PLUMBING ARITHMETIC - ELEMENTS 23.

Book Value – is the worth of the property as

reflected in the book records of the company.
1. Absolute Pressure – is the pressure measure 24. Boundary – is a border that encloses a space
above absolute zero. or an area. The distance around the boundary
2. Acceleration – is the change of velocity per is called as perimeter.
unit time. 25. Boyle’s Law – if the temperature remains
3. Acute Angle – angle less than 90 degrees. constant the product of the pressure and
4. Altitude – is the shortest distance from top volume is constant.
(vertex) to its opposite side (base). 26. Break-even Analysis – refers to the situation
5. Angle of Depression – is the angle below the where the sales generated (income) is just
horizontal plane of the observer. enough to cover the fixed and variable cost
6. Angle of Elevation – is the angle above the (expenses). The level of production where the
horizontal plane of the observer. total income is equal to the total expenses is
7. Annuity – is defined as a series of equal known as break-even point.
payments occurring at equal interval of time. 27. Capital Gain – an incease in the value of a
8. Annuity Due – is a type of annuity where the capital asset.
payments are made the beginning of each 28. Capitalized Cost – is a cost of a property
period stating from the first period. refers to the sum of its first cost and the cost of
9. Apothem – the perpendicular distance from perpetual maintenance.
the center of polygon to its sides. 29. Centroid – is the point of intersection of all
10. Archimedes’ Principle – when a body is three medians of triangle.
immersed (partially or fully) in a fluid, it is 30. Chairman of the Board – highest position in
subjected to an upward force (buoyant force) the corporation.
which is equal to the weight of the fluid 31. Charles’ Law – if the volume of a confined
displaced. gas is constant, the pressure is directly
11. Area – the number of unit squares of a plane proportional to the absolute temperature.
figure. 32. Chiliagon – polygon with 1,000 sides.
12. Arithmetic Mean – is the number or quantity 33. Chord – a line segment on the interior of a
between two terms of an arithmetic series. circle with both its endpoints lying on the
13. Arithmetic Progression – is a series of circle.
numbers having a common difference. 34. Circle – is a locus of points which moves that
14. Asset – work in process. it is always equidistant to a fixed point called
15. Asymptote – line that a graph gets closer and Center. The constant distance is known as
closer to, but never touches or crosses it. Radius.
16. Atmospheric or Barometric Pressure – it is 35. Circle – the set of all points in a plane that are
the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on a fixed distance, the radius, from a fixed point,
every surface with which it comes in a contact the center.
and is measured by a barometer. 36. Circumference – distance around a circle or a
17. Axioms or Postulates – statements that close curve.
assume to be true. 37. Collinear – falling on the same line.
18. Bank Note – the paper currency issued by the 38. Common Multiple – is number that is a
Central Bank which forms part of the multiple of two or more numbers.
country’s money supply. 39. Competition – is a form of market structure
19. Bid Bulletin – additional information of where the number of suppliers is used to
prospective bidders on contract documents determine the type of the market.
issued prior to bidding date. 40. Complementary Angle – angles whose sum is
20. Bilateral Monopoly – one seller and one 90°.
buyer. 41. Complex Number – number that is
21. Bilateral Oligopoly – few sellers and few expressible in the form of “a+bi”.
buyers. 42. Composite Number – is any positive integer
22. Bonds – is a long term note or a financial that is not 1 and is not a prime number.
security issued by businesses or corporation 43. Compound Interest – is defined as the
and guaranteed on a certain assets of the interest of loan or principal which is based not
corporation or its subsidiaries. Bonds are only on the original amount of the loan or
repayable on maturity and bear a fixed principal but the amount of the loan or
nominal rate of interest. Bond rate refers to the principal plus the previous accumulated
rate of interest that is quoted in the bond. Bond interest. This means that the interest charges
values is the present worth of the future grow exponentially over a period of time.
payments that will be received. 44. Concave – is the curved inward.
 45. Concurrent Lines – more than three lines present worth. It also refers to the sale of stock
having a common point. or share at reduced price. It may refer to the
46. Congruent Angles – are angles that have the deduction from the published price of services
same measure. or goods.
