COMPUTER SCIENCE Ee WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET OF THINGS Electronics (ELC-242) : Paper-II S. R. CHAUDHARI Dr. J. A. BANGALI Prof. (Dr.) M. L. DONGARE Prof. (Dr.) P. B. BUCHADE CBCS 2 CREDITS paste deo and Mobiteand Tablet DevicesSyllabus ... -‘Unit1: Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony (12) Overview of Wireless Communication, Introduction of Cellular Telephony System: Frequency Reuse, Handoff Strategies, Co-channel and Adjacent Channel Interference, Block Diagram of Mobile Ha! Overview of Cellular Telephony Generations: 1G to 5G,3G (W-CDMA. UMTS), 4G(LTE) S| rchitecture, Frame Structure, Mobility Management, GPRS: Architecture, Application Unit 2: Short Range Wireless Technologies and Location Tracking (12) Short Range Technologies: ys Bluetooth: Bluetooth Architecture, Bluetooth Protocol Stack, Bluetooth Frame Structure — Zigbee: Architecture, Topologies, Applications, Z wave: Protocol Architecture, Applications RFID: Working of RFID System, Types of RFID Tags, RFID Frequencies, Applications Location Tracking: GPS System: Components of GPS System (Space Segment, Control Segment, User Segment), GPS Receiver, Applications Unit 3: loT Architecture (08) Introduction to IOT: Evolution of IOT, M2M and/or IOT, Seven Layer Architecture of IoT, Role of Cloud in IoT, Cloud Topologies, Cloud Access, Protocols in IoT, Cross Connectivity Across ToT System Components: + Device to Gateway-Short Range Wireless: Cellphone as Gateway, Dedicated Wireless Access Points. + Gateway to Cloud: Long Range Connectivity, (Wired, Cellular, Satellite, WAN). . Direct Device to Cloud Connectivity. Unit 4: loT Applications Application Domains Challenges in IoT: Power Consumption, Physical Security, Durability, Secure Secure Data Storage, Data volume, Scalability 4 Case Studies: Case Study 1: Smart Irrigation system for Agricultural Field. Case Study 2: Home Automation. Case Study 3: Smart Cities. 7KUnit 1 one Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most ‘notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the “second great unification in physics” where the first one had been realized by Isaac Newton. James Clerk Maxwell 4.1 Overview of f Wirelses) coinmlnieation or any other forms of electrical conductors. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves. A cellular ne! network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. U.S. cellular radio carriers. With the rapidly increasing penetration of laptop computers which are p mobile users to access Intemet services Uke E-mail and world wide web) (aa)| SN.B.Sc. (Comp. Sci): Elect. - (S-1V) (P-1) 1.2__ Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephon, | k blem IP is an Internet Protocol (IP) that attempts to solve nae be ee t ceveloping mechanism that allows IP nodes to change physica roca mt "eors 9 lange Ip ; address, thereby offering so-called ‘Nomadicity’ to Int SCI: ‘ + Intemational Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT - tiem of mobile Communk cing j f developed by the ITD to set the stage for the third general i ication | systems, The IMT - 2000 standard not only will consolidate under a single standard | different wireless environments (e.g. cellular mobile, cordless telephony, satellite mobile | services), but will also ensure global mobility in terms of global dasa Yori and ‘ ication Standards Institute as alee feareeas See ote communication system ae ped Mobile | Telecommunication System (UMTS), which belongs to the family of ba = 2000 systems. | © In this chapter cellular telephony system, cellular telephony generations and GSM, GPRS | systems are explained. 4.2 Introduction of Cellular Telephony System : : ] * The cellular concept was developed by AT and T Bell Laboratories of United States in| +1947, but the first tests were conducted in 1962 to explore commercial applications. * The cellular radio systems rely on an inteligent allocation and reuse of channels throughout a coverage region. Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio _ channels to be used within a small geographic area called a Cell. + small geographic coverage area of a base station with the diameter of 2:to of which allocated a number of RF channels is called a cell. Thus, a cell coverage area of a base station. The base stations in adjacent cells are assigned channel group which conte different channels than neighbouring cells. particular cell. In this technique, limiting the coverage area to within the boundaries of a group of channels may be used to cover different cells that are sep another by distances large enough to keep interference levels within the to What should be the geometric shape of a cell? While deciding the geor cell, we have to consider such a geometric shape which covers the entire rec Coverage of a base station without overlap and has equal area of radio cove 8y considering these two factors, there are three sensible choices for shape of a cell: (1) a square, (2) an equilateral triangle and (3) a hexagon. A cell must be designed to serve the weakest mobiles within the foot ‘ypically located at the edge of the cell. It might seem natural to ch Fepresent the coverage area of a base station, but adjacent circles cas.v.p.se. (Comp. Sel) : Elect: » (S-IV) (P-tn) 13 ___Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony upon a map without leaving gaps or creating overlapping regions. So, the circle cannot be a suitable choice. Also, an equilateral triangle does not fulfill the required design conditions of a cell. «For a given distance between the center of a polygon and its farthest perimeter points, the hexagon has the largest area as that of a circle and an equilateral triangle. «Thus, by using the hexagon geometry, the fewest members of cells can cover a geometric region of a base station and also the hexagon closely approximates a circular radiation pattern, which would occur for an Omni-directional base station antenna and free space propagation. So, the hexagon is a best choice for the geometric shape of a cell. «The hexagonal shape of a cell shown in Fig. 1.1 is a conceptual and a simplest model for a cell of the radio coverage for each station. It has been universally adopted, since the hexagon permits easy and manageable analysis of a. cellular measurements or propagation prediction models. Fig. 1.1: A Hexagonal Cell * Fig. 12 shows Cellular telephone network with MTSO - Mobile Telephone Office. TolFrom telephone system Fig. 1.2: Cellular Telephone Network * As shown in the Fig, 1.2 each repeater in the cell is responsible for coverage in * Although the cells are shown hexagons, in real situation the antenna patterns \ achieve this precision, hence the cells are more likely to be approximately circt some overlap, Also the cells are not of same size. It depends on the population area, usage of in that area like business area, school area, suburban places etc.S.Y.B.Se. (Comp. Sel) : Elect. - (S-1V) (P-Il) _ 1.4__Wiroloss Communleation: Callular Telephony * All the cell sites in a region are connected by copper cable, fiber optics and now-a-days with microwave link to a central office called a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) or Mobile Telephone Switching. Office (MTSQ) and the MSC's are themselves interconnected so that” “the system can keep track of its mobile phones. * The cellular system is connected at a point ‘of presence to the landline telephone network. © Thus, cellular phone customers can speak to landline customers and vice-versa. * Here we must note that, there is no facility for direct mobile-to-mobile communication even though both mobile phones are in the same room. © Every call from one to other mobile goes through a cell site and a MSC only. If it is landline communication then each cell will go through PSTN. 1.2.1 Frequency Reuse + Frequency use is the technique for using a specified range of frequencies more than once in the same radio system so that the total capacity of the system is increased without increasing its allocated bandwidth. «In mobile communication system use of space division multiplexing (SDM), the (three dimensional) SDM allows frequency reuse. «If one transmitter is far away from another, ie, outside the interference range, it.can reuse the same frequencies. + Hence, in mobile phone systems frequencies are assigned t blocked for other users. limited, Huge cells do not allow for more users. On the cont possible users per square kilometer. . mobile phones. 