Chapter 3:

Solid Geometry
3.1 Basic Concepts of Solid
3.2 Measurements of Solids
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 In this chapter…
● We extend what we know about two-dimensional figures to three

dimensional shapes.

● We will define the different types of 3D shapes and their parts.

● We will find the surface area and volume of prisms, cylinders,

pyramids, cones, and spheres.

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 3.2 Measurements
of Solids
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 3.2.1 Cube
Cube- is a polyhedron whose six faces are all squares.

e - edge
d - diagonal
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Properties and Formulas
Properties
1. The three dimensions of a cube are all equal to each other. All
edges are equal.
2. All faces of a cube are congruent squares.

Formulas
Example:
e = 4 cm
2.) A cube of edge e = 4 cm is cut by a
plane containing two diagonally
e = 4 cm
opposite edge of the cube. Find the area
of the section and the length of the
diagonal of the section. Show your
sketch and solution.

Solution:
 3.2.2 RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED
❖ Rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six
faces are all rectangular.
The parallel edges of a rectangular
parallelipiped are equal.
The opposite lateral faces that are
rectangles are equal and parallel.
Any two opposite faces of a rectangular
parallelipiped may be taken as bases.
Any section of a rectangular parallelipiped
made by a plane to the base is equal to the
area of the base.
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Formulas
Example:
1. A storage room has a rectangular floor 76 ft by 42 ft. The walls are
vertical and 20 ft high. If there are no windows, find the total area of
the ceiling, walls, floor and the storage space of the room.

Solution:
Example:
2.) A rectangular parallelepiped has a base of 2.46 inches and 8.68
in. and a height of 3.71 in. Find the area of the section which
contains two diagonally opposite edges of the parallelepiped.

Solution:
Example:
2.) A rectangular parallelepiped has a
base of 2.46 inches and 8.68 in. and a
height of 3.71 in. Find the area of the
section which contains two diagonally
opposite edges of the parallelepiped.

Solution:
 3.2.3 Prism
A prism is a type of polyhedron whose
congruent bases lie in parallel planes.
❖ Right Prism – is a prism whose
lateral faces or lateral edges are
perpendicular to the bases.
❖ Regular Prism – is a right prism
whose bases are regular polygon.
❖ Oblique Prism – is a prism whose
lateral faces and lateral edges are
not perpendicular to its bases.
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Parts of a Prism Base

1. Base – is the plane where the

two-dimensional shape or polygon
begins and ends.
2. Lateral faces – is a surface on the Lateral Face
Lateral
Face
sides of a prism or the non-base Lateral Edge height

faces.
3. Lateral edges – is the
intersection of lateral faces of a
prism. Base
4. Altitude/Height – is the distance
between the bases.
classification

Height is a lateral edge

Height is an altitude
outside the prism.

Oblique Prism Right Prism

A right prism is a prism where all the lateral faces are perpendicular to the
bases.
An Oblique Prism is a prism that leans to one side and the height is outside the
prism.
Examples:
Lateral Surface Area
A lateral surface area (LSA) is the sum of the areas of the rectangular
lateral faces.
Lateral Surface Area
●

P = 120 cm

6 cm
 Total Surface Area of Prism
● A total surface area (TSA) is the sum of the areas of the

bases and the areas of each rectangular lateral face.

where B is the area of the base.

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 Volume of Prism

where B is the area of the base of the prisms and h is the

height of the prism.

For prisms with bases that are regular polygons, recall that we can find
the area of the regular polygon using the following.
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 3. Find the volume of the prism below.

Solution: This is a right triangular prism. To find the volume, we need to

find the area of the base then multiply it to the height of the prism.
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Example 4: A concrete dam 40 ft high has a uniform vertical cross
section. The dam 80 ft long with a trapezoid ends whose upper base
of 4 ft and a lower base of 16 ft. If the material weighs 125 lbs per cu
ft. Find the weight of the dam. Sketch the problem and show your
solution.

Solution:
Example 4: A concrete dam 40 ft high has a uniform vertical cross
section. The dam 80 ft long with a trapezoid ends whose upper base
of 4 ft and a lower base of 16 ft. If the material weighs 125 lbs per cu
ft. Find the weight of the dam. Sketch the problem and show your
solution.

Solution:
 3.2.4 CYLINDER
❖ A cylinder is a solid
bounded by a closed
cylindrical surface
and two parallel
planes.