47. Conics – plane figures having second – degree 68. Displacement – is the change in position
equations. specified by a length and a direction.
48. Constant – is a symbol that represents just one 69. Dodecagon – polygon with 12 sides.
object. 70. Dodecahedron – a polyhedron with twelve
49. Consumer Goods and Services – refer to the faces.
products or services that are directly used by 71. Duopoly – two sellers and many buyers.
people to satisfy their wants. 72. Duopsony – many sellers and two buyers.
50. Converging Lines – if a number of lines meet 73. Dynamics or Kinetics – deals with bodies in
at a single point. motion under the action of forces.
51. Converse – the statement obtained by 74. Economic Life – the length of time which the
interchanging the hypothesis and conclusion of property maybe operated at a profit.
if – then statement. 75. Economics – is a science which deals with the
52. Convex – is the curved outward. attainment of the maximum fulfilment of
53. Coplanar – falling on the same plane. society’s unlimited demands for goods and
54. Corollary – a theorem that follows easily from service.
another. 76. Ellipse – is locus of points which moves so
55. Corporation – is a firm owned by a group of that the sum of its distanced from two fixed
ordinary shareholders and the capital of which points called foci is equal to the length of
is divided up to the number of shares. It is also major axis 2a.
defined as a district entity separate from the 77. Ellipse – the set of all points P in the plane
individuals who owns it and can be engage in such that the sum of the distances from P to
any business transaction which a real person two fixed points is a given constant. Each
could do. This is sometimes known as joint- fixed points is called a focus of the ellipse. The
stock company or a cooperative. mid – point of the ellipse is the midpoint of the
56. Coupon Bond – bond to which are attached segment joining its foci. Its major axis is the
coupons indicating the interest due and the chord passing through its foci. Its minor axis is
date when such interest is to e paid. the chord containing the center and
57. Current Assets – liquid assets such as cash perpendicular to the major axis.
and other assets that can be converted quickly 78. Energy Equation (Bernoulli’s Equation) –
into cash, such as accounts receivable and the energy of the following fluid per unit time
merchandise. passing any upstream is the same as the energy
58. Decagon – polygon with 10 sides. per unit time passing any downstream section
59. Decahedron – a polyhedron with ten faces. plus the loss of head between section.
60. Declining Balance Method – also known as 79. Engineering Economy – is the branch of
Diminishing Balance Method or Constant economics which deals with the application of
Percentage Method. It cannot have a salvage economic laws and theories involving
value of zero. engineering and technical projects or
61. Deferred Annuity – is the one where the first equipments.
payment does not begin until some later date in 80. Escalatory Clause – the provision in the
the cash flow. contract that indicates the possible adjustment
62. Deflation – reduction in the level of national of material cost and labor cost.
income and output usually accompanied by the 81. Exact Simple Interest – is based on the exact
fall in the general price level. number of days in a given year. An ordinary
63. Demand – the want or desire or need for a year has 365 days while a leap year (which
product using money to purchase it. occurs once every 4 years) has 366 days.
64. Depletion – the lessening of the value of an 82. Exponent – the power to which a number is
asset due to the decrease in the quantity raised is indicated by a small superior figure.
available preferring to the natural resources. 83. Fair Value – is the worth of the property
65. Depreciation Recovery – the present worth of determined by a disinterested person in order
all depreciation over the economic life of the to establish an amount which is fair to both the
item. buyer and the seller.
66. Diagonal – a line that joins two 84. Fluid Pressure – t4he average pressure
nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon. intensity is defined as the force exerted on a
67. Discount – refers to the difference between the unit area.
future worth of a negotiable paper and its
85. Friction – is defined as the limited amount of 108. Kinetic Energy – is known as energy in
resistance to sliding between the surfaces of motion.
two bodies in contact. 109. Law of Conservation of Energy – energy can
86. Frictional Force – force acting on the body neither be created nor destroyed, but it merely
whenever it moves while in contact with changes from one form to another.
another body. This force always opposes the 110. Law of Supply and Demand – “when free
direction of the motion. The frictional force is competition exists, the price of the product will
proportional to the normal force and is directed be that value where supply is equal to the
parallel to the surface. demand”.