1.2.2 Handoff Strategies + Now, we will see how the call is automatically transferred from interface between each cell and the main telephone office.sy.pse (Come. Sci) : Elect. - (S-IV) (P-1) 15 Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony As the owner of mobile phone is calling or receiving from a cell it will be served by the cell transceiver. The telephone call will be routed through MTSO and through the standard telephone em. When the automatically switch from one cell to the next. This transfer of a call in progress from one cell to another is called handling. base station continuously monitors the signal strength of the mobile phone owner crosses the cell with his vehicle, the system will The receiver in each cell mobile unit. The optimum transmission and reception through by the computer situated at MTSO. paper selection of signal is monitored Cellular carriers and frequencies are allocated with channels. The control channels are used to allocate noise channels to mobile phones. When a user dials a phone number on a mobile, the phone scans all the control channel frequencies to find the strongest frequency. This control channel is associated with the closest cell site. annel and once the call The mobile phone transmits on its corresponding ch setup, the cell site assigns it a clear voice channel. The signal strength is continuously monitored to make available strongest sig the conversation continues, similar procedure takes place for incoming calls. " .2.3 Co-channel and Adjacent Channel Interference ‘A cellular system is generally characterized asa high capacity land mobile which available frequency spectrum is partitioned into the discrete channels assigned in groups to geographic cells covering a cellular Geographic Service Are The discrete channels are capable if being reused in different cells within the sel The basic principle of a cellular system is to divide a large geographic service a cells with diameters from 2 to 50 km, each of which is allocated a number Frequency (RF) channels. The transmitters in each adjacent cell ope! interference. Since, however, transmission power and antenna heigh cells that are sufficiently far apart can reuse the same sel co-channel interference. The theoretical coverage range and capa As the demand for cellular mobile service grows, 5 traffic demand grows in a given area, the cells can additional traffic. rate on different frequencies to a tin each cell is relatively | of frequencies without city of a cellular system are therefore ul the additional cells can be a be splited to accommoda23 Communicatio, Cellular 7, hoy + A cellular system provides the COPAbINY to Rando nett terminal (or user) moves betwee ff calls in progr es, Nn cells, 9 * 85 the mobi, * Co-channel Interference: In Mobile communications, time division Multiplexing used where iftwo transmissions overlap in tin srt 'S called co-channel interforeo soi * To avoid co-channel interference, precise synchroniz, ” required. ime, allocating separate signal; h is possibility of frequency band nt channel interference. Paces are used in TDM Used to separate the different IF and demodulator Fig. 1.3: Block Diagram of Analog Mobile Pho i "and Since the mobile is full duplex transreceiver, the transmitte simultaneously with a single antenna.SY.B,S¢. (Comp. Sel) : Elect. - (S-IV) (P-I1) 1.7 __ Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony The mobile phone antenna is a quarter-wave monopole antenna and half wave dipole antenna Heveve a le connected through a matching inductor as shown a a Matching in Fig. 1.4. inductor . A duplexer is used to separate the transmitting Quarter wave and receiving signals. monopole The wide 45 MHz frequency separation between transmit and receive frequencies makes this relatively simpler to design frequency synthesizer. Fig. 1.4: Mobile Antenna The switching of channels and power levels by the remote control base station is controlled through microprocessor. The logic circuit is shown in Fig. 1.3 above. Also due to microprocessor and digital circuit (memory) additional functions with handset are available to the user. These functions are generally timings of calls, storing messages, locking a phone, storing list of called numbers, remainders etc. * FM signal received is de-emphasized and compressed data is expanded to drive speaker, on the other hand microphone [Firenemitter] transmits our speech through compression pe section 28 and pre-emphasis with FM transmission. Frequency. ‘synthesizer - | Modern cellular telephone system has section grown so fast that in many areas of the oo , 7 Receiver communication use of cellular phone is section preferred. / A cellular telephone unit: Acellular telephone unit consists of: (i) Transmitter (ii) Receiver ii) Frequency synthesizer (iv) Logic unit (v) Control unit The block diagram of cellular unit is as shown in Fig. 1.5. The assembly is enclose Protective box with safety cover, in order to handle it