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ME 361 DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY

UNIT 5
BALANCING OF MACHINERY
Facilitators
Dr. J. Ampofo Takoradi Centre & Leader
Mr. M. N. Sackey Accra
Mr. F. W. Adam Kumasi

BSC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, 3RD YEAR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 1

BALANCING
Balancing of rotating engines
 Same plane (Static)
 Different planes (Dynamic)
Balancing of reciprocating engines
 Inline
 Radial
 V-Engines
 W-Engines etc.
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Introduction
• Unbalance linkages produce shaking forces and torques, as was learnt in Unit 4. In this unit, we
learn about design of linkages to eliminate shaking effects, which cause vibration in machine
supports.
• The process of eliminating or minimizing shaking effects is called balancing of linkage. Balancing of
linkages is more difficulty than balancing of rotors, and in many cases complete balance cannot be
achieved by practical means.
• Many methods have been developed to balance linkages. Some of the methods achieve a complete
balance of one dynamic factor, such as shaking force at the expense of shaking torque, or vice
versa. Typically, this involves adding counterweights or/and redistributing the masses of links to
change the locations of the centres of mass. This unit covers balancing of four-bar linkage to
balancing of multi-cylinder engines.
• Complete balance of any mechanism may be obtained by connecting a mirror image mechanism to
cancel the dynamic forces and moments. Certain configurations of multi-cylinder internal
combustion (IC) engines and reciprocating compressors utilises this principle. As a result most
multi-cylinder IC engines have even number of cylinders, such as four cylinders, six cylinders, eight
cylinders, which are arranged such that shaking effect of cylinder cancels that of another.
• Increase in pin force and weight also result in an increase in shaking torque compared to the value
on unbalance linkage. Balancing by addition of weight will increase mass and mass moment of
inertia. As a result, the torque required to drive the linkage will be greater.

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 3

Review-Balancing of rotating masses

Same plane (Static)
Balancing of rotating components is of
extreme importance, especially in the case of
high-speed machinery. Lack of balance may
be due to masses in one plane or masses in
different planes some distance apart. The
method of balancing is given.
The forces are: 𝑚1 𝜔2 𝑟1 , 𝑚2 𝜔2 𝑟2 , etc. These
are resolved into vertical and horizontal
components:
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑚1 𝜔2 𝑟1 𝑠𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑚2 𝜔2 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + ⋯
𝐹𝐻 = 𝑚1 𝜔2 𝑟1 𝑐𝑜𝑠1 + 𝑚2 𝜔2 𝑟2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 + ⋯

Resultant force, 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑉 2 + 𝐹𝐻 2 at an
𝐹𝑉
angle to horizontal axis 𝜃 = tan−1 𝐹𝐻of Machinery
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing 4

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How to Determine Angle

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 5

Review-Balancing of rotating masses

Same plane (Static)
EXAMPLE
Four masses m1 , m2 , m3 and m4 are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively.
The corresponding radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively
and the angles between successive masses are 45°, 75° and 135°. Find the position and
magnitude of the balance mass required, if its radius of rotation is 0.2 m.

𝐹𝑉 = 200 × 0.2𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 300 × 0.15𝑠𝑖𝑛45 + 240 × 0.25𝑠𝑖𝑛120 + 260 × 0.3𝑠𝑖𝑛255

𝐹𝑉 = 8.5 kg m

𝐹𝐻 = 200 × 0.2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 300 × 0.15𝑐𝑜𝑠45 + 240 × 0.25𝑐𝑜𝑠120 + 260 × 0.3𝑐𝑜𝑠255

𝐹𝐻 = 21.6 kg m

8.5
Unbalance force, 𝐹 = 𝐹𝑉 2 + 𝐹𝐻 2 = 23.2 kg m 𝜃 = tan−1 = 21.48°
21.6

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Review-Balancing of rotating masses