87. Geometric Mean – is the number or quantity 111. Line Segment – is the part of a line consisting
between two terms of a geometric series. of two endpoints and all points between them.
88. Geometric Progression – is a series of 112. Linear Equation – equation with n variables
numbers having a common ratio. is a polynomial of degree 1 describing a
89. Gratuitous – kind of obligation which has no geometric shape in n – shape.
condition attached. 113. Luxuries – these are products or services that
90. Gross Margin – gross profit, sale less cost of are desired by human and will be purchase if
goods sold, as a percentage of sales. money is available after the required
91. Harmonic Progression – a series of numbers necessities have been obtain.
in which their reciprocals from an arithmetic 114. Luxury – are those products that have an
progression. income elasticity of demand greater than one.
92. Heptagon – polygon with 7 sides. This implies that as income increases, more
93. Hexagon – polygon with 6 sides. income will be spent on these products.
94. Histogram – a type of bar graph used to Examples are appliances, entertainment,
supply data. vacations, etc.
95. Hyperbola – is locus of points which moves 115. Market – is the place where the vendors or
that the difference of its distances from two sellers and vendees or the buyers.
fixed point called the Foci is equal to the 116. Market Value – is the amount a willing buyer
length of transverse axis 2a. will pay to willing seller for a property where
96. Hyperbola – the set of all points P in the plane each has equal advantage and neither one of
such that the difference of the distances from P them is under a compulsion to buy or sell.
to two fixed points is a given constant. Each of 117. Mass – is the quantitative measure of the
the fixed points is a focus. amount of matter in a given body.
97. Icosagon – polygon with 20 sides. 118. Mechanics – is the oldest branch of physical
98. Imaginary Number – are numbers that science which deals with the state of rest or
contains imaginary “i”. motion of bodies under the action of forces.
99. Impulse – is the product of the force and the 119. Momentum – is the product of the mass of the
time during which it acts. Impulse is equal to body and velocity of a body.
the change in momentum. 120. Monopoly – one seller and many buyers.
100. Index – the n in the notation n√a. 121. Necessities – these are products or services
101. Inertia – is the property of the body by virtue that are required to support human life and
of which a resultant force is required to change activities that will be purchased in somewhat
its motion. the same quantity even though the price varies
102. Infinite Geometric Progression – if n considerably.
approaches infinity. 122. Newton’s First Law – Law of inertia. There is
103. Instantaneous Acceleration – is the time rate no change in the motion of a body unless an
of change of velocity. unbalanced external force is acting upon it.
104. Investment – grand total of the assets and 123. Newton’s Second Law – Law of acceleration.
operational capability of a corporation. Whenever a net (resultant) force acts on a
105.Irrational Numbers – numbers that cannot be body, it produces acceleration in the direction
expressed as a fraction of two integers. Non – of the resultant force that is directly
terminating, non – repeating decimals. Ex. √7, proportional to the resultant force and
π, e, etc. inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
106. Isosceles Triangle – a triangle in which only 124. Newton’s Third Law – Law of reaction. For
two sides are equal while the third side is every force that acts on one body there is a
different. second force equal in magnitude but opposite
107. Kinematics – refers to the study of motion in direction that acts upon another body.
without reference to the forces which causes 125. Nominal Rate of Interest – is defined as the
the motion. basic annual rate of interest while effective
rate of interest is defined as the actual or the
 exact rate of interest earned on the principal Terminating decimals. Non – terminating,
during 1 year period. repeating decimals. Ex. 3, 2/3, 1/3, 4/7 etc.
126. Nonagon – polygon with 9 sides. 153.Real Numbers – is any number that can be
127. Norm – the length or magnitude of a vector. represented by a decimal.
128. Obtuse Angle – angle more than 90° but less 154.
than 180°. 155. Right Angle – angle equal to 90°.
129. Octagon – polygon with 8 sides. 156. Right Isosceles Triangle – a triangle whose
130. Oligopsony – many sellers and few buyers. two equal sides are perpendicular to each
131. Ordinary Simple Interest – is based on one other.
banker’s year. 1 banker year = 12 months of 30 157. Roman Numerals – a numeral system used by
days each. the ancient romans.
