.
The magnitude of the field at any point is the force per unit charge. The
F
mathematical model that describes electric field is E  , where E is the electric
q0

field in newton per coulomb, F is the force in newtons, and q0 is a positive test
charge expressed in coulombs.

(68) 25. [G]

Section 2.10 Electric Current

(69) BG 15. 26. [G]

(a) An electric current is a flow of negatively charged particles, or of positively charged

particles, or of both.
By convention, current always flows from the positive to the negative terminal of a
generator.
(b) 1A (one ampere) is the flow past a point, of one coulomb of charge in every second
(1A = 1 C/ s).
Remark: Even though the above statement and relation are true, they don’t
represent the (standard) definition of an ampere. This will be given later.

(70) 27. [G]

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(71) 28. [G] The quantity of charge is given by: Physics M
Q  It
Q  9.1 A3.5 min60 s/min  1.9103 C

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B 11.
Given: Required to find:
t = 50 s Q= ?
I = 10 A

Solution: Q = It = 10 × 50 = 500 C = 5.0 × 102 C

Section 2.11 Potential Difference

BG 17.
(a) 1 C (one coulomb) is conveniently described as being about 6.25 × 1018 elementary charges.
To define one coulomb, the relation 1A = 1C/ s, in the appropriate
form (1C = 1A.1s) is used:
1 C (one coulomb) is the charge carried past a point by a steady current of one ampere, in
one second.
Remark: The definition (above) was not given in the
manual when the electric charge was studied, as the current, its
intensity and its unit hadn’t been studied yet.

(b) 1V (one volt) is the potential difference between two points (A & B), which makes one
coulomb of positive charge, moving spontaneously between A and B, to
release one joule of energy. (1V = 1 J/ C)
OR

The potential difference between two points A and B is 1V (one volt)

if one coulomb of positive charge, moving spontaneously between A
to B, releases one joule of energy.(1V = 1 J/ C)

(72) B 13.29. W = QV = 2 × 1.5 = 3 J.

It comes from the electric potential energy in the dry cell.

(73) 30. [G] The energy released is given by:

W = QV
W = (5.0 C)(3.0 V) = 15 J
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B 12.
Given: Required to find:
Q = 2.0 C V=?
W = 18 J

Solution: 

Section 2.12 Electric Power and Energy

B 14.
Given: Required to find:
I = 0.40 A P= ?
V = 12 V W=?
t = 5.0 min

Solution: 

B 16.
(74) 31.
a) chemical potential energy
b) heat energy
c) mechanical energy
d) light energy

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BG 18.
Given: Required to find:
I = 9.1 A (a) Q= ?
(a) t = 3.5 min (b) W=?
(b) V = 110 V (c) P=?

Solution: (a)

(b)

(c)

BG 19.
Given: Required to find:
P = 75 W (a) I= ?
V = 110 V (b) W=?
(b) t = 1.5 h

Solution: (a)

(b)

B 20.
Given: Required to find:
P = 60 W I= ?
V = 240 V Q=?
t=1s

Solution:

B 29.
Given: Required to find:
V = 6.0 V P= ?
I = 0.5 A W=?
T = 5 min

Solution: P = IV = 0.5 × 6.0 = 3.0 W

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 W = Pt = 3.0 × 1,200 = 3.6 × 103 J
Physics M

(75) 32. [G]

a.
P
I
V
2.00 103 W
I  9.09 A
220. V
b.
E  Pt
E  2.00103 W8.00 h3600 s/h  5.76 107 J

Section 2.13 Electromagnetic Force emf

(76) 33.
a) This energy is the e.m.f. of the battery, i.e. 4.5 J.
b) The energy lost by one coulomb is 4.5 – 4.1 = 0.4 J. This energy appears as
heat in the generator.
c) The energy supplied to the bulb and wires is 4.1 J.

(77) 34. Q = It = 70 × 1 × 3600 = 252000 C

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(78) 35. [G] The energy supplied by a generator to transport 1 C of positive charge from
the negative terminal to the positive terminal is called the electromotive force.

Section 2.14 Electric Circuits

(79) 36.
Consider a silver wire, a constantan wire
and a plastic ruler.
Connect each of the above wires, separately,
in series to a circuit containing a 1.5 V cell
and an ammeter. You will notice that the
current is maximum when the silver wire
is connected. The current will decrease
through the constantan wire, and no current will
pass when the plastic ruler is connected.
Therefore, silver is a better conductor than constantan. While plastic is an insulator.

(80) 37. a)

b)

c)

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(81) 38. [G]

(82) 39. [G]

R1

R2

The current in the resistors is the same while the voltage of the cell is divided
across each resistors.

Section 15: Taking Electric Measurements

(83) 40. [G] An ammeter should always be included in series with the component through
which the current is to be measured and the polarity must be respected.

(84) 41. [G] A voltmeter measures the potential difference between two points in a circuit
and its terminals must be connected to these points.

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Section 2.16 Kirchhoff’s Laws

(85) 42. [G] According to Kirchhoff’s current law, the sum of currents entering a junction
is equal to the sum of currents exiting it:
2A+4A=x+3A
x=3A

(86) 43. [G] Kirchhoff’s voltage rule states that the sum of the potential difference in
series is equal to the potential difference across the whole branch.
V1  V2  V3  24 V (1)

Since resistors 2 and 3 are identical, then V2 = V3 = V.

In addition, V1 = 4V2 = 4V

Equation (1) becomes:

4V  V  V  24 V
6V  24 V
V  4.0 V

The voltage across resistor 1 is 4V = 16 V and that across resistors 2 and 3 is

equal to 4.0 V.

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B 21.
Given: Required to find:
V = 5.8 V VD = ?; V12 = ?

V1 = 2.8 V V2 = ?

Solution:

By the uniqueness of potential difference between two points (Kirchhoff’s second rule),
the potential difference is the same across D and the lamps, and it is equal to the reading
of the voltmeter.

Hence V = VMN = 5.8 V.

V1 + V2 = VMN
2.8 + V2 = 5.8  V2 = 3.0 V

Section 2.17 Grouping Generators (series and parallel)

(87) 44. [G] Calculate the emf of the grouping if the emf of each cell is 2.0 V.

a. 0 V
b. 8.0 V
c. 2.0 V

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Section 2.18 Resistor V-I Relationship

BG 22.
(a) Solution: u = Ir
u=

(b) Given: Required to find:

V1 = 5.5 V r=?
I1 = 1.0 A E=?
V2 = 5.0 V
I2 = 2.0 A

Solution:

(88) 45. Using V = E - rI, set up two equations in two unknowns:

5.5 = E - r
5 = E - 2r
Solve to get: E = 6 V and r = 0.5 Ω.

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(89) 46. BG 23. (b) Resistance depends on the resistivity, length and cross-sectional area of
the
l
conductor, such that R   . Unit of ρ is Ω.m
A

(90) 47. BG 23. [G] (a) The ratio of the potential difference across a conductor to the
current through it is a characteristic property of the conductor called its resistance
usually denoted by R.
Ohm’s Law : “The electrical resistance of a given conductor is constant”.

(91) 48. [G] Applying Ohm’s law for an ohmic conductor:

V  RI
V
I
R
12 V
I  0.24 A
50. 

(92) 49. BG 24. [G] The length of the wire is given by:
RA
l

0.655 0.517 106 m2 
l  19.7 m
1.72 108 .m

B 25.
Given: Required to find:
l = 64.0 m ρ=?
d = 0.255 mm
R = 1,440 Ω
t = 20 oC

Solution:
d2 (0.255 103 ) 2
A   r2      5.11 108 m 2
4 4

l R  A 1440  5.11 108

R    1.15  106 .m
A l 64.0
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Section 2.19 Electric Power and Energy in a Resistor

BG 26.
Given: Required to find:
E = 1.5 V a) diagram
IA = 0.25 A b) Ib = ?
VV = 1.0 V c) Vb = ?
t = 3 min.20 s d) Rb = ?
e) Pb = ?
f) P total/ cell = ?
g) P wasted/ cell = ?
h) r=?
i) W=?

Solution: a) A

b) I b = 0.25 A
c) V b = 1.0 V
d) R b = V b / I b = 4.0 Ω
e) P b = V b I b = 0.25 W
f) P total/ cell = E I = 1.5 × 0.25 = 0.375  0.38 W
(I = I A = I b)
g) P wasted/ cell = P total/ cell - P b  0.38 – 0.25 = 0.13 W
h) r = u / I = (E – V) / I = (1.5 – 1.0) / 0.25 = 2.0 
(u – the internal p.d.)
i) W = P wasted/ cell × t  0.13 × (3 × 60 + 20) = 26 J
OR:
W = u I t = (E – V) I t = (1.5 – 1.0) × 0.25 × (3 × 60 + 20) = 25 J
(u – the internal p.d.)