Different planes (Dynamic)
Method of balancing Complete dynamic
balance is achieved by introducing forces
equal and opposite to 𝑅𝑎 , and 𝑅𝑏 . In practice,
balancing is carried out at planes a short
distance from the bearings.
𝑖=𝑛

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑚𝑖 𝜔2 𝑟𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 0
𝑖=1
𝑖=𝑛

𝐹𝐻 = 𝑚𝑖 𝜔2 𝑟𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖 = 0
𝑖=1
𝑖=𝑛

𝑀𝑎 = 𝑚𝑖 𝜔2 𝑟𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 0
𝑖=1
𝑖=𝑛

𝑀𝑏 = 𝑚𝑖 𝜔2 𝑟𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖 = 0
𝑖=1 ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 7

Review-Balancing of rotating masses

Different planes (Dynamic)
EXAMPLE
A shaft carries four masses A, B, C and D of magnitude 200 kg, 300 kg, 400
kg and 200 kg respectively and revolving at radii 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm and
80 mm in planes measured from A at 300 mm, 400 mm and 700 mm. The
angles between the cranks measured anticlockwise are A to B 45°, B to C 70°
and C to D 120°. The balancing masses are to be placed in planes X and Y. The
distance between the planes A and X is 100 mm, between X and Y is 400 mm
and between Y and D is 200 mm. If the balancing masses revolve at a radius of
100 mm, find their magnitudes and angular positions.

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Review-Balancing of rotating masses

Different planes (Dynamic)
(m.r.l) kg-
Plane kg m (m.r) kg-m Plane x(l) m 𝜽° (m.r) cos (m.r) sin (m.r.l) cos (m.r.l) sin
m2

A 200 0.08 16 - 0.1 - 1.6 0 16 0 -1.6 0

X(R.P.) mx 0.1 0.1 mx 0 0 θX 0.1 mx cosθX 0.1mxcosθX 0 0
B 300 0.07 21 0.2 4.2 45 14.85 14.85 2.97 2.97
C 400 0.06 24 0.3 7.2 115 -10.14 21.75 -3.04 6.53

Y my 0.1 0.1 my 0.4 0.04 my θY 0.1mycosθY 0.1mysinθY 0.04mycosθY 0.04mysin

θY
D 200 0.08 16 0.6 9.6 235 -9.18 -13.11 -5.51 -7.86

𝑚𝑟𝑙cos = 0.04mycosθY − 7.18 = 0; 𝑚𝑟cos = 0.1mxcosθ𝑋 + 29.48 = 0;

𝑚𝑟𝑙sin = 0.04mysinθY + 1.67 = 0; 𝑚𝑟sin = 0.1mxsinθ𝑋 − 19.32 = 0;

mycosθY = 179.5; mxcosθ𝑥 = −294.8;

mysinθY = −41.75; mxsinθ𝑋 = 193.2;

𝑚𝑦 = 179.52 + 41.752 = 184.29 𝑘𝑔 <ME

−13.09°; 𝑚𝑦 =
361 Unit 5 Balancing 294.82 + 193.22 = 352.5 𝑘𝑔 < 146.76°;
of Machinery 9

Lumped-Mass Dynamic Model of

Connecting Rod
The model and actual connecting
rods would by dynamically
equivalent if the following three
conditions are satisfied:
• The centres of mass must be at
the same location, point CG2.
• The total mass must be equal.
• The moment of inertia with l  la  lb
respect to the centre of mass m  ma  mb
I G  ma la  mb lb
2 2
must be equal.
ma la  mb lb
mlb mla
 ma  ; mb 
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery la  lb la  l10b

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Example 5-1
The distance between the connecting centres of a
connecting rod of a single-cylinder two-stroke internal
combustion engine of mass 8 kg is 240 mm. The mass
moment of inertia of the connecting rod about an axis
through the centre of mass is 6500 kg-mm2, and its centre
of mass is 90 mm from its large end centre. If one of the
masses is to be located at the small end centre, determine
the dynamical equivalent of the two lumped masses of the
connecting rod.
ma  m
lb
 8
240  90  5 kg
la  lb 240

mb  m
la
 8
90  3 kg
la  lb 240
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 11