freely by user. Fig. 1.5: General Block Diagram Cellular Radio(i) Transmitter; An Carrior input from callulny froquone tray ene Nor Clase Fina a aynthos! section —amplifer amplifier Full dy (aolaton) | To rocelvor Input ‘Ritomaiio powor control circuit Channal solect froquoncy from frequer Microphone Audio. synihoslzer (MIC) amplifier To logle Unit soction| Powor signal amplifior Fig. 1.6: Cellular Transmitter System The carrier generated by frequency synthesizer is phase modulated by the amplified voice signal from microphone. The phase modulator output is translated by a mixer. The mixer output is fed to a series of power amplifiers. Special control signals, picked up by receiver, are given to Automatic Power Control (APC) circuit. This circuit controls output power of the transmitter. A directional coupler is used to tap received power and convert signal. «This D.C. signal controls APC circuit. shared for transmission and reception. * The transmitter blocks are shown in Fig. 1.6. (ii) Receiver: * It is a dual conversion superheterodyne receiver. * The receiver blocks are shown in Fig. 1.7, ‘Antenna 82.2 or 45 MHz RF First First ‘amplifier mixer _amplifior LO signal rom troquency Fig. 1.7: Cellular Receiver System”S.v.B.Se. (Comp. Sel) : Elect. - (S-1V) (P-m1 (ii) Frequency Synthesizer: 1: Eolluiae Yetephieny The input signal from antenna is translated by first miver ta an It of B22 MHZ The local oscillator signal comes from frequency synthesizer The amplified IF signal is further passed through second If, arid then converted ty 10.7 MHz or 455 kHz. The signal is then demodulated, filtered, amplified and then applied ty speaker The output of demodulator is also filtered to produce 0.6. signal whieh is Haraive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). nal is sent back to cell site so that MTSO can monitor received signal and make decision about handoff. All mobile units consist of Programmable Read Only Memory (PROIA) chip catied Number Assignment Module (NAM). This chip has Mobile Identification Murniber (IN) The synthesizer is used for developing all the signals used by the transmitter and receiver. The block diagram of frequency synthesizer is shown in Fig. 1.4 See ele Retgenee| nut nn Crystal oscillator Frequency ‘divider Prescalor Phase dotoctor Fig. 1.8: Frequency Synthesizer As shown in the Fig. 1.8, PLL circuits and mixer Is used in frequency synthesi The function of PLL is to lock or synchronize frequency of VCO to that of In} The reference frequency for PLL is obtained by crystal oscillator as shown in The output of VCO, acts as local oscillator frequency for the first mixer in t The output of the two VCO, VCO; and VCO; is mixed together to produce output frequency. 7 The frequency divider block receive divide by number from the logic numbers are given by MTSO computer.ey ye-uy uty _wireress vor s2HOny The divide by number will set transmit and receive channel frequencies. * The two outputs produced by frequency synthesizer are applied to the modulator box in the transmitter and the first mixer in receiver respectively. * Thus, the frequency synthesizer thus act as local oscillator which can produce a wide range of frequencies with high stability. (iv) Logic Unit: vo. Interface Circuits May bea separate chip _ Fig. 1.9: bogie Unit * The block diagram of logic unit is shown in Fig. 1.9. * The logical unit consists of a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O interface circuit NAIA (Number Assignment Module) is a programmable read onl The NAM holds the Mobile Identification Number (MIN) ie. mobile phone. (¥) Control Unit: © It contains handset with speaker and microphone. It is basi ally speaker, microphone and LCD display, commercial mobile phone was introduced in 1983 6 technology has come a long way. kiSs. .Y.B.Se. (Comp. Sel) : Elect. -(S-IV) (Patt) 1.11_Wireless Communication: Celular Telephony As evolution in technology, protocols, services offered or speed, the changes in mobil telephony which is named as generation of mobile communication The evolution of cellular communication networks is com i Monty k 4G designations. ly known by 26, 2G, 3G and We are currently in the fourth generation with 5G emerging. We will discuss the basic features of these generations that differentiate it from the previous generations in brief, .3.1 Mobile Technology 1G to 5G 1G refers to the first generation of wireless mobile communication where analog signals were used to transmit data, . Tt was introduced in the US in early 1980s and designed exclusively for voice communication. Some characteristics of 1G communication are speed up to 2.4 kbps, poor voice quality, large size phones with limited battery life, no data security. 