Water supply system,

infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution

for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as
firefighting and street flushing.

People depend on water for

drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs.

Water supply systems must also meet requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. In
all cases, the water must fulfill both quality and quantity requirements

Historical background

Developments in supply systems

Water was an important factor in the location of the earliest settled communities, and the evolution of
public water supply systems is tied directly to the growth of cities. In the development of water
resources beyond their natural condition in rivers, lakes, and springs, the digging of shallow wells was
probably the earliest innovation. As the need for water increased and tools were developed, wells were
made deeper.

Developments in water treatment

Water treatment is the alteration of a water source in order to achieve a quality that meets specified
goals. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the main goal was elimination of
deadly waterborne diseases. The treatment of public drinking water to remove pathogenic, or disease-
causing, microorganisms began about that time.

Treatment methods included sand filtration as well as the use of chlorine for disinfection. The virtual
elimination of diseases such as cholera and typhoid in developed countries proved the success of this
water-treatment technology. In developing countries, waterborne disease is still the principal water
quality concern

Water sources

Global distribution

There is ample fresh water—water containing less than 3 grams of salts per liter, or less than one-eighth
ounce of salts per gallon—to satisfy all human needs. It is not always available, though, at the times and
places it is needed, and it is not uniformly distributed over the globe, sometimes resulting in water
scarcity for susceptible communities. In many locations the availability of good-quality water is further
reduced because of urban development, industrial growth, and environmental pollution.

Surface water and groundwater

Surface water and groundwater are both important sources for community water supply needs.
Groundwater is a common source for single homes and small towns, and rivers and lakes are the usual
sources for large cities. Although approximately 98 percent of liquid fresh water exists as groundwater,
much of it occurs very deep. This makes pumping very expensive, preventing the full development and
use of all groundwater resources.

Hydrological Cycle

Water requirements

Municipal water supply systems include facilities for storage, transmission, treatment, and distribution.
The design of these facilities depends on the quality of the water, on the particular needs of the user or
consumer, and on the quantities of water that must be processed

BASICS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The plumbing system in a simple building

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves,
plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.

Most plumbing systems are composed of two sets of pipes and fittings where one set is for cold water,
and the other is for hot. The most commonly used materials for pipes in a plumbing system are copper,
brass, PVC, or lead. The water that is carried by pipes throughout your building needs a place to go.

*Plumbing consists of the new installation, maintenance, repair, modification, extension or alteration of
waste, domestic water, gas, sprinkler off the domestic water service (30 or less sprinkler heads), or
standpipe (not connected to a sprinkler) systems in any building

*There are three different types of plumbing systems; sanitary drainage, stormwater drainage and
potable water. Each of these systems have their own unique functions and purposes.

The Basics of Plumbing: Understanding the Components of a Plumbing System

Pipes. Pipes are the most critical component of a plumbing system.

Valves. Valves are used to control the flow of water in a plumbing system. .

Fixtures

Water Heater

Drainage System

Sewer or Septic System

Water Meter

Water Pressure Regulator.

Types of Drainage Systems in Buildings

Drainage system is of two types:

1. Waste water from showers, basins, kitchen sinks, washing machines, and the like.

This is also called grey water.

Normally a minimum of 75 mm dia. pipes are used for drainage of waste water.

2. Soil water or sewage is from WCs and urinals.

This is also called black water.

Minimum of 100 mm diameter pipes are used for waste water. When run horizontally, soil water pipes
should be run at a steeper slope, such as 1:40, as they have solids. These can be of cast iron or of PVc

A grease trap should be used when draining waste from kitchens, grease should not be allowed to enter
the normal drainage system. A grease trap is nothing but a small inspection chamber. The grease floats,
and should be removed manually on a daily basis. The inlets and outlets into this chamber should be
designed in a way that minimizes disturbance of the floating grease layer.

Stone ware (ceramic) pipes are used when soil and waste water is to be transported in external soil. An
inspection chamber is used to clean blockage in the line and change direction of pipes. Inspection
chamber is a short version of manholes which are used on the streets.

If municipal government drainage is not available on a small project, or exterior of city, provide a septic
tank and a soak pit.

A septic tank is a rectangular underground tank with compartments. It is always full of sewage that can
be removed manually. The less water put into a septic tank, the better it will function. The effluent that
flows out of this, which is about 70% purified, is then put into a soak pit. A soak pit is a cylindrical tank
with porous brick walls surrounded by a layer of gravel. A soak pit should not be placed near any
occupied structure, water body, or water supply pipe. It also cannot be used where the water table is
high, as groundwater will then enter and flood the pit through the porous walls

An overall view of complete sewage treatment of a complete city

A sewage treatment plant is recommended for the disposal of large amounts of sewage. This is a plant
that will process sewage and produce sludge and (relatively) clean water from it. This water may then be
used for landscaping, or even perhaps for HVAC cooling towers – not for drinking or washing.

