1. Explain DNS with reference to its components and working.
2. Explain the message transfer using simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP).
3. Explain the final delivery of email to the end user using pop3.
4. Write short notes on email services of the application layer.
5. Explain in details WWW.
6. Explain the architecture and services of e-mailing system.
7. With a relevant example discuss how the domain space is divided.
9. Distinguish between a fully qualified domain name and a partially qualified
domain name. Give relevant example.
1)DNS (Domain Name System) is a system that translates domain names into IP
addresses. It includes components like the DNS client, resolver, root servers, and
TLD servers. The resolver resolves domain names by querying the appropriate servers
recursively.
2)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used for sending email messages. The
client sends the message to the server, which receives and delivers it. The process
involves establishing a connection, performing a handshake, and transmitting the
email content.
3)POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is an email retrieval protocol. It allows
users to access and download their emails from the server to their local device.
The email is transferred from the server to the user's device and is usually
deleted from the server.
4)Email services of the application layer provide features for composing, sending,
receiving, and managing emails. They include composing messages, attaching files,
organizing emails into folders, searching for messages, managing contacts, and
providing user interfaces.
5)WWW (World Wide Web) is a system of interconnected documents and resources on the
internet. It allows users to navigate through web pages using hyperlinks. It relies
on technologies like HTTP for communication and HTML for structuring web documents.
6)The email system consists of a user agent (email client), mail server, and
protocols. The user agent allows users to compose, send, and receive emails. The
mail server stores, forwards, and delivers emails. Protocols like SMTP and POP3 are
used for communication between clients and servers.
7)The domain space is divided into levels, including top-level domains (TLDs),
second-level domains (SLDs), and subdomains. For example, in "www.example.com,"
".com" is the TLD, "example" is the SLD, and "www" is the subdomain.
8)A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) includes the complete domain hierarchy,
while a partially qualified domain name (PQDN) omits part of the hierarchy. For
example, "www.example.com" is an FQDN, and "example.com" is a PQDN.
10. List the various risks faced by messages that are transmitted over the
internet.
11.Discuss how simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) works? Can multimedia
messages be transmitted using SMTP? Discuss.
12.Describe various types of resource records supported by DNS.
13.Describe different types of queries resolved in DNS.
14. Explain various headers supported for request and response messages in
HTTP protocol.
15. What is persistent and non-persistent HTTP connections? How Cookies
used to maintain session information in HTTP communications
16. Distinguish between POP and IMAP Message access protocol in E-mail
architecture.
10)Risks faced by messages transmitted over the internet include privacy risk, data
integrity risk, authentication risk, network security risk, malware risk, phishing
risk, and spam risk.
11)SMTP works by establishing a connection between the client and server to
transfer email messages. It uses commands and responses for communication. SMTP can
transmit multimedia messages using MIME.
12)DNS supports various resource records, such as A records for IPv4 addresses,
AAAA records for IPv6 addresses, CNAME records for canonical names, MX records for
mail exchange, TXT records for text, and NS records for name servers.
13)DNS resolves different types of queries, including recursive queries (requesting
domain name resolution) and iterative queries (requesting the next server in the
resolution process). It also resolves queries for different record types, such as
A, AAAA, MX, and CNAME records.
14)HTTP protocol supports various headers for request and response messages,
including Content-Type (specifies the media type of the message body), Accept
(indicates acceptable media types), and Authorization (provides authentication
credentials).
15)Persistent HTTP connections allow multiple requests and responses to be sent
over a single connection, reducing connection overhead. Non-persistent connections
establish a new connection for each request. Cookies are used to maintain session
information in HTTP communications by storing and transmitting data between the
client and server.
16) POP (Post Office Protocol) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are
message access protocols in email architecture. POP allows downloading emails to a
local device and typically removes them from the server. IMAP allows accessing and
managing emails directly on the server, synchronizing changes across devices