Balancing of Linkages
A rotating link of a linkage may be
balanced using similar technique as the
one for balancing rotating rotor. This
requires making the centre of mass of
the linkage stationary. This method
works for any linkage having revolute
(pin) and prismatic (slider) joints,
provided that the prismatic joint is not
connected to the ground. This means
that this method is applicable to crank-
slider machines such as internal
combustion engines and reciprocating
compressors.
 L 
 
m2 B2 x  m3  B3 L2 cos 3  L2  m2 B2  y  m3  B3 2 sin 3 
 L3   L3 
L
m4 B4 x  m3 B3 4 cos 3 m4 B4  y  m3 B3
L4
sin 3
L3 L3
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Example 5-2
The masses of uniform cross
section links 2, 3 and 4 shown are
0.5 kg, 1.0 kg and 1.2 kg,
respectively. The angles between
lines of centres and centres of mass
of links 2, 3 and 4 are 7o, 10o and -
3o, respectively. For complete force
balance, determine the masses that
must attached to link 2 at radius 0.6 solution
L2
m from the fixed joints O2 and link L2  1.8 m B2 
2
 0.9 m m2  0.5 kg
,
4 at radius 1.0 m from O4, L
, B3  3  1.15 m m3  1.0 kg
respectively. Also, determine the L3  2.3 m 2
orientation of the centres of mass L4  2.0 m B4 
L4
 1.0 m m4  1.2 kg
2
of the masses from their respective
lines of centres of joints. 2  7 o 3  10 o  4  3o

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 13

Example 5-2 cont’d…

m2 B2 x
 L  
 m3  B3 2 cos 3  L2   1.01.15
1.8 cos10  1.8 m2a B2a cos 2a  m2c B2c cos 2c  m2 B2 x
2.3 
 L3   
m2a B2a cos 2a  0.50.9cos7  0.9137
m2 B2 x  0.9137 kg - m m2a B2a cos 2a  1.3603
m2 B2  y
 L  
 m3  B3 2 sin 3   1.01.15
1.8 sin10 m2a B2a sin 2a  m2c B2c sin 2c  m2 B2 y
2.3 
 L3   

m2 B2  y  0.1563 kg - m m2a B2a sin 2a  0.50.9sin7  0.1565

m4 B4 x  m3 B3 L4 cos 3  1.01.15 2.0 cos10 m2a B2a sin 2a  0.10166
L3 2.3
m4 B4 x  0.9848 kg - m m2 a B2 a  m2a B2a cos 2a 2  m2a B2a sin 2a 2   1.36032  0.101662

m4 B4  y L4
sin 3  1.01.15
2.0 sin10 m2a B2a  m2a 0.6  1.3641 kg - m
 m3 B3 m2a  2.2735 kg
L3 2.3
m2a B2a cos 2a m2a B2a sin 2a
m4 B4  y  0.1736 kg - m

Let m2a and m4a , and m2c and m4c be masses that 90  2a  180
should be attached to and original masses of links  m2 a B2 a sin  2 a 
2 and 4, respectively. Also, let ϕ2a and ϕ4a be  2 a  180  tan 1    180  tan 1  0.10166 
 m2 a B2 a  cos  2 a
   1.3603 

orientation of the attached masses from the centre
lines of links 2 and 4, respectively. Then 2a  175.7 o

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 14

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Example 5-2 cont’d…

Similarly for link 4, we have
are negative, ϕ4a lies within
m4a B4a cos 4a  m4c B4c cos 4c  m4 B4 x 180  2a  270
m4a B4a cos 4a  1.21.0cos 3  0.9848  m B sin  4 a 
  180  tan 1   0.1108 
 2 a  180  tan 1  4 a 4 a
 m4 a B4 a  cos  4 a
   2.1832 
m4a B4a cos 4a  2.1832 

