9

SCIENCE
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 5-6

HEAT, WORK, AND

ENERGY
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the concept of heat, work, and energy. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains the following lessons:

• Lesson 1: Heat and Internal Energy; and
• Lesson 2: Heat Engines.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define the following terms:
a. energy
b. heat pump
c. heat engine;
2. state the First Law of Thermodynamics;
3. solve problems on heat and internal energy;
4. discuss how heat pump like refrigerator works;
5. discuss what happens in a four-cycle stroke of a gasoline engine.
6. construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work (S9FE-IVe-42);
and
7. explain how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines
like geothermal plants work (S9FE-IVe-45).

1
 What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The sum-total of the potential and kinetic energy of the molecules of a
substance is called ___________.
A. heat energy B. internal energy C. mechanical energy D. molecular energy
2. Which of the following laws states that the change in internal energy of a
system is equal to the difference between the heat taken in by the system
and the work done by the system?
A. First Law of Thermodynamics C. Third Law of Thermodynamics
B. Second Law of Thermodynamics D. Law of Conservation of Energy
3. While a gas does 400J of work on its surroundings, 900 J of heat is added to
the gas. What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?
A. 300 J B. 400 J C. 500 J D. 600 J
4. Given the following mechanisms, which BEST describes the correct sequence
of a refrigeration cycle?
1. COMPRESSION 2. CONDENSATION 3. EXPANSION 4. EVAPORATION
A. 4,3,2,1 B. 3,4,1,2 C. 2,3,4,1 D. 1.2.3.4
5. Given the following strokes, what is the CORRECT sequence of four-cycle
stroke of gasoline engine?
1. INTAKE 2. POWER 3. EXHAUST 4. COMPRESSION
A. 1,2,3,4 B. 2,3,4,1 C. 1,4,2,3 D. 1,3,4,2
6. What is the function of a heat engine? It converts
A. chemical to mechanical energy. C. mechanical to chemical energy
B. thermal to mechanical energy. D. thermal to chemical energy.
7. Which of the following happens during the POWER STROKE of a heat engine?
A. Gases are expelled out by the exhaust pipe.
B. Gases are ignited by the spark plug.
C. Gases are compressed into fractional amount.
D. Gases are filled in the cylinder.
8. How does a condenser in a refrigerator work?
A. It compresses the refrigerant to a pressure of several times.
B. It absorbs heat from the contents of the refrigerator.
C. It cools down the content of the refrigerator.
D. It turns the cooled gas to near room temperature which then turns into
liquid.
9. Which of the following refers to the harmful effects on the environment
caused by the release of heat from heat engines?
A. Air pollution B. Noise pollution C. Thermal pollution D. Waste pollution
10. How does a geothermal power plant utilize the natural heat coming from
underneath the earth?
A. The heat coming from the earth is used by a turbine to create
electricity.
B. The heat coming from the earth is directly converted to
electricity by means of an inverter.
C. The heat coming from the earth is funneled into distribution
pipes that is used to power electrical appliances.
D. The heat coming from the earth boils water in a tank. When
water turns to steam, the steam rotates the blades of a
turbine. The turbine converts mechanical energy to electricity.
2
Lesson 1 Heat and Internal Energy
Suppose your hands are cold. You put them against your cheeks. Your
hands become warmer, meaning, their temperature increases. At the same time
your cheeks become colder, their temperature decreases. Energy flows from your
warm cheeks to your cold hands. Energy that is transferred from an object with
higher temperature to an object with lower temperature is called heat.
There is another way to warm your hands. You could rub them together.
Energy is changed from the kinetic energy of your moving
hands into thermal energy. Energy that is transferred as
the result of motion is work.

What’s In
https://bit.ly/3pY9InN
You have learned in your Grade 8 Science that there
is a close relationship between heat and work. Both are energy being transferred.
Objects cannot have heat or work. Heat and work are not properties. Heat is
energy transferred between objects at different temperatures. Work is energy
transferred when objects exert forces on each other and are moved. The
relationship that exists between heat and work is a concern of an area of physics
called thermodynamics.