Ventilation
Ventilation has two basic functions: air exchange and air distribution. Air exchange may be summarized
simply as the cycle of fresh air in, stale air out. Air distribution is the process of delivering fresh air to all
animals and mixing fresh air with stale air prior to removal from the building

Ventilation moves outdoor air into a building or a room, and distributes the air within the building or
room.

Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove ‘stale’ air and replace it with ‘fresh’ air: Helping to
moderate internal temperatures, helping to moderate internal humidity, replenishing oxygen, reducing
the accumulation of moisture, odors, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke and other contaminants that
can build up during occupied periods, creating air movement which improves the comfort of occupants

Very broadly, ventilation in buildings can be classified as ‘natural’ or ‘mechanical’.

Mechanical ventilation

*Mechanical (or forced) ventilation is driven by fans or other mechanical plant.

*Natural ventilation is driven by pressure differences between one part of a building and another, or
pressure differences between the inside and outside.

Fundamentals of building ventilation

Why is it necessary to ventilate?

Air for breathing

Adult man has frequency of breathing typically 16 times per

minute – 8 l/min.

Oxygen consumption varies between 250 – 350 ml/min

Respiration Into lungs (atmospheric air) - 21 % O2, 78 % N2, 0,03 % CO2

Out from lings - 16 % O2, 79 % N2, 4 % CO2 (plus water vapor)

Fundamentals of building ventilation

Why is it necessary to ventilate?

Indoor environment in a room has to meet level suitable for people and theirs activity. In an industrial
building ventilation requirements may relate also to industrial processes. In an agricultural building all
focus aims to animals .Ventilation is one of systems keeping habitable environment.

Lighting in buildings

What is the concept of lighting in building?

Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light
required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency, and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the
amount of daylight received in a space by using daylight factor calculations.

Building Lighting means lighting built into or mounted to buildings or walls, ceilings, eaves, or other
locations for the purpose of providing decorative illumination, area illumination, general illumination, or
security illumination for select and specific locations.

What is the aim of lighting design in buildings?

The basic aim of lighting within the built environment is to enable occupants to see clearly and without
discomfort

The purpose of all lighting is to produce illumination. Lumen. A measurement of light emitted by a lamp.
As reference, a 100-watt incandescent lamp emits about 1600 lumens.

Adequate lighting ensures that workers can clearly see their surroundings, machinery, and potential
hazards, reducing the risk of accidents

Spaces must be well lit so occupiers would feel safe, at ease, and self-assured when they walk around
the room or house. The floors and walls should be visible, as well as create a sense of assurance

Natural lighting, also known as daylighting, is a technique that efficiently brings natural light into your
home using exterior glazing (windows, skylights, etc.), thereby reducing artificial lighting requirements
and saving energy.

Lighting in the home can be used to create a warm and welcoming effect when relaxing or serve to
provide functional light for tasks such as reading, sewing, watching TV, dining or security. The kind of
light fitting, and the lamp used with it, depends on which type of lighting is required.

Types of lighting

General lighting.

Ambient lighting.

Accent lighting or feature lighting.

Task lighting.

Emergency lighting or safety lighting.

Security lighting.

Construction site lighting.

Lighting for circadian rhythms.

Electrical distribution in buildings.

With large buildings, the incoming high voltage will arrive at a meter and then move through a
transformer. The electricity is then transmitted to switchgear, which distributes the power safely and
efficiently to the building's different electrical closets serving zones or floors of it.

The primary function of the electric power distribution system in a building or facility is to receive power
at one or more supply points and deliver it to lighting, elevators, chillers, motors, and all other electrical
loads

What is the basic concept of electricity distribution?

The distribution system is the part of an electric system after the transmission system that is dedicated
to delivering electric energy to an end-user. Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery
of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.

Electricity distribution means the activities of managing and operating electricity works in order to
transmit the electric energy from the transmission grids to electricity using organizations and
individuals.

How do electrical distribution systems work?

Generation – a high voltage transmission grid and distribution system.

Handoff – the ‘handoff’ between electric transmission to electrical distribution usually occurs at the sub-
station (sub-stations change voltage from one level to another).

Distribution – sub-stations are usually equipped with monitoring facilities so that switchgear and
auxiliary equipment can be activated remotely.

There’s a lot of control, protection, transformation, and regulation that takes place in a power
distribution system, so it’s important to ensure that the methods you use to distribute your power are
safe and fit for purpose.

What is the explanation of electrical phases?

A phase is the current, or the voltage among an existing wire as well as a neutral cable. Its waveform of
electronic signals will be analyzed by an oscilloscope, a digital device that draws a graph showing the
instantaneous signal voltage as a function of time.

Single phase is just one active phase (1 active conductor) & neutral, double phase is 2 phases (2 active
conductors) & neutral & 3 phase (3 active conductors) can be 3 phases with or without a neutral
conductor.