2a  182.9 o to the line centres of link 4

m4a B4a sin 4a  m4c B4c sin 4c  m4 B4 y

m4a B4a sin 4a  1.21.0sin 3  0.1736 The location of masses is as shown below
m4a B4a sin 2a  0.1108 3

m4 a B4 a  m4a B4a cos 4a  2

 m4 a B4 a sin 4 a  
2
 2.18322
 0.1108
2
4
2
m4a B4a  m4a 1.0  2.186 kg - m
175.7o 182.9o
m4a  2.186 kg

Since both 0.6 m 1.0 m

2.2735 kg
m4a B4a cos 4a and m4a B4a sin 4a 2.186 kg

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 15

Balancing of Inline (reciprocating)

Engines
h  r sin   l sin 
x  r cos   l cos 
2
r 
cos 2   sin 2   1  cos   1   sin  
l 
2
r 
 x  r cos   l 1   sin  
l 
n( n  1) 2 n( n  1)(n  2) 3
recall ; (1  x)  1  xn 
n
x  x  ...  x n
2! 3!
 11  
 2   1 4 
1r    r sin    ...  r sin  
x  r cos   l 1   sin    
2 2
 
 2 l  2! l  l 
 
 
 r 2
x   r sin    sin 2 ; taking the first two items of the series
2l

 1 
x   r 2  cos   cos 2 
 n 
 the unbalance (shaking) force on one cylinder is
 1 l
F  m x  m 2 r (cos   cos 2 ); where n 
n r
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Balancing of inline (reciprocating)

engines cont’d…
For more than one cylinder
iz
 1 
F   2  mi ri cos(  i )  cos(2  2i );
i 1  n 
iz iz

 mi ri sin i  0;  mi ri cos i  0, conditions for primary force balance

i 1 i 1
iz iz

 m r sin 2
i 1
i i i  0;  mi ri cos 2i  0, conditions for secondary force balance
i 1
iz i z

 m r x sin 
i 1
i i i i  0;  mi ri xi cos i  0, conditions for primary couple balance
i 1
iz iz

 mi ri xi sin 2i  0;  mi ri xi cos 2i  0, conditions for secondary couple balance

i 1 i 1

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 17

Example 5-3
The six cylinders of a single-acting, two-stroke cycle Diesel engine are pitched 1 m apart
and the cranks are spaced at 60° intervals. The crank length is 300 mm and the ratio of
connecting rod to crank is 4.5. The reciprocating mass per line is 1.35 Mg and the
rotating mass is 1 Mg. The speed is 200 rev/min. Show with regard to primary and
secondary; balance, that the firing order 1-5-3-6-2-4 gives unbalance in primary moment
only, and the order 1-4-5-2-3-6 gives secondary moment unbalance only. Compare the
maximum values of these moments, evaluating them with respect to the central plane of
the engine.

Firing Order 1-5-3-6-2-4.

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Example 5-3 conti;

𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛120 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛180 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛240 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 = 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠120 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠180 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠240 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 = 0

𝑠𝑖𝑛2∅𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛120 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛240 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛480 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛600 = 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠2∅𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠120 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠240 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠360 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠480 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 = 0

Therefore the primary and secondary forces are balanced

𝑥𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑖 = −2.5𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛60 − 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛120 + 2.5𝑠𝑖𝑛180 − 1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛240 + 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛300 = 3

𝑥𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅𝑖 = −2.5𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 1.5𝑐𝑜𝑠60 − 0.5𝑐𝑜𝑠120 + 2.5𝑐𝑜𝑠180 − 1.5𝑐𝑜𝑠240 + 0.5𝑐𝑜𝑠300 = −3