What’s New
Title of Activity: WORD SEARCH
Direction: Find the hidden words which are related to heat, work, and energy. The
words may be hidden in any direction.

THERMODYNAMICS
HEAT
ENGINES
MASS
REFRIGERANT
STEAM
ENERGY
COMBUSTION
ADIABATIC
WORK

3
 What is It
HEAT AND WORK
Consider putting a metal spoon in a pan of hot water.
What happens to the spoon? How about the water? Through
time, will they eventually have the same temperature?
When two objects at different temperatures are put in
contact, heat spontaneously flows from the object with
higher temperature to the object with lower temperature.
The natural flow of heat always tends to achieve
equilibrium. https://bit.ly/2UYwihP
The concept of equilibrium happens naturally. Thermal equilibrium happens
when the temperature of two objects in contact become equal and there is no
further heat flow between them. Like the metal spoon in a glass of hot water, they
will eventually have the same temperature as time passes by.
Thermodynamics literally means “moving or evolving heat”. The science of
thermodynamics is concerned with heat and its transformation to mechanical
energy.
The First law of Thermodynamics is based on the concept of Conservation
of Energy. It states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the
difference between the heat taken in by the system and the work done by the
system. Internal energy (U) of a substance is the sum of molecular kinetic energy
(due to the random motion of the molecules), the molecular potential energy (due to
the forces that act between the atoms of a molecule and between the molecules),
and other kinds of molecular energy.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is mathematically expressed as:

ΔU = Q – W
where:
ΔU = change in the internal energy,
Q = heat added to the system, and
W = work done by the system.

Take note:
• Joule (J) is the SI unit for energy.
• Q is positive (+) when heat is added to the system
Q is negative (-) when heat is removed from the system
W is positive (+) if work is done by the system
W is negative (-) if work is done on the system

Consider the following problems:

1. A 120 J of energy is added to a system that does 40 J of external work.

By how much internal energy of the system is raised?

Given: Q = 120 J
W = 40 J
Find: U?
Equation: U = Q-W
Solution: U = 120 J – 40 J
Answer: U = 80 J

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 2. The internal energy of a system decreases by 700 J when it absorbs 2000
J of heat. How much work is done during the process? Is the work done
by the system or on the system?

Given: ΔU = -700J
Q = +2000 J
Find: W?
Equation: ΔU = Q-W
Solution:
-700 J = + 2000 J - W
W = 2000 J + 700 J
Answer: W = 2700 J
Since W is positive (+), it is the system that does
work.

KEY CONCEPT:
You have seen how systems in equilibrium states can be affected when energy,
in the form of heat. Heat, as you have learned, can change a systems internal energy
thus giving the system a source for doing work. Take the case of steam coming out of
a pot. As it comes out of the pot, where it absorbed heat, it has a lot internal energy
and the molecules are moving faster. This causes the steam to rise up and at the
same time bump off air molecules surrounding it doing work. From this example, it
is clear that heat can be turned to work.

What’s More
Title of Activity: HEAT CAN DO WORK
Most Essential Learning Competency: Construct a model to demonstrate that
heat can do work.

Objective: Construct a model that uses heat from steam for propulsion.

Materials: Empty cola can nylon cord glass nail

Alcohol lamp ring stand basin of water

Procedure: Caution: Be careful in using sharp and flammable materials as you

do the activity. FOLLOW ALL SAFETY LABORATORY RULES.

1. Lay a cola can, with its opening lever still intact. Using a nail,
make three holes on the side of the can opposite each other, about
2 inches above the bottom. Before removing the nail from each
hole, bend it to the right and parallel to the rim to make slanted
holes that will ensure that the escaping steam will leave
tangentially with respect to the sides of the can.
2. Empty the can with its contents in a glass.
3. Gently lift the can’s opener lever so that it is slightly perpendicular
to the top of the can. Then, tie a short length of nylon cord
through the hole in the lever.
4. Slowly submerged the can to a basin of water allowing the water to
fill the inside. The water level should be at least half-inch from the
bottom of the can.
5. Hang the can in a ring stand over a heat source. The can will begin
to spin when the water starts boiling. Make sure the nylon cord
offers little resistance and does not impede the motion of the can.