A cylinder has a radius and a height.

A cylinder can also be oblique, like the one on the far right.
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Parts of the Cylinder
1. Base – is a two parallel planes where circle in
shape begins and ends.
2. Lateral faces – is a cylindrical surface.
3. Element – is a line segment formed in a
cylindrical surface.
4. Radius – refers to the radius of the base.
5. Vertex – is the point where the slant height
meet.
6. Altitude/Height – is the perpendicular
distance between the bases.
 classification pROPERTI
❖ Right Circular Cylinder – is a cylinder
ES
❖ The bounding cylindrical surfaces are
whose line segment drawn from the center
called lateral surface and the two
of the bottom base to the center of the top
bounding planes are called bases.
base is perpendicular to each of the bases.

❖ The two bases are equal.

❖ Circular Cylinder – is a right circular
cylinder whose bases are circles.
❖ The altitude of the cylinder is
perpendicular between two bases.
❖ Oblique Circular Cylinder – is a cylinder
whose line segment drawn from the center
of the bottom base to the center of the top ❖ The section of a cylinder made by two
base is not perpendicular to each of the parallel planes are congruent.
bases.
❖ The elements of a cylinder are equal.
Lateral Surface Area of a Cylinder
●
 Total Surface Area of Cylinder
●
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 Volume of a Cylinder
●
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 Example:
Find the total surface area and the volume of the cylinder.
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Example 3: Find the volume of the cylindrical post whose
diameter is 3 feet with a height of 9 ft. Sketch and show your
solution.

Solution:
 Assessment:
Answer Activity 3.2
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3.2.5 Pyramid
A pyramid is a solid with one base and the lateral faces meet at a
common vertex.

The edges between the lateral faces are lateral edges.

The edges between the base and the lateral faces are base edges.
A regular pyramid is a pyramid where the base is a regular polygon.
❖ All regular pyramids also have a slant height which is the height of a lateral
face.
❖ A non-regular pyramid does not have a slant height.
 Finding the Slant Height
Find the slant height of the square pyramid

Solution: The slant height is the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed by the
height and half the base length. Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
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Lateral Surface Area of Pyramid
●
 Total Surface Area of Pyramid
●
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 Volume of Pyramid
●
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 Example:
Find the total surface area and volume of the pyramid.
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Example:
●

Solution:
3.2.6 Cone
A cone is a solid with a circular base and sides taper up towards a
vertex.

A cone has a slant height, just like a pyramid.

A cone is generated from rotating a right triangle, around one leg, in a circle.
 Total
●
Surface Area of Cone
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 Volume of Cone
●
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 Example: What is the total surface area and volume of the cone?
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Example:
The liquid content of a conical form of glass has a base diameter of 3
inches. If the glass contains 10 fluid ounces and 1 fluid oz. is 1.805 cubic
inches, what is the greatest depth of the liquid? Sketch.

Solution:
Example:
A pile of sand is in the form of a right circular
cone of altitude 7 ft. and slant height of 25 ft.
Find the weight of the sand if sand weighs
107.5 lbs per cubic feet. Sketch.

Solution:
3.2.7 Sphere
A sphere is the set of all points, in three-dimensional space, which are
equidistant from a point

The radius has an endpoint on the sphere and the other endpoint is the
center. The diameter must contain the center.
A great circle is a cross section of a sphere that contains the diameter.
It is the largest circle cross section in a sphere.
Properties

1.Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. It contains a great

circle and small circles.

2.The axis of a circle in a sphere is the diameter of the plane

circle.

3.The poles of a circle of a sphere are the ends of the axis.

4.The radius of great circle is equal to the radius of the sphere.

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Total Surface Area and Volume

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 Example: Find the total surface area and volume of a sphere with a radius of
14 feet.
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 Example: Find the total surface area of the figure below.
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Example:
Find the weight of a snow ball 4 ft. In diameter, if the wet compact
snow of which the ball is made weighs 30 lbs per cu. ft.

Solution:
Given: diameter = 4 ft. ; radius = 2 ft. ; Density (D) = 30 lbs/cu.ft.
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try this:
●
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 Solution: This solid is a cylinder with a hemisphere on top. It is one solid,
so do not include the bottom of the hemisphere or the top of the cylinder.
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 Assessment:
Answer Activity 3.3
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