132. Parabola – is a locus of points which moves 158. Root – factor repeated to produce a power.
that is always equidistant to a fixed point 159. Salvage Value – is the amount obtained from
called Focus and a fixed line called Directrix. the sale of the property. This is also known as
133. Parallel Lines – lines that have the same slope resale value. Salvage value implies that the
or the same angle of inclination. property will still be use for the purpose it is
134. Parallelogram – a quadrilateral whose intended.
opposite sides are equal in length and parallel. 160. Scalar Quantities – are quantities whose
135. Partnership – is a firmed owned and measurement is specified by magnitude only.
controlled by two or more persons who are
bind to a partnership agreement.
136. Pentagon – polygon with 5 sides. 161. Simple Interest – is defined as the interest on
137. Perfect Competition – a market situation a loan or principal that is based only on the
wherein a given product is supplied by a very original amount of the loan or principal.
large number of vendors and there is no 162. Slope – measure of steepness of a line.
restriction of any additional vendor from 163. Sole Proprietorship – considered as the
entering the market. simplest type of business organization where
138. Plane Angle – consist of two intersecting lines in the firm is owned and controlled by a single
and intersecting point known as vertex. person.
139. Polygon – a plane closed curved separated by 164. Specific Volume – is the volume per unit
broken lines. mass. It is reciprocal of the mass density.
140. Potential Energy – is known as energy of 165. Speed – is the distance per unit time.
position or configuration. 166. Statics – deals with bodies in the state of rest.
141. Prime Cost – Direct labor cost incurred in the 167. Sum of Years Digits Method – commonly
factory and direct material costs are the costs known as SYD Method.
of all material that go into production. 168. Supply – the amount of goods or products that
142.Prime Number – integer greater than 1 that is are available for sale by the suppliers.
divisible only by 1 and itself. Ex. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 169. Surd – is an irrational radical numbers.
13, 17… 170. Tangent – is a point a distance r from the
143. Producer Goods and Services – are those that origin on the terminal side of an angle θ in
are used to produce the consumer goods and standard position.
services. 171. Theorems – assertions to be proved.
144. Quadratic Equation – second degree 172. Trapezoid – a quadrilateral whose two sides
equation, general equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0. parallel.
145. Quadrilateral – polygon with 4 sides. 173. Triangle – polygon with 3 sides.
146. Radian – is a unit used for measuring angles. 174. Uniformly Accelerated – is defined as the
1 radian is equal to the angle subtended by the motion in a straight line in which the direction
center of the circle by an arc on the is always the same and the speed changes at a
circumference which is equal to the radius. constant rate.
147. Radical Expression – expressions such a √x. 175. Use Value – is the amount of the property
148.Radical Numbers – numbers that involved which the owner believed to be its worth as an
radical signs. Ex. √5, √7, √11. operating unit.
149. Radical Sign – the symbol √. 176. Utility – refers to the satisfaction or pleasure
150. Radicand – the number under the radical sign. derived from the consumer goods and services.
151. Rate of interest – is the cost of borrowing This also means the power to satisfy human
money. Also refers to the amount earned by a want and needs.
unit principal per unit time. 177. Value – is the money worth of an asset or
152.Rational Numbers – numbers that can be product. It also refers to the present worth of
expressed as a fraction of two integers.
 all future profits that are to be received through
ownership of a particular property.
178.Variable – is a symbol that represents an
unspecified member of the set.
179. Vector Quantities – are quantities whose
measurement is specified by magnitude and
direction.
180. Vertical Angle – two angles having the same
vertex and the side of one is the prolongation
of the side of the other.
181. Weight – is the resultant gravitational force
acting on the body due to all other bodies in
space. It is always a vertical force acting
downward.
182. Work – is the product of force and the
displacement in the direction of the force.
183. Working Capital – those funds that are
required to make the enterprise or project a
going concern.