5
Guide Questions:
1. Describe your output/model. _______________________________________.
2. How does your model operate? _____________________________________.
3. Is work done when the water starts boiling? Explain. ________________.
4. What are the practical applications of your output/model in today’s
society? ___________________________________________________________.

HEAT PUMP

https://bit.ly/3m4qfnQ https://bit.ly/39cof9x

Heat flows from a hotter object to a cooler object when the two objects are in
contact. This is the reason why your palm feels cold when you place ice cubes on it
and why a pot of boiling water is hot to touch.
Can heat flow from a colder body to a hotter one? How can we do the
reverse? A heat pump is used to reverse the process. It is a device that allows heat
to transfer from a low-temperature reservoir to a high-temperature reservoir. This
is made possible by doing work to the engine. Refrigerators and air conditioners are
examples of heat pump.
In a refrigerator, the cold reservoir is its interior, while the hot reservoir is its
exterior. A refrigerator takes heat from the food inside and releases it to the kitchen
together with the energy needed to reverse the natural flow of heat, that is, to make
the heat flow from cold to hot reservoir.
But how does a refrigerator work?
Gases that can be easily liquified are used as refrigerant. Common
refrigerants are sulfur dioxide, ammonia and freon.
1. The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is
compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-temperature
gas.
2. The gas flows to the condenser. Here, the gas condenses to a liquid, and
gives off its heat to the outside air.
3. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This
valve restricts the flow of the fluid and lowers its pressure as it leaves the
expansion valve.
4. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the
inside air (usually heat from the contents of the refrigerator) is absorbed and
changes it from liquid to gas. Hence, the food and the inside of the
refrigerator are cooled.

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 5. The cycle repeats when the gas (that absorbed heat) is produced and goes
back to the compressor.

EXPANSION
VALVE

An air conditioner
works exactly in the
same way as a
refrigerator. The inside
of the room is the cold
reservoir, while the
outdoors is the hot
reservoir.

Essential Parts of Refrigerator

(https://bit.ly/374gG1P)

What I Have Learned

1. The First law of Thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy
of a system equals the difference between the heat taken in by the system
and the work done by the system.
2. Internal energy (U) of a substance is the sum of molecular kinetic energy
(due to the random motion of the molecules), the molecular potential energy
(due to the forces that act between the atoms of a molecule and between the
molecules), and other kinds of molecular energy.
3. A heat pump a device that allows heat to transfer from a low-temperature
reservoir to a high-temperature reservoir. This is made possible by doing
work to the engine.

What I Can Do
Title of Activity: FOLLOW ME
Direction: Identify the parts
of a refrigeration cooling
cycle. Write your answer in
the box.

Source:
https://commons.deped.gov.ph/
HEAT PUMP:
REFRIGERATOR
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5. The typical analysis of the thermodynamics system in a refrigerator is focused on
a working fluid called _______________.
6. The part of the refrigeration cooling cycle that converts liquid with low pressure
into high pressure and with low temperature into high temperature is
____________________.
7. The part of the refrigeration cooling cycle that allows the collected heat to be
discharged to the surroundings is called ______________________________.
8. The part of the refrigeration cooling cycle that allows absorbing the heat from the
room is called _____________________________.
9. The part of the refrigeration cooling cycle that converts liquid with high pressure
into low pressure and with high temperature into low temperature is
_____________________.
10. The refrigerator’s purpose is also to keep a cool place cool by exhausting
_________ in the kitchen.

Lesson 2 Heat Engines

Work can be easily transformed into heat. It is very evident when doing
work. All the work we do in overcoming friction is completely changed to heat.