Remark:
The two results are not identical, as the first one is only an approximate
one, while the second one is exact. The approximation that led to the first
result was made at f), propagated at g) and then here.

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(93) B 27. 50. Pt = IVt = mcΔT => (50)(110)(3600) = (100)(4.2 x 103)(ΔT) => ΔT= 47 °C
The water temperature will reach 30 + 47 = 77 °C

B 28.
Given: Required to find:
3 × (P = 2.0 kW) I=?
V = 110 V

Solution: The three bars are connected in parallel and their powers will add in the same way as their
currents.

P = 6 kW = 6 × 103 W => I
P 6, 000
=   55 A
V 110

(94) 51. [G] 

V2
P 
R
24.0 V
2

P  38.4 W
15.0 

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
(95) 52. [G] The energy dissipated by the resistor as heat is given by:
E = Pt (1)
2
V
where P  .
R

Equation (1) becomes:

V2
E t
R
10. V
2

E
25 
30 min60 s/min  7.2103 J

Section 2.20 Resistors

(96) 53. Variable resistors are called rheostats or potentiometers. However,

A potentiometer is a three terminal variable resistor, but a rheostat is a two
terminal variable resistor.
Potentiometers are often used to vary voltage and rheostats are used to vary
current.

(97) 54. [G] When the wiper is set at point 1, the output voltage Vout at the terminals of
the potentiometer is zero. While at point 3, the output voltage at the terminals of
the potentiometer will be equal to the input voltage of 6 V. Therefore, for the
student to get 3 V at the output, she must place the wiper midway between point 1
and point 3 on the resistive track.

Section 2.21 Characteristic Curve I-V Graph

(98) 55. a)

b) i. The resistance increases.

ii. No, the lamp is not an ohmic conductor. It doesn't obey Ohm's law since its
resistance is not constant (V-I graph is not a straight line).
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(99) 56. [G] a. Component X is a diode.

b. When the poles of the diode are flipped, the current will stop flowing in
the circuit.

(100) 57. [G]

a. The current through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the p.d.
across its ends if the temperature and other conditions are constant. The I-V
graph of an ohmic conductor is a straight line passing through the origin.

b. At low currents, the characteristic of a filament lamp is a straight line passing

through the origin as shown below. As the current increases, more heat will be
produced and the temperature rise will increase its resistance and the slope of
the characteristic curve decreases.

c. A thermistor has a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC), which means

that its resistance decreases as the temperature increases. An NTC thermistor
becomes a better conductor at higher temperatures, so the slope of the
characteristic curve increases.

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d. Diodes exhibit very high resistance in one direction and low resistance in the
other. In the forward direction (low resistance) a diode is nearly ohmic, but in
the reverse direction (high resistance) a very small current flows.

Section 2.22 Simple Circuits: Series and Parallel Resistors

B 30.
Solution:
V1 V2 V3 V
<=>
I R1 R2 R3 I R

R – the equivalent resistor of (R1, R2, R3) group

V = V1 + V2 + V3 <=>
<=> IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 <=>
<=> R = R1 + R2 + R

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B 31.

V
Solution:
I1 R1
V V

<=>
I I2 R2 I I R
V

I3 R3

R – the equivalent resistor of (R1, R2, R3) group

Kirchhoff’s First Law:

I = I1 + I2 + I3 <=>

V V V V
<=> = + + <=>
R R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
<=> = + +
R R1 R2 R3

(101) B 32.58. a) The equivalent of the 2 resistances is: Req = 2 + 4 = 6 Ω.

V = IReq = 0.5 ×6 = 3 V.
b) Series combination of any number of cells in parallel. A parallel combination
of series pairs. The parallel combination of the first two.

(102) BG 33.59. a) V = IR, then I = V/R = 1.5/a3.5 = 0.43 A

b) V = IR = 6.25 × 17.6 = 110 V

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B 34.
Given: Required to find:
E = 12.0 V R= ?
R1 = 6.75 Ω I=?
R2 = 15.3 Ω
R3 = 21.6 Ω

Solution:

Assume the internal resistance of the battery is zero => V=E

I = V/ R = 12.0 / 43.7 = 275 mA
B 35.
Given: Required to find:
R1 = 14.0 Ω (a) I=?
R2 = 4.00 Ω (b) V=?
R3 = 6.00 Ω (c) V1 = ?; V3 = ?
V2 = 2.00 V

Solution: (a) I = V2/ R2 = 2.00/ 4.00 = 500 mA

(b) V = Re I = (14.0 + 4.00 + 6.00) × 0.5 = 12.0 V
(c) V1 = R1 I = 14.0 × 0.5 = 7.00 V ; V3 = R3 I = 6.00 × 0.5 = 3.00 V
B 36.
Given: Required to find:
R1 = 18.0 Ω (a) Re = ?
R2 = 9.00 Ω (b) V=?
R3 = 6.00 Ω (c) I1 = ?; I3 = ?
I2 = 4.00 A

Solution: (a)

=> Re = 3.00 Ω

(b) V = R2 I2 = 9.00 × 4.00 = 36.0 V

(c) I1 = V/ R1 = 36.0/ 18.0 = 2.00 A;

I3 = V/ R3 = 36.0/ 6.00 = 6.00 A

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BG 37.
Given: Required to find:
R1 = 3.0 Ω (a) diagram
R2 = 6.00 Ω (b) Re = ?
R3 = 7.00 Ω (c) I1 = ?
E = 9.0 V
r=0V

Solution: (a)

(b) Re = R (parallel) + R (series) = 2.0 + 7.0 = 9.0 

(c) I = V / Re ; V = E (because the internal p.d.= 0, as r = 0)

=> I = E / Re = 9.0/ 9.0 = 1.0 A
V (parallel) = R (parallel) × I = 2.0 × 1.0 = 2.0 V
I1 = V (parallel)/ R1 =>
=> I1 = 2.0/ 3.0 = 0.67 A

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B 38.
Given: Required to find:
P1 = 100 W (a) R1 = ?; R2 = ?
V1 = 120 V (b) parallel: I1 = ?; I2 = ?
P2 = 60 W P1 = ?; P2 = ?
V2 = 120 V (c) series: I = ?
P1’ = ?; P2’ = ?
V1’ = ?; V2’ = ?

Solution: (a) R1 = V12/ P1 = 14,400/ 100 = 144  ;

R2 = V22/ P2 = 1,400/ 60 = 240 

(b) I1 = V/ R1 = 120/ 144 = 0.833 A and I2 = V/ R2 = 120/ 240 = 0.50 A

P1 = V I1 = 120 × 0.833 = 100 W and P2 = V I2 = 120 × 0.50 =

60 W

(c) I = V/ (R1+R2) = 120/ 384 = 0.31 A

P1’ = I2 R1 =
(0.31)2 × 144 = 14 W; P2’ = I2
R2 = (0.31)2 × 240 =

= 23 W
V1’ = P1’/ I = 14/ 0.31 = 45 V; V2’= P2’/ I = 23/ 0.31 = 75 V

(103) 60. [G] The equivalent resistance of the resistors in series:

Re  R1  R2  R3
Re  15   25   50   90 

(104) 61. [G] The equivalent resistance of the resistors in parallel:
1 1 1 1
  
Re R1 R2 R3
1 1  1  1 13 1
  
Re 10  15  20  60

Re  4.6 

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
(105) 62. [G] Ohm’s law for resistors 1 and 2:
V1 = I12R1
V2 = I12R2
Based on Kirchhoff’s current law:
I12 = I – I3
The current flowing through R3 is:
I3 = E / R3
I3 = 4.50 V / 9.00  = 0.500 A
The current flowing through the circuit is:
I = E / Re
R1 and R2 are in series and their combination is in parallel with R3, then:
R R
Re  12 3
R R
12 3

 R1  R2  R3
Re  R  R  R

1 2 3

Re 
 2.00   4.00 9.00 
 3.60 
2.00   4.00   9.00 

I = 4.50 V / 3.60  = 1.25 A

I12 = 1.25 A – 0.500 A = 0.750 A
V1 = (2.00 )(0.750 A) = 1.50 V
V2 = (4.00 )(0.750 A) = 3.00 V

Section 2.23 Designing Electrical Measuring Instruments

B 39.