2G refers to the second generation of mobile telephony which used digital signals for the first time. 2G was launched in Finland in 1991 and used GSM technology. Some characteristics of 2G communication are data speed up to 64 kbps, text and multimedia messaging possible, better quality than 1G. With introduction of GPRS technology it enabled web browsing, e-mail st upload/download speeds. Hence, 2G with GPRS is also referred as 2.5G, & next mobile generation. Third generation (3G) of mobile telephony began with the start of the n and offered major advancement over previous generations. Some of the characteristics of this generation are data speed of 144 kbps to 2 speed web browsing, running web based applications like video multimedia e-mails, etc. Other enhanced developments in 3G are fast and easy transfer of audio 3D gaming facility, but this made mobile phones expensive with high infra like licensing fees and mobile towers, trained personnel required for infras for it. . The intermediate generation, 3.5G grouped together dissimilar mobile tel data technologies. Fourth generation (4G) of mobile communication was introduced in 2011, It provides more facilities like speed of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps, mobile wet definition mobile TV, cloud computing, IP telephony which we are using Now, 5G is the 5" generation mobile network implemented in some 0 Itis a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually: everything together including machines, objects and devices.S.Y.B.Sc. (Comp. Sci) : Elect. - (S-IV) (P-I) 1.12 _Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony * wireless technology will provide higher - eak data speeds, ultra | 5G hi ide higher multi-Gbps P' ata spee low a 4 ; creased availability to more users, latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, in 4.3.2 3G (W-CDMA, UMTS) viet. . egarding 3G and 4G systems in brie! ; / cee Show development ef ferent generations of mobi telecommunication systems. CTor s D-AMPS e GSM <> GPRS: PoC UWC-136 ITs So 18-136 : TOMA FS IMT-SC eae ™ IS-136HS IMT-DC UTRA FDD/W-CDMA IMT-TC UTRA TDD/TD-CDMA IMT-TC. TD-SCDMA’ COMA 18-95 (—_——> Gppiaone > CDMA2000 1X: Col 2G Fig. Zao: Different Generations of ‘Mobile Telecommunit mobile telecommunication systems. The diagram is divided into the three main multiplexing sche CDMA. The figure classifies the technologies into three generations. (W-CDMA) and other one Universal Mobile Telecommunications Sj As shown in Fig, 1.10 above after 1G, 2G and 2.5G CDMA technol 3G systems. becoming digital with CT2, and ended in Europe in the fully digital This standard has even been chosen as one of the candidates fo While the number of different systems might be confusing, development paths,t network providers offering GOV service to¢: Ms estoy WETS wet, . oe land each MSC connects to 2 number of BSCs. Consider 2 mobile station MS, communicates to enother mobile station MS, When a mobile station MS, communicates to enother mobile station MS, 2 centre MSC; establishes (switches) 2 connection (channel) between () MS, # WeETS> then to the BSC then to MSC and (@) MS, traced tothe ETS» The RSS and NSS provide a redio subsystem to discover 2 path (route to ch ‘een MS, and MS,.S.¥.B.Sc. (Comp. Sei) : Elect. - (S-IV) (P-M) 1.18 __ Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony The OSS facilitates the operation of MSCs. In GSM for radio interface, FDM or TDMA frame structures are implemented FDM is often used for simultaneous access to the medium by base station and mobile station in cellular networks. Here, the two mobile users establish a duplex channel, i. simultaneous transmission in both directions. The two directions, mobile station to base station and vice versa are now separated using different frequencies. This scheme is then called frequency division duplex (FDD). Fig. 1.14 below shows the situation in a mobile phone network based on the GSM standard for 900 MHz. ' ‘960 MHz a channel that allows for whe base Fig. 1.14: FDM Used in GSM for Multiple Access . € basic frequency allocation is the ese scheme for GSM is fixed and regulated All uplinks use the band between 890. .2 and 915 MHz, all downli inks use bai 935.2 to 960 MHz. According to