What’s In
Prehistoric humans learned how to convert
mechanical work to thermal energy. They learned to rub
two sticks together to make fire. It was until the 1700s that
humans learned to do the reverse. Newcombe, Watt and
other invented steam engines that burned fuels and
converted thermal energy to mechanical work. These
engines started the industrial revolution.
https://bit.ly/33irQPE

What is It
Heat engine is a device that converts thermal energy to
mechanical work. Gasoline and diesel engines are examples of heat
engines. Each engine changes the thermal energy from a burning
fuel into the mechanical energy of the moving parts of the machine.
The machine transfers its energy by motion. Thus, a heat engine
converts heat into work.
Gasoline and diesel engines operate on four-cycle different
steps or strokes, namely: intake, compression, power and exhaust. A Heat Engine
Do the following activity to learn what happens in each stroke. (https://bit.ly/3756rdH)

8
 What’s More
Title of Activity: START THE ENGINE!
Objective: Discuss what happens in a four-cycle stroke of a gasoline engine.
Material: Illustration of four-cycle stroke of a heat engine.
Procedure: Study the illustrations of four-cycle stroke of gasoline engine below. Fill
in the table. Use the choices below for column 3.
A. filled in the cylinder
B. ignited by the spark plug
C. expelled out by the exhaust pipe
D. compressed into fractional amount

https://bit.ly/373PwrW

Cycle Stroke Movement of the piston What happened to the mixture

(moves up/moves down) of gases?
INTAKE
COMPRESSION
POWER
EXHAUST
Remember!
The heart of a car is heat engine. A car is not just a means of transportation.
For the rich, it is a symbol of prestige and prosperity, for majority of us, a car is a
necessity. But for an environmentalist, a car is a major cause of air pollution.
Probably, the most polluting activity a person does every day is driving his car
especially if it is not maintained properly.
Although heat
engines are
important nowadays,
they also pose
problems in our
environment. Aside
from causing air
pollution, the heat
exhausted by these
engines in the
environment causes
thermal pollution as
well.

https://bit.ly/2KAfGeh
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 Geothermal Power Plants also applies the same principle as heat engines.
Geothermal Power Plants utilize the thermal energy coming from the earth’s interior
and convert it to mechanical work.
Geothermal power plants rely on underground heat, which is stored in rocks
and groundwater to power steam turbines, which subsequently generate
electricity. These power plants function very similar to fossil fuel and nuclear power
plants; however, in this case the heat source is different. Essentially, hot water or
steam is extracted from the earth through a series of wells and is used to power the
steam turbine by allowing hot, pressurized geothermal fluid to expand rapidly and
provide rotational energy to turn the blades of the turbine on the shaft. The
mechanical energy caused by the rotation of the blades on the shaft is used to spin
magnets inside a large coil and create electric current. Therefore, the turbine and
the generator are crucial components of the geothermal system, which transform
geothermal energy to electric energy. Water is typically reinjected back through a
reinjection well.

What I Have Learned

1. Heat engine is a device that converts thermal energy to mechanical work.
2. The four-cycle stroke of a gasoline engine are intake, compression, power
and exhaust.
3. Geothermal Power Plants applies the same principle as heat engines.
Geothermal Power Plants utilize the thermal energy coming from the
earth’s interior and convert it to mechanical work.
4. Thermal pollution in the air can affect the weather and can contribute
to global warming. Thermal pollution in water can be harmful to
aquatic animals.

What I Can Do
Title of the Activity: How Does Heat Make Geothermal Power Plant Work?
Most Essential Learning Competency: Explain how heat transfer and energy
transformation make heat engine work.
K to 12 BEC CG: S9FE-IVg-45
Direction: Draw and label the steps of energy production in the geothermal power
plant diagram in a separate sheet of paper. Write 1-6 in the corresponding circle.
Also identify the form of energy that is present between the turbine and generator
as well as between the generator and the grid system. Write your answer in the
corresponding rectangular box. Use the data below for your answers.