Given: Required to find:

Rc = 20.0 Ω Rs = ?
Ifs = 1.0 mA
I = 50 A

Solution:

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(106) 63. [G] 

I fs
Rs  R
I  I fs C
 1.0 103 A 
Rs   3 500   0.1 
 5.0 A 1.0 10 A 

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
(107)64. [T]
a. P  IV , P  3.2 A  24 V  77 W

b.
Pout
i.   100%
Pin
Pin , P 80%77 W 62 W
P   
out out
100% 100%

ii. Heat dissipated in wires. Heat dissipated due to friction

c. GPE = mgh = wh
E  Pt
wh
t 
Pout

(108)65. [T]
a. Resistances in series: R   R , Resistances in parallel:  
1 1

i
R Ri

, R  40   20   20   50 
R R Rbulb Rbulb


20   20 
eq
Rbulb  Rbulb
eq resistor

b.
 3.0 V
i. I  , I  60 mA

Req 50 


i. V  IARbulb ,
ii. By Kirchhoff's law, for currents through parallel branches:
V  0.03
Since the bulbs are identical IA = IC = I/2 = 30 mA
A  20  
iii. IC = 30 mA 0.6 V
ii. V  IRresistor ,
c.
V  0.06
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A  40   2.4 V I   Ii
Physics M

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(109)66. [T]
a. Electrons move towards the side of the ball that faces the sphere.

b.
i. The ball tilts towards the sphere, touches it, and then deflects back.
ii. Initially the induced charge on the side of the ball facing the sphere leads to an attraction
force between the sphere and the ball. Once the objects touch, some of the electrons move
into the sphere, making the ball positively charged. Once both objects are positively
charged they repel each other.

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Chapter 3 – Magnetism

Section 3.1 Magnets and Ferromagnetic Materials

(110) 1. a) Magnetism is the name given to a class of physical phenomena in which matter
exhibits interactions similar to those observed between magnets.
b) Ferromagnetic materials are materials that are strongly attracted by magnets.
c) Permanent magnets can lose their magnetism by a mechanical shock, strong
heating and the proximity of other, stronger magnets.

(111) 2. [G] Ferromagnetic (or simply magnetic) materials are materials that are strongly
attracted by magnets. These include cobalt, nickel, steel (which is mostly iron),
and certain materials called ceramics made by pressurizing powders to form solid
bodies.

Section 3.2 Poles of a Magnet

(112) 3. Approach the end of one rod to the middle of the other rod. If the rods attract,
then the end is a magnetic pole. If the rods don't attract, then the end is just iron.

(113) 4. The two poles of a magnet are the north pole and the south pole.
Freely suspend a magnet and the extremity pointing north is the north pole and the
other would be the south.

(114) 5. No. Breaking a bar magnet results in two other magnets. Isolating a pole is not
possible (monopoles do not exist).

(115) 6. [G] Like poles repel each other while unlike poles attract each other.

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Section 3.3 Magnetic Induction

(116) 7. [G]

(117) 8. [G] When a magnet attracts an object made of ferromagnetic material, the latter
behaves like a magnet. This is to say, magnets can turn magnetic objects into
magnets. This phenomenon is called magnetic induction. Magnetic materials are
divided into two classes, commonly known as soft and hard ferromagnetic.

Section 3.4 Magnetic Field and the Theory of Magnetism

(118) 9. a) Since P is a north pole, then the direction of the magnetic field is taken as the
direction of the force exerted on it, therefore:
tan q = 3/4
Thus, q = 37o
Or, E 37o N

b) Since P is a south pole, the direction of the magnetic field is opposite to the given
directions of the forces, therefore
tan q = 3/4, hence q = 37o
Or, W 37o S.

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10. [G] A magnetic field is the space around the pole of a magnet that exerts a force
(119)
on any magnet placed in that region of space. The direction of a magnetic field at
a point is the direction of the force it produces on a north pole placed at that point.
BG 1.
Solution: * Magnetic field is the property of a region in space to exert a force on any magnet placed
in that region of space.
* Magnetic field is a vector quantity.
* Magnetic field’ s direction at a point is the direction of the force it produces on
a North pole placed at that point .

Section 3.5 Magnetic Field lines

(120) 11. The direction of the magnetic field at that point is westward.

(121) 12. [G] Every field line is a smooth curve starting at a north pole and ending at a
south pole. Very close to the poles, the lines are close together, and the field is
very strong. As you move away from the magnet along its axis, the lines become
farther apart, which means that the field becomes weaker.

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Section 3.6 Flux Patterns

B 2.

(122) 13.

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(123) 14. [G]

Section 3.7 Magnetic Shielding

(124) B 5.15. At any point, we can have only one resultant magnetic field. If field lines
intersect at a point, then at that point the field will have TWO different directions
(a plotting compass will point in two directions at the same time), which is
impossible.

(125) B 6.16. 1. Place a plotting compass at the point through which it is desired to plot
the line, such that the point is just at the tip of the north pole of the needle. Draw
a little arrow showing the direction in which the north pole points.
2. Move the plotting compass such that the end of the south pole is on the little
arrow just drawn, and draw another little arrow where the tip of the north pole
now is.
3. Move the compass to the new arrow drawn in step 2 and draw a new arrow as
you did before. Continue with this procedure until you reach a point at which you
wish to stop. If you approach a pole slowly, ensuring that the needle pivots freely,
you will not reverse its magnetism. It is however dangerous to thrust a magnetic
needle rapidly towards a pole.
4. Join all the little arrows with a smooth curve. This curve is approximately the
required magnetic field line. It is not exact because the small errors in each step
accumulate and add up to an appreciable error.
5. By starting at different points near the north pole of a bar magnet, different
filed lines can be drawn.

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(126)B 3.17. The magnetic field of the magnet overcomes that of the earth. The compass
will align with the magnet's field.

Magnetic field lines around the magnet are directed from the North pole to the South pole;
the needle will be aligned with the field lines, therefore it will point towards the south
pole.

BG 4.
Solution: * Magnetic field lines are imaginary, smooth lines along which the magnetic field vector
is tangent, at any point;
(The needle of a plotting compass is tangent to the field lines at any point.)
** Every field line is a smooth curve (starting at a North pole and ending at a South pole).
**Field lines never cross. However, if extrapolated, they do meet at poles.

Section 3.8 Radial Magnetic Fields

(127) B 7.18. The field of a U-shaped magnet can be shaped by adding two rounded soft
iron armatures to the poles and inserting a cylinder of soft iron into the gap. The
armatures (curved in shape) of the U-shaped magnet creates a radial magnetic
field that is shunted inside a soft iron cylinder placed in the circular gap between
the armatures. This creates a field of the type plane-symmetric radial field. Such a
field can exert a sideways tangential push on a current-carrying wire, placed in the
annular gap, parallel to the central axis of the field.

(128) B 8.19. A circular magnet that looks like a hollow cylinder is used.
The magnet is fitted over a bolt-shaped armature that shunts the lines of force into
it, and directs them to the cylindrical tip of the bolt, which acts as a south pole.
The second armature is shaped like a hollow cylinder of the same dimensions as
the permanent magnet, and sits on top of it. This armature acts as the north pole.
This combination creates an axially symmetric radial magnetic field which is able
to pull into it or push out of it the coil carrying a current. As the current varies
rapidly, the coil moves in and out of the radial field, vibrating the cone attached to
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it, causing it to give sound.

Section 3.9 Storing Magnets

(129) B 9. 20. [G]

• Storing a magnet without a soft iron keeper.
• Heating a magnet to a high temperature.
• Dropping a magnet.
• An alternating current in an electromagnet can be used to demagnetize magnets.

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Section 3.10 Magnetic Field by a Straight Current

(130) B 11. 21.

a) Support a wire through a stiff card and pass a current through the wire. Sprinkle
some iron fillings over the card and increase the current. Watch the iron fillings'
concentration increase along the concentric circles around the wire.
b) When the direction of the current is reversed, a plotting compass near the wire
will point in the opposite direction

(131) B 10. 22. [G]

current into the page

× magnetic field in clockwise direction

The right hand rule can be used to determine the direction of the magnetic field
around a current-carrying wire.

(132) 23. [G] The current flowing through the wire and the distance from the wire.

Section 3.11 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current

(133) B 12.24. a) According to the right hand rule, the magnetic field comes out from the
right side and sinks in the left side. Hence the right side of the solenoid represents
the north N and the left is the south S.
b)

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(134) 25. [G] Based on the right hand grip rule, the magnetic field created by the solenoid
is directed to the right.

Section 3.12 Electromagnets

(135) 26. When a current passes through the solenoid, it induces magnetic field. The
solenoid acts like a magnet that in turn magnetizes the iron core by magnetic
induction.

(136)
27.
(a) doubling the current
(b) double the number of loops per unit of length
BG 13.
Solution: (a) * An electromagnet is a device made of a solenoid wound around a soft iron core.

** When a current passes through the solenoid, the device behaves like a strong
magnet, attracting magnetic materials.
[The (magnetic) domains of the iron core re-arrange themselves in the direction of the
magnetic field created by the solenoid, like tiny magnets, the result being an increased magnetic field,
due to both – the solenoid and the magnetized iron core.]

** The magnetic field of an electromagnet can be switched ON and OFF with

the electric current, since the soft iron loses its magnetization once the “external”
field, created by the solenoid, goes OFF.
[The (magnetic) domains of the soft iron re-arrange themselves once again, this time randomly.]

(b)

Solution: * Tape recorders;

* Relays;
* Electric bells;
* Reed switches.

