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Using nonlinear models to define production, production rate, and precocity

of strawberry cultivars

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DOI: 10.1590/0034-737x202269010008

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of strawberry cultivars 55

Using nonlinear models to define production, production rate,

and precocity of strawberry cultivars
Maria Inês Diel1* , Alessandro Dal’Col Lúcio1, Denise Schmidt2, Francieli de Lima Tartaglia1,
André Luis Tischler1, Darlei Michalski Lambrecht1
10.1590/0034-737X202269010008

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate, using logistic model, the differences in early production, production rate and
total productivity of two strawberry cultivars with transplants from different origins grown in substrate. The experiment
was carried out in a randomized block design (RBD), with two strawberry cultivars (Albion and Camarosa) and two
origins of transplants (National and Imported), with four repetitions consisting of eight plants. For the variable fruit
mass, the logistic model was adjusted as a function of the accumulated thermal sum, and from the partial derivatives of
the adjusted function, the critical points of the model were estimated. The use of the Logistic model allows evaluating
precocity and rate of fruit production efficiently and accurately. The cultivar Camarosa was the most productive
compared to the Albion cultivar, presenting a shorter production cycle, with a high production peak. The Albion
cultivar was earlier, presenting more constant production during the evaluated production cycle. The transplant’s
origin did not show significantly different results for the cultivars evaluated. The producer must choose the cultivar
that will be used based on its performance and also based on consumer preferences and fruit demand.
Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa; growth models; logistic; photoperiod; temperature.

INTRODUCTION rise and days lengthen, stolons start to emerge until the
The strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a end of the reproductive period (Serçe & Hancock, 2005;
culture of widespread occurrence and high economic and Durner, 2015). Neutral days cultivars are not influenced
social importance in various parts of the world. The main by the photoperiod, but depend exclusively on the
world producer in 2018 was China, followed by the United temperature of the air and can flower continuously, the
States, Mexico and Turkey. According to the Kist et al. floral differentiation occurs when the daytime tempera-
(2019), Brazilian strawberry production reaches 120.000 tures do not exceed 28ºC (Guttridge, 1985; Serçe &
tons, harvested from an area of 5278 hectares. The Hancock, 2005; Durner, 2015).
production and productivity of the crop have been growing The choice of the cultivar to be implanted in the crop
every year, due to cultivars adapted to the most varied depends on the preferences of the producer to offer the
environments, and the implantation of new cultivation fruit earlier to the consumer market and thereby add
systems with high technology (Diel et al., 2018). greater value to the product, or even, the interest in
Strawberry cultivars available on the market are providing fruit all year round, with the possibility of a
classified as being of short and neutral photoperiod. Those greater economic return in the months when there is little
with short photoperiods are those that, as winter fruit supply. The choice of cultivars on neutral days allows
approaches in regions of the temperate and subtropical the producer to offer the fruit on the market all year round
climate, the days become shorter and the temperatures if temperatures allow (Guttridge, 1985), but with lower
cooler, stimulating flowering and fruiting. As temperatures productivity (Durner, 2018) short-day cultivars have a high

Submitted on October 13th, 2020 and accepted on March 23th, 2021.

1
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected]
2
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. [email protected]
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

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56 Maria Inês Diel et al.