A Geothermal Power Plant

https://tinyurl.com/GPowerPlant
10
1 A production well is drilled into a geothermal reservoir.
When the water reaches the surface, its pressure drops, causing the water to
2
evaporate and turn into steam.
Steam is then utilized to rotate the magnets inside a large coil and eventually
3
create an electric current.
Electric current from the generator is sent to a transformer for distribution to
4
consumers through the grid system.
5 Steam is then cooled and condensed back to the water.
In the injection well, the cold water is pumped back to the Earth to begin the
6
process again.

Electrical Energy
Form of Energy:
Mechanical Energy

Guide Question:
1. State the “Law of Conservation of Energy”. ___________________________________.
2. When used energy does not disappear, what happens to the energy involved?
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. How does spinning turbine in geothermal power plants generate electricity?
_____________________________________________________________________________.

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The sum-total of the potential and kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance
is called ___________.
A. heat energy C. mechanical energy
B. internal energy D. molecular energy

2. What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

A. The change in internal energy of a system equals the difference between

the heat taken in by the system and the work done by the system.
B. Heat is not destroyed nor created; it is just transformed one form to
another.
C. The total thermal energy before and after heating is equal.
D. Heat will always flow from a higher to a colder body.

3. Find the change in internal energy of a system that releases 2000 J of heat while
it does 500 J of work.
A. 2500 J B. 2000 J C. 1500 J D. 1000 J

4. Which BEST describes the correct sequence of a refrigeration cycle?

A. Compression > Condensation > Expansion > Evaporation
B. Compression > Evaporation > Expansion > Condensation
C. Compression > Expansion> Condensation > Evaporation
D. Compression > Condensation > Evaporation > Expansion

11
5. How does an evaporator in a refrigerator work?
A. It compresses the refrigerant to a pressure of several times.
B. It absorbs heat from the contents of the refrigerator and changes liquid to
gas.
C. It restricts the flow of the fluid and lowers its pressure as it leaves the
expansion valve.
D. It turns the cooled gas to near room temperature which then turns into
liquid.

6. Which of the following converts thermal energy to mechanical work is ________.

A. heat engine C. heat pump
B. heat converter D. heat mover

7. What is the CORRECT sequence of a four-cycle stroke gasoline engine?

A. intake > power > exhaust > compression
B. intake > compression > power > exhaust
C. power > exhaust > compression > intake
D. intake > exhaust > compression > power

8. Which of the following happens in during the INTAKE STROKE of a heat engine?
A. Gases are expelled out by the exhaust pipe.
B. Gases are ignited by the spark plug.
C. Gases are compressed into fractional amount.
D. Gases are filled in the cylinder.

9. What causes thermal pollution?

A. The exhaust from different industrial engines.
B. The exhaust of different vehicles.
C. People cutting off trees
D. All of them

10. How does a geothermal power plant utilize the natural heat coming from
underneath the earth?

A. The heat coming from the earth is used by a turbine to create electricity.
B. The heat coming from the earth is directly converted to electricity by
means of an inverter.
C. The heat coming from the earth is funneled into distribution pipes that is
used to power electrical appliances.
D. The heat coming from the earth boils water in a tank. When water turns
to steam, the steam rotates the blades of a turbine. The turbine converts
mechanical energy to electricity.

12
 13
What's New
What I Know Word Search
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. C
10.D
What I Can Do
Follow Me
1. Condenser
2. Compressor
3. Expansion Valve
4. Evaporator
5. Refrigerant
6. Evaporator
7. Condenser What's More
8. Compressor
9. Expansion Valve HEAT CAN DO WORK
10. Warm air 1. Students answer may vary depending on
the output.
2. As the water inside the can boil, it will eject
steam (heat) from the holes thus propelling
the can to rotate (work).
3. The model became the precursor of the
steam engine.
Lesson 1: Heat and Internal Energy
Answer Key
 Answer Key
Lesson 2: Heat and Internal Energy
What's More
Start the Engine
MOVEMENT OF THE 10.D
PISTON 9. D
INTAKE – moves down 8. D
7. B
COMPRESSION – 6. A
moves up 5. B
POWER – moves down 4. A
3. C
EXHAUST – moves up 2. A
1. B

WHAT HAPPENED TO
Assessment
MIXTURE OF GASES?
(INTAKE) – A. filled in
the cylinder
and electricity is produced.