(137) 28. [G] The magnetic field created by an electromagnet can effectively be switched
on and off. Electromagnets can be shaped like bars, horseshoes or other shapes.
Electromagnets can create much stronger fields than permanent magnets.

(138) 29. [G] Some applications of electromagnets are:

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1. tape recorders
2. electric bells
3. relay switches
4. reed switches

Section 3.13 Electromagnetic Force

(139) B 14. 30. Design a circuit in the form of a swing and placed in between the poles of
a U- shaped magnet such that its magnetic field is vertical and perpendicular to
the wire. Allow current to pass and observe how wire moves. Change the
direction of the current by exchanging the connection at the terminals of the
battery and observe how the wire moves. Change the direction of the field by
exchanging the poles of the magnet (i.e. by turning the magnet upside down) and
observe how the wire moves.

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(140) B 15.31. Design a circuit in the form of a swing and placed in between the poles of
a U- shaped magnet such that its magnetic field is vertical and perpendicular to
the wire. Vary current using a rheostat and measure force using a dynamometer
attached to the wire. Use a bigger/weaker magnet and measure the force again.
You will notice that the larger the current/field the larger is the force.

(141) B 17. 32.

a)
i. The size of the force is not affected.
ii. The direction is reversed.
b) To increase the force on the wire we can either increase the current or increase
the magnetic field

(142) BG 16.33. [G] The “right hand rule” used to determine the direction of the force:
Direct your thumb along the current, your index along the magnetic field, and
your third finger will show the direction of the force.
The Motor Force Rule: If you curl the fingers of the right hand in the sense of the
smallest rotation from the direction of the conventional current to the direction of
the magnetic field, the thumb points in the direction of the force.
The Right-Handed Screwdriver Rule: if a right-handed screw is turned by a
screwdriver so that the notch in the screw head rotates from I to B, the screw
advances in the direction of F.

Section 3.14 Magnetic Flux

(143) 34. The flux through a loop is maximum when the magnetic field lines are
perpendicular to the plane of the loop and is zero when the field lines are parallel
to the plane of the loop.

(144) 35. [G] The magnetic flux depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the area of
the loop, and the orientation of the loop with respect to the magnetic field.

Section 3.15 Force exerted on a current-carrying loop by an external magnetic field

(145) 36. (a) same sense: attraction

(b) opposite sense: repulsion

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Section 3.16 The Principle of the Moving Coil Galvanometer

(146) B 18. 37. [G] When a coil is in a radial magnetic field, the torque exerted by the motor
force on the coil is always maximum. But if the field is uniform, the moment
decreases to zero when the coil is perpendicular to the field. A coil with n turns will
have same current in each turn as well as same motor force. Therefore, if the motor
force on one turn is F, the motor force on n turns is n.F. Hence, the turning effect
on a current-carrying coil is directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil.

A galvanometer is more sensitive if it gives the same deflection for smaller currents.
This means that a more sensitive galvanometer gives a bigger deflection for the
same current. One way of doing this is to use a spring with a smaller constant.
Another way is to get more turning effect out of the current. One way of getting a
bigger torque is to increase the number of turns in the coil. The other way is to use
a stronger magnet.

Section 3.17 The principle of the Direct Current Electric Motor

(147) BG 19.38. [G] The DC electric motor is a device that can turn through many full
revolutions under the action of the motor force, where a DC supply is connected
to a coil in such that (i) the wires that lead to the coil can remain at rest (ii) the
torque due to the motor force is always in the same sense. This is the function of
the split-ring commutator. The working principle is described as follows:

1. A current carrying coil placed in a uniform magnetic field can make a half
revolution under the action of a couple of electromagnetic forces.
2. By reversing the current in the coil when the coil becomes perpendicular
to the field, the new electromagnetic forces will turn the coil (another) half
revolution. (The torque due to the new motor forces will be in the same sense as
before, so the coil will rotate in the same direction as before.)
3. A continuous rotation of the coil in one direction (half revolution after half
revolution) is acquired by reversing the sense of the current through it, after every
half revolution.

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BG 20.
Solution:
 The commutator is made of two, unconnected half–rings of copper, which can slide,
by rotation, against two, fixed, carbon brushes.

 The ring-halves can be connected to the coil of a d.c. motor, while the brushes will be
connected to its (d.c.) power supply.

 When the coil rotates, the two ring-halves move from one brush to the other,
alternatively, and their polarity changes according to which brush they come in
contact.

 Consequently, the current between the two ring-halves (through the coil, in this case)
reverses its sense every half revolution.

ring halves Circuit 1

(the coil of the d.c. motor)

- +

brush brush Circuit 2

(circuit of the d.c.
power supply)

Section 3.18 Where Does the Energy come from?

(148) 39. a) The energy comes from the electric current.

b) Part of the energy goes as useful energy (for example, to rotate a motor) and
the rest is dissipated as heat due to resistance in the wires and in the motor.

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(149) 40. The most favorable is the position where the torque on the coil is nearly zero,
i.e. where the coil is facing the magnets.

(150) 41. [T]

1.
a. ABCD

b. Clockwise

c. By right hand rule, when we curl fingers from the direction of current towards the
direction of the magnetic field, the thumb points in the direction of the force exerted on
charges moving in the magnetic field.
The magnetic field exerts an upward force on part AB and a downward force on part CD.

d. current in the loop, magnitude of the magnetic field

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Chapter 4 – Induced and Alternating Currents

Section 4.1 Induced Currents

(151) B 1.1. Place a pendulum shaped wire in a magnetic field, as shown in the adjacent
figure, and start swinging it. Positive and negative charges in the moving wire
will be subjected to opposite forces, hence a separation of charge will take place.
The charges will keep separating until their electrostatic attractive forces balance
the electromagnetic separating forces. Meanwhile, the motion of the wire induces
a current in it. Furthermore, if we hook up, across the terminals A and B, a micro-
ammeter, it will register a current.

B 2.
(a)

Solution: The magnetic flux is the strength of the magnetic field through a certain area multiplied by
the projection of the area normal to the field.

(b)

Solution: The magnetic flux in a coil of fixed area can be increased by:
• Using a stronger magnet as the source of the magnetic field;
• Increasing the number of turns of the coil
• Orienting the coil such as the angle it makes with the field to increase (till eventually
the maximum possible, of 90o, when the coil is perpendicular to the field).

(c) Solution: An induced e.m.f. tends to oppose the change in flux producing it.

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BG 3.
Solution:

*) The coil is connected to a galvanometer/ ammeter;

A change of magnetic flux through the coil is obtained by bringing a bar

magnet near the coil or by moving it away from the coil.
In the first case, the magnetic flux through the coil increases while in the
second case, it decreases.

In BOTH cases, the galvanometer shows the passing of a current through

it, which means a current passes through the coil WHENEVER there is a change of
flux through it.

Remark: For the changes in flux to be

maximum (and the galvanometer’s needle to deviate most), the bar
magnet is moved with one pole into and, respectively, out of the coil.

**) The factors that affect the induced e.m.f. are:

• The speed of the magnet.
• The strength of the magnetic field of the magnet.
• The number of turns of the coil.

(152) B 4.2. Set up the swing (pendulum) circuit equipped with a horse-shoe magnet. We
observe that moving the wire by hand towards the left, produces an e.m.f. such
that positive charge flows from A towards B. Using the right-hand rule, the motor
force on a conventional current in this sense is to the right, that is opposing the
change of flux. This explains why the pendulum mentioned above loses energy
more rapidly if it induces currents than if it swings freely.
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B 5.

(a)

Solution: *) The galvanometer needle deflects to the left.

**) When the magnet is lowered with its North pole towards the coil, the induced
current in the coil is such a way as to create a North pole close to the North pole of the
magnet, in order to oppose its motion towards the coil.  The current through the
lower side of the circuit will be from left to right, which is opposite to the current
given by the power supply in the first case.  The needle of the galvanometer will
deviate in the opposite sense than in the first case.

(b)

Solution: *) The needle does not deflect at all.

**) When the magnet is at rest, it doesn’t produce any change of flux through the coil, so
no current is induced in the coil and therefore in the circuit. As in the circuit there is
no power supply, there will be no current at all.

(c)

Solution: *) The needle deflects twice per second in both directions.

**) As the deflection of the needle follows the motion of the magnet, the
needle changes direction at the same time/ frequency with/ as the magnet. (As
explained at a), moving the magnet IN, produces deflection of the needle in one
direction. Similarly, it can be explained that moving the magnet OUT, produces
deflection in the opposite direction.)

(153) 3. [G] The charge must be moving in a magnetic field.

(154) 4. [G] Based on the right hand rule, the magnetic force acts into the page.