FDMA, the base station, shown on the Fi allocates a certain frequency for up| i iplink and do} . mobile phone. ‘nlink to establish a duplex channel Uplink and downlink have a fixed relation, If the uplink frequency is f, = 890 MHz + iu n0.2 M i fa = fy + 45 MHz, ie, fa = 935 MHz + 10.2 MHz fora conan he ie The base station selects the channel. channel. Each channel (uplink and downlink) has a bandwidth of 200 kH; z. This illustrates the use of FOM for multiple access (124 chan; I available at 900 MHz) and duplex according to a predetermined aie a re.Jess Communication: Cellular Telephony. jaily TDMA is applied In GEM as shown in Fig 1.15 below, gyutide, (COIN: el) 1 Blacks » (SAV) (Mell) 119 Stull 936-060 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) downlink 800-916 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) Higher GSM frame structures: Pee Time -* GBM TDMA frame eee 4.615 ms GSM timo-slot (Normal burst) 77> ==. Guard Guard ‘a aise ron [» [i [ms] as Sbite 67 bite 1 26bits 1 S7bits 3 —— a 546.5 ys 87 ys Fig. 1.15: TDMA Frame, Slots, and Bursts Applied in GSM : Each of the 248 channels Is additionally separated in time via a GSM TDMA frame, | each 200 kHz cartier is subdivided into frames that are repeated continuously. * The duration of a frame is 4.615 ms, * A frame is again subdivided into 8 GSM time slots, where each slot represents a phy TDM channel and lasts for 577 [Js * Each TDM channel occupies the 200 kHz carrier for 577 jis every 4.615 ms. * Data is transmitted in small portions, called bursts. * Fig, 1.15 above shows a so called normal burst as used for data transmission insi time slot (user and signaling data). * Inthe diagram, the burst is only 546.5 1s long and contains 148 bits. * The remaining 30.5 ys are used as guard space to avoid overlapping with other bu due to different path delays and to give the transmitter time to turn ON and OFF. * Filing the whole stot with data allows for the transmission of 156.25 bit within 577 bs. t 33.8 kbit/s, each radio cal Fach physical TDM channel has a raw data rate of abou \ransmits approximately 270 kbit/s over the Um interface. The fat and ast three bits of a normal burst tal) are all "ance the receiver performance. | set to O and can be usec aeS.Y.8.Se. (Comp. Sci) : Elect. - (S-IV) (P-I) 1.20 _ Wireless Communication: Cellular Telaphes uence in the middle of a slot is used to adapt the parameters of the © The training seq -s and to select the strongest sienz receiver to the current path propagation characteristic: in case of multi-path propagation. A flag S indicates whether the data field contains u: Apart from the normal burst, ETSI (1993a) defines four more bursts for data transmission, ws the MS to correct the local oscillator to zvci¢ ser or network contro! data. (@) A frequency correction burst allot interference with neighboring channels. (i) A synchronization burst with an extended training set with the BTS in time. (ii) An access burst is used for the initial connection setup between MS and BTS. quence synchronizes the Ms (iv) A dummy burst is used if no data is available for a slot. * To avoid frequency selective fading, GSM specifies an optional slow frequency hopsing mechanism. MS and BTS may change the carrier frequency after each frame based onz common hopping sequence. An MS changes its frequency between up and downlink slots respectively. 4.4.3 Mobility Management GSM specifies two basic groups of logical channels, i.e., traffic channels (T¢ channels (CCH). GSM uses a TCH to transmit user data (e.g., voice, fax). Many different CCHs are used in a GSM system to control medium acce traffic channels or mobility management. Three groups of control channels have been defined, each again with sub () Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) a (i) Common Control Channel (CCCH) (iii) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) «These channels cannot use time slots arbitrarily. In Broadcast control channel, information like the cell identifier, options this cell like frequency hopping, frequencies available inside the cell a1 cells is transmitted. The BCCH is transmitted by the base transceiver station (BTS) at all time The RF carrier used to transmit the BCCH is referred to as the BCCH cart The MS monitors the information carried on the BCCH periodically ON and not in a call. between all mobiles and the BTS. = :‘s.85Se. (Comp. Se): Elect. - (SV) (P- 1.21__ Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony. + This