production peak between September and October, in The experiment was conducted inside galvanized steel
addition to high flavor (Diel et al., 2018). greenhouses (semicircular), arranged in a north-south
Among the short-day cultivars, the Camarosa culti- direction and measuring 20-m length by 10-m width with a
var, originally from the University of California - United 3.5-m height lateral post. Under 0.8-high wooden benches
States, has large fruits and early production, in addition were placed white tubular plastic bags of 150-µm, where
to high flavor and aroma and high vigor of the plants the strawberry seedlings were transplanted.
(Bernardi et al., 2005). The development of the cultivar The irrigation and fertigation system was installed
Camarosa is fast, with its phyllochron around 150 ºC day- inside the bags and consisted of drip tubes. Nutrients
1
and the beginning of the harvest around 80 days after were added together with irrigation water according to
transplantation (Diel et al., 2017). Of neutral days, the the formula and frequency of application developed by
Albion cultivar, also originally from California, stands out, Gonçalves et al.,( 2016), adjusting according to the
has constant production, not reaching very high development of the culture.
production peaks, bright red color and high flavor (Bernardi For cultivation in substrate, 70% of burned rice husk
et al., 2005). Its development is slower, requiring about and 30% of organic compost were used. The seedlings
200 ºC day-1 for leaf emission (Diel et al., 2017). were transplanted after washing the substrate so that
The precocity of strawberry cultivars are measured the electrical conductivity was not above 1 mS cm-1. The
based on the number of days after transplanting the cultivars Albion (National) and Camarosa (National and
transplants that the plant took to start the reproductive Imported) were used, which were transplanted on May
period, as performed in Diel et al. (2017). However, this 26, 2015 and the imported Albion cultivar, transplanted
method does not seem to be very accurate because it is on June 8, 2015. The transplants considered national
not possible to measure, in a simple way, the difference in were taken from a nursery in Agudo, located on the
production between cultivars or experimental treatments basaltic slope of Rio Grande do Sul, (29 ° 62 ‘S, 53 ° 22’
and the speed at which the maximum production rate is W, 83 m altitude). The imported transplants, grown in
reached. The analysis of precocity, rate of production and Argentina, were produced in a nursery called Patagonia
total production become more accurate when they are Agrícola SA, located in El Maitén (42 ° 3 ‘S, 71 ° 10’ W,
determined from the modeling of total production. 720 m altitude).
Nonlinear growth models can be used to extract as much A randomized block design with four replications was
information as possible from a data set. They provide the used, with eight plants in each experimental unit.
reality of the production cycle in each experimental
treatment, allowing inferences and interpretations not Assessments Completed
obtained in analyzes of variances or complementary The air temperature inside the greenhouse was
statistical tests such as comparisons of treatment averages recorded with a portable digital thermohygrometer, with
or analyzes of linear regressions (Sari et al., 2018; Sari et 0.1 ° C resolution (Th-02, 3B scientific) installed 1.5 m
al., 2019; Diel et al., 2020). above the ground surface. The mean air temperature:
In addition to the photoperiod, the strawberry is T ave = (T max + T min)/2, where T ave is the air average
regulated by temperature, and according to Paine et al. temperature; Tmax is the maximum air temperature; Tmin is
(2012), plants respond non-linearly to temperatures. In the minimum air temperature.
this way, regression models with sigmoidal responses are The daily thermal sum (TSd) in °C day-1 was calculated
alternatives to assess non-asymmetric responses. Because by : TSd = Tave - Tb, where TSd is the daily thermal sum (°C
of the above, this study aimed to evaluate, through logistic day-1); Tave is the air average temperature; and Tb is the
model, the differences in early production, production rate base temperature (Arnold, 1960), considering the Tb of 7°C
and total productivity of two strawberry cultivars with (Mendonça et al., 2012). From this, we calculated the
transplants from different origins grown on the substrate. accumulated thermal sum (TSa, in °C day-1) up to the ith
day by: TSa = Σii=1 TSd.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
37 harvests were carried out throughout the pro-
Plant material, site description, and duction cycle (twice a week) during the complete maturity
experimental design stage separating commercial from noncommercial fruits
The experiment was carried out at the Federal (fruits less than 6 grams were considered noncommercial).
University of Santa Maria(27° 23’ S, 53° 25’ W and 493 m The commercial fruits harvested were weighed with the
of altitude), ), has climate classification of Cfa type, humid aid of a high precision scale (brand Bel, model SSR3000).
subtropical, showing characteristics of temperate rainy, The fruit mass per plant was calculated, dividing the total
and subtropical from the thermal point of view (Alvares et commercial mass of reaped fruits by the number of plants
al., 2013). in the experimental units.

Rev. Ceres, Viçosa, v. 69, n.1, p. 055-061, jan/feb, 2022

 Using nonlinear models to define production, production rate, and precocity of strawberry cultivars 57

