Anupama residence, Hyderabad

Climate and Envelope energy & thermal comfort analysis

17-1-2024

R3 17/01/2024
Theoretical Heat transfer Models
Heat exchange through the Evaporatively cooled Fin module happens in three stages:- 1. Evaporation of water to cool surface temp, 2. Convective and
conductive heat exchange of air with evaporated water and cold facade 3. Radiative heat transfer from the cold façade to warmer interior surfaces.

Step 1- Direct Evaporative cooling happening inside the Terracotta Step 2- Dry heat exchange of Hot air with the Terracotta surface
Pipe

The resultant temperature of the tile is a function of the wetbulb

depression outdoors and Saturation efficiency of the Tile (dependent
on the material, Tile surface area and porosity)

The cooled surface of the terracotta tile transfers its coolth to the
Incoming outdoor air passing through its surface by a combined
Followed by this conduction heat transfer makes the outer surface of effect of conduction and convection.
the tile cool which is a function of its Conductivity and inner surface Moreover being a cool surface the façade also exchanges heat with
temperature the interiors through Radiation.

Reference:- https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F2.zoppoz.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.diva-
portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A952001%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&psig=AOvVaw0xpU2YnNTekbMAYEh0Bxtv
&ust=1673673086161000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCKi22p_kw_wCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAl
Summary and Overview
The Project is a Private residence in Hyderabad, which is a composite climate. The analysis is primarily to evaluate the potential of façade based evaporative cooling for providing comfort
in Naturally ventilated or Hybrid Air-conditioned modes of operation. Three scenarios are evaluated, 1. Naturally ventilated with Evaporative cooling, 2. Hybrid with Acs and 3. Only Acs.
As the first steps the envelope is optimized and reduced through interventions like Shading, Glass specifications, and Roof and Wall insulation are established.
After this simulations for the three cases are run and the optimal run plan is prepared for achieving the highest comfort hours and lowest energy consumption. A summary of results is
presented below.

Evaporative Cooling + Fans + Natural Hybird Mode (EVAP+AC+NV)

Hybird Mode (EVAP+AC+NV) Air-Conditioned Mode
Ventilation Reduced AC capacity
Comfort Band Natural Ventilation Mixed Mode Mixed Mode Mixed Mode
Comfort Avg Cool Hours 2296 390 390 15
Assessment (on Avg Comfort Hour 5962 8136 8136 8458
average house Avg Hot Hours 502 234 234 287
level mainly
bedrooms) % reduction in comfort hours 29.51% 3.81% 3.81%
5000 CFM Exhaust Fan 5000 CFM EF, 0.5HP Pump 11.5 TR Split PTAC
Equipment 4.5 TR Split PTAC
0.5 HP Pump for Water recirculation
11.5 TR Split PTAC (only in bedrooms)
Capital Cost ₹ 20,000 ₹ 3,65,000 ₹ 1,43,000 ₹ 3,45,000
Capital Cost Façade Cost @ 900 /sqft ₹ 7,74,720 ₹ 7,74,720 ₹ 7,74,720 ₹ 7,74,720
Assesment Total ₹ 7,94,720 ₹ 11,39,720 ₹ 9,17,720 ₹ 11,19,720
Energy Consumption Cooling (kWH) 4,100 10,565 6,848 12,768
Energy Lighting 2264.12 2264.12 2264.12 2264.12
Energy Energy Equipment 3587.98 3587.98 3587.98 3587.98
consumption Total 9951.748 16416.73884 12,700 18620.48
EPI (kWh/m2) 52.61 86.79 67.14 98.44
% of Reduction 46.55% 11.84% 31.8%
Water
Water (Lts) 93,636 58,739 58,739 0
consumption
Annual Running Cost * (at Rs 8 per
Operational Cost
unit energy and Rs30 per KL of ₹ 82,423.08 ₹ 1,33,096.07 ₹ 1,03,361 ₹ 1,48,963.84
assesment
water)
Summary of envelop Upgrades
Bifurcation of Peak cooling loads
GF_Bedroom 1 FF_Bedroom 2 SF_Bedroom 3
Envelope Upgrades Comfortable Comfortable Comfortable 80%
Cold (%) Hot (%) Cold (%) Hot (%) Cold (%) Hot (%)
(%) (%) (%) Solar Gains (kW)
70%

People Gains (kW)

Baseline 7.1 55.2 37.7 8.8 58.9 32.3 22.5 32.3 34 60%
18.032 Lighting Gains (kW)
50%
With CoolANT Shading
8.3 57.4 34.2 10.4 61.9 27.8 25.8 44.5 29.7 40% Electric Equipment
Only
Gains (kW)
With Glass specs 30% Infiltration Gains
0.056
0.74
(U value 3.8 W/m2k, 10.2 65.3 24.6 12.9 67 19.9 27.4 46.6 26.1 0.621 (kW)
20% 0.81
0.067
SHGC 0.29) Ventilation Gains
4.678 (kW)
With Roof Insulation 10%
0.669 Roof and Ceiling
(50mm XPS insulation- 1.536 Gains (kW)
10.1 65.5 24.5 12.7 68 19.3 24.4 55.3 20.3 0%
U value of 0.55 Floor Gains (kW)
W/m2K) -10% -7.126
Wall Gains (kW)
With Wall insulation -20%
(AAC blocks 200mm- 9.4 68 22.6 11 70 19.1 23.4 55.6 21 Glazing Gains (kW)
U value 0.8 W/m2K) -30%

It is observed that the maximum heat loads from the building envelope are due to the Solar Radiation gains, followed by Roof and glazing conduction.
Thus, it is recommended to explore envelop upgrades like changing the glass specifications and adding insulation on the roof along with the Façade shading
The envelop upgrades are added incrementally one on top of the other in the same sequence as mentioned.
It can be observed that Shading on the top floor with the façade and changing glass specifications for the lower floor make a dramatic improvement in the
comfort hours. Further, the roof insulation impacts directly on the second floor only.
Thus, it is recommended to prioritize all envelop upgrades from Shading to Glass specification and Roof insulation on the building. Wall upgrades can be
considered only if the building is intended to be air-conditioned.
1. Climate Data
Climate Analysis | Nearest weather station
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

The project is in Hyderabad, Telangana which has

a Composite climate as per ECBC 2017. The
weather file used for Simulations is of Rajiv
Gandhi Intl Airport airport since it’s the closest
weather station to the site (within a 30km radius).
 The DBT graph indicates the 8760 hours (X-axis
Climate analysis | Dry Bulb Temperature representing days and Y-axis representing hours of the
day) outdoor ambient air temp.
DBT variation- Seasonal & Diurnal
Cold & humid Moderately hot & humid Cold & humid
Composite Climate- ECBC
Hot and dry
Day avg.: ~24.2 oC Day avg.: ~31.5oC Peak: 41oC Day avg.: ~26.7oC Day avg.: ~24.2 oC
Night avg.: 21.7oC Night avg.: ~29oC Night avg.: 25.1 oC Night avg.: 21 oC

12 am
DBT Heat map (oC)

High DBT >27oC

6 am Extremely hot daytime Hot For 44% of the year(total)
temperatures
Operational hrs.
(9am-7pm)

12 pm
Hot Comfortable Neutral range 22-27oC
Days For 35% of the year (total)
6 pm
Cold
Cool DBT <22oC
For 21% of the year
12 am

High diurnal variation in summer months

Seasonal variation is 5-6°C
20
Diurnal variation (oC)

18
Temperature difference

16
14
12
10 Average diurnal
8 variation: 9.8oC
6
4
2
0
Avg monthly Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.: Avg.:
diurnal variation 11.9oC 9.7oC 13.1oC 11.7oC 12.4oC 8oC 7oC 8.2oC 7.3oC 8.1oC 9.5oC 10.9oC

Weather data Source: http://climate.onebuilding.org/

17
 Climate analysis | Solar Irradiation
Irradiation variation across the season
Peak: ~1016 Wh/m2
Moderate High 1 pm Erratic Moderate
avg.: 458 Wh/m2 avg.: 518 Wh/m2 avg.: 330 Wh/m2 avg.: 420 Wh/m2
12 am
High Solar radiation
>700 Wh/m2
Solar Irradiation heat map

For 11% of sunlight

6 am
hours of the year
(kWh/m2)

Average Solar radiation

Operational hrs.
(9am-7pm)

12 pm (daytime 7 am to 6pm) = 434

Wh/m2

6 pm Average High solar radiation

(9 am to 4 pm) = 581 Wh/m2

Analysis: High solar radiation (>600Wh/m2) can be observed during the dry months from March to May between 9 am and 4 pm. During the wet
months, there is high cloud cover which reduces the direct solar radiation. During these times, the diffused radiation is relatively higher (avg. ~300
Wh/m2.)

Weather data Source: http://climate.onebuilding.org/

18
 Climate analysis | Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity w.r.t to Wet Bulb Depression • Average Annual RH = 63.3%
• The daytime RH on average is moderate
(59.8%)
Dry season with low RH low RH during the
Wet season-High RH >70% • However, night and early morning have a
during the day <40% day<40% high average RH (67.4%)
12 am
Moist RH >70%
Relative humidity (%)

For 44.5% time of the year,

6 am Mostly night & early morning
Operational hrs.

