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WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

Advanced hill cipher algorithm for security image data with

the involutory key matrix

Supiyanto1* and S A Mandowen1

1
Department of Mathematics and Science, Cenderawasih University, Jayapura,
Indonesia

[email protected], [email protected] (corresponding author)

Abstract. The security of important and confidential data is a top priority. Therefore, it is
necessary to secure appropriate data to ensure confidentiality. Secrecy of data security can be
done by randomizing the data in order to make the data is difficult to understand by anyone.
One of the data security techniques that can be used is Advanced Hill Cipher cryptography.The
purpose of this research was to create an application or software used to secure an image's data
by applying the Advanced Hill Cipher algorithm. A classic cryptographic technique, which use
a matrix as a key in the process of encrypting and decrypting data with the type of key used is
the symmetric key type. The data used in this study was an image data, while the application
development used the language of MATLAB Programming.The method used in this study was
the Advanced Hill Cipher Cryptographic Algorithm. Basically the Advanced Hill Cipher
Cryptography algorithm is much more like the Hill Cipher algorithm. However, on Advanced
Hill Cipher, algorithms are developed using a key matrix that always has inverse; so that the
disadvantages of the hill cipher algorithm are that the key matrix does not always have inverse
resolved. In this research,the key matrix used is a 2x2 order involuntary matrix with integer
elements.The output of this study is anapplication that can be used to encrypting and
decryptinggrayscaleand color image data with key matrix that always have inverse.

1. Introduction
Cryptography is an art or science that includes principles and methods to change plaintext into
ciphertext and then transform the message back into its original form [1]. The purpose of cryptography
is to maintain the confidentiality of information contained in the data so that the information cannot be
known by unauthorized parties.
Digital image as one form of digital data is currently many used for storing photos, images, or
works in digital format. When the data is confidential and its security is not guaranteed, it is feared
that the data can fall to unwanted parties, which are then misused for negative things. One way to
overcome this problem is to encode the image so that the image becomes scrambled form, and when
falling into unwanted hands, these images cannot be used [2].
As with any text messages in keeping confidential messages, the image is also requires encryption
techniques as much as possible simple but difficult to solve. The process of securing the messages in
the form of images can be done by encrypting images into the image form again using certain
algorithms. Therefore the development of cryptographic methods needs to expanded use not only
limited to the encoding of text, but also images [3], audio and video [4].

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

In this study the advanced hill cipher method will be implemented to encode an image. This is
possible considering that an image can be represented in a matrix containing integers. The image used
in this research is limited to an image with 24 bit bmp format and the key matrix used is the Involutory
matrix. The purpose of using the Involutory matrix is to overcome the disadvantages of using a
random key matrix in the encryption process, which allows it to not be able to return the message as
before, because the key matrix cannot be reversed and also to reduce computational complexity when
the process finds inverse of the matrix at the time of decryption.

2. Research Methods

2.1. Hill Cipher

Based on the type of the key used, cryptography Hill Cipher included in the Symmetric Algorithms.
this is because hill cipher only uses one key for the process of encryption and decryption of messages.
For the encryption process, this algorithm takes sequential m plaintext and each character is given a
numerical value such as a = 0, b = 1, ..., z = 25, [5, 11]. For m = 2, the equation system can be
described as follows:
=( + ) mod 26 (1)
=( + ) mod 26
This case can be expressed in terms of column vectors and matrices:

(2)
= mod 26

or simply we can write as = , where and are column vectors of length 2, representing the
plaintext and ciphertext respectively, and K is a key matrix 2 × 2. Therefore, when the decryption
process requires the matrix inverse of the matrix K.The inverse matrix ( ) is defined by the
equation . = . = I, where I is the identity matrix [6, 7]. In general process encryption
and decryption we can write as follows:
For encryption:
= ( )= (3)

For decryption:
= ( ) = C= KP = P (4)

2.2. Modular Arithmetic

The arithmetic operation presented here are addition, subtraction, unary operation, multiplication and
division [8]. Based on this, the self-invertible matrix for Hill cipher algorithm is generated. The
congruence modulo operator has the following properties:
a b mod p if n (a b)
(a mod p) = (b mod p) a b mod p
a b mod p b a mod p
a b mod p and b a mod p a c mod p
Let Z = [0, 1, . . . , 1]the set of residues modulo . If modular arithmetic is performed within this
set Zp, the following equations present the arithmetic operations:
Addition
(a + b) mod p =[(a mod p)+ (b mod p)] mod p
Negation:

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WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

a mod p = p (a mod p)
Subtraction
(a b) mod p =[(a mod p (b mod p)] mod p
Multiplication
(a b) modp = [(amod p) (b mod p)] mod p
Division
(a / b) modp = c when a = (b c) mod p

2.3. Involutory Matrix

An involutory matrix is a matrix that is its own inverse. That is, multiplication by matrix A is an
involution if and only if A2 = I. Involutory matrices are all square roots of the identity matrix. This is
simply a consequence of the fact that any nonsingular matrix multiplied by its inverse is the
identity[9].
With take an example of Involutory matrix.
1
=
15 4
Calculate
1 1 16 15 4+4 1 0
= = =
15 4 15 4 60 60 15 + 16 0 1
Therefore, we can see that = which means A is Involutory matrix.