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(155) 5. [G] The induced emf can be increased by:

- using a stronger magnet
- rotating the wire faster
- using a wire with a bigger surface area
- increasing the number of turns in the wire

(156) 6. [G]
a. Faraday’s law states that the induced emf in a circuit is directly
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through any surface
bounded by that circuit.

b. The actions that increase the induced emf are:

- The faster the magnet is moved relative to the coil, the larger the induced
emf.
- If, for the same speed, a more powerful magnet is used, the induced emf
will be larger.
- If there are more turns in the coil, the induced emf will be larger.

(157) 7. [G]
a. Lenz’s law states that an induced e.m.f. tends to oppose the change in the flux
producing it.

b. As the coil is pushed in, the flux increases. According to Lenz's law, the
induced magnetic field should oppose the increase in flux, hence it should be
directed outward. By the right hand rule, the current traverses the loop in an
anticlockwise direction.

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Section 4.2 Alternating Currents

B 6.
Solution: A wire loop is connected to a galvanometer by means of a slip ring commutator and,
using a small motor whose shaft holds the side BC of the loop (in the figure below), it is
rotated in the magnetic field of a U-magnet.

motor
slip ring
commutator

a) When the loop is parallel to the field, the flux through the loop is minimum (zero),
the change of flux is maximum, so the t.e.m. is maximum and the induced current is
maximum.
b) When the loop is normal to the field (as in the figure above), the flux through the
loop is maximum, the change of flux is minimum (zero), so the t.e.m. is minimum
(zero) and the induced current is minimum (zero).

B 7.

Solution: I (A)

t (s)

The current is periodic (because it is a sine function, which is periodic), with period T = 1/f.

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BG 8.
Solution: During two complete cycles starting with I = 0 at t = 0, the current is zero at t = 0 ms, 10
ms, 20 ms, 30 ms, 40 ms. (The period is 20 ms.)

I (A)

0.50
I rms = 0.35

t (ms)
0 10 20 30 40

BG 9.

(a)

Solution: The r.m.s. voltage is 12 V.

(b)

Solution: The peak voltage of the a.c. supply is 12  2 17 V

(158) 8. The current is periodic since it repeats itself over constant time interval, called
period, which is 2 seconds in this case.

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(159) 9. [G]

When the loop ABCD is rotated inside the magnetic field, the flux entering the
loop will vary with time. Hence, this change in flux will create an induced current
that will traverse the loop and will change its direction depending on the
orientation of the loop with respect to the magnetic field.

(160) 10. [G]

a. The maximum value of the current is 5 A.
b. The current has a maximum value at 25 ms and 125 ms.
c. The current is zero at 50 ms and 100 ms.
d. The current changes its sense at 50 ms.
e. The period is 100 ms.
Then the frequency is 1/100 ms
f = 10 Hz

(161) 11. [G] The r.m.s. current is:

I  Im
rms
2
3.0 A
Irms  2.1 A
2

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(162) 12. [G] Two different methods of generating electricity as illustrated below. The
coils rotate in between the magnets to produce electricity.

Illustration A is an alternating current generator; it uses a slip ring at the output of

the generator. The current changes direction in the coil continuously as it rotates.
Illustration B is a direct current generator; it uses a split ring commutator at the
output of the generator. The current keeps one direction in the rotating coil at all
times.

(163) B 10. 13. [G] A loop of wires able to rotate is placed in between the arms of a
horseshoe magnet. As it rotates, the magnetic flux through it changes
continuously, thus inducing a continuous current. When the loop becomes
parallel to the field, the flux becomes zero. Beyond this point, the flux through
the left face starts increasing. The induced current in the loop tends to oppose the
change in flux; as long as the change in flux is taking place in one sense, the
direction of current in the loop does not change. However, as the loop shoots
beyond the position in which it is normal to the field, the flux through the upper
face starts decreasing and the current changes direction. The current is taken out
of the rotating coil through a twin-ring or slip-ring commutator.

(164) 14. [G] An AC generator can be transformed into a DC generator if the slip rings, in
the former, are replaced by a commutator like that in a DC motor. In that case, the
two brushes are arranged so that as the coil goes through the vertical, an exchange
of contact occurs from one half of the split ring of the commutator to the other.
This way, the emf induced in the coil reverses every half a cycle, hence one brush
remains positive and the other negative, which is equivalent to say that the
induced current flows without changing its sense with time; AC is thus converted
to DC.

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(165) 15. [G] The induced emf is maximal when the surface of the loop is perpendicular
to the magnetic field. Therefore, at points B and D, the surface of the loop is
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
The induced emf is zero when the surface of the loop is parallel to the magnetic
field. Therefore, at points A and C, the surface of the loop is parallel to the
magnetic field.

B 17. The Oscilloscope (CRO = “Cathode Ray Oscilloscope”)

(a)
Anodes
Cathode X-plates






Y-plates
Heater

(b)

• A beam of electrons (cathode rays) is produced using an electron gun.

• The electrons produced accelerate towards a high positive potential.
• The Y–plates are responsible for vertical deflection while the X–plates are responsible for
horizontal deflection.
• The electrons finally hit a screen coated with a fluorescent material that emits light when struck
by them.
• The (moving) point of contact of the beam with the screen traces out a visible graph of voltage vs.
time.

(c)

The two terminals of the device are connected to two points on the oscilloscope’s front panel, called
the Y–input.

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(d)

• The time–base is responsible for the horizontal deflection of the beam.

• The time–base is an internal circuit across which a certain voltage is maintained, causing the beam
to move at a constant rate from left to right, again and again.

V
(e)

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Section 4.3 Transformers

BG 11.
Solution: *) The alternating current in the primary coil produces a variable magnetic field;
The magnetic field is led by the ferromagnetic path (the soft iron core) from inside the
primary coil to inside the secondary coil, with only a small (ideally none) decrease in
strength;
The variable magnetic field in the secondary coil induces an alternating current in the
secondary coil (of the same frequency as the one in the primary coil).

**) The core should be laminated in order to reduce energy loss by eddy currents in the iron
core.

BG 12.
(166) 16.
a) The operation of transformers requires ac. to produce an alternating magnetic
field hence a continuously changing flux, needed to induce an alternating e.m.f.,
is established.
b) Iron is ferromagnetic so it ensures good magnetic linkage between the primary
and secondary coils.
c) Vout/Vin = Ns/Np, then Vout = (2000/4800) × 240 = 100 V.
d) 50 Hz
BG 13.
N2 V2 12 1
Solution:     0.05
N1 V1 240 20

(167) B 14. 17.

a) Vout/Vin = Ns/Np, then Ns = (6/120) × 960 = 48 turns.
b) Since Vout < Vin, then this is a step down transformer.

(168) B 15.18.
a) Perfect magnetic linking and no energy dissipation.
b) (i) P = IV, then I = 48/12 = 4 A.
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Physics M
(169) 19. [G] The alternating current in the primary coil produces a variable magnetic
field. The magnetic field is led by the ferromagnetic path (the soft iron core) from
inside the primary coil to inside the secondary coil, with only a small (ideally
none) decrease in strength.
The variable magnetic field in the secondary coil induces an alternating current in
the secondary coil of the same frequency as the one in the primary coil.
A laminated core is used in order to have less energy loss by eddy currents in the
core.

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(170) 20. [G]

a. A step-up transformer is used to increase the output voltage, where the
secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil, i.e. Ns/Np > 1.
A step-down transformer is used to decrease the output voltage of an alternating
current. In this case, the secondary coil has less turns than the primary coil, i.e. Ns/Np
< 1.
b.
V2 N2

V1 N1
V2 2000 turns

240 V 4800 turns
V2  100 V

(171) 21. [G] The efficiency of the transformer is given by:

P
efficiency  out 100
Pin
1500 W
efficiency  100  75%
2000 W

(172) 22. [G]

a.
NS Vout

NP Vin
100  12 V

NP 240 V

NP  2, 000
b.
P  IU
P  3.0 A 240V
P  720 W
c.
Pout
efficiency  100
Pin
95 Pout

100 720 W
Pout  684 W

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Section 4.4 Power Stations and Transmission of Electrical Power

(173) BG 16.23.
a) i. Reduce losses, (ii) transformers can be used to manipulate voltages.
b) i. Vout/Vin = Ns/Np, then Ns = (6/240) × 800 = 20 turns.
ii. Pin = Pout, then Pin = VI, so I = 24/240 = 0.1 A
c) i. The total voltage would be 12 V, hence the number of turns have to be
doubled, i.e. 40 turns.
ii. In parallel, voltage is the same, hence Vout remains 6 V. The number of turns in
this case should not be altered.

(174) 24. [G] By using high voltages, the transmitted current can be reduced which in turn
will reduce the power lost in the cables.

Section 4.5 The principles of Household Wiring

(175) 25. First, read the power requirement P of the appliance (in watts) from its
specification plate, label, or manual. Then use P = IV to calculate I, the current
requirement. Finally, select a fuse from the values available commercially so that
the current at which it blows is the closest value to I but greater than it.

