CHP- INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND

DRAFTING

Q1. Differentiate between following pair of commands.

1) Line and Pline
Line Pline
The line command draws a The Pline command draws a
series of separate line single, connected multi
segments segment object.
Even though they appear to be A Pline is what a line appears
connected on screen, each one to be, each segment is
is a separate object. connected to form a single
object.
If one line is been moved, none If any segment is taken for
of the segments drawn at the editing, the changes affect the
same times moves with it. entire polygon.

2) Fillet and Chamfer

Fillet Chamfer
Fillet is an arc that is created Chamfer is a symmetrical
tangent between two objects . sloping surface at edges or
corner.
Fillet is around corner of an Chamfer is angled line that
object such as rectangles or meets the endpoints of two
triangles. straight objects or sloped
transition between two
surfaces.
The command used for fillet is The command used for
F+ENTER. chamfer is CHA+ENTER.
Sub tools of the fillet are as Sub-tools of the chamfer are as
follows: follows:
1. Thickness 1. undo
2. Elevation 2. polyline
3. Area 3. angle
4. Rotation 4. distance
5. Width
6. dimension
3) Revsurf and Rulesurf
Revsurf Rulesurf
Revsurf creates a mesh by Rulesurf creates a mesh that
revolving a profile about an axis. represents the surface between
two lines or curves.
To Revsurf, select a line, arc, To Rulesurf, select two ends that
circle, or 2D or 3D Polyline to define the mesh the edges can
sweep in a circular path around be line, arcs, spline, circles or
a selected axis. polyline.
Following prompts are 5. Following prompts are
displayed: displayed:
1. Objects to revolve. 6. First defining curve
2. Objects that defines 7. Second defining curve
axis of revolution.
3. Start angle
4. Include angle

4)Grid and Sanp

Grid Snap
Grid is a rectangular patterns of Snap provides a way to specify
lines over the drawing area. precise location on objects.
The Grid helps to align and Snap mode is useful for
visualize the distance between specifying precise points with
objects. the cursor.
Using the grid is similar to When Snap mode is on, the
placing a sheet of grid paper cursor adheres or snaps to a
under a drawing. invisible grid.
The grid can be turned on/off The snap can be turned on/off
with F7 key. with the F9 key.

1) Tab surf and Rule surf

Tab surf Rule surf
Creates a mesh from a line or Creates a mesh between four
curve that is swept along a continuous edges or curve.
straight path.
Selection consists of a line, arc, Selection consists of four
circle, ellipse or polyline to adjoining edges that define the
sweep in straight path. mesh.
The following prompts are The following prompts are
displayed: displayed:
 1. Object for path curve 1. Object 1 for surface edge
2. Objects for direction 2. Object 2 for surface edge
vector. 3. Object 3 for surface edge
4. Object 4 for surface edge

6) Block and WBlock

Block WBlock
Insert symbols and details into Saves selected objects or
drawings from commercial converts a block to a specified
online sources or from your drawing file.
own designs.
Block tend to reside in the WBlock is a separate dwg,its
drawing you create them in. more easily inserted and
shared.
Block is used to create one WBlock is used to create a dwg
object from one or many file from either a resident block
entities, usually to be used over in a dwg, or a collection of
as suits the users needs. entities ina dwg, so that others
who have a need to use those
entities or blocks may access
them.
The command used for Block is The command used for WBlock
B+ENTER. is W+ENTER.

Q2. Explain various options available in the following command

and its uses.
a. UCS
b. Layers

a. UCS:
Face: Dynamically aligns the UCS to a face on a 3D object.
Object: Aligns the UCS to a selected 2D or 3D object.
View: Aligns the XY plane of the UCS to a plane
perpendicular to your viewing direction. The origin point
remains unchanged, but the X and Y axes become horizontal
and vertical.
X,Y,Z : Rotates the current UCS about a specified axis.
b. Layers:
Turn off layers: you turn off layers to reduce the visual
complexity of your drawing while you work.

Freeze layers:
You freeze
layers that you do not need to access for a while, freezing
layers is similar to turning them off, but improves
performance in a very large drawings.