Adjustment of growth model RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In each experimental unit, the average mass of fruits The results of the estimated logistic model for the
per plant (g plant -1) obtained in each harvest was production of strawberry fruits were different in each
accumulated (H1, H1+H2, H1+H2+H3,....H1+ H2+…H37), evaluated cultivar. For all treatments, the intrinsic and
e Afterward, the logistic model was adjusted according parametric nonlinearity were less than 0.3 and 1.0
to the following equation: , where respectively (Table 1). For non-linear regression models,
the quality of the fit must be defined from the results of
Y i is the mean mass of fruits per plant (dependent
the linearity measures proposed by Bates and Watts. The
variable); Xi is the accumulated thermal sum (TSa), in use of bootstrap confidence intervals (CI) to estimate the
degree days, from the transplants transplant up to the parameters circumvents the non-compliance with the
ith harvest (independent variable); â1 is the asymptotic assumptions of the regression models, normality, hete-
value, and its values represent the total production of rogeneity and autocorrelation of errors, and also allows
treatments; â2 is a parameter that reflects the distance comparisons to be made between the different treatments
between the initial value (observation) and the asymptote; (Sari et al. 2019; Diel et al. 2020).
â3 is the parameter that reflects the increment in fruit The modeling of the production mass of strawberry
production rate. fruits in the function of the accumulated thermal sum was
The ordinary least squares method with a Gauss- efficient with the use of the Logistic model since the culture
Newton algorithm was used to obtain parameter of the strawberry is dependent on the temperature for its
estimates, using the nls() function in R software (R Core growth and development (Diel et al., 2017; Paine et al.,
Team, 2021. Later, the coefficient of determination (R²) 2012; Sønsteby et al., 2013; Sønsteby & Heide, 2008).
and the intrinsic (cI) and parametric (cθ) nonlinearity were From the confidence intervals of the parameters, it can
calculated by Bates & Watts (1988). Afterward, be seen that the cultivar Camarosa, regardless of the origin
and values were estima- of the transplants used, presented a greater asymptote
ted, where F(α,p,n-p) = F tabulated as a quantile of the F (β1) proving to be the most productive (620 and 630 grams
distribution in which α is 0.05, p is the number of for Imported and National Camarosa respectively). The
parameters in the model and n is the number of cultivar Albion presented the lowest estimates for the
observations. Values under 0.3 and 1.0, respectively, are parameter β1 when compared to cultivar Camarosa. Even
close to being unbiased. Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett tests though the CIs are not significant, it reached 573 and 592
was used to test the normality and homogeneity of grams for the Imported and National cultivars (Figure 1,
residuals, respectively. 2A and 2B).
The confidence intervals were obtained by a The cultivars Albion and Camarosa have different
bootstrap approach, by the difference between the 97.5th photoperiodic responses. The cultivar Camarosa is of short
and 2.5th percentiles of the bootstrap parameter estimates days (sensitive to the photoperiod) while Albion is neutral
by the nlsboot() function of the nlstools package in days (indifferent to the photoperiod) (Hancock, 1999). This
software R (Baty et al., 2015). Differences between differentiation is important because on short days and
treatments were considered when the confidence inter- low temperatures floral induction occurs, while fruiting
vals did not cross. occurs on long days and mild temperatures (Heide, 1977).
The coordinates of the critical points of the logistic The production of strawberry fruits in cultivars with
model, maximum acceleration point (MAP), inflection different photoperiodic responses may present differences
point (PI), maximum deceleration point (MDP) and in fruit yield and production. While the short-day cultivar
asymptotic deceleration point (ADP), were obtained is regulated by the photoperiod and temperature,
according to the methodology described in (Mischan et production decreases over long days, whereas the
cultivars of neutral days, which are indifferent to
al., 2011): inflection point ; point of
maximum acceleration (MAP) and point of maximum
Table 1: Values of intrinsic (cI) and parametric (cθ) non-linearity
deceleration ; and point of asymptotic for Albion and Camarosa cultivars from seedlings of national and
imported origin
deceleration . The precocity was defi- Treatments cI cθ
ned when the PI was achieved (rate production of fruit Camarosa imported 0.05 0.58
was maximal). The concentration of production ( MAP – Albion imported 0.05 0.98
MDP) corresponding to the time during which the Camarosa national 0.05 0.65
production increased exponentially (Sari et al., 2018). Albion national 0.03 0.68

Rev. Ceres, Viçosa, v. 69, n.1, p. 055-061, jan/feb, 2022

58 Maria Inês Diel et al.

photoperiodic variations and are regulated exclusively by response of the cultivar, since its precocity may be related
temperature, can continue producing in long-day to the initiation and floral differentiation in less time, as it
conditions when temperatures are not too high (Durner, does not present stimuli to the photoperiod, being
2015). regulated exclusively by temperature.
The results presented here reveal that there are no As previously defined, the Albion cultivar is indifferent
significant differences between the origin of imported and to the photoperiod. The strawberry culture has floral
national strawberry transplants, contrary to what was initiation controlled by changes in in the environment
observed by Oliveira & Scivittaro (2009), who concluded (Sønsteby & Heide, 2008). The fruit production rate,
that transplants imported from Chile performed better when defined by the estimates of the parameter β3, showed
compared to those produced in the south of Rio Grande significant differences between the cultivars Albion and
do Sul. Diel et al. (2018), evaluating different mixtures of Camarosa, but not between the origin of the transplants
substrates, cultivars and transplants origin, found in each cultivar (Figure 1). The results obtained for culti-
significant differences between transplants origin for the var Camarosa show that it took more time to produce at
cultivar Camarosa, with plants of national origin having the beginning of the cycle and remained less time
higher production compared to imported transplants. For producing compared to cultivar Albion. However, it
the Albion cultivar, the same authors found no significant produced more in a shorter period demonstrated by the
differences between the transplant’s origins. high value of evaluating the cultivation of two strawberry
For parameter estimates β2 it can be identified that the cultivars on organic substrates determined that the Albion
Albion cultivar showed earlier production when compared cultivar started harvesting the fruits significantly earlier
to Camarosa in the two transplants evaluated. This than the Camarosa cultivar, observing differences of 5
statement is based on the response with low values of and 14 days for national transplants and imported,
this parameter, indicating greater fruit ripening at the respectively.
beginning of the harvest, that is, the cultivar Camarosa The point of maximum acceleration (MAP) showed
showed greater growth at the beginning of the harvest significant differences between the transplant’s origins
(Figure 1). This fact may also be due to the photoperiodic for the cultivar Camarosa (Figure 1, 2E and 2F). The MAP