2.4. Image Encryption using Advanced Hill

Advanced Hill Cipher is a cipher technique which is an extension of Hill Cipher. Advanced Hill
Cipher belong to the classical algorithm which is an encryption algorithm that existed before today's
digital age. We tried to adopt a Hill cipher algorithm to encrypt grayscale and color images.
For the grayscale image, the modulus will be 256 while for the color image, first decompose
the color image into the component (R-G-B). Second, encrypt each component (R-G-B)
separately by an algorithm. Finally, combine the encrypted components together to get an
encrypted color image [10].

3. Advanced Hill Cipher Algorithm

The advanced hill cipher algorithm is described as follows:

3.1. Image Encryption Algorithm

The following are steps on how to encrypt images using the advanced hill cipher algorithm
Determine involutory matrix of m x m which will be a key matrix approved by the
sender and recipient.
Take the input image to be encrypted.
If the input image is a color image, then transform it first into a grayscale image, as
the scheme in Figure 1 [12].

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WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

Figure 1. Encryption Process Scheme of color image

Take the color component value (in pixel) from the image then change its size to a
row vector with a size [1 ... m x m].
Share pixel values or images in blocks which if expressed in matrix form, the row
size is as much as m.
Encrypt using the hill cipher key for each matrix of each color component using the
following equation;

= , = dan =
where P = Plaintext; C = Ciphertext, dan K = The Key Matrix
Change the size of the encrypted matrix to the original image.
The encrypted matrix is returned as an intent value using color transformation to
produce a new image that has been encoded.

3.2. Image Decryption Process

The following are steps on how to decrypt images using the advanced hill cipher algorithm

Take the image to be decrypted.

Use the key matrix agreed upon before to determine the inverse matrix that will be used to
decrypt the image using the hill cipher method.
Color transformation so that the RGB color component of the encoded image is separated as in
the encryption process, as the scheme in Figure 2 [12].

Figure 2. Decryption Process Scheme of color image

The decryption process uses the advanced hill cipher method, the process is the same as the
step in the encryption process for each color matrix. The deciphering process is carried out
using the following equation;
= ( )= =

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WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

The decrypted vector is returned as the color intensity value using color transformation. The
decryption results will produce the same image as the original image if the application runs
properly and correctly.

4. Results and Discussion

To test the Hill Cipher Advanced Algorithm with an invonlutory matrix as its key matrix is a
cryptographic technique, the following encryption-decryption process will be tested from the Hill
Cipher Algorithm above.
Security testing for encryption keys is done on several grayscale images and color images of
various sizes with the type .JPG or .BMP. Histogram analysis is done to find out the
difference between plain and cipher image. In order to accommodate the proposed concept,
then when generating an advanced Hill Cipher key, the Involutory matrix is used with a 2 x
2 order with a positive integer element number.

4.1. Encryption Results

The test is carried out in 4 different types of images, the format and size using the same key, while the
results can be seen visually in the following Figure 3.

Encryption Result Image

Original Encryption Original Encryption

3.a 3.b

3.c 3.d
Figure 3. Results of the encryption process of 3 color images and a grayscale
image

Figure 3 indicates that the original image cannot be seen after the encryption process. Image
encoding results show significant color randomness and color intensity changes, this indicates that the
encryption process works well. The following are examples of a histogram of a color image.
The results of the histogram analysis in Figure 4 and Figure 5 show visually that there is a
significant difference between the image histogram before and after encryption. In the
encrypted histogram it looks flat for each color intensity, this shows that the encryption
algorithm used cannot provide any instructions for statistical attacks by cryptanalysts
because there is no prominent intensity as seen in the original image histogram.

5
WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

Color Image Histogram before encrypted. Color Image Histogram after encrypted.

4.a 4.b

4.c 4.d

4.e
4.f
Figure 4. Color image histogram before and after encryption from image 3.a
The following figures are example of a histograms of grayscale image.

5.a 5.b

Figure 5. Histogram of grayscale image before and after encrypted [image

(3.b)]

4.2. Decryption Results

To find out the decryption algorithm used in this research runs well, the encrypted image will be
decrypted again. The decryption process is expected to return the encrypted image to the original
image. Based on the key type, Hill Cipher is included in symmetrical cryptography, so in the

6
WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

decryption process of the encrypted image as in Figure 6. The key used in the decryption
process is the same key in the encryption process.
Decryption Result Image
Encryption Decryption Results Encryption Decryption Results

6.a 6.b

6.c 6.d
Figure 6. Results of the decryption process

Figure 6 shows that the image that has been encrypted can be returned like the original image. The
decrypted image shows image distortion. However, this result shows that the decryption process works
well.

5. Conclusion
Based on the discussion above:
An involutory matrix with round elements can be used as a key matrix in Advanced
Hill Cipher cryptography
The image encoding process with Hill Cipher shows significant color randomness,
this indicates that the encryption process works well.
Decryption process with Advanced Hill Cipher technique from the encrypted image
can be returned as the first image or original image even though the decrypted image
has a distortion. Yet, the decryption process still works well.

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WEAST 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1899 (2021) 012116 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012116

[6] Imai H, Hanaoka G, Shikata J, Otsuka A, and Nascimento A C 2002 Cyptography with
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