Lock layers: You

lock the layers when
you want to prevent
accidental changes to the objects on those layers. Also, the
objects on locked layers appear faded, which helps reduce
the visual complexity of your drawing but still lets you see the
objects faintly.

Set default properties: You set the default for each layer,
including color, line type, line weight, and transparency.
New objects that you create will use these properties unless
you override them.

Q3. Give the importance of UCS and various options of UCS.

Importance of UCS are as follows:
1) Understanding coordinate systems is crucial for working
with 3d geometries are drawn on the XY plane.
 2) The importance to co-ordinates in AutoCAD is evident
from the fact that a complete co-ordinate panel is
dedicated to tools for manufacturing the UCS.
3) The UCS in AutoCAD allows to reposition object and even
align the objects, if the whole drawing is to be set relative
to the element.
4) Using a co-ordinate system system allows to calibrate and
align drawn elements all the while allowing to have a
standard and fixed point of reference to fall back on when
things, quite literally, get out of hand.

Q4. State the 3D commands used in AutoCAD with examples.

3D commands used in AutoCAD:
1) 3D Move:
In a 3D view, displays the 3D Move gizmo to aid in moving 3D
objects a
specified
distance in a
specified
direction.
With the 3D
Move, you
can selected
objects and
sub objects
freely or constrain the movement to an axis or plane.
2) 3D Rotate:
Constrain the rotation of 3D objects and sub objects to an axis.
After you select the objects and sub objects that you want to
rotate, the 3D gizmo is displayed at center of the selection set. The
center box of the gizmo sets the base point for the movement and
temporarily changes the position of the UCS while you rotate the
selected objects. You can rotate the objects freely by dragging
outside the gizmo. You can also specify an axis about which to

constrain the rotation. If you want to relign the center of rotation,

you can relocate the gizmo by using the relocate gizmo option on
the shortcut menu.

3) 3D Scale:
Change the size of 3D objects uniformly or along a specified axis
or plane. After you select the objects and sub objects to scale,
constrain scaling by clicking the 3D gizmo, axis, plane, or the
portion of the gizmo between all three axes. Non- uniform
scaling(along and axis or a plane)is only available for meshes. It is
not available for solide and surfaces.
 Types of scaling are as follows:
1) Scale a 3D Object along an axis
2) Scale a 3D Object along a plane.
3) Scale a 3D Object uniformly.

4)

Extrude
Creates a 3D solid from an object that encloses an area, or a 3D
surface from and object with open ends. Objects can be extruded
orthogonally from the plane to the source of the object, on a
specified direction, or alone a selected path. You can automatically
delete when the solid or surface is created, or whether you
prompted.
5) Loft :
Create 3D solid or surface in the space between several cross sections.
Create 3D solid or surface by specifying a series of cross sections. The
cross sections define the shape of the resulting solid or surface. You
must specify at least two cross sections. Open cross sections create
surface and closed cross sections create solid or surfaces, depending on
the specified mode.

6) 3D ORBIT:
Provide interactive viewing in 3D with the mouse. Right - click to display
viewing options. 3DORBIT activates a 3D ORBIT in the current view
port, and the 3D ORBIT cursor icon appears. You cannot edit object
while 3DORBIT is active. If you drag the cursor horizontally, the camera
moves parallel to the XY plane of the world coordinate system (WCS). If
you drag the cursor vertically, the camera moves along the Z axis.
Q.5 Mention uses of AutoCAD with details:
AutoCAD is a computer – aided software drafting program. It is used for
a number of applications like creating blueprints for building, bridges and
computer chips to name a few. AutoCAD is 2D and 3D computer aided
drafting software application. It is commercial software. Since 1982 it
was a desktop application. Since 2010, it is available as a mobile, web
and cloud based app and known as AutoCAD 360.
1) AutoCAD as an architectural planning tool:
It comes with a user – interface with built in design layouts. The layouts
contain numerous templates specially designed for architectural planning
and building construction. The latest version of AutoCAD comes with
analytical tools. The tools can analyze the components of building to
troubleshoot stress and load levels of building supports. AutoCAD
enables architects to design, plan, execute and analyze the strength of
building, at design stage level.
2) AutoCAD as an engineering drafting tool:
You can use AutoCAD to draw accurate 2D drawing for any engineering
domain and also use AutoCAD to render to 3D model to help in
visualization of the end product. It is useful for Civil, Mechanical and
Electrical systems. It helps engineer to design, analyze and solve design
issues resulting in accurate designs.
3) AutoCAD as a graphic design tool:
AutoCAD has innate feature that enable user to plan and map out
spaces and take advantage of the space available. It can be used
simultaneously with 3D Max and various other applications software
including animation.