Primary couple is not balanced

𝑥𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛2∅𝑖 = −2.5𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛120 − 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛240 + 2.5𝑠𝑖𝑛360 − 1.5𝑠𝑖𝑛480 + 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛600 = 0

𝑥𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠2∅𝑖 = −2.5𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 1.5𝑐𝑜𝑠120 − 0.5𝑐𝑜𝑠240 + 2.5𝑐𝑜𝑠360 − 1.5𝑐𝑜𝑠480 + 0.5𝑐𝑜𝑠600 = 0

Secondary couples are balanced

Unbalance couple, 𝐹 = − 𝑚 + 𝑀 𝜔2 𝑟 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1.07 cos  − 30 𝑀𝑁𝑚
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 19

Direct and Reverse Cranks

• Consider the diagram above, if the masses at C

should be made equivalent to m/2
• Resolving the horizontal components of this
force system gives
m 2
FH   r cos   2  m 2 r cos 
2
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 20

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Direct and Reverse Cranks cont’d…

• The vertical component
m 2 m
FV   r sin    2 r sin   0
2 2
• The secondary vertical force
1
FH  m 2 r cos 2
n
• Similarly, the vertical component of the
secondary force is zero
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 21

RADIAL ENGINES
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine
configuration in which the cylinders point outward from a central
crankshaft. The radial configuration was commonly used in aircraft
engines before turbine engines became predominant.
R-5 R-24

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 22

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Balancing of Radial Engines

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 23

Balancing of radial engines cont’d…

Total Horizontal Primary Force
iz
Fpx   2  mi ri cos(  i ) cos i ;
i 1

Total Vertical Primary Force

iz
Fpy   2  mi ri cos(  i ) sin i ;
i 1

Resultant Primary Force

Rp  Fx  Fy
2 2

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 24

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Balancing of radial engines cont’d…

Total Horizontal Secondary Force
i z
1 
Fsx   2  mi ri  cos(2  2i ) cos i ;
i 1 n 
Total Vertical Secondary Force
iz
1 
Fsy   2  mi ri  cos(2  2i ) sin i ;
i 1  n 

Resultant Secondary Force

Rs  Fx  Fy
2 2

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 25

V-ENGINES
The V-engine configuration is made
up of two inline configurations with
one on each bank, as shown. A V-6
engine is a six-cylinder engine
which essentially consists of two
three-cylinder inline engines on a
common crankshaft. Similarly, a V-8
engine consists of two-cylinder
inline engines on a common
crankshaft. In V configurations, the
bank angle introduces additional
phase shift of the forces.
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 26

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Balancing of V-Engines
Consider a two-cylinder engine with one cylinder in each
bank and with both sharing a common crank throw, and each
cylinder inclined at an angle α to the vertical. By letting the
y-axis be the central axis of the banks, the x-axis being the
horizontal, with angle θ measured from the piston axis, the
shaking force along x and y can be calculated.

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 27

Balancing of V-Engines
Total primary vertical force
FV  m 2 r cos(   ) cos   m 2 r cos(   ) cos 
FV  2m 2 r cos 2  cos 

Total primary horizontal force

FH  m 2 r cos(   ) sin   m 2 r cos(   ) sin 
FH  2m 2 r sin 2  sin 

Resultant p rimary force

FPR  FH  FV
2 2

FPR  2m 2 r (sin 2  sin  ) 2  (cos 2  cos  ) 2

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 28

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Balancing of V-Engines

Similarly the secondary unbalance forces are

2m 2 r
FH  (sin  sin 2 sin 2 )
n
2m 2 r
FV  (cos  cos 2 cos 2 )
n
2m 2 r
FSR  (sin  sin 2 sin 2 ) 2  (cos  cos 2 cos 2 ) 2
n

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 29

Balancing of V-Engines cont’d…

For V - Engines with more than two cylinders
Total primary force on the left bank
i n
FPL   2  mi ri cos  i cos(   )  sin  i sin(   )
i 1

Total primary force on the right bank

i n
FPR   2  mi ri cos  i cos(   )  sin  i sin(   )
i 1

Total secondary force on the left bank

i n
FSL   2  mi ri cos 2  i cos(2  2 )  sin 2  i sin( 2  2 )
i 1

Total secondary force on the right bank

i n
FSR   2  mi ri cos 2  i cos(2  2 )  sin 2  i sin( 2  2 )
i 1

where  i is the ' i' th angle a crank makes with a reference.

