University of Salahaddin

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College of Engineering
Software & Informatics Engineering Department

SQL
2nd stage
Lecturer:
Hanan Kamal

2018-2019
 Objectives
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• Purpose and importance of SQL.

• How to retrieve data from database using
SELECT and:
– Use compound WHERE conditions.
– Sort query results using ORDER BY.
– Use aggregate functions.
– Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING.
– Use subqueries.

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 Objectives
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– Join tables together.

– Perform set operations (UNION, INTERSECT..).

• How to update database using INSERT,

UPDATE, and DELETE.

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 Objectives of SQL
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• SQL is a transform-oriented language with 2

major components:
– A DDL for defining database structure.
– A DML for retrieving and updating data.

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 Writing SQL Commands
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• Use extended form of notation:

- Upper-case letters represent reserved words.
- Lower-case letters represent user-defined words.
- | indicates a choice among alternatives.
- Curly braces indicate a required element.
- Square brackets indicate an optional element.
- … indicates optional repetition (0 or more).

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 Create Table
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CREATE TABLE Staff(staffNo VARCHAR(5),

fName VARCHAR(15),
lName VARCHAR(15),
salary DECIMAL(7,2),
sex CHAR
);

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 7
SQL Data types
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 SELECT Statement
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• Order of the clauses cannot be changed.

• Only SELECT and FROM are mandatory.

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 Example 5.1 All Columns, All Rows
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List full details of all staff.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, address,
position, sex, DOB, salary, branchNo
FROM Staff;
• Can use * as an abbreviation for ‘all columns’:
SELECT *
FROM Staff;

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Example 5.1 All Columns, All Rows

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 Example 5.2 Specific Columns, All Rows
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Produce a list of salaries for all staff, showing

only staff number, first and last names, and
salary.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary

FROM Staff;

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Example 5.2 Specific Columns, All Rows

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 Example 5.3 Use of DISTINCT
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List the property numbers of all properties

that have been viewed.

SELECT propertyNo
FROM Viewing;

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 Example 5.3 Use of DISTINCT
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• Use DISTINCT to eliminate duplicates:

SELECT DISTINCT propertyNo
FROM Viewing;

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 Example 5.4 Calculated Fields
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Produce list of monthly salaries for all staff,

showing staff number, first/last name, and
salary.
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary/12
FROM Staff;

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 Example 5.4 Calculated Fields
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• To name column, use AS clause:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary/12
AS monthlySalary
FROM Staff;

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 Example 5.5 Comparison Search Condition
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List all staff with a salary greater than 10,000.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,
salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 10000;

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Example 5.6 Compound Comparison Search Condition

List addresses of all branch offices in London

or Glasgow.
SELECT *
FROM Branch
WHERE city = ‘London’ OR city = ‘Glasgow’;

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 Example 5.7 Range Search Condition
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List all staff with a salary between 20,000 and

30,000.
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary BETWEEN 20000 AND 30000;

• BETWEEN test includes the endpoints of range.

• None btween
• WHERE salary>=20000 AND salary <= 30000;

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Example 5.7 Range Search Condition

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 Example 5.8 Set Membership
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List all managers and supervisors.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position
FROM Staff
WHERE position IN (‘Manager’, ‘Supervisor’);
• There is a negated version (NOT IN).
WHERE position=‘Manager’ OR
position=‘Supervisor’;

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 Example 5.9 Pattern Matching
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Find all owners with the string ‘Glasgow’ in

their address.
SELECT ownerNo, fName, lName, address,
telNo
FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE address LIKE ‘%Glasgow%’;

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 Example 5.9 Pattern Matching
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• SQL has two special pattern matching

symbols:
– %: sequence of zero or more characters;
– _ (underscore): any single character.
• LIKE ‘%Glasgow%’ means a sequence of
characters of any length containing
‘Glasgow’.