Comfortable range RH 40-70%

9am-7pm)

12
For 34.5% time of the year
pm
Dry RH <40%
6 pm
For 20.9% time of the year,
mostly during daytime

Wet bulb depression above 8°C (i.e., the

difference between outdoor Dry bulb and
Wet bulb depression (oC)

wet bulb temperature) is 29% of the total

hours in a year.
Operational hrs.

Evaporative cooling in summer and

(9am-7pm)

cooling using natural ventilation in

humid months can be considered to
improve indoor comfort.

WBD >8oC
For 29% hours annually
Avg daily daytime
WBD Avg: 6.6oC Avg: 10oC Avg: 3.8oC Avg: 4.1 oC

19
Climate analysis | Wind patterns
Seasonal Wind patterns

Day Night
Seasonal – Day vs Night
Annual Wind rose

Moderate (Nov to Feb)

Evaporative Cooling
Hot (March to May)
247.5 112.5
Predominant
wind direction Secondary wind
direction

Direction Row Labels Count of Wind Direction % of Hours

N-NNE 0-22.5 146 1.67%
NNE-NE 22.5-45 280 3.20%
NE-ENE 45-67.5 455 5.19%
ENE-E 67.5-90 572 6.53%
E- ESE 90-112.5 1162 13.26%

Humid (June to Sept)

ESE - SE 112.5-135 943 10.76%

Only Ventilation
SE-SSE 135-157.5 581 6.63%
SSE-S 157.5-180 384 4.38%
S-SSW 180-202.5 358 4.09%
SSW-SW 202.5-225 342 3.90%
SW-WSW 225-247.5 765 8.73%
WSW-W 247.5-270 1159 13.23%
W-WNW 270-292.5 927 10.58%
WNW-NW 292.5-315 317 3.62%
NW-NNW 315-337.5 201 2.29%
NNW-N 337.5-360 168 1.92%
Grand Total 8760
2. Comfort Assessment
Modes of Operation| AC / MM / NV Pros:
• Takes advantage of site context and good wind speeds
• Ceiling Fans for enhanced airflow
• Lower energy cost

Cons:
Windows open for fresh air • Less comfort in Hot and Humid conditions
• Windows will have to modulate as/ outside weather conditions to ensure
Window openings designed desired ACH
and operated to achieve min.
fresh air requirement.

Natural Ventilation (NV) Pros:

• Air conditioning to maintain Temperature and Natural ventilation to bring fresh air
• Ceiling Fans for enhanced air flow
AC • Operable windows allow the building to be used in NV when outside conditions are
System
favorable (10-15% times)

Windows open for fresh air Cons:

• Uncontrolled ventilation may increase or decrease depending on outdoor conditions
Window openings designed • Higher fresh air loads & operational costs compared to energy recovery systems
and operated to achieve min. • Windows will have to modulate as/ outside weather conditions to ensure desired
fresh air requirement.
ACH
Concurrent mixed- mode MM - (AC+NV) • Works better with Increased setpoint temperatures to avoid energy costs and
condensation due to humidity.
Energy recovery
Outdoor fresh air
Ducting Pros:
DOAS system • Fresh air delivery in a controlled manner.
DOAS system with energy • Potential to reduce cooling energy (while operating on 24C) with measures like
recovery for fresh air energy recovery, and demand control ventilation.
Heat exchanger recovers
energy from indoor and pre- Cons:
cools incoming fresh air • Requires additional ducting and Additional system higher capital cost.
• Higher fan energy consumption and maintenance cost.
AC + DOAS + Energy recovery
 Thermal comfort Analysis – Indian Model for Adaptive comfort
Thermal comfort Analysis as per NBC Standard

As prescribed in NBC (National Building Code 2016) the adaptive comfort standard can be used to assess the occupant’s thermal comfort inside the
building based on the Predominant operating conditions – Natural Ventilation, Mixed Mode (AC and NV simultaneous), or Air conditioning.
The comfort standards map Indoor Operative Temperature (OT) against the 30-day running mean temperature to develop the range of comfort
temperatures. Operative temperature is a combined effect of Air temperature and Mean radiant temperature and depicts the “effective” of “feels-like”
temperature in a space. Operative temperature thus depends on Air temperature, surface temperature, occupant metabolic rate, clothing, air velocity, and
relative humidity. The comfort range is dynamic and varies with outdoor temperature. The band is widest for Naturally ventilated buildings- allowing a
greater variation in temperatures and narrows down with Mixed mode and Air-Conditioned buildings. The band is developed based on empirical surveys of
fixed occupants in commercial buildings and acknowledges the fact that people adapt to the type of building operation and outdoor conditions
psychologically along with physical parameters to feel comfortable. The graph below shows the range of comfort temperatures for Mumbai based on
different types of building operations.

Natural ventilation AC mode

Mixed Mode
35.00 35.00
33.00
33.00 33.00
31.00
31.00 31.00
29.00 29.00
29.00
27.00 27.00
27.00
25.00 25.00 25.00
23.00 23.00 23.00
21.00 21.00 21.00
19.00 19.00 19.00
17.00 17.00
17.00
15.00 15.00
15.00

97
1
17
33
49
65
81

113
129
145
161
177
193
209
225
241
257
273
289
305
321
337
353
17
33
49
65
81
97

257

337
1

113
129
145
161
177
193
209
225
241

273
289
305
321

353

65

305
1
17
33
49

81
97
113
129
145
161
177
193
209
225
241
257
273
289

321
337
353
NV+ band NV- band AC.air temp + band AC.air temp - band
MM+ band MM - band

Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature

Thermal comfort Analysis – Indian Model for Adaptive comfort
Thermal comfort Analysis as per NBC Standard for Mixed Mode Buildings
As prescribed in NBC (National Building Code 2016) the adaptive comfort standard for Mixed Mode (simultaneous natural ventilation and Air conditioning) operation is selected to assess the
occupant’s thermal comfort inside the building. An additional threshold of relative humidity is added on top of the comfort band of operative temperatures. This is done for creating a range of
operative temperatures along with acceptable RH levels (source – ISHRAE Post Covid Health Guidelines document) Maximum RH = 70%, Minimum RH = 40%.
The graph below plots the outdoor weather conditions (DBT & RH) to identify the hours that lie within the IMAC comfort band and RH threshold. It creates Nine categories from Cold and Humid
to Hot and Dry conditions. Looking at the graph we can assess the percentage of hours falling in different Comfort conditions and plan comfort strategies accordingly
Days JAN
JAN
JAN
01-00
JAN
02-00
JAN
03-00
JAN
04-00
JAN
05-00
JAN
06-00
JAN
07-00
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08-00
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09-00
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10-00
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11-00
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12-00
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21-00
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22-00
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23-00
JAN
24-00
JAN
25-00
JAN
26-00
JAN
27-00
JAN
28-00
JAN
29-00
FEB
30-00
FEB
31-00
FEB
01-00
FEB
02-00
FEB
03-00
FEB
04-00
FEB
05-00
FEB
06-00
FEB
07-00
FEB
08-00
FEB
09-00
FEB
10-00
FEB
11-00
FEB
12-00
FEB
13-00
FEB
14-00
FEB
15-00
FEB
16-00
FEB
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FEB
20-00
FEB
21-00
FEB
22-00
FEB
23-00
FEB
24-00
FEB
25-00
FEB
26-00
MAR
27-00
MAR
28-00
MAR
01-00
MAR
02-00
MAR
03-00
MAR
04-00
MAR
05-00
MAR
06-00
MAR
07-00
MAR
08-00
MAR
09-00
MAR
10-00
MAR
11-00
MAR
12-00
MAR
13-00
MAR
14-00
MAR
15-00
MAR
16-00
MAR
17-00
MAR
18-00
MAR
19-00
MAR
20-00
MAR
21-00
MAR
22-00
MAR
23-00
MAR
24-00
MAR
25-00
MAR
26-00
MAR
27-00
MAR
28-00
MAR
29-00
APR
30-00
APR
31-00
APR
01-00
APR
02-00
APR
03-00
APR
04-00
APR
05-00
APR
06-00
APR
07-00
APR
08-00
APR
09-00
APR
10-00
APR
11-00
APR
12-00
APR
13-00
APR
14-00
APR
15-00
APR
16-00
APR
17-00
APR
18-00
APR
19-00
APR
20-00
APR
21-00
APR
22-00
APR
23-00
APR
24-00
APR
25-00
APR
26-00
APR
27-00
APR
28-00
MAY
29-00
MAY
30-00
MAY
01-00
MAY
02-00
MAY
03-00
MAY
04-00
MAY
05-00
MAY
06-00
MAY
07-00
MAY
08-00
MAY
09-00
MAY
10-00
MAY
11-00
MAY
12-00
MAY
13-00
MAY
14-00
MAY
15-00
MAY
16-00
MAY
17-00
MAY
18-00
MAY
19-00
MAY
20-00
MAY
21-00
MAY
22-00
MAY
23-00
MAY
24-00
MAY
25-00
MAY
26-00
MAY
27-00
MAY
28-00
MAY
29-00
JUN
30-00
JUN
31-00
JUN
01-00
JUN
02-00
JUN
03-00
JUN
04-00
JUN
05-00
JUN
06-00
JUN
07-00
JUN
08-00
JUN
09-00
JUN
10-00
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11-00
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12-00
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24-00
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25-00
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26-00
JUN
27-00
JUN
28-00
JUL
29-00
JUL
30-00
01-00
JUL02-00
JUL03-00
JUL04-00
JUL05-00
JUL06-00
JUL07-00
JUL08-00
JUL09-00
JUL10-00
JUL11-00
JUL12-00
JUL13-00
JUL14-00
JUL15-00
JUL16-00
JUL17-00
JUL18-00
JUL19-00
JUL20-00
JUL21-00
JUL22-00
JUL23-00
JUL24-00
JUL25-00
JUL26-00
JUL27-00
JUL28-00
JUL29-00
JUL30-00
AUG31-00
AUG
AUG
01-00
AUG
02-00
AUG
03-00
AUG
04-00
AUG
05-00
AUG
06-00
AUG
07-00
AUG
08-00
AUG
09-00
AUG
10-00
AUG
11-00
AUG
12-00
AUG
13-00
AUG
14-00
AUG
15-00
AUG
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AUG
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AUG
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AUG
19-00
AUG
20-00
AUG
21-00
AUG
22-00
AUG
23-00
AUG
24-00
AUG
25-00
AUG
26-00
AUG
27-00
AUG
28-00
AUG
29-00
SEP
30-00
SEP
31-00
01-00
SEP02-00
SEP03-00
SEP04-00
SEP05-00
SEP06-00
SEP07-00
SEP08-00
SEP09-00
SEP10-00
SEP11-00
SEP12-00
SEP13-00
SEP14-00
SEP15-00
SEP16-00
SEP17-00
SEP18-00
SEP19-00
SEP20-00
SEP21-00
SEP22-00
SEP23-00
SEP24-00
SEP25-00
SEP26-00
SEP27-00
SEP28-00
SEP29-00
OCT
30-00
OCT
OCT
01-00
OCT
02-00
OCT
03-00
OCT
04-00
OCT
05-00
OCT
06-00
OCT
07-00
OCT
08-00
OCT
09-00
OCT
10-00
OCT
11-00
OCT
12-00
OCT
13-00
OCT
14-00
OCT
15-00
OCT
16-00
OCT
17-00
OCT
18-00
OCT
19-00
OCT
20-00
OCT
21-00
OCT
22-00
OCT
23-00
OCT
24-00
OCT
25-00
OCT
26-00
OCT
27-00
OCT
28-00
OCT
29-00
NOV
30-00
NOV
31-00
NOV
01-00
NOV
02-00
NOV
03-00
NOV
04-00
NOV
05-00
NOV
06-00
NOV
07-00
NOV
08-00
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09-00
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NOV
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NOV
20-00
NOV
21-00
NOV
22-00
NOV
23-00
NOV
24-00
NOV
25-00
NOV
26-00
NOV
27-00
NOV
28-00
DEC
29-00
DEC
30-00
DEC
01-00
DEC
02-00
DEC
03-00
DEC
04-00
DEC
05-00
DEC
06-00
DEC
07-00
DEC
08-00
DEC
09-00
DEC
10-00
DEC
11-00
DEC
12-00
DEC
13-00
DEC
14-00
DEC
15-00
DEC
16-00
DEC
17-00
DEC
18-00
DEC
19-00
DEC
20-00
DEC
21-00
DEC
22-00
DEC
23-00
DEC
24-00
DEC
25-00
DEC
26-00
DEC
27-00
DEC
28-00
DEC
29-00
30-00
30-01

12 AM 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

9AM 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
7 PM 20
21
22
23
11 PM 0
0
Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

January February March April May June July August September October November December

Annual Day time Nighttime The Analysis indicates that for the entire
% OF HOURS (TOTAL
No. Condition
% OF HOURS (Occupied hours
year
IN THE YEAR) % OF HOURS (Occupied hours
Condition No. Condition 1. Predominant condition is Humid,
1 Cold & Humid 10.3% 903.0 IN THE YEAR) - 9am to 7pm IN THE YEAR) - 7pm to 12am
1 Cold & Humid 1.0% 40.0 1 Cold & Humid 6.8% 149.00 followed by Hot-Hot & Dry.
2 Cold 3.7% 328.0
2 Cold 0.1% 6.0 2 Cold 3.6% 79.00 2. 20% time the outdoors are comfortable.
3 Cold & Dry 0.5% 48.0
3 Cold & Dry 0.2% 8.0 3 Cold & Dry 1.1% 23.00
3. Nightime during Nov-Feb is Cold.
4 Humid 33.2% 2911.0 4. During Daytime for more than 40% times
4 Humid 23.6% 948.0 4 Humid 36.9% 808.00
5 Comfortable 19.9% 1740.0
5 Comfortable 17.1% 685.0
the condition is Hot-Hot & Dry which
5 Comfortable 27.8% 609.00
6 Dry 5.2% 458.0 gives an opportunity for Evaporative
6 Dry 6.8% 274.0 6 Dry 3.1% 137.00
7 Hot & Humid 1.1% 99.0
Cooling to be used for thermal comfort.
7 Hot & Humid 2.3% 94.0 7 Hot & Humid 0.1% 4.00
5. For the Humid period, Natural
8 Hot 12.0% 1052.0 8 Hot 21.6% 869.0 8 Hot 4.3% 190.00
ventilation can be explored as a passive
9 Hot & Dry 13.9% 1221.0 9 Hot & Dry 27.2% 1091.0 9 Hot & Dry 4.4% 191.00 strategy.
Feasibility of Passive Comfort Strategies

Highest Priority

Highest Priority
 Feasibility of High thermal mass and Night flushing
Desirable envelope characteristics
Average Diurnal
Moderate to low U value –
20
Variation (C) (1.5 to 0.7 W/m2K

18
Jan 11.94 Thermal mass – high specific heat of
Feb 9.74 more than 150 KJ/m2K (only if the
16
Mar 13.12 assembly can provide a good U-value).
Temperature difference

14 Apr 11.73 Insulation on Roof

12
May 12.42 (U value – 1 – 0.5 W/m2K)
Jun 8.00
10 High reflective material on Roof / or
Jul 7.03 Solar PV.
8 Aug 8.27
6 Sep 7.33
Oct 8.16 Material consideration
4
Nov 9.52
2 Dec 10.95
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Thermal mass is most appropriate in climates with a large diurnal temperature range. As a rule of thumb, diurnal ranges of less
than 6°C are insufficient; 7°−10°C can be useful .
In Hyderabad it is observed that on average the Diurnal Variation is around 9.8 deg C. It is on the higher side and thermal mass
would have to be coupled with Night flushing to increase the effectiveness.
Diurnal variation is high from Dec-May, hence during these months high thermal mass can help in maintaining stable comfortable
conditions indoors. During the humid months from Jun-Nov, due to higher humidity levels, night flushing can be adopted to
dissipate humidity.
 Feasibility of Direct / Indirect evaporative cooling

Evaporative Cooling potential The feasibility of Evaporative cooling

depends upon the Wet-bulb depression in
Evaporative cooling effectiveness (reduction in temperature vs outdoor)
the air (i.e., the difference between outdoor
Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature). The
40
higher the difference the better the
35 effectiveness of the cooler.
Temperature (C)

30
Average WBD = 5.8 C
25
Summer daytime average (March to June 8
20 am to 7 pm) = 10.8 C
15

10

5
33% of time of the year (approx. 2931 hrs) the
J F M A M J J A S O N D
a e a p a u u u e c o e Cooler can reduce the outdoor air by more
n b r r y n l g p t v c than 5 C.
c i e y u t The cooler’s maximum effectiveness is in April
h l s
t when the average reduction is 8 C from
DBT outdoors Expected Temperature from Cooler outdoor DBT.

Thus, Direct and Indirect evaporative cooling

can be considered a low-energy cooling
system.
Feasible hours showing more than 5C reduction in temperature
Feasible Hours
Evaporative cooling can help reduce Daytime
envelop heat gains and keep the building
Jan Feb March April May June July August September October November December
mass cool for comfort during the Night.
Daytime 260 249 346 342 271 153 83 1 14 178 85 207
Nightime 48 39 187 242 105 85 3 0 0 29 0 4
It can also be integrated in the Architecture in
the form of open water bodies and Terracotta
Jali Screens.
3. Shading Studies
Sun Path, Solar Radiation and Shading Requirements

Sun Path indicating Dry bulb temperature Sun Path indicating Global horizontal Radiation

Analyzing the sun path or the solar geometry with respect to the building massing helps to understand the orientations worst affected by Direct and
diffused solar radiation. The site is shaded by context buildings on the north and south. The shading screen on the west façade can help shade the building
from the low-angle sun during late afternoons when irradiation is between 400-800wh/m2.
Sun path, Solar radiation and shading requirements
Shading Should be provided to block the harsh Summer sun. Thus, solar shading should be facilitated from the Screen design to reduce surface temperatures.
The hours are marked below at those where the radiation exceeds 400 W/m2. These hours must be considered to be shaded to improve passive cooling.