is necessary for the implementation of “call origination” and “call paging" functions. + Dedicated control channel (DCH) is bidirectional as compared to BCCH, and CCCH are unidirectional. « The DCCH is a single timeslot on an RF carrier that is used to convey eight Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH). + Asingle MS for call setup, authentication, location updating and SMS point to point use a SDCCH. « All of the control channels are required for system operation. + The system allows different users to share the radio channel by using different timeslots to carry the conversation data. The control channels share time slots on the radio channel at different times. Hence, it allows efficient passing of control information without wasting capacity that could be used for call traffic data. GSM specifies sophisticated multiplexing scheme that integrates several hierarchies of frames. 1.5 GPRS * The General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) provides packet mode transfer for thet exhibits traffic pattern such as frequent transmission of small volumes. This is one of the more flexible and powerful data transmission scheme. GPRS should use the existing network resources more efficiently for p applications. I also allows for broadcast, multicast and unicast services. Prior to data transfer. However, it needs some additional network elements and software. . time slots within a TDMA frame. 4 Time slots are not allocated in a fixed, predetermined manner but on demant GPRS concept is independent of channel characteristics and of the type of does not limit the maximum data rate. All GPRS services can be used in parallel to conventional services. GPRS offers a point to point (PTP) packet transfer services. Users of GPRS can specify quality of service profile. This determin Precedence, reliability class and delay class of transmission. GPRS also includes several security services, such as authentication, access. ‘Gentiy confidentiality and user information confidentiality. Even a completely anonymous service is possible e.g. applied for road’te nly charge a user via the MS independent of the user's identity. eeSYR ae, (Compe Bel) | Bled! 4.5.1 Architecture 5 is shown In Fig, 1.16 Architecture Of GPRS Is show penebeonee Q, ; Fig, 1.16; Architecture of GPRS + shown in above Fig. 1.16 packet data is transmitted from 2 PDN, via the GGSN and 'SGSN directly to the BSS and finally to the Ms. The MSC, which is responsible for data transport in the traditional circuit-swst is only used for signaling in the GPRS systern. Additional interfaces to further network elernents and other PLMANs can be fo (1998b) protocol, An MS is attached by following the procedures of the mobility manag sending any data over the GPRS network, * The attachment procedure includes assigning a temporal identifier, called a logical link identity (TLU), and a ciphering key sequence number (CKSN} encryption. * For each MS, a GPRS context is set up and stored in the MS and in the SGSN. | * This context comprises the status of the MS (which can be ready, idle, or star 1998b), the CKSN, a flag indicating if compression is used, and routing data routing area RA, a cell identifier and a packet data channel, POCH identifien, * Besides attaching and detaching, mobility management also comprises fune authentication, location management and ciphering (here, the scope of cip between MS and SGSN, which is more than in standard GSta). 3 * In idle mode an MS is not reachable and all context is deleted. * In the standby state, only movement across routing areas is updated to the SG changes of the cell. =ye. (Comp. Sei : Elect. -(S-1V) (P-1) 1.23 Wireless Communication: Cellular Telephony. permanent updating would waste battery power, no updating would require system-wide paging. The update procedure in standby mode is a compromise. Only in the ready state every movement of the MS is indicated to the SGSN. The main characteristics of GPRS are as given below: (i) Mobility: The ability to maintain constant voice and data communications while on the move. (i) Immediacy: Allows subscribers to obtain connectivity when needed, regardless of location and without a lengthy login session. (iii) Localization: Allows subscribers to obtain information relevant to their current location. + These characteristics made GPRS useful in various applications. 