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 30

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Example 5-4
The reciprocating mass per cylinder in a 60° V-twin
engine is 1.5 kg. The stroke and connecting rod
length are 100 mm and 250 mm respectively. If the
engine runs at 2500 rpm., determine the maximum
and minimum values of the primary and secondary
forces. Also find out the crank position
corresponding to these values.

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 31

Example 5-4: analytical method

Given 2α = 60° or α = 30°, m = 1.5 kg ; Stroke = 100 mm or r
= = 50 mm ; l = 250 mm ; N = 250 r.p.m. or ω = 2 π × 2500 / 60
= 261.8 rad/s
Maximum and minimum values of primary forces
We know that the resultant primary force,

FPR  2m 2 r (sin 2  sin  ) 2  (cos 2  cos  ) 2

3 1
FPR  2m 2 r ( cos  ) 2  ( sin  ) 2
4 4
The primary force is maximum, when θ = 0°. Therefore,
maximum primary force is

FPR  2 1.5  261.8  0.05 ( ) 2  7.711 kN

2 3
4
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 32

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Example 5-4 cont’d…

The primary force is minimum, when θ = 90°. Therefore the
minimum primary force is

FPR  2 1.5  261.8  0.05 ( ) 2  2.570 kN

2 1
4
Maximum and minimum values of secondary forces
2m 2 r
FSR  (sin  sin 2 sin 2 ) 2  (cos  cos 2 cos 2 ) 2
n
2m 2 r 1 3 1 3
FSR  (  sin 2 ) 2  (  cos 2 ) 2
n 2 2 2 2
3  1.5  261.82  0.05
FSR   890.3 N
2  (0.25 / 0.05)
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 33

Example 5-4: Graphical method

Pr imary Reverse Force

m m
FPR  2  2 r cos 60   2 r
2 2
Arrangement of the Cylinders and Crank

Total Horizontal Primary Force

m 2
 r sin 
FPH 
Pr imary Direct Force 2
Total Vertical Primary Force
m
FPD  2  2 r  m 2 r 3m 2
2 ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery FPV   r cos  34
2

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Example 5-4: Graphical method (

Solution) cont’d…

Resultant Primary Force

3 1
FPR  FPV  FPH  2m 2 r ( cos  ) 2  ( sin  ) 2
2 2

4 4
as before.

Similarly, the Resultant Secondary Force

2m 2 r 1 3 1 3
FSR  (  sin 2 ) 2  (  cos 2 ) 2
n 2 2 2 2

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 35

Example 5-5
Investigate the out-of-balance forces of an eight-cylinder V-
engine consisting of two banks of cylinders, each having four
cylinders in line and both working upon one four-throw
crankshaft. The centre-lines of the two banks are inclined at
angles (∅/2) on each side of the vertical plane. The relative
positions of the four cranks are 0°, 180°, 180° and 0° and two
connecting rods work on each crank. Find the maximum values
of the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the engine, in
terms of the angle ∅, the angular velocity ω of the crankshaft,
the crank radius r, the connecting rod length l, and the
reciprocating mass m per cylinder. State the nature and amount
of the total force, (a) when ∅ = 90°, (b) when ∅= 60° (c) ∅ = 45°

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 36

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Example 5-5:analytical method

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛180 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛180 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠180 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠180 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 0

Primary forces are balanced

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛360 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠360 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠360 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 4