Sun path indicating hours of the year that need shading 3D model for Studying Solar Radiation

June
6 May
July 18
7
Aug 17 8 Apr
16
15 14 13 10 9
12 11
Sept March

Oct Feb
Nov
Dec Jan

Context buildings and terracotta screen are modelled as designed. The effect
of the shading screen on annual incident radiation falling on the façade is
analyzed. Two cases – with and without shading screen are simulated.
Reading a shading mask and deriving shading angles
Shading Masks provides the minimum shading angles for both vertical and horizontal projections. These angles will help derive the length of shading
device with respect to the window size. The angles can help to work out different shading configurations.
Note- Diagrams on this slide are just a representative to explain the concept of Shading angles and exact numbers for this project.
VSA (vertical shading angle)
HSA (horizontal shading angles) Overhang length = Window ht. X tan(VSA)
Lintel level
Orientation (angle wrt North)
2.1 m
0.36m
Solar Azimuth
angle

Vertical
length = 0.22m
20ᵒ Window HSA
VSA length/2. X 20ᵒ
tan(HSA)

Solar Window length / 2 = 0.6m

Altitude
Sil level
Angle
0.9m

Shading Proposed Shaded Region

Window Section Window Plan

Similarly shading angles for different orientations are in the following slides. Depending upon the location of the window the shading design can
be derived. The mask also considers the existing shading available from the Building context.
Shading Mask- Shading potential and further recommendations
Shading Mask studies indicate the impact of Shading due to the façade, as identified above with the Sun path and radiation studies, it is critical to block the
direct sun from 9am to 3pm throughout the year and 8 am and 4 pm in some months as highlighted to prevent overheating. The area already shaded is
highlighted along with additional shading requirements.

Orientation background

Shaded

Sky
Requires additional shading of
50deg on the Overhang
Shading Mask- Shading potential and further recommendations
The windows apart from the West façade also receive direct solar gains and are un-shaded for the desired period. This may lead to overheating of the façade.
Thus, they may either be treated with Additional shading or by improving the specification of the Glass and opting for a Low SHGC value.

Orientation background

Shaded

Sky
Shading Required
60deg Overhang shading required 30deg Vertical fins shading required
Annual Incident solar radiation
Impact of shading screen
Southwest façade – Without shading screen Southwest façade – With shading screen Incident radiation on Roof

Northeast facade 11% reduction in façade irradiation South and east Façade receive maximum solar radiation above
700Wh/m2. The projections on top floor shade the first floor effectively.
With shading screen, radiation from the west is blocked.

Without terracotta shading screen With terracotta shading screen

Radiation
Radiation
per unit Reduction
Total annual incident Surface Surface per unit
surface Total annual incident in radiation
radiation in kwh area in m2 area in surface
area radiation in kwh due to
m2 area
W/m2 shading
W/m2

Façade + roof 416924.48 540.6 771.2

Façade + roof 385024.12 540.6 712.2 8%
Façade 248502.82 396.0 627.6
Roof 216760.34 144.7 1498.4 Façade 221248.92 396.0 558.8 11%
Whole Building Energy Simulation
Whole Building Energy Simulation | Model, Inputs & Assumptions
Overview

The objective of the energy analysis is to understand and analyze the

impact of envelope load on cooling energy consumption and the impact of
shading on the envelope loads and cooling capacity. The energy simulation
inputs were modeled as per the information shared by the architect team.
Building occupancy, equipment and lighting patterns along with internal
loads are assumed with judgement from discussion with client and
architect. The baseline construction values assume existing on-site
materials with a PTAC system for Air conditioning.

For the simulations following assumptions are made:

1.Geometry simplification & Zoning: The model has been simplified and
all the floors have been simulated to understand the different loads that
determine the performance of the building.

2.Occupancy and Load patterns: Operational schedules have been

considered as per residential building use.

3. Cooling setpoint – 24°C ON 24*7 for all regularly occupied spaces

Context blocks
4. Context modelling: Shading for the proposed case has been modelled Model with shading included
Building blocks
according to projection factor calculations (ECBC 2017) as explained in
the following slide.

36
Whole Building Energy Simulation | Model, Inputs & Assumptions
Baseline Construction Assembly
Assembly Description Value
Wall 230mm Brick Wall with 13mm U value – 2.3 W/m2K Operating Schedules
plaster Bedrooms Circulation Living / Dining
Roof 150mm RCC slab with 50mm U value – 2.9 W/m2K Occupant density 0.1 0.02 0.2
Tiling + Screed (ppl/m2)
Pitched Roof Terracotta Roof Shingles U value – 3.2 W/m2K Operation Through: 31 Dec, Through: 31 Dec, Through: 31 Dec,
Glass Regular Single Clear Glass U value – 5.8 W/m2K
Until: 05:00, 1.00, Until: 07:00, 0, Until: 06:00, 0,
SHGC – 0.8
Until: 06:00, 0.80, Until: 08:00, 0.5, Until: 07:00, 0.25,

Until: 08:00, 0.75, Until: 09:00, 1, Until: 10:00, 1,

Until: 09:00, 0.50, Until: 10:00, 0.5, Until: 11:00, 0.25,

HVAC System Until: 15:00, 0.43, Until: 17:00, 0, Until: 17:00, 0,
PTAC System (Regular Split ACs) without Fresh air systems Until: 18:00, 0.50, Until: 18:00, 0.25, Until: 19:00, 0.5,

Until: 21:00, 0.75, Until: 19:00, 0.5, Until: 21:00, 1,

Until: 24:00, 0.80, Until: 20:00, 0.75, Until: 22:00, 0.3,

Until: 22:00, 1, Until: 24:00, 0,

Until: 23:00, 0.75,

Until: 24:00, 0.25,

Equipment Power density 7 3.5 12
(W/m2)
Lighting Powe (W/m2) 10.5 10.5 10.5
Cooling Setpoint 24C 26C 24C
Window Operation Same as occupancy
Operable area 30% 60% 30%
Airflow Network 20 20 20
Minimum indoor
temperature
Airflow Network 32 ͦ C 100 ͦ C 32 ͦ C
Maximum outdoor
temperature
38
Whole Building Energy Simulation | Base Case - Peak Cooling Load –HVAC sizing
Bifurcation of Peak cooling loads
Impact of Envelope load in peak cooling load
80% Envelope load (Solar, Glazing , Roof& ceiling, Floor, Wall Gains)
internal gains
ventilation gains 7%
70% 4%
envelope gains

60% ventilation gains

internal gains
18.032
50%

Solar Gains (kW)

Cooling Design
40% People Gains (kW)
Total TR 7.5
Lighting Gains (kW)
Total Sqft 2025
Electric Equipment Gains (kW)
30% SQFT/TR 196.7
0.056 Infiltration Gains (kW) % Sensible Load 85%
0.74 envelope gains
0.621 Ventilation Gains (kW)
0.81 89% % Latent load 15%
20% 0.067
Roof and Ceiling Gains (kW)

4.678 Floor Gains (kW)

10% Wall Gains (kW)
• The cooling design for peak conditions shows that the building primarily
0.669 Glazing Gains (kW)
gains heat due to solar radiation (90%), followed by roof and ceiling gains
1.536 with 23%.
0%
• Other sources of heat gain are through ventilation and internal loads.
• Due to excessive heat gains from Glazing Solar Radiation and roof, floors
-10% -7.126 lose heat through conduction to maintain equilibrium.
• The heat gain is mainly due to the envelope with 89% of the total peak
-20% cooling load, where the major contributors are Windows and Roof.
• Therefore, envelope measures such as the shading screen will have some
effect in cutting down peak cooling loads.
-30%
*For the Peak Design Day
39
Whole Building Energy Simulation | Envelope Upgrades
Based on the Peak cooling Load assessment it was identified that the Maximum impact on Heat gains is due to the Solar Radiation, Followed by the
Roof. Thus, it is recommended to add shading and improve the specification of Glass and Roof insulation. Along with this wall U-value is also tested for
incremental benefits.
It is observed that with incremental measures the Peak cooling load can be reduced by 34% with maximum benefit from Shading, Glass
specification and Roof U-value. It is recommended to improve these specifications before optimization of Evaporative Cooling operation.