(COMPRESSION) – D. 3. As the turbine rotates, an electric generator turns,

compressed to 2. The energy is transformed into another form.
fractional amount
(POWER) – B. ignited
total energy is a constraint.
by the spark plug 1. law states that in a closed, isolated system, the
(EXHAUST) – C.
expelled out by the
exhaust pipe

work?
How does heat make geothermal power plants

What I Can Do

14
References

DEPED iScience i9 iLearner’s iModule iand iTeacher’s iGuide

Hemler, Charles, H., et. Al. Focus on Physical Science, Merrill Publishing Company
Mamaril, Chloe, et. Al. Science for Millennials Grade 9, Salinlahi Publishing House
Inc. 2018
Padua, Alicia L., et. Al. Practical and Explorational Physics Modular Approach,
Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

Silverio, Angelina A., et. Al. (2013). Physics: Exploring Life Through Science,
Second Edition. Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

Private Educational Assistance Committee Junior High School Trainers. (2019).

Learning Module Science G9 Q4: Force, Motion and Energy. Retrieved from
PEAC: peac.org.ph

Williams, John E. Modern Physics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Publishing

Company

Unpublished
Contextualized Science Module in Grade 9 by Aguinaldo, Cristina, et. Al.
Weblinks:
https://bit.ly/3m4qfnQ
https://bit.ly/2UYwihP
https://bit.ly/39cof9x
https://bit.ly/33irQPE
https://bit.ly/3756rdH
https://bit.ly/373PwrW
https://bit.ly/2KAfGeh
https://bit.ly/3pY9InN
https://bit.ly/374gG1P

15
Name:_____________________________________________ Date:_________
Grade/Section:______________________________________ Score:________

SUBJECT: SCIENCE 9
QUARTER 4
WORKSHEET NO. 5
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
• Construct a model to demonstrate that heat can do work (S9FE-IVe-42).
• Explain how heat transfer and energy transformation make heat engines work (S9FE-IVe-
45).

Part I. DIRECTION: Identify what is described in the following

statements. Use the choices in the box below for your answer.
Heat engine Heat pump Thermal Energy Internal Energy
Compressor Expansion valve Thermal Pollution Air Pollution

1. It is a device that allows heat to transfer from a cold reservoir to a warmer one.
2. It is the sum-total of all the potential and kinetic energies of atoms/molecules in
the system.
3. A part of a refrigerator that restricts the flow of the fluid and lowers its pressure.
4. A device that converts thermal energy to mechanical work.
5. A pollution caused by the release of heat from engines which heats up the
earth’s atmosphere.

Part II. DIRECTION: Answer the following comprehensively:

1. In an effort to cool his kitchen, your friend opened the door of his
refrigerator. Would this action cool your friend’s kitchen? Explain.

Part III. DIRECTION: Solve the problem below and show your complete
solution. Make sure to indicate the given, the unknown variable, the
equation/formula to be used and the complete solution with final
answer. (5 points)
1. A jogger loses 5000 J of heat while doing 4630 J of work. What is the change in
the internal energy of the jogger?

Part IV. PERFORMANCE TASK: (Given the following tasks, choose

ONLY ONE to accomplish) USE A LONG COUPON BOND FOR THIS
TASK.
1. Draw a picture of your very own refrigerator at home. Identify the parts of your
refrigerator. In addition, your refrigerator should say messages of how it can be
maintained to work with the maximum efficiency.
2. Make a simple poster on how you can reduce thermal pollution in the
environment.

16