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 Example 5.11 Single Column Ordering
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List salaries for all staff, arranged in

descending order of salary.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary

FROM Staff
ORDER BY salary DESC;

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Example 5.11 Single Column Ordering

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates
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• ISO standard defines five aggregate functions:

COUNT returns number of values in specified

column.
SUM returns sum of values in specified column.
AVG returns average of values in specified column.
MIN returns smallest value in specified column.
MAX returns largest value in specified column.

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates
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• Each operates on a single column of a table

and returns a single value.
• COUNT, MIN, and MAX apply to numeric and
non-numeric fields, but SUM and AVG may
be used on numeric fields only.
• Apart from COUNT(*), each function
eliminates nulls first and operates only on
remaining non-null values.

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates
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• COUNT(*) counts all rows of a table,

regardless of whether nulls or duplicate
values occur.
• Can use DISTINCT before column name to
eliminate duplicates.
• DISTINCT has no effect with MIN/MAX, but
may have with SUM/AVG.

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates
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• Aggregate functions can be used only in SELECT

list and in HAVING clause.
• If SELECT list includes an aggregate function
and there is no GROUP BY clause, SELECT list
cannot reference a column out with an
aggregate function. For example, the following
is illegal:
SELECT staffNo, COUNT(salary)
FROM Staff;

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 Example 5.13 Use of COUNT(*)
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How many properties cost more than £350

per month to rent?
SELECT COUNT(*) AS myCount
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE rent > 350;

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 SELECT Statement - Grouping
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• Use GROUP BY clause to get sub-totals.

• SELECT and GROUP BY closely integrated:
each item in SELECT list must be single-
valued per group, and SELECT clause may
only contain:
– column names
– aggregate functions
– constants
– expression involving combinations of the above.

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 SELECT Statement - Grouping
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• All column names in SELECT list must appear

in GROUP BY clause unless name is used only
in an aggregate function.
• If WHERE is used with GROUP BY, WHERE is
applied first, then groups are formed from
remaining rows satisfying predicate.

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 Example 5.17 Use of GROUP BY
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Find number of staff in each branch and

their total salaries.
SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
ORDER BY branchNo;

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Example 5.17 Use of GROUP BY

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 Restricted Groupings – HAVING clause
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• HAVING clause is designed for use with GROUP

BY to restrict groups that appear in final result
table.
• Similar to WHERE, but WHERE filters individual
rows whereas HAVING filters groups.
• Column names in HAVING clause must also
appear in the GROUP BY list or be contained
within an aggregate function.

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 Example 5.18 Use of HAVING
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For each branch with more than 1 member of

staff, find number of staff in each branch and
sum of their salaries.
SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS myCount,
SUM(salary) AS mySum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
HAVING COUNT(staffNo) > 1
ORDER BY branchNo;

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Example 5.18 Use of HAVING

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 SELECT Statement Summary
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SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL]

{* | [columnExpression [AS newName]] [,...] }
FROM TableName [alias] [, ...]
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY columnList] [HAVING condition]
[ORDER BY columnList]

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 SELECT Statement Summary (cont.)
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FROM Specifies table(s) to be used.

WHERE Filters rows.
GROUP BY Forms groups of rows with same
column value.
HAVING Filters groups subject to some
condition.
SELECT Specifies which columns are to
appear in output.
ORDER BY Specifies the order of the output.
• Order of the clauses cannot be changed.
• Only SELECT and FROM are mandatory.
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 Subqueries
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• Some SQL statements can have a SELECT

embedded within them.
• A subselect can be used in WHERE and
HAVING clauses of an outer SELECT, where it
is called a subquery or nested query.
• Subselects may also appear in INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE statements.

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 Example 5.19 Subquery with Equality
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List staff who work in branch at ‘163 Main St’.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘163 Main St’);

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 Example 5.20 Subquery with Aggregate
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• Cannot write ‘WHERE salary > AVG(salary)’

• Instead, use subquery to find average salary
(17000), and then use outer SELECT to find
those staff with salary greater than this:
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,
salary – 17000 As salDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 17000;

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Example 5.20 Subquery with Aggregate

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 Multi-Table Queries
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• Can use subqueries provided result columns

come from same table.
• If result columns come from more than one
table must use a join.
• To perform join, include more than one table in
FROM clause.
• Use comma as separator and typically include
WHERE clause to specify join column(s).