Reduction In Peak Cooling Loads

Peak Cooling Load (2nd floor
Peak Cooling Load
Case % reduction bedroom- having Façade % reduction Avg reduction in MRT
(Building Level) kW
screen) kW
Baseline 61.21 0 8.64 0 0
With CoolANT Shading
55.5085 9.31% 6.992 19.07% 6.1
Only
With Glass specs
(U value 3.8 W/m2k, SHGC 50.99 16.70% 6.34 26.62% 5.6
0.29)
With Roof Insulation
(50mm XPS insulation- U 44.69 26.99% 4.5 47.92% 6.9
value of 0.55 W/m2K)
With Wall insulation
(AAC blocks 200mm- U 40.59 33.69% 4.22 51.16% 6.5
value 0.8 W/m2K)
Glazing Comparison
Optimizing glass specifications wrt Shading
The Façade acts as a shading element and helps to reduce direct Solar Gains from the walls and glazing. It was analyzed through series of iterations the effect of different SHGC (Solar Heat
Gain Coefficients) and Shading on reducing Peak envelop loads in the building. The results suggest that Shading helps to reduce overall envelop loads by 7% and 17% on the top floor
bedroom where its most dense. While reducing the glass SHGC also adds value and further reduction can be seen. In the interest of best performance, it would be recommended to
combine shading with a high spec Single glass of 0.25 SHGC as cost difference between 0.5 and 0.25 SHGC is not much.
Second floor bedroom impact
Building Level impact
Building level Solar Gains SF Bedroom Solar Gains from Windows during peak Summer
30 6

Solar Gains through Glazing (kW)

25 5

20 4
Solar gains (kW)

Baseline glass Baseline glass

Shading Shading
15 3
Baseline 0.5 SHGC glass Glass 0.5 SHGC
Shading 0.5 SHGC Shading 0.5 SHGC
10 2
Baseline 0.25 SHGC Glass 0.25

5 Shading 0.25 SHGC 1 Shading 0.25 SHGC

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hours time
Total Peak Envelop load Total Peak Envelop load
Iteration Baseline Shading 0.5 SHGC Shading 0.5 0.25 SHGC Shading Iteration Baseline Shading 0.5 SHGC Shading 0.5 0.25 SHGC Shading
SHGC 0.25 SHGC SHGC 0.25 SHGC
Total 58.7 54.61 47.72 46.52 45.52 44.28 Total 12.17 10.2 8.85 7.91 7.38 6.88
Envelop Envelop
load (KW) load
% diff 0% 6.97% 18.71% 20.75% 22.45% 24.57% % diff 0 16.19% 27.28% 35.00% 39.36% 43.47%
Envelop Upgrades | Comparison of MRT & AT
SF Bedroom
The following sections analyze the hourly temperature profiles on peak summer days in the month of May to understand the benefit of envelop upgrades
considering complete natural ventilation operations.
On the Second floor, the façade shading helps reduce the Peak MRT by 2 ͦC, followed by a further 2 ͦC reduction by Glass specifications and roof insulation
each. After this wall upgradation doesn’t add any further reduction. Since the second floor has maximum exposure, the Indoor Air temperature always is
higher than the outdoor air temperature. Roof insulation helps to bring the indoor AT equal to the Outdoor temperature at its peak. Thus, all envelope
upgrades except wall upgrades can be considered here.

MRT comparison of Envelop upgrades on Peak Summer day AT comparison of Envelop upgrades on Peak Summer day
48 48

46 46

44 44
Mean radiant temperature (C)

42 42

Temperature (C)
40 40

38 38

36 36

34 34

32 32

30 30

28 28
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time Time

No shading Shading Glass specs Roof ins Wall No shading Shading Glass specs Roof ins Wall Outdoor
Envelop Upgrades | Comparison of MRT & AT
FF Bedroom
On the First floor, the major impact occurs due to changing of Glass specifications which reduces the maximum MRT by 3-4 ͦC and then the marginal benefit of
changing the wall assembly is noted during late night times by 1-1.5 Cͦ . Since the design is such that the first-floor bedroom’s glass is not shaded by the façade
thus obviously it would be impacted highest only by changing the glass specifications. Also, the Glass specifications reduce room air temperature by 2-3 C ͦ from
the ambient level. Thus, it’s highly recommended to change the glass specifications.

MRT comparison of Envelop upgrades on Peak Summer day AT comparison of Envelop upgrades on Peak Summer day
42 42.0

40 40.0

38 38.0

Air temperature (C)

Temperature (C)

36 36.0

34 34.0

32 32.0

30 30.0

28 28.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time Time

No shading Shading Glass specs Roof ins Wall No shading Shading Glass specs Roof ins Wall Outdoor
Envelop Upgrades | Comparison of MRT & AT
GF Bedroom
On the ground floor the major impact occurs due to changing of Glass specifications which reduces the maximum MRT by 3-4 ͦC and then marginal benefit on
changing the wall assembly is noted during late night times by 1-1.5 C ͦ . Since the design is such that the ground floor bedroom’s glass is not shaded thus
obviously it would be impacted highest only by changing the glass specifications. Also, the Glass specifications reduce room air temperature by 3-4 C
ͦ from the
ambient level. Thus its highly recommended to change the glass specifications.

MRT comparison of Envelop upgrades on Peak Summer day AT comparison of Envelop upgrades on Peak Summer day
42 42

40 40
Mean Radiant temperature (C)

38 38

Air Temperature
36 36

34 34

32 32

30 30

28 28
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time Time

No shading Shading Glass specs Roof ins Wall No shading Shading Glass specs Roof ins Wall Outdoor
Thermal Comfort assessment| Envelope Upgrades
Further, an Annual comfort hours analysis was conducted to understand the annual contribution of these envelop upgrades on the thermal comfort of the
building analyzed for each bedroom as a representative. This analysis considers only Natural ventilation and no cooling either through an evaporative façade
or Air conditioning. In this analysis, humidity is not considered a criterion for discomfort since envelope upgrades are only meant to improve the Operative
temperature. For each room, the Annual percentage of hours as Cold, Hot, and Comfortable are reported against the IMAC for Naturally ventilated buildings
model for each envelope upgrade.
The envelop upgrades are added incrementally one on top of the other in the same sequence as mentioned.
It can be observed that Shading on the top floor with the façade and changing glass specifications for the lower floor make a dramatic improvement in the
comfort hours. Further, the roof insulation impacts directly on the second floor only.
Thus, it is recommended to prioritize all envelop upgrades from Shading to Glass specification and Roof insulation on the building. Wall upgrades can be
considered only if the building is intended to be air-conditioned.

GF_Bedroom 1 FF_Bedroom 2 SF_Bedroom 3

Envelope Upgrades
Cold (%) Comfortable (%) Hot (%) Cold (%) Comfortable (%) Hot (%) Cold (%) Comfortable (%) Hot (%)

Baseline 7.1 55.2 37.7 8.8 58.9 32.3 22.5 32.3 34

With CoolANT Shading Only 8.3 57.4 34.2 10.4 61.9 27.8 25.8 44.5 29.7
With Glass specs
(U value 3.8 W/m2k, SHGC 10.2 65.3 24.6 12.9 67 19.9 27.4 46.6 26.1
0.29)
With Roof Insulation (50mm
XPS insulation- U value of 0.55 10.1 65.5 24.5 12.7 68 19.3 24.4 55.3 20.3
W/m2K)
With Wall insulation
(AAC blocks 200mm- U value 9.4 68 22.6 11 70 19.1 23.4 55.6 21
0.8 W/m2K)
Ventilation Analysis
Ventilation for Thermal comfort | Flow rate and Air changes required
After making the envelop upgrades, a heat load calculation is conducted to evaluate the Air flow rate and air changes required to provide comfort through the façade using
evaporative cooling. Heat load calculations are performed similarly to sizing for an Air conditioner, where the amount of heat from various components of the envelope and
internal factors are computed to achieve the setpoint temperature.
Along with this, the required Air changes are also calculated.

Design Capacity Design Flow Rate Total Cooling Load Sensible Latent Floor Area Volume
Zone (kW) (m3/s) (kW) (kW) (kW) (m2) (m3) ACH
Totals 40.59 1.9489 35.29 31.38 3.92 213.9 822.3 9
Groundfloor:Toilet 0.63 0.0319 0.55 0.55 0 5.1 16 7
Groundfloor:Bedroom 2.48 0.1299 2.15 2.08 0.07 15 47.3 10
Groundfloor:Living 7.95 0.2781 6.91 3.5 3.42 43.5 137.1 7
Groundfloor:Kitchen 1.64 0.087 1.43 1.4 0.03 15.5 48.8 6
Firstfloor:Bedroom 2.15 0.1107 1.87 1.77 0.09 20.7 65.2 6
Firstfloor:Toilet 1.1 0.0559 0.96 0.96 0 8.9 28.1 7
Firstfloor:Toilet 0.74 0.0373 0.64 0.64 0 8.9 28.2 5
Firstfloor:Bedroom 2.23 0.1151 1.94 1.84 0.09 20.6 64.9 6
StairXCore:Core 12.22 0.6082 10.62 10.56 0.06 21.9 184.4 12
SecondFloor:Toilet 1.82 0.0924 1.59 1.58 0 14.7 51.3 6
SecondFloor:Study 3.41 0.1809 2.97 2.94 0.03 14.7 53.8 12
SecondFloor:Bedroom 4.22 0.2215 3.67 3.55 0.12 24.3 97.2 8
Total Required airflow rate (m3/s) 1.7314
Total Required airflow rate (CFM) 4219
Fan Sizing with sizing factor of 20% 5100.0