Figure 1: Confidence intervals for the parameters and critical points of the nonlinear logistic model estimated via bootstrap. β1
(Asymptote), β2 (Scale parameter), β3 (Growth Rate), MAP (maximum acceleration point), PI (inflection point), MDP (maximum
deceleration point), ADP (asymptotic deceleration point) and Concentration (MDP-MAP), for two strawberry cultivars from
different transplants origins: AI (Albion Imported), NA (Albion National), CI (Camarosa Imported), CN (Camarosa National).

Rev. Ceres, Viçosa, v. 69, n.1, p. 055-061, jan/feb, 2022

 Using nonlinear models to define production, production rate, and precocity of strawberry cultivars 59

shows the maximum increments in the production rate. These results can be interpreted thanks to the use of
The lower this value the increments were in a shorter the non-linear Logistic regression model, which has critical
period and, in this case, the cultivar Camarosa of Imported points with biological interpretation. With the evaluation
origin had a high production rate, quickly reaching of only one variable, it is possible to obtain several relevant
maximum fruit production compared to the cultivar of information for the production and for the decision making
National origin. This statement can be confirmed by the on which cultivar to choose according to the interests of
inflection point (PI) value, being lower than in other the producer (Sari et al., 2018; Diel et al., 2019; Diel et al.,
treatments and reaching the PI with 2075 ºC day-1 (Figure 2020), whereas otherwise, this information would not be
1, 2C and 2D). The highest MAP value, given to the culti- discovered.
var Camarosa of national origin, reveals that the maximum When assessing the production of Capsicum chinense
increase was later. variety, Diel et al. (2020) adjusted a linear model and were

Figure 2: Logistic model adjusted for fruit mass of the cultivars Albion and Camarosa of imported (A) and national (B) transplants;
fruit production rate: (C) imported transplants and (D) national transplants; critical points of the adjusted model (PI: inflection point,
MAP: maximum acceleration point, ADP: asymptotic deceleration point, MDP: maximum deceleration point): (E) for imported
transplants (F) national transplants.

Rev. Ceres, Viçosa, v. 69, n.1, p. 055-061, jan/feb, 2022

60 Maria Inês Diel et al.

able to determine only which cultivar was more productive, The cultivar Camarosa was the most productive
but failed to show the productive response of the crop compared to the Albion cultivar, presenting a shorter
throughout the cycle, unlike when they adjusted the Logistic production cycle, with a high production peak.
model, characterized the entire crop production cycle. The Albion cultivar was earlier, presenting more
The inflection point (PI) is defined as the moment when constant production during the evaluated production
the maximum rate of fruit production occurs. The PI showed cycle. The transplant’s origin did not show significantly
differences for the cultivar Camarosa between the different results for the cultivars evaluated.
transplant’s origins, with the Imported origin reaching the
maximum production rate before the National Origin and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, FINANCIAL
the Albion cultivar reaching the maximum rate later (Figure SUPPORT AND FULL DISCLOSURE
2C). Thus, it can be seen that the Albion cultivar, even We thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
having greater precocity concerning the Camarosa cultivar Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacio-
(lower), had a smaller increase in production during the nal de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
cycle and took longer to reach the maximum fruit production for granting the scholarships to the researchers.
rate, evidenced by the higher values of PI and MAP, that is,
this cultivar remained to produce longer, even if the CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
increments in production were smaller than those conferred There is no conflict of interests in carrying the research
to cultivar Camarosa. According to Sari et al. (2018), when and publishing the manuscript.
the PI is reached on a smaller scale of accumulated thermal
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