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 Multi-Table Queries
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• Also possible to use an alias for a table

named in FROM clause.

• Alias is separated from table name with a

space.

• Alias can be used to qualify column names

when there is ambiguity.

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 Example 5.24 Simple Join
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List names of all clients who have viewed a

property along with any comment supplied.

SELECT c.clientNo, fName, lName,

propertyNo, comment
FROM Client c, Viewing v
WHERE c.clientNo = v.clientNo;

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 Example 5.24 Simple Join
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• Only those rows from both tables that have

identical values in the clientNo columns
(c.clientNo = v.clientNo) are included in
result.
• Equivalent to equi-join in relational algebra.

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 Example 5.26 Three Table Join
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For each branch, list staff who manage

properties, including city in which branch is
located and properties they manage.

SELECT b.branchNo, b.city, s.staffNo, fName, lName,

propertyNo
FROM Branch b, Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE b.branchNo = s.branchNo AND
s.staffNo = p.staffNo
ORDER BY b.branchNo, s.staffNo, propertyNo;

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 Example 5.26 Three Table Join
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• Alternative formulation for FROM and WHERE:

FROM (Branch b JOIN Staff s USING branchNo) AS

bs JOIN PropertyForRent p USING staffNo

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 INSERT
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INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]

VALUES (dataValueList)

• columnList is optional; if omitted, SQL assumes a

list of all columns in their original CREATE TABLE
order.
• Any columns omitted must have been declared
as NULL when table was created, unless
DEFAULT was specified when creating column.

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 Example 5.35 INSERT … VALUES
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Insert a new row into Staff table supplying

data for all columns.

INSERT INTO Staff

VALUES (‘SG16’, ‘Alan’, ‘Brown’, ‘Assistant’, ‘M’,
Date‘1957-05-25’, 8300, ‘B003’);

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 Example 5.36 INSERT using Defaults
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Insert a new row into Staff table supplying

data for all mandatory columns.
INSERT INTO Staff (staffNo, fName, lName,
position, salary, branchNo)
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’,
‘Assistant’, 8100, ‘B003’);
• Or
INSERT INTO Staff
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’, ‘Assistant’, NULL,
NULL, 8100, ‘B003’);

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 INSERT … SELECT
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• Second form of INSERT allows multiple

rows to be copied from one or more tables
to another:

INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]

SELECT ...

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 UPDATE
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UPDATE TableName
SET columnName1 = dataValue1
[, columnName2 = dataValue2...]
[WHERE searchCondition]

• TableName can be name of a base table or

an updatable view.
• SET clause specifies names of one or more
columns that are to be updated.

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 UPDATE
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• WHERE clause is optional:

– if omitted, named columns are updated for all
rows in table;
– if specified, only those rows that satisfy
searchCondition are updated.
• New dataValue(s) must be compatible with
data type for corresponding column.

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 Example 5.38/39 UPDATE All Rows
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Give all staff a 3% pay increase.

UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.03;
Give all Managers a 5% pay increase.
UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.05
WHERE position = ‘Manager’;

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 Example 5.40 UPDATE Multiple Columns
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Promote David Ford (staffNo=‘SG14’) to

Manager and change his salary to £18,000.

UPDATE Staff
SET position = ‘Manager’, salary = 18000
WHERE staffNo = ‘SG14’;

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 DELETE
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DELETE FROM TableName

[WHERE searchCondition]

• TableName can be name of a base table or an

updatable view.
• searchCondition is optional; if omitted, all rows
are deleted from table. This does not delete
table. If search_condition is specified, only
those rows that satisfy condition are deleted.

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 Example 5.41/42 DELETE Specific Rows
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Delete all viewings that relate to property

PG4.
DELETE FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = ‘PG4’;

Delete all records from the Viewing table.

DELETE FROM Viewing;

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 60
Thank you for your attention

Questions????
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