Since for evaporative cooling, the outlet temperature from Façade is variable and dependent on Outdoor Dry bulb temperature and humidity, thus we will assume a 20%
oversizing in the desired Air changes (ACH) to deliver comfort through ventilation. Using this information, we can size the opening areas for windows and the Extract fans to
deliver the desired flow rate and achieve thermal comfort.
Ventilation for Thermal comfort | Window opening calculations
Based on the heat load calculations it is decided to size all windows to deliver a maximum of 15 ACH through cross ventilation during times of
favorable wind direction. For the remaining period of the year, ventilation can only be ensured through mechanical assistance from Extract fans.
The calculations are done following the guidelines of CIBSE Technical Manual 10 on Natural ventilation.
These calculations are only dependent on wind-driven cross ventilation during secondary wind direction period I,e from Southeast to west.
The window areas are equally divided between the inlet and the outlet. For the ground floor the inlet is assumed from the Stair core and
outlets are windows on the façade. The areas are minimum operable areas required in the wind-driven ventilation event to provide 15 Air
changes.
Ground floor
Press
Space Discharge Wind Press Coeff Coeff Room
Area of Opening Flow Rate Coeff Speed Windward Leeward Delta Cp ACH ACS Volume
m2 m3/s m/s ACH ACS m3
A q Cd U /hr /s V
Wind from South east going out
Living 2.37 0.24 0.35 0.44 0.25 -0.6 0.85 15.00 0.004 57.09
from West
Wind from South east going out q = flow rate desired
Dining 9.77 0.24 0.35 0.44 0.25 0.2 0.05 15.00 0.004 57.09
from East Cdi= discharge coefficient (a typical value for
Wind from South east going out Cdi is 0.6, with screen, Jalis, etc it is 0.35)
Kitchen 6.93 0.17 0.35 0.44 0.25 0.2 0.05 15.00 0.004 40.50
from East A=Area of opening
ρ= density of air
Window openable
m2 ∆Cpi=pressure difference across the opening
area
Living 1.185
Dining 4.884
Kitchen 3.465
Stair cutout 9.533
Ventilation for Thermal comfort | Window opening calculations

First floor

Space Discharg Wind Press Coeff Press Coeff Delta

Area of Opening Flow Rate e Coeff Speed Windward Leeward Cp ACH ACS
m2 m3/s m/s ACH ACS
A q Cd U /hr /s
Bedroom 2 FF 1.91 0.24 0.35 0.54 0.25 -0.6 0.85 15.00 0.004 Wind from South east going out from west
Bedroom 3 FF 7.89 0.24 0.35 0.54 0.25 0.2 0.05 15.00 0.004 Wind from South east going out from East
Window openable
area
Bedroom 2 FF 0.957
Bedroom 3 FF 3.946
Stair cutout 4.903

Second floor

Space Discharge Wind Press Coeff Press Coeff

Area of Opening Flow Rate Coeff Speed Windward Leeward Delta Cp ACH ACS
m2 m3/s m/s ACH ACS
A q Cd U /hr /s
Bedroom 4 SF 1.97 0.27 0.35 0.60 0.25 -0.6 0.05 15.00 0.004 Wind from South east going out from West
Study SF 1.21 0.17 0.35 0.60 0.25 -0.6 0.85 15.00 0.004 Wind from South east going out from West
Window openable area
Bedroom 4 SF 0.985
Study 0.607
Stair cutout 1.59
CFD | Summer month
A wind flow assessment is done in the
With an open roof area Summer month for a typical wind
direction from SouthEast to North West.
This is done to understand the flow
patterns and turbulence of wind in the
design.
It is observed that an opening on the
roof increases the turbulence and
short-circuiting of Air flow in the stair
core. Thus, it is recommended to close
the roof opening to maintain pressure
inside the core and direct the wind flow
through the Room windows.
CFD | Summer month

With covered roof area

Comfort and Energy Comparisons
Thermal Comfort Assessment | Natural Ventilation mode
The Average conditions inside the house are evaluated to understand the Annual comfort hours assessment with three modes of operation, i.e. Natrually ventilated, Evaporatively
Cooled, and Hybrid of AC, Evap, and NV.
These simulations are used to derive the optimum operating schedule for switch over in modes to maximize comfort and minimize energy consumption.

Average Conditions in Bedrooms

Annual Hours Day time Hours Nigh time Hours

% OF
HOURS % OF HOURS (Occupied
% OF HOURS (Occupied hours IN THE YEAR) - 7pm
(TOTAL IN
hours IN THE YEAR) - 9am Condition to 12am
No. Condition THE YEAR)
Condition to 7pm Cold &
1 Cold & Humid 18.5% 1624.0
1 Cold & Humid 5.5% 219.0 1 Humid 10.0% 220.00
2 Cold 5.4% 470.0 2 Cold 1.1% 46.0 2 Cold 3.8% 83.00
3 Cold & Dry 1.1% 99.0 3 Cold & Dry 0.5% 22.0 3 Cold & Dry 1.0% 22.00
4 Humid 22.0% 1926.0 4 Humid 19.8% 796.0 4 Humid 27.5% 603.00
5 Comfortable 22.1% 1932.0 5 Comfortable 21.5% 864.0 5 Comfortable 27.1% 593.00
6 Dry 4.7% 412.0 6 Dry 5.5% 222.0 6 Dry 2.7% 118.00
7 Hot & Humid 0.8% 67.0 7 Hot & Humid 1.5% 62.0 Hot &
8 Hot 11.8% 1033.0 8 Hot 20.3% 816.0 7 Humid 0.2% 10.00
9 Hot & Dry 13.7% 1197.0 9 Hot & Dry 24.1% 968.0 8 Hot 5.4% 235.00
9 Hot & Dry 7.0% 306.00
Thermal Comfort Assessment | Evaporative cooling mode

Average Conditions in Bedrooms

Days JAN
JAN
JAN
01-00
JAN
02-00
JAN
03-00
JAN
04-00
JAN
05-00
JAN
06-00
JAN
07-00
JAN
08-00
JAN
09-00
JAN
10-00
JAN
11-00
JAN
12-00
JAN
13-00
JAN
14-00
JAN
15-00
JAN
16-00
JAN
17-00
JAN
18-00
JAN
19-00
JAN
20-00
JAN
21-00
JAN
22-00
JAN
23-00
JAN
24-00
JAN
25-00
JAN
26-00
JAN
27-00
JAN
28-00
JAN
29-00
FEB
30-00
FEB
31-00
FEB
01-00
FEB
02-00
FEB
03-00
FEB
04-00
FEB
05-00
FEB
06-00
FEB
07-00
FEB
08-00
FEB
09-00
FEB
10-00
FEB
11-00
FEB
12-00
FEB
13-00
FEB
14-00
FEB
15-00
FEB
16-00
FEB
17-00
FEB
18-00
FEB
19-00
FEB
20-00
FEB
21-00
FEB
22-00
FEB
23-00
FEB
24-00
FEB
25-00
FEB
26-00
MAR
27-00
MAR
28-00
MAR
01-00
MAR
02-00
MAR
03-00
MAR
04-00
MAR
05-00
MAR
06-00
MAR
07-00
MAR
08-00
MAR
09-00
MAR
10-00
MAR
11-00
MAR
12-00
MAR
13-00
MAR
14-00
MAR
15-00
MAR
16-00
MAR
17-00
MAR
18-00
MAR
19-00
MAR
20-00
MAR
21-00
MAR
22-00
MAR
23-00
MAR
24-00
MAR
25-00
MAR
26-00
MAR
27-00
MAR
28-00
MAR
29-00
APR
30-00
APR
31-00
APR
01-00
APR
02-00
APR
03-00
APR
04-00
APR
05-00
APR
06-00
APR
07-00
APR
08-00
APR
09-00
APR
10-00
APR
11-00
APR
12-00
APR
13-00
APR
14-00
APR
15-00
APR
16-00
APR
17-00
APR
18-00
APR
19-00
APR
20-00
APR
21-00
APR
22-00
APR
23-00
APR
24-00
APR
25-00
APR
26-00
APR
27-00
APR
28-00
MAY
29-00
MAY
30-00
MAY
01-00
MAY
02-00
MAY
03-00
MAY
04-00
MAY
05-00
MAY
06-00
MAY
07-00
MAY
08-00
MAY
09-00
MAY
10-00
MAY
11-00
MAY
12-00
MAY
13-00
MAY
14-00
MAY
15-00
MAY
16-00
MAY
17-00
MAY
18-00
MAY
19-00
MAY
20-00
MAY
21-00
MAY
22-00
MAY
23-00
MAY
24-00
MAY
25-00
MAY
26-00
MAY
27-00
MAY
28-00
MAY
29-00
JUN
30-00
JUN
31-00
JUN
01-00
JUN
02-00
JUN
03-00
JUN
04-00
JUN
05-00
JUN
06-00
JUN
07-00
JUN
08-00
JUN
09-00
JUN
10-00
JUN
11-00
JUN
12-00
JUN
13-00
JUN
14-00
JUN
15-00
JUN
16-00
JUN
17-00
JUN
18-00
JUN
19-00
JUN
20-00
JUN
21-00
JUN
22-00
JUN
23-00
JUN
24-00
JUN
25-00
JUN
26-00
JUN
27-00
JUN
28-00
JUL
29-00
JUL
30-00
01-00
JUL
02-00
JUL
03-00
JUL
04-00
JUL
05-00
JUL
06-00
JUL
07-00
JUL
08-00
JUL
09-00
JUL
10-00
JUL
11-00
JUL
12-00
JUL
13-00
JUL
14-00
JUL
15-00
JUL
16-00
JUL
17-00
JUL
18-00
JUL
19-00
JUL
20-00
JUL
21-00
JUL
22-00
JUL
23-00
JUL
24-00
JUL
25-00
JUL
26-00
JUL
27-00
JUL
28-00
JUL
29-00
JUL
30-00
AUG
31-00
AUG
AUG
01-00
AUG
02-00
AUG
03-00
AUG
04-00
AUG
05-00
AUG
06-00
AUG
07-00
AUG
08-00
AUG
09-00
AUG
10-00
AUG
11-00
AUG
12-00
AUG
13-00
AUG
14-00
AUG
15-00
AUG
16-00
AUG
17-00
AUG
18-00
AUG
19-00
AUG
20-00
AUG
21-00
AUG
22-00
AUG
23-00
AUG
24-00
AUG
25-00
AUG
26-00
AUG
27-00
AUG
28-00
AUG
29-00
SEP
30-00
SEP
31-00
01-00
SEP
02-00
SEP
03-00
SEP
04-00
SEP
05-00
SEP
06-00
SEP
07-00
SEP
08-00
SEP
09-00
SEP
10-00
SEP
11-00
SEP
12-00
SEP
13-00
SEP
14-00
SEP
15-00
SEP
16-00
SEP
17-00
SEP
18-00
SEP
19-00
SEP
20-00
SEP
21-00
SEP
22-00
SEP
23-00
SEP
24-00
SEP
25-00
SEP
26-00
SEP
27-00
SEP
28-00
SEP
29-00
OCT
30-00
OCT
OCT
01-00
OCT
02-00
OCT
03-00
OCT
04-00
OCT
05-00
OCT
06-00
OCT
07-00
OCT
08-00
OCT
09-00
OCT
10-00
OCT
11-00
OCT
12-00
OCT
13-00
OCT
14-00
OCT
15-00
OCT
16-00
OCT
17-00
OCT
18-00
OCT
19-00
OCT
20-00
OCT
21-00
OCT
22-00
OCT
23-00
OCT
24-00
OCT
25-00
OCT
26-00
OCT
27-00
OCT
28-00
OCT
29-00
NOV
30-00
NOV
31-00
NOV
01-00
NOV
02-00
NOV
03-00
NOV
04-00
NOV
05-00
NOV
06-00
NOV
07-00
NOV
08-00
NOV
09-00
NOV
10-00
NOV
11-00
NOV
12-00
NOV
13-00
NOV
14-00
NOV
15-00
NOV
16-00
NOV
17-00
NOV
18-00
NOV
19-00
NOV
20-00
NOV
21-00
NOV
22-00
NOV
23-00
NOV
24-00
NOV
25-00
NOV
26-00
NOV
27-00
NOV
28-00
DEC
29-00
DEC
30-00
DEC
01-00
DEC
02-00
DEC
03-00
DEC
04-00
DEC
05-00
DEC
06-00
DEC
07-00
DEC
08-00
DEC
09-00
DEC
10-00
DEC
11-00
DEC
12-00
DEC
13-00
DEC
14-00
DEC
15-00
DEC
16-00
DEC
17-00
DEC
18-00
DEC
19-00
DEC
20-00
DEC
21-00
DEC
22-00
DEC
23-00
DEC
24-00
DEC
25-00
DEC
26-00
DEC
27-00
DEC
28-00
DEC
29-00
30-00
30-01
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
0
Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Annual Hours Day time Nigh time