(176) 26. This applies to appliances that have (i) a tough plastic chassis instead of a metal
one and (ii) no metal parts protruding from the inside of the plastic chassis to the
outside.

(177) 27. A transformer should be switched and fused at the live wire of the primary coil.
It should also be earthed: The earth wire should be connected to the core of the
transformer and to the outer chassis (where it exits).

(178) 28. Do switch off and disconnect all devices when you are not using them.
Do replace fuse wire with the correct rating wire, never with ordinary wire.
Do learn how to connect plugs correctly.
Do not expose any wiring unless it is disconnected.
Do not take high rated power appliances like hairdryers into wet areas like
bathrooms because the risk of getting an electric shock is high.
Do not use plugs which are damaged and have no cable grip.

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(179) 29. [G] Fuses are wires of higher resistance than the wires they protect and
preferably a lower melting point that connected in series with the circuit they are
supposed to protect. If the current suddenly rises in the circuit, enough heat will
be produced in the fuse to melt the fuse, thus breaking the circuit. Fuses must
always be placed on the live wire.

(180) 30. [G] A suitable fuse for this hairdryer is a 2.0 A rating fuse. A fuse lower that 1.5
A will break before the hairdryer reaches its normal operating capacity and a fuse
much greater than 1.5 A will not serve its purpose of protecting the device from
over current.

(181) 31. [T]

a.
i. Current
ii. Alternating current
iii. Pmax = VmaxImax, P = (250 V)(13 A) = 3.25 kW

b.

c.
A fuse should be connected to a live wire

d. A fuse protects from over-currents that can:

– overheat the wires causing fire
– damage a sensitive appliance

(182)32. [T]
a. They accelerate electrons through the tube.

b. It produces light wherever electrons strike it.

c.
i. 12 mV
ii. For using three cycles to determine the period of the oscillations
20 div1 ms/div
T 6.7 ms
3
1 1
f , f   1.5102 Hz
3
T 6.7 10 s

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(183)33. [T]
a. To eliminate eddy currents, and decrease power losses in the transformer
Vp N p N  40 turns 
b.  ,V  sV ,V  240 V   16 V
 
Vs Ns s
p
p s
600 turns 
N  


c. The alternating current in the primary coil generates alternating magnetic field (and
flux)
Only a variable magnetic field can generate e.m.f. in the secondary coil.

d. In the ideal transformer Pin  Pout

I pVp  IsVs

I pVp
Is 
Vs
0.05 A  240 V
Is   0.75 A
16 V

(184) 34. [T]

a.
i. A
BCD
ii. increases

b. 0.5 Hz.

c. Any two of the following: increase the speed of rotation, use stronger magnet, use a loop
of a greater area.

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(185) 35. [T]

a. slip-rings and brushes

b. i.
T

ii.
iii. - smaller period
- greater amplitude

c. diode or rectifier

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Chapter 5 – Electronics

Section 5.1 Semiconductors

BG 1.
Solution: Semiconductors are used to build electronic devices, since these materials, under
standard conditions, have intermediate conductivity between good conductors and insulators, and
their conductivity depends on temperature, illumination, and the degree of impurity they have.

(186) BG 2.1. a) In the forward bias regime. That is, when the positive pole of the
battery is connected to the p-side and the negative pole to the n-side.
b) In forward biasing, the +ve pole, now connected to the p-side, pushes the holes
towards the junction. The –ve pole does the same with the electrons, the junction
becomes rich in carriers and an electric current flows. The electrons crossing the
junction are taken up by the positive terminal of the generator and circulated to the
other pole where they re-enter the junction maintaining an electric current in it.

(187) 2. An ideal diode has zero resistance when forward biased and infinite resistance
when reverse-biased. Thus, the ideal diode is either a short circuit or an open
circuit.

(188) 3. V = VD + VR then VR = 6 - 0.6 = 5.4 V

Ohm's law: VR = RI gives I = 5.4/600 = 0.009 A = 9 mA.

(189) 4. [G] Semiconductors are used to build electronic devices, since these materials,
under standard conditions, have intermediate conductivity between good
conductors and insulators. The conductivity of semiconductors depends on
temperature, illumination, and the degree of impurity they have.

(190) 5. [G] Consider pure silicon, which has four valence electrons. By adding impurities,
or dopants, from group 15, which have five valence electrons, more free electrons
will be available to move around in the semiconductor. This type of material is
called an n-type semiconductor because the main charge carriers are the negative
electrons.

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Similarly, by adding impurities to pure silicon from group 13, which have three
valence electrons, an excess of holes will exist inside the material. Therefore, in
p-type semiconductor, the majority carriers are holes and electrons are the
minority.

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(191) 6. [G] If the voltage is applied with the low potential to the p-type side and the high
potential to the n-type side the pn-junction is said to be reverse biased.

(192) BG 3. 7. [G] In order to be forward-biased, a silicon junction diode should be

connected:
a) with p at a higher potential than n,
b) across a potential difference greater than 0.6 V, below which it does not
conduct,
c) in series with a resistor to protect it from overcurrent.

Section 5.2 Rectification

(193) 8. When an AC voltage is applied across a diode, current passes in the forward bias
(first half-cycle) only when the voltage reaches a value greater than 0.6 V. In the
second half-cycle, the diode is blocking (reverse bias). Thus, the current passes
through the circuit only in one sense with a voltage 0.6 V being wasted.

(194) 9. [G] Through rectification, an alternating current is converted into a direct current.

(195) BG 4.10. [G]

The four-diode full-wave rectifier works by providing two alternative paths for
the current: one path for the positive half-cycle, and one for the negative half-
cycle such that the current flows each time with the same sense in the output
device.

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Section 5.3 Capacitors

(196) B 6.11.

(197) B 7.12. Step-down transformer: steps the voltage down to a suitable value.
Bridge rectifier: converts AC to pulsating DC. Smoothing capacitor:
smoothens out pulsating DC to regular DC.

(198) 13.
a) Diodes are reverse biased with respect to the capacitor.
b) The voltage would be constant, for the unloaded capacitor doesn't discharge.
c) Yes. The greater the load resistor the smoother the output voltage is.

(199) BG 5.14. [G] When the terminals of the capacitor are connected to a DC voltage
supply, a current, called transient current, momentarily passes through the circuit.
In the capacitor, one plate becomes positively charged and the other plate
becomes negatively charged. If the battery is then disconnected from the circuit,
the charge will flow from one plate to the other creating a momentary current
which starts as a large current but decreases to zero as the opposite charges on the
plates neutralize each other. This process is called discharging.

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Section 5.4 Transistors

(200) 15. The two types of a bipolar junction transistor are: npn and pnp transistors.
The corresponding terminals are: collector, base and emitter.

(201) 16.
a) V = RBVcc/(RA + RB) gives: 1 = 6RB/(450 + RB). Carrying out the calculation, gives
RB = 90 Ω.
b) V = RBVcc/(RA + RB) gives: 6RB/(450 + RB) < 0.6, it follows that RB < 50 Ω.
The transistor is OFF in this case.

(202) BG 8. 17.
Transistor as an amplifier:
When a small current passes through the base b, it will permit a much larger current to pass
through from the collector c to the emitter e. The current Ic is controlled by the current Ib and
the ratio Ic / Ib is constant for a given transistor. However, if the transistor is fully ON, Ic becomes
independent of the current Ib.

Transistor as a switch:
The transistor can be switched ON and OFF depending on the value of the input voltage Vin. If
Vin < 0.6 V the base-emitter diode does not conduct, no current flows into the base and hence
no current flows in neither collector nor the emitter; thus the transistor is switched OFF. If Vin
> 0.6 V a current Ib starts flowing into the base. The voltage Vcc causes a current Ic to start
flowing into the collector and the transistor will be switched ON.

(203) 18. [G] 1. A base resistor has to be connected to the base in series. This resistance
serves as a current limiter to limit the current in the base emitter diode of the
transistor to a few tens of microamperes because a much larger current can heat up
and destroy the transistor.

2. A load resistor must be connected before the collector in series. This resistance
serves as a current limiter to limit the current into the collector to a few tens of mA
because a much larger current can destroy the transistor.

3. An input voltage has to be connected across the base resistor and emitter. This
voltage sends the required small current into the base.

4. A collector voltage has to be connected across the load resistor and the emitter.
This voltage supplies the large current for the collector.

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(204) 19. [G] If Vin < 0.6 V the transistor remains off.

If 0.6 < Vin < 1.4V, the transistor will be on: When Vin increases from about 0.6 V
upwards, the current Ib starts increasing from zero upwards. The voltage Vcc
causes a current Ic to increase from zero upwards and the transistor will be
switched on. As Vin increases, the current Ib increases and the current Ic increases
proportionally.

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If Vin = 1.4 V, the transistor will be fully on: When Vin reaches some upper limit,
for instance about 1.4 V, the current Ib reaches a limiting value. The resistance
across ce will become almost zero and the voltage Vcc and the resistance RL
determine the current Ic. The transistor will be fully on or saturated.