Q.6 Explain the significance of following commands:

1. Snap: Object snaps provide a way to specify precise location on the
object whenever you are prompted for a point within a command.
Restricts cursor movement to specified grid intervals, or tracks the
cursor to increments along polar alignment paths. The OSNAP are
drawing aids which are used in conjunction with other commands to help
you draw accurately. OSNAP allows you to snap onto a specific object
location when you are picking a point.
2. Polar: Polar tracking restricts cursor movement to specified angles.
Polar snap restrict cursor movement to specified increment along a polar
angle. When you create or modify objects, you can use polar tracking to
display temporary alignment paths defined by the polar angles you
specify. The angle can be selected by right clicking on the polar mode
and using the setting option. The cursor will snap at the selected angle
from the point of origin. Polar mode is useful in creating line design with
accurate angle.
3. Ortho: - Constrains cursor movement to the horizontal or vertical
direction. Ortho mode, cursor movement is constrained to the horizontal
or vertical direction or vertical direction relative to the UCS. Ortho mode
is used when you specify an angle or distance by means of two points
using a pointing device.
4. Grid: - To enhance drawing speed and efficiency, you can and snap to
a rectangular grid. The grid is a rectangular pattern of lines or dots that
covers the entire XY plane of the user coordinate system (UCS). Using
the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid paper under a drawing. Using
the grid similar is to placing a sheet of grid paper under a drawing. The
grid helps you align objects and visualize the distances between them.
5. 3D Scale: - with the 3D scale gizmo, you can resize selected objects
and sub objects along an axis or plane or resize objects uniformly non –
uniform scaling is only for meshes. It is not available for solids and
surfaces.

6. Snap: - Restricts cursor movement to specified grid intervals or tracks

the cursor to increments along polar alignment paths. When grid snaps
to rectangular grid intervals. When polar snap is turned on, the cursor
snaps to specified distances along specified polar alignment paths.
Draw Commands
1. Line: - Line is used to draw horizontal, vertical and inclined lines.
2. Polyline: - By using polyline we can draw line as well as arcs.
3. Circle: - Used to create circles.
4. Arc: - Draw arc by selecting two or three points using radius.
5. Rectangle: - This tool is used to draw rectangles.
6. Polygon: - This tool draws polygons with 3 or more sides.
7. Ellipse: - Used to draw ellipse.
8. Ellipse Arc: - Used to draw ellipse arc.
9. Spline: - Used to draw smooth curve that passes through fit points.

Edit Commands
1. Move: - One can move any object at a specified distance and
direction.
2. Rotate: - One can rotate any selected object arrow a base point to an
angle.
3. Copy: - This command is used to copy an object at a specified
distance and direction.
4. Mirror: - Creates a reverse copy of selected object.
5. Stretch: - One can move some part of the drawing with maintaining
the connection with other parts.
6. Scale: - One can enlarge or reduce the size of objects
7. Trim: - Used to trim any object whole edge meet the other objects. It
trims the crossed line.
8. Extend: - Used to extend the line to join the edges of other object.
9. Fillet: - One can round the straight corner of objects.
10. Chamfer: - One can bevel the corner of object in any angle.
11. Erase: - One can remove the extra part from any objects/.
12. Explode: - Used to break a joint object.
12. Offset: - One can create parallel copies of an object at a specified
distance