1.5.2 Applications « GPRS has opened a wide range’ of unique services for marketing, to the mobile subscriber. « It is used in communications for E-mail, fax, unified messaging and intranet/intet access, etc. * Applied in value added services like information services and games, etc. * It is widely used in the area of E-commerce for retail, ticket purchasing, banking financial trading, etc. * As everyone is familiar to it, it is used for location-based applications like navig: traffic conditions, airline/rail schedules and location finder, etc. automation. * It is most powerful tool in advertising area since advertising is location sensitive in map in their advertisement which attracts more customers from various places to business. . * Applications like SMS, MMS and voice calls are also possible with GPRS. * Closed User Group (CUG) is a common term used after GPRS is in the market. * Also it make possible to implement supplementary services, such as Call Forwarding Unconditional (CFU), and Call Forwarding on Mobile subscriber Not Reachable (CFNI and Closed User Group (CUG). a —<—<—<——$—Exercises [A] True or False 1, The most common wireless technologies use radio waves. ~ 2. The base station antennas are designed to achieve the desired coverage to overall cells. ¢ 3. The cellular system is connected at a point of presence to the landline telephone network. “1 4, The movement between access points in mobile network is called roaring. », 5, The theoretical coverage range and capacity of a cellular system are limited. 6. To reduce co-channel and adjacent channel interference, guard spaces are used in TDM. 7. The transfer of a call in progress from one cell to another is called handling. 8, The mobile communication system is half duplex transreceiver 9. All mobile units consist of Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) chip. 7 10. The first commercial mobile phone was introduced in 1923 by Nokia. 11. 1G refers to the first generation of wireless mobile communication. ~7- 12. 2G are allowing users to fully enjoy digital media on their mobile devices, including — streaming video, rich, multimedia apps, and high-quality music. 13. In telecommunications, Local Telephone Exchange (LTE) is 2 standard for wireless % broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals. “£14. The difference between 4G and LTE is that, 4G is faster than LTE. 15. GSM is Global System for Mobile. “| 16. GSM uses a CCH to transmit user data like voice, fax. “© 17. The basic frequency allocation scheme for GSM is fixed and regulated by authorities. ~ 18. In GPRS, time slots are allocated in a fixed predetermined manner. All GPRS services cannot be used in parallel to conventional services. = 20._GPRS is only useful in navigation. {B] Multiple Choice Questions : 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cellular telephone system? (@) Accommodate a large number of users (b) Large geographic area (©) Limited frequency spectrum (9) Large frequency spectrum iB- 4.20 _ Wireless Communlcatlon: Cellular Telepho Initiation request during the origin of call by g SNWSe, (Comp, Sel): Hlocts = (SAV (CTD 2. What is transmitted along with the call mobile? SI (a) MIN (b) 5 iN eee (@) ESN and SCM (d) MIN, E: " 3. Whatis the shape of the cell present In the cellular system (a) Circular (b) Square (d) Triangular (©) Hexagonal 4 Which one is not an a (a) Increased capacity (&) Limited spectrum is requ (© Same spectrum may be al td) Number of base stations is reduced 5, How many users or voice channels are supported for each 200 kHz channel in GSM? (b) Three (d) Twelve dvantage of using frequency reuse? ired located to other network \ay Eight (© Sixty four & Which is one of the disadvantages of 2G standards? (a) Short Messaging Service (SMS) (b) “Limited Internet Browsing (© Limited capacity (d)_ Digital modulation 7. Which of the following the first 3G CDMA air interface? (a) 18-95 (b) IS-95B 4c) CDMA2000 1xRTT (d) CDMAOne & Which of the following is not a characteristic of 3G network? “(af LTE based network (b) Unparalleled network capaci (©) Multi-megabit Internet access (d) Communication over VoIP 9. Why neighbourit i i i piste bouring stations are assigned different group of channels in ct {2) To minimize interference (b) .To minimize area (©) To maximi: : 10, Which Neto throughput (d) To maximize capacity of each ¢ . Q ce the following is not a control channel of GSM? (a) BCH 5 (©) DCCH ae oc TCH {C] Fill in the Blanks: L iber's ; panscriber $s telephone number is indicated by shape of the cell present in the cellular system is