If Vin increases to 6 or 7 volts, Ic becomes independent of Ib. The current Ib

increases but Ic will not and will remain dependent only on Vcc and RL. Vin must
not go too high though, otherwise the transistor will be destroyed.

(205) 20. [G] The gain of a transistor is the ratio of the collector current to the base
current.

The transistor is fully on, hence Vcc = RLIc

12 V = (2.0 × 103 )Ic
Ic = 6.0 mA

The potential difference across the base resistor and base-emitter diode is 1.4 V.
The bias voltage is 0.60 V, hence the potential difference across the load resistor
is 0.80 V.
0.8 V = (8.0 × 103 )Ib
Ib = 0.10 mA.

Therefore, the gain is

I 3
  c  6.010 A  60
3
Ib 0.1010 A

Section 5.5 Other Semiconducting Devices

BG 9.
(a)
Solution:
A thermistor is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature.

(b)

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B 10.
(a)
Solution:
In a light dependent resistor (LDR), light energy is changed to electrical energy.

(b)

(206) B 11. 21. When light shines on the LDR, its resistance decreases and so does the
base- emitter voltage. Transistor turns off and so does the bulb.

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(207) B 12. 22. First, capacitor C is short-circuited by the closed switch. Both of its plates
and the transistor input are at a ‘high’ voltage (+6 V). The transistor is ON. Now
open the switch: Capacitor C will slowly start to charge. As the voltage of the
transistor input approaches 0 V, a time comes when it drops below 0.6 V, at
which time the transistor and the lamp go OFF. Thus, there is a time delay
between opening the switch and the lamp going off.

(208) 23. [G]

Section 5.6 Digital Electronics

B 13.
(209)
24.

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(210) B 14. 25. This is the logic gate equivalent to the following De Morgan identity:
NOT (C AND NOT (A AND B)) = (NOT C) OR (A AND B)).

B 15.
Solution:

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(211) 26. [G]

a.
- NOT logic gate

- AND logic gate

- OR logic gate

- NOR logic gate

- NAND logic gate

b.
Input A Input B Output Y
1 1 0

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(212) 27. [G]

We have three inputs in our system; 2 lift-operating buttons and the status of the
door. Hence, the shape of our system should look similar to this:

The motor should receive at Y a high output (1) in order to operate. Based on
what we learned, the first logic gate should be a XOR logic gate, while the second
should be an AND logic gate.
Therefore, the truth table is as follows:

A (button) B (button) X D (door) Y (output)

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0

As a conclusion, the motor will switch on (output 1) only when one of the buttons
is pressed and the door is closed.

(213) 28. [T]

a.
i. thermistor
ii. Initially the p.d. across A is high and that across B is low, and the transistor is off.
As the temperature increases, the p.d. across A decreases and the transistor is turned on at
some point turning the buzzer on.

b. Fire alarm / overheating alarm

c. We can regulate the minimum temperature at which the buzzer turns on.

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(214)29. [T]
a. capacitor

b. 
V
i. I  , I  12 V  0.12 A
R 100 

ii. P  IV , P  0.12 A12 V  1.44 W

c. exponential decrease to zero

(215)30. [T]
a. LDR / light dependent resistor

b. resistance of LDR increases

c. The buzzer can be set to activate at a certain illumination.

d. NOT gate

e. low

f. burglar alarm. When the perpetrator blocks the light incident on the LDR, the potential
difference across it becomes high, then the potential difference across the resistor B, and
thus the NOT gate becomes low, and the current flows through the buzzer.

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(216) 31. [T]

a.i
NAND
ii
A B C
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

b.
i. The light will be on whenever it is dark outside or when the switch is turned on, regardless
of the illumination.

ii.
Switch Light After not Output
detector gate
0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1

(217) 32. [T]

a.
i. capacitor
ii. transistor

b. it stores energy

c. an amplifier and a switch

d. Before the switch is opened, the transistor is on and the lamp is on.
When the switch is opened, the capacitor begins to discharge.
When the potential difference across the capacitor falls beneath a certain threshold value,
the transistor turns off and the light bulb turns off.

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Chapter 6 – Waves

Section 6.1 Pulses and Waves

(218) 1. A pulse is a disturbance that travels through a medium or space from one location
to another location. A wave is a train of pulses.

(219) 2. [G] A wave transmits energy as it travels but not matter.

(220) 3. [G] Compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest
together. Rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles
are furthest apart.

(221) 4. [G]
a) A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move in a
direction normal to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Example: water waves and electromagnetic waves.

b) A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium move in a

direction parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Example: sound waves

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B 1.
Solution: *) A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate in a direction
normal to the direction along which the wave moves.

**) Water waves and electromagnetic waves are

transverse waves.

*) A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate in a direction

parallel to the direction along which the wave moves.

**) Sound waves are longitudinal waves.

Section 6.2 Sound Waves

(222) 5. As a sound wave propagates through air it compresses the air molecules which
relax as the wave advances. Regions of compression and rarefaction are formed,
where pressure is maximum in compression regions and minimum in rarefaction
regions.

(223) 6. Sound waves are mechanical waves.

Light waves are electromagnetic waves.
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(224) 7.
a) Sound is produced by a mechanical disturbance.
b) Sound can be defined as a longitudinal wave motion.
The sound source vibrates air molecules in the same direction as the wave
propagation.

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(225) 8. [G] Sound can be defined as a longitudinal wave motion, and since it is
mechanical, it needs a medium to travel through.

Section 6.3 Speed of Propagation of a Wave

(226) 9. The sound waves in the first can vibrate the bottom of the can back and forth.
These vibrations propagate through the string, pulling the string back and forth.
Therefore, the bottom of the second can will start to vibrate back and forth at
the same rate of the bottom of the first can. Hence producing the same sound as
that in the first can.

Section 6.4 Periodic Progressive Waves

BG 2.
(a)

Solution: A wave is a train of pulses.

(b)
Solution: Waves are called periodic when the pulses are given off at regular
intervals of time.

(227) 10.
a) T = 1/2 = s
b) f = 1/T = 1/(4 × 10-3) = 250 Hz
c) f = 1/T = 1/(100 × 106) = 1 × 10-8 Hz

(228) B 5.11.

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(229) B 6.12.

(230) BG 4. 13. [G]

wavelength the length of a wave from one peak to the next
frequency the number of cycles completed per second
amplitude the maximum displacement of a particle from its rest position
speed the distance traveled per unit of time
Solution:
i) Period: is the time interval between two consecutive crests passing by a certain fixed
point in the medium.
It is denoted by “T” and is measured in seconds (s).

ii) Wavelength: is the distance covered by a wave in one period.

It is denoted by “” and is measured in meters (m).

iii) Frequency: is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in the medium per second.
It is denoted by “f “and is measured in waves/second, cycles/seconds or “hertz” (Hz).

iv) Speed: is the ratio of the distance travelled by the wavefront to the time taken to travel
that distance. More specifically, it is the ratio between the wavelength and the period of
the wave.
It is denoted by “v” and is measured in meters/second (m/s).

(231) 14. [G]

v  λf
v  750109 m4.01014 Hz  3.0 108 m/s

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B 7.
(a)
Given: Required to find:
f = 100 MHz 
v = 3 x 108 m/s

Solution:

(b)
Given: Required to find:
d = 60 km t=?

Solution:
= 200 µs.

Section 6.5 Characteristics of Sound Waves

(232) 15. a) Loud and quiet sounds travel at the same speed in the same medium. The
speed of propagation of sound does not depend on the amplitude, it only
depends on the medium in which sound is propagating.
b) Both sounds travel at the same speed in the same medium.

(233) 16. [G]

a. The pitch of A decreases in W and increases in Z.
b. The loudness of A increases in X and decreases in Y.

Section 6.6 Principle of Superposition of Waves

(234) 17. a) No, if two loudspeakers are placed facing each other and a microphone is
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allowed to move between them, then the microphone will detect regions of
amplified sound and regions of little or no sound at all.
b) No, under certain conditions, they undergo interference.

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(235) 18. [G] Constructive interference:

Destructive interference:

Section 6.7 Boundary Behavior of a Pulse (Wave)

(236)19. Yes, Sound is transmitted and reflected at the same time. You will hear the
echo of the clap and the people inside the building can hear the clap as well.

(237) 20. [G] a. Once the pulse reaches the fixed end, it will bounce off the pole with an
inverted reflection.

b. Once the pulse reaches the free end, it will get reflected in the same orientation.

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Section 6.8 Waves in Two Dimensions

B 8.
Solution: A ripple tank is a shallow glass tank (tray) of water, with a transparent bottom, used in
schools and colleges to demonstrate the basic properties of waves. It is used to:

* Produce straight/circular water waves;

* Observe and investigate reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference of
water waves.