Secondary forces are not balanced

Total secondary force on the left bank

i n
FSL   2  mi ri cos 2  i cos(2  2 )  sin 2  i sin( 2  2 )
i 1

Total secondary force on the right bank

i n
FSR   2  mi ri cosME2361
 i Unit
cos( )  sin 2  i sin( 2  2 )
2  2ofMachinery
5 Balancing 37
i 1

Example 5-5:analytical method

FSL  4mr 2 cos(2  2 )
FSR  4mr 2 cos(2  2 )
Total Vertical Force
FV  8mr 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 
Total Horizontal Force
FH  8mr 2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 
Resultant Force
8mr 2
FR  (cos 2 cos 2 cos  ) 2  (sin 2 sin 2 sin  ) 2
n
4 2 m 2 r 2
when   90 o FR  sin 2 , sinusoidal
l
2 3 m 2 r 2
when   60 o FR  , constant
l
when   45o FR  ??
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 38

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3,4,5 ASSIGNMENT 1
A shaft carries five masses A, B, C, D and E
which revolve at the same radius in planes which
are equidistant from one another. The magnitude
of the masses in planes A, C and D are 50 kg, 40
kg and 80 kg respectively. The angle between A
and C is 90° and that between C and D is 135°.
Determine the magnitude of the masses in planes
B and E and their positions to put the shaft in
complete rotating balance.
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 39

ASSIGNMENT 2
Four masses A, B, C and D are attached to a
shaft and revolve in the same plane. The masses
are 12 kg, 10 kg, 18 kg and 15 kg respectively
and their radii of rotations are 40 mm, 50 mm, 60
mm and 30 mm. The angular position of the
masses B, C and D are 60°, 135° and 270° from
the mass A. Find the magnitude and position of
the balancing mass at a radius of 100 mm.

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 40

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ASSIGNMENT 3
The spacing of the four cylinders A, B, C and D of a vertical in-
line engine is 650 mm, 500 mm and 650 mm. The reciprocating
masses of the inner cylinders B and C arc 50 kg, and their cranks
are at 60° to one another; the stroke is 325 nun and the
connecting rods are 600 mm long. Find the magnitudes of the
reciprocating masses for the outer cylinders A and D and the
relative angular positions of all the cranks if all primary forces
and couples are to be balanced. What will be the maximum
unbalanced secondary force acting on the base when the engine is
run at 375 rev/min.

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 41

ASSIGNMENT 4
A three-cylinder compressor is
arranged as shown with the three
pistons operated from a common
crank. The reciprocating masses are
9 kg for cylinders 1 and 3, and 6 kg
for cylinder 2. The crank radius is 40
mm; and the ratio of connecting rod
to crank is 5 for each cylinder. The
speed is 960 rev/min. Find the
primary unbalanced force at this
speed, and obtain a suitable balance
mass at crank radius for vertical
primary balance. Find also the
unbalanced secondary force.
ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 42

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ASSIGNMENT 5
The four-cylinder radial engine
depicted in the Figure is an excellent
engine from the point of view of
dynamic balance. Show that the
engine can be balanced by means of
a single rotating counterweight
mounted on the crankshaft, and
determine the magnitude and
location of such a counterweight.
The crank length is r, the connecting
rod lengths all equal l, and the
reciprocating masses all equal m.
The rotating masses are balanced,
and all four cylinders lie in a single
transverse plane. ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 43

ASSIGNMENT 6
Investigate the state of balance of an eight-cylinder V-
engine consisting of two banks of cylinders, each
having four cylinders in line and both working upon
one four-throw crankshaft. The centre-lines of the two
banks are inclined at angles (∅/2) on each side of the
vertical plane. The relative positions of the four
cranks are 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° and two connecting
rods work on each crank. State the nature and amount
of the total force and couple, (a) when ∅ = 90°, (b)
when ∅= 60° (c) ∅ = 45°

ME 361 Unit 5 Balancing of Machinery 44

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