PLUMBING ARITHMETIC
 d. Specific Volume
10. The opposite side to the right angle of right
1. Parallelogram with four equal sides. triangle and is given with a distance c.
a. Rhombus a. Tangent
b. Rectangle b. Adjacent
c. Pentagon c. Opposite
d. Triangle d. Hypotenuse
2. Also known as Relative Density is the ratio of 11. Consists of the actual counting or
the density or specific weight of a substance to determination of the actual quantity of the
the density or specific weight of some other materials on hand as of a given date.
standard substance. a. Material Update
a. Density b. Physical Inventory
b. Volume c. Material Count
c. Pressure d. Technological Assessment
d. Specific Gravity 12. An index of short term paying ability.
3. Polygon with 11 sides. a. Receivable Turn Over
a. Dodecagon b. Profit Margin Ratio
b. Icosagon c. Current Ratio
c. Undecagon d. Acid Test Ratio
d. Octagon 13. For any triangles, if an angle of one triangle is
4. Is a type of annuity where the payments are congruent to an angle of the other and if the
made the end of each period beginning on the two sides of one triangle are proportional to
first period? two sides of the other.
a. Ordinary Annuity a. Complementary Triangle
b. Deferred Annuity b. Supplementary Triangle
c. Annuity Due c. Similar Triangle
d. Perpetuity d. Dissimilar Triangle
5. Two nonparallel lines in space that do not 14. An angle always inscribe in a semi-circle.
intersect. a. 90 degrees
a. Parallel Line b. 60 degrees
b. Perpendicular Line c. 45 degrees
c. Skew Line d. 180 degrees
d. Collinear 15. Branch of mathematics that deals in
6. Is a triangle whose three sides are equal? representing numbers through variables. Also
a. Scalene Triangle deals with symbols, relations, functions and
b. Equilateral Triangle equations.
c. Right Triangle a. Arithmetic
d. Obtuse Triangle b. Algebra
7. Is a branch of mathematics dealing with c. Trigonometry
integers and more generally, numeral d. Calculus
computation? 16. Angles whose sum is 180°.
a. Arithmetic a. Complementary Angle
b. Algebra b. Supplementary Angle
c. Trigonometry c. Reflex Angle
d. Calculus d. Acute Angle
8. Market situation where there are few sellers 17. Is the weight per unit volume?
and many buyers. a. Specific Gravity
a. Oligopoly b. Specific Weight
b. Monopsony c. Density
c. Monopoly d. Specific Volume
d. Duopoly 18. Polygon with 10,000 sides.
a. Chiliagon
b. Myriagon
c. Googol
d. Hexagon
9. Is the mass per unit volume? 19. Is the property of the body or system of bodies
a. Specific Gravity by virtue of which work can be done. It is also
b. Specific Weight defined as the ability to do work.
c. Density a. Power
 b. Energy c. Shift
c. Work d. Phase
d. Horsepower
20. The form of logical reasoning from hypothesis
to conclusion.
a. Proof
b. Theorem
c. Axiom
d. Corollary
21. Market situation where there are many sellers
and one buyer.
a. Monopoly
b. Oligopoly
c. Duopoly
d. Monopsony
22. Is the amount of money or payment for use of
a borrowed money or capital.
a. Principal
b. Profit
c. Investment
d. Interest
23. Is the value of the X – coordinate on a
coordinate plane.
a. X – axis
b. Y – axis
c. Abscissa
d. Ordinate
24. Is the reduction or fall in the value of an asset
or physical property during the course of its
working life and due to passage of time.
a. Depreciation
b. Inflation
c. Depletion
d. Recession
25. Is the pressure measured by means of gages.
a. Atmospheric pressure
b. Absolute pressure
c. Normal pressure
d. Gage pressure
26. Is the time rate of doing work.
a. Power
b. Energy
c. Work
d. Horsepower
27. Line that cuts another line segment into two
equal parts.
a. Intersection
b. Perpendicular
c. Bisector
d. Division
28. When an annuity does not have fixed time
span but continues indefinitely.
a. Ordinary Annuity
b. Deferred Annuity
c. Annuity Due
d. Perpetuity
29. One period of a sine or cosine function.
a. Cycle
b. Amplitude