 The ripples (waves) propagate in two dimensions.

 Straight ripples are produced by a beam and circular ripples - by small dippers
attached to the beam.
[The beam has a small motor attached, with an eccentric metal disc on its axle, which makes the
beam (or the dippers) vibrate on the water (the beam is suspended by rubber bands and it just
touches the water - when straight waves are produced - or it lets only the dippers touch the
water - when circular waves are generated).]

 A light source shines at the waves such as their shadows are projected on a white screen
underneath the tank, to show the shape of the wave fronts. (An overhead projector can
also be used to project the image on a vertical screen.)

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(238) 21. [G]

B 10.
Solution:

The speed of (water) waves in shallower water is less than in deeper water. So ,when the
wave is going from the deeper to the shallower region, the refracted rays (imaginary lines
perpendicular to the wave front) are bent towards the normal, and the wave fronts
become closer together.

BG 11.

Solution: a) From deep to shallow:

b) From
shallow to deep:

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B 12.
Solution:

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B 13.

Solution:

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(239) 22. [G]

a. wave refraction
b. The diagram shows the wavelength of the waves in deep water to be longer than
the wavelength of the waves in shallow water. Since the wavelength increased, then
the speed must increase as well since the frequency remains the same.

B 9.
(a) Given: Required to find:
n = 1.5 vglass = ?
vair = 3.0 x 108 m/s

Solution:


(b) Given: Required to find:

air = 5.5 x 10-7 m glass = ?

Solution:


 = 0.37 µm

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Section 6.9 Diffraction and Interference

BG 14.
(i)

Solution:

(ii)

Solution:

(240) B 15. 23. Spacing between fringes is directly proportional to the wavelength.

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(241) B 16. 24. Place a cardboard with two small slits separated by a small distance in
front of a screen. Shine a monochromatic laser beam on the two slits and
observe the screen in a dark room. A system of alternating bright and dark
fringes that
are equidistant and parallel to the slits is formed.

Solution: Monochromatic light from a light source passes through a slit

(shown in the second diagram below) and reaches a barrier containing other, two narrow
slits (called S1 and S2 in the same diagram), which allow only some of the light to pass
through.
A screen is placed in the region behind the slits, and a pattern of bright
and dark bands (fringes) becomes visible on the screen, showing the interference of light
emerging from the two slits (S1 and S2).

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BG 17.
(a)
Solution: The inter-fringe distance is given by i = ( D /s ), where:
- i: the distance between two consecutive fringes.
- the wavelength of the light source.
- D: the screen-slit distance.
- s: the distance between the slits.

So, when the separation of the slits (s) increases, the fringes become closer together.

(b)
Solution: When the distance (D) between slits and screen increases, the
fringes become farther apart from each other.

(c) Solution:
When light of longer wavelength is used, the fringes become farther apart from each
other.
(d) Solution:
When white light is used, [as the positions of the fringes on the screen depend on the wavelength
(color)], different colors will form maxima at different positions, so the white light will be
decomposed - the central fringe will contain all colors, being white, but on its sides the colors will
be splitted, forming several spectra, symmetrically arranged.
In each of these spectra, red light will be deviated the most (as it has the longest
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wavelength), while violet light will be deviated the least.

(242) 25. [G] diffraction

(243) 26. [G] If the size of the hole is of the same order of size as the wavelength of the
water waves, then the waves will spread out, or “diffract”. The smaller the hole
with respect to the wavelength the more will the waves spread out, or diffract.
Therefore, in order to make the waves spread out more, Michael can:
1. reduce the size of the barrier or
2. increase the wavelength of the incident waves.

Section 6.11 Standing Waves

(244) BG 18.27. a) Solution:

A node is a point of the medium where destructive interference takes place (a
crest of the going wave coincides with a trough of the coming wave) and the
displacement is zero at any time.
b) The distance between two adjacent nodes is half a wavelength.
c) Anti-nodes are situated midway between two adjacent nodes, i.e. at quarter of
a wavelength from a neighboring node.

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BG 19.
(a)
Solution: If we excite a string continuously, using a source of energy
vibrating with a frequency matching that of the string’s modes, the string will readily
pick up energy until it is vibrating with such a large amplitude that the rate of energy loss
equals the rate at which it is being supplied.

Resonance is a state of vibration of a string (or any other object), when

its/their amplitude or the speed of vibration are maximum, and which occurs when the
frequency of the source of vibration, which gives energy to the string is equal (or close) to
one of the string’s modes.
At resonance, the rate of energy loss from the string is equal to or less
than the rate of energy supplied to it and the transfer of energy from the source of
vibration to the string is maximum.

(b)
Solution: The factors affecting the resonant frequency of a string are:

- the vibration length of the string;

- the speed of the wave [which depends on:
1. the tension in the string;
2. the mass per unit
length of the string (which depends on:
a) the density of the string;
b) the thickness of the string.)]
B 20.
Solution: *) Experiment 1/ pg. 207, to show standing waves on a string:

1. Get about 2m of string and tie one end to a fixed stand.

2. Pass the other end of the string through the hole of a vibrator and tie it to a slotted
mass hanger.
3. Make sure that the tension is not too great, because then the amplitude will be very
small to be observed.
4. Connect the vibrator to a signal generator as shown in the diagram below.

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5. Start your experiment with a low frequency around 1Hz and gradually increase it.
6. Switch off the vibrator and then make the string vibrate at its natural frequency f 1
simply by giving it a pluck with your hand in the middle.
7. Turn on the vibrator and gradually increase its frequency until you match the natural
frequency.
8. When this overlapping of frequencies takes place, you can see the string vibrating
with a very large amplitude, which means it is resonating.(i.e. resonance has
occurred).
9. When this condition is reached, a standing wave can be clearly seen.
Note: If the motion is too fast, to slow it down use a stroboscope and just make
sure that the frequency of the stroboscope equals that of the vibrator, in this
case the string will appear to be frozen and the standing wave should be
very clear.
10. If the frequency of the vibrator continues to increase then the string will return to
forced vibrations of small amplitude until at a new frequency f 2 resonance will
occur again.
11. The relationship between this frequency and the natural frequency is that it is double
the natural one.
12. If you go on increasing the vibrator frequency then more resonance patterns can be
heard and seen at frequencies given by: fn
= nf1 , where n is a whole number.

**) First four normal modes of the string:

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BG 21.
(a) Solution: L= 3 (

3
L=3   = 2L
2 3
v 3v
f3 =  f3 
3 L
(b)
Solution:

n
L=n
2
v ;
λn = 𝑓𝑛 = 𝑛𝑓1
fn
𝑣
𝑓1 =
2𝐿

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BG 22.

Solution: First harmonic (fundamental):

n=1

  = 2L


Second harmonic: n=2

  = L


Third harmonic: n=3

Fourth harmonic: n=4

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 λ4 =

f4
 f4 = 4f1

nth mode: fn = nf1 where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,…….

All harmonics are possible.

(245) 28. [G] The nth harmonic and the fundamental frequency are related by:
fn  nf1

f1  fn
n
The string resonates with three loops which means that the 3rd harmonic is f3 =
150 Hz. The fundamental frequency is then:

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f3
f1 
3
150 Hz
f   50 Hz
1
3
The 5th harmonic is:

f5  5 f1 .
f5  550 Hz  250 Hz

(246) 29. [G] Factors affecting the resonant frequency:

- length of the string.
- tension in the string.
- mass per unit length of the string.

(247) 30. [G] The wavelength of the third harmonic in an open-end pipe is given by:
2
λ  l
3
3
2
λ  0.60 m  0.40 m
3
3

The frequency of the third harmonic is then:

v
f3 
λ3
340 m/s
f   850 Hz
3
0.40 m

(248) 31. [G] The wavelength of the third harmonic in an closed-end pipe is given by:
4
λ  l
3
3
4
λ  0.600 m  0.800 m
3
3

The frequency of the third harmonic is then:

v
f3 
λ3
340. m/s
f   425 Hz
3
0.800 m

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(249)32. [T]
a. Using the distance between several peaks to determine the wavelength.
0.46 m
  0.153 m
e.g. 3

b. The peaks would be closer together.

c. longitudinal

d.
v  f  , v  1500 Hz0.153 m  230 m/s

e.
l  vt
0.40 m
t  1.74 103 s
230 m/s

(250) 33. [T]

a. refraction

b.

12 cm
c.    3.0 cm
4
0.24 m/s
d. f   8.0 Hz
0.03 m

v1 v2
e. frequency remains constant, so 
1 2
2  1.50.03 m  0.045 m
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(251) 34. [T]

a. diffraction

b.
i.

x is increased x remains the same x is decreased

using a laser light with a lower 
frequency
using a grating with thinner 
slits
immersing the setup in water 

c 3108 m/s 14
c. c  f  , f  , f   4.310 Hz
 700109 m

d. IR, microwave radiation, radio waves

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