% OF HOURS (TOTAL % OF HOURS (Occupied hours IN THE % OF HOURS (Occupied hours IN THE YEAR) -
No. Condition IN THE YEAR) Condition YEAR) - 9am to 7pm No. Condition 7pm to 12am
1 Cold & Humid 16.9% 1483.0 1 Cold & Humid 5.2% 209.0 1 Cold & Humid 8.8% 192.00
2 Cold 6.2% 544.0 2 Cold 2.1% 86.0 2 Cold 4.5% 99.00
3 Cold & Dry 3.1% 269.0 3 Cold & Dry 2.8% 113.0 3 Cold & Dry 3.0% 65.00
4 Humid 25.2% 2207.0 4 Humid 23.2% 932.0 4 Humid 29.7% 651.00
5 Comfortable 35.2% 3087.0 5 Comfortable 41.3% 1658.0 5 Comfortable 43.0% 941.00
6 Dry 7.6% 668.0 6 Dry 13.7% 551.0 6 Dry 3.9% 170.00
7 Hot & Humid 0.6% 52.0 7 Hot & Humid 1.3% 51.0 7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 2.00
8 Hot 3.5% 309.0 8 Hot 6.8% 274.0 8 Hot 1.4% 62.00
9 Hot & Dry 1.6% 141.0 9 Hot & Dry 3.5% 141.0 9 Hot & Dry 0.2% 8.00
Thermal Comfort Assessment | Evap with NV
Based on the individual modes of
Mode of operation – Evaporative cooling ‘ON’ at 1, and NV ‘ON’ at 0. Operation with NV and Evap mode, a
logic was defined to obtain the most
optimum operational logic for
switching between the modes. It was
established that if the condition is
Total operating
Comfortable or Cooler than that, then
hours = 32%
Building should only run on Natural
(annually)
ventilation.
If the condition is dry or above to Hot
and Dry, only then the Evap mode will
be switched on.
Thus, a final operational schedule and
comfort assessment is made on the
Comfort Assessment Naturally ventilated Comfort Model.
Days JAN
JAN
JAN
01-00
JAN
02-00
JAN
03-00
JAN
04-00
JAN
05-00
JAN
06-00
JAN
07-00
JAN
08-00
JAN
09-00
JAN
10-00
JAN
11-00
JAN
12-00
JAN
13-00
JAN
14-00
JAN
15-00
JAN
16-00
JAN
17-00
JAN
18-00
JAN
19-00
JAN
20-00
JAN
21-00
JAN
22-00
JAN
23-00
JAN
24-00
JAN
25-00
JAN
26-00
JAN
27-00
JAN
28-00
JAN
29-00
FEB
30-00
FEB
31-00
FEB
01-00
FEB
02-00
FEB
03-00
FEB
04-00
FEB
05-00
FEB
06-00
FEB
07-00
FEB
08-00
FEB
09-00
FEB
10-00
FEB
11-00
FEB
12-00
FEB
13-00
FEB
14-00
FEB
15-00
FEB
16-00
FEB
17-00
FEB
18-00
FEB
19-00
FEB
20-00
FEB
21-00
FEB
22-00
FEB
23-00
FEB
24-00
FEB
25-00
FEB
26-00
MAR
27-00
MAR
28-00
MAR
01-00
MAR
02-00
MAR
03-00
MAR
04-00
MAR
05-00
MAR
06-00
MAR
07-00
MAR
08-00
MAR
09-00
MAR
10-00
MAR
11-00
MAR
12-00
MAR
13-00
MAR
14-00
MAR
15-00
MAR
16-00
MAR
17-00
MAR
18-00
MAR
19-00
MAR
20-00
MAR
21-00
MAR
22-00
MAR
23-00
MAR
24-00
MAR
25-00
MAR
26-00
MAR
27-00
MAR
28-00
MAR
29-00
APR
30-00
APR
31-00
APR
01-00
APR
02-00
APR
03-00
APR
04-00
APR
05-00
APR
06-00
APR
07-00
APR
08-00
APR
09-00
APR
10-00
APR
11-00
APR
12-00
APR
13-00
APR
14-00
APR
15-00
APR
16-00
APR
17-00
APR
18-00
APR
19-00
APR
20-00
APR
21-00
APR
22-00
APR
23-00
APR
24-00
APR
25-00
APR
26-00
APR
27-00
APR
28-00
MAY
29-00
MAY
30-00
MAY
01-00
MAY
02-00
MAY
03-00
MAY
04-00
MAY
05-00
MAY
06-00
MAY
07-00
MAY
08-00
MAY
09-00
MAY
10-00
MAY
11-00
MAY
12-00
MAY
13-00
MAY
14-00
MAY
15-00
MAY
16-00
MAY
17-00
MAY
18-00
MAY
19-00
MAY
20-00
MAY
21-00
MAY
22-00
MAY
23-00
MAY
24-00
MAY
25-00
MAY
26-00
MAY
27-00
MAY
28-00
MAY
29-00
JUN
30-00
JUN
31-00
JUN
01-00
JUN
02-00
JUN
03-00
JUN
04-00
JUN
05-00
JUN
06-00
JUN
07-00
JUN
08-00
JUN
09-00
JUN
10-00
JUN
11-00
JUN
12-00
JUN
13-00
JUN
14-00
JUN
15-00
JUN
16-00
JUN
17-00
JUN
18-00
JUN
19-00
JUN
20-00
JUN
21-00
JUN
22-00
JUN
23-00
JUN
24-00
JUN
25-00
JUN
26-00
JUN
27-00
JUN
28-00
JUL
29-00
JUL
30-00
01-00
JUL02-00
JUL03-00
JUL04-00
JUL05-00
JUL06-00
JUL07-00
JUL08-00
JUL09-00
JUL10-00
JUL11-00
JUL12-00
JUL13-00
JUL14-00
JUL15-00
JUL16-00
JUL17-00
JUL18-00
JUL19-00
JUL20-00
JUL21-00
JUL22-00
JUL23-00
JUL24-00
JUL25-00
JUL26-00
JUL27-00
JUL28-00
JUL29-00
JUL30-00
AUG31-00
AUG
AUG
01-00
AUG
02-00
AUG
03-00
AUG
04-00
AUG
05-00
AUG
06-00
AUG
07-00
AUG
08-00
AUG
09-00
AUG
10-00
AUG
11-00
AUG
12-00
AUG
13-00
AUG
14-00
AUG
15-00
AUG
16-00
AUG
17-00
AUG
18-00
AUG
19-00
AUG
20-00
AUG
21-00
AUG
22-00
AUG
23-00
AUG
24-00
AUG
25-00
AUG
26-00
AUG
27-00
AUG
28-00
AUG
29-00
SEP
30-00
SEP
31-00
01-00
SEP
02-00
SEP
03-00
SEP
04-00
SEP
05-00
SEP
06-00
SEP
07-00
SEP
08-00
SEP
09-00
SEP
10-00
SEP
11-00
SEP
12-00
SEP
13-00
SEP
14-00
SEP
15-00
SEP
16-00
SEP
17-00
SEP
18-00
SEP
19-00
SEP
20-00
SEP
21-00
SEP
22-00
SEP
23-00
SEP
24-00
SEP
25-00
SEP
26-00
SEP
27-00
SEP
28-00
SEP
29-00
OCT
30-00
OCT
OCT
01-00
OCT
02-00
OCT
03-00
OCT
04-00
OCT
05-00
OCT
06-00
OCT
07-00
OCT
08-00
OCT
09-00
OCT
10-00
OCT
11-00
OCT
12-00
OCT
13-00
OCT
14-00
OCT
15-00
OCT
16-00
OCT
17-00
OCT
18-00
OCT
19-00
OCT
20-00
OCT
21-00
OCT
22-00
OCT
23-00
OCT
24-00
OCT
25-00
OCT
26-00
OCT
27-00
OCT
28-00
OCT
29-00
NOV
30-00
NOV
31-00
NOV
01-00
NOV
02-00
NOV
03-00
NOV
04-00
NOV
05-00
NOV
06-00
NOV
07-00
NOV
08-00
NOV
09-00
NOV
10-00
NOV
11-00
NOV
12-00
NOV
13-00
NOV
14-00
NOV
15-00
NOV
16-00
NOV
17-00
NOV
18-00
NOV
19-00
NOV
20-00
NOV
21-00
NOV
22-00
NOV
23-00
NOV
24-00
NOV
25-00
NOV
26-00
NOV
27-00
NOV
28-00
DEC
29-00
DEC
30-00
DEC
01-00
DEC
02-00
DEC
03-00
DEC
04-00
DEC
05-00
DEC
06-00
DEC
07-00
DEC
08-00
DEC
09-00
DEC
10-00
DEC
11-00
DEC
12-00
DEC
13-00
DEC
14-00
DEC
15-00
DEC
16-00
DEC
17-00
DEC
18-00
DEC
19-00
DEC
20-00
DEC
21-00
DEC
22-00
DEC
23-00
DEC
24-00
DEC
25-00
DEC
26-00
DEC
27-00
DEC
28-00
DEC
29-00
30-00
30-01
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Comfort on IMAC – NV band
12
13
14
15
16
40
17
18
19
20
21
22
35
23
0
0
Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

% OF HOURS 30
(TOTAL IN THE % OF HOURS (Occupied hours IN % OF HOURS (Occupied hours IN
No. Condition YEAR) Condition THE YEAR) - 9am to 7pm No. Condition THE YEAR) - 7pm to 12am
1 Cold & Humid 16.9% 1483.0 1 Cold & Humid 5.2% 209.0 1 Cold & Humid 8.8% 192.00 25
2 Cold 6.2% 544.0 2 Cold 2.1% 86.0 2 Cold 4.5% 99.00
3 Cold & Dry 3.1% 269.0 3 Cold & Dry 2.8% 113.0 3 Cold & Dry 3.0% 65.00 20
4 Humid 25.2% 2207.0 4 Humid 23.2% 932.0 4 Humid 29.7% 651.00
5 Comfortable 35.2% 3087.0 5 Comfortable 41.3% 1658.0 5 Comfortable 43.0% 941.00
6 Dry 7.6% 668.0 6 Dry 13.7% 551.0 6 Dry 3.9% 170.00 15

3862

7723
352
703
1054
1405
1756
2107
2458
2809
3160
3511

4213
4564
4915
5266
5617
5968
6319
6670
7021
7372

8074
8425
7 Hot & Humid 0.6% 52.0 7 Hot & Humid 1.3% 51.0 7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 2.00
8 Hot 3.5% 309.0 8 Hot 6.8% 274.0 8 Hot 1.4% 62.00
9 Hot & Dry 1.6% 141.0 9 Hot & Dry 3.5% 141.0 9 Hot & Dry 0.2% 8.00
Thermal Comfort Assessment | Air-conditioned building

Parallelly, the building

was also assessed on
the Air-conditioned
mode, where all
bedrooms are
considered air-
conditioned.
Annual Hours Day time Nigh time The energy
consumption and
% OF HOURS
No (TOTAL IN THE % OF HOURS (Occupied hours % OF HOURS (Occupied hours IN comfort assessment for
Condition IN THE YEAR) - 9am to 7pm No. Condition THE YEAR) - 7pm to 12am Air-conditioned mode
. Condition YEAR)
Cold &
1 Cold & Humid 0.1% 6.0
1 Cold & Humid 0.0% 0.0 1 Humid 0.0% 0.00
iteration is also
2 Cold 0.1% 7.0 2 Cold 0.0% 0.00 assessed.
2 Cold 0.0% 0.0
3 Cold & Dry 0.0% 2.0 3 Cold & Dry 0.0% 0.0 3 Cold & Dry 0.0% 0.00 The comfort hours are
4 Humid 6.9% 601.0 4 Humid 7.1% 287.0 4 Humid 2.9% 64.00
5 Comfortable 85.5% 7489.0 5 Comfortable 92.7% 2031.00
now assessed on the
5 Comfortable 78.9% 3168.0
6 Dry 4.2% 368.0 6 Dry 6.8% 273.0 6 Dry 2.2% 95.00 MIXED MODE comfort
7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 0.0 7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 0.0 7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 0.00 model. The previous
8 Hot 1.4% 126.0 8 Hot 3.1% 126.0 8 Hot 0.0% 0.00 assessment of
9 Hot & Dry 1.8% 161.0 9 Hot & Dry 4.0% 161.0 9 Hot & Dry 0.0% 0.00
Evaporative cooling was
assessed on the
NATURAL VENTILATION
model.
Thermal Comfort Assessment | Hybrid mode – AC + Evap + NV
Based on the individual modes of
Mode of operation – Air conditioner ‘ON’ at 2, Evaporative cooling ‘ON’ at 1, and NV ‘ON’ at 0. Operation with NV, Evap, and AC
mode, a logic was defined to obtain
Total operating the most optimum operational logic
hours for switching between the modes.
AC = 44% It was established that if the
Evap = 20% condition is Comfortable or Cooler
NV = 36% than that, then Building should only
run on Natural ventilation.
For Dry, Hot and Dry periods,
Evaporative Cooling will switch on.

If the condition is Hot beyond the

Evap operation or if the condition is
Humid (only in summer and
monsoon months) only then the
AC will be switched on.

Thus, a final operational schedule

% OF HOURS (Occupied
% OF HOURS
hours IN THE YEAR) - 9am to
% OF HOURS (Occupied hours IN and comfort assessment is made on
(TOTAL IN THE No. Condition THE YEAR) - 7pm to 12am
No. Condition YEAR) Condition 7pm the Mixed Mode Comfort Model.
Cold & 1 Cold & Humid 0.3% 7.00
1 Cold & Humid 2.1% 188.0
1 Humid 0.4% 16.0 2 Cold 0.3% 7.00
2 Cold 1.1% 100.0
2 Cold 0.2% 9.0 3 Cold & Dry 1.0% 21.00
3 Cold & Dry 1.2% 102.0 3 Cold & Dry 0.9% 38.0 4 Humid 12.4% 272.00
4 Humid 15.7% 1374.0 4 Humid 12.0% 482.0
5 Comfortable 69.1% 6052.0 5 Comfortable 77.8% 1703.00
5 Comfortable 67.7% 2720.0
6 Dry 8.1% 710.0 6 Dry 4.1% 180.00
6 Dry 12.9% 516.0
7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 0.0 7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 0.0 7 Hot & Humid 0.0% 0.00
8 Hot 1.3% 111.0 8 Hot 2.8% 111.0 8 Hot 0.0% 0.00
9 Hot & Dry 1.4% 123.0 9 Hot & Dry 3.1% 123.0 9 Hot & Dry 0.0% 0.00
Hourly Cooling energy Consumption| Comparison of Operational Modes

Evap + NV Building-
Total cooling energy = 4100 kWh

AC Building-
Total cooling energy = 12,768 kWh

Hybrid Building-
Total cooling energy = 10,565 kWh
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