ELEMENTARY

LOGIC
By: Ms. Clarisse Ikan, LPT
 LOGIC
▪ The Greeks, most notably Thales,
were the first to formally analyze the
reasoning
▪ process.
▪ has been studied since the classical
Greek period (600-300BC).
2
 ARISTOTLE (384-322BC)
▪ Father of logic

3
 George Boole (1815-1864)
▪ Father of symbolic logic
▪ developed logic as an abstract
▪ mathematical system consisting of defined
terms (propositions), operations (conjunction,
disjunction, and negation), and rules for using
the operations.
▪ developed an “algebra of logic”
4
 PROPOSITIONS
▪ is a declarative sentence that is
either true (denoted either T or
1) or false (denoted either F or
0).

5
 Examples
▪ “Drilling for oil caused dinosaurs to
become extinct.” is a proposition.
▪ “Look out!” is not a proposition.

6
 Examples
▪ “How far is it to the next town?” is not
a proposition.
▪ “x + 2 = 2x” is not a proposition.
▪ “x + 2 = 2x when x = −2” is a
proposition.

7
 Examples of Propositions
▪ All cows are brown.
▪ The Earth is further from the sun than
Venus.
▪ There is life on Mars.
▪ 2 × 2 = 5.

8
 Examples of Not Propositions
▪ “Do you want to go to the movies?” Since a
question is not a declarative sentence, it fails to
be a proposition.
▪ “Clean up your room.” Likewise, an imperative is
not a declarative sentence; hence, fails to be a
proposition

9
 LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
▪ word or phrase that is used to
join simple statements in order
to form a compound statement.

10
1. Negation
 Negation
▪ A statement formed by
adding the word not to
some given statement

12
 Negation
▪ The symbol “~” - not.
▪ The negation of the statement p is
denoted symbolically by ~p
▪ It is read “not p

13
 Tabular Form

p ~𝒑
T F
F T

14
 Example 1
▪ Given:
▪ Let p represent, "Baseball is a sport."
▪ Let q represent, "There are 100 cents in a dollar."
▪ Let r represent, "She does her homework."
▪ Let s represent, "A dime is not a coin."
▪ Problem: Write each sentence below using symbols and indicate
if it is true, false or open

15
 Example 1
▪ 1. A dime is a coin. ~s
▪ 2. Baseball is not a sport. ~p
▪ 3. There are not 100 cents in a dollar. ~q
▪ 4. Baseball is a sport. p

16
2. Conjunction
 Conjunction
▪ Two statements joined by
the word and form a
compound statement

18
 Conjunction
▪ symbol “ᴧ” – and
▪ The conjunction of the statements
p and q is denoted symbolically by
p ᴧ q. It is read p and q.

19
 Tabular

20
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ p: Ann is on the softball team.
▪ q: Paul is on the football team.
▪ Problem: What does 𝒑 ∧ 𝒒 represent?

21
 Answer
▪ "Ann is on the softball team and
Paul is on the football team."

22
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ a: A square is a quadrilateral.
▪ b: Harrison Ford is an American actor.
▪ Problem: What does 𝒑 ∧ 𝒒 represent?

23
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ p: The number 11 is prime. true
▪ q: The number 17 is composite. false
▪ r: The number 23 is prime. true
▪ Problem: For each conjunction below, write a sentence
and indicate if it is true or false

24
 Answer
▪ 1. 𝒑 ∧ 𝒒 The number 11 is prime and the
number 17 is composite. false
▪ 2. 𝒑 ∧ 𝒓 The number 11 is prime and the
number 23 is prime. true
▪ 3. 𝒒 ∧ 𝒓 The number 17 is composite and the
number 23 is prime. false

25
 Example
▪ Construct a truth table for each
conjunction below:
▪ 1. ~x and y
▪ 2. ~y and x

26
 Answer
𝒙 𝒚 ∼𝒙 ∼𝒙∧𝒚
T T F F
T F F F
F T T T
F F T F
27
 Answer
𝒙 𝒚 ∼𝒚 ∼𝒚∧𝒙
T T F F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T F
28
3. Disjunction
 Disjunction
▪ Two statements joined by the
word or form a compound
statement
▪ symbols “ν” – or
▪ It is read p or q.
30 ▪
 Tabular

31
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ p: Ann is on the softball team.
▪ q: Paul is on the football team.
▪ Problem: What does p ν q represent?

32
 Answer
▪ Ann is on the softball team or
Paul is on the football team

33
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ p: 12 is prime. false
▪ q: 17 is prime. true
▪ r: 19 is composite. false
▪ Problem: Write a sentence for each disjunction
below. Then indicate if it is true or false.

34
 Answer
▪ 1. 𝒑 ∨ 𝒒 12 is prime or 17 is prime. true
▪ 2. 𝒑 ∨ 𝒓
▪ 3. 𝒒 ∨ 𝒓

35
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ x: Jayne played tennis.
▪ y: Chris played softball.
▪ Problem: Construct a truth table for
conjunction "x and y" and disjunction "x or
y."
36
 Answer
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙∧𝒚 𝒙∨𝒚
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F F
37
4. Implication
(Conditional)
 Implication (Conditional)
▪ Two statements joined by the
phrase if…, then… form a
compound

39
 Implication (Conditional)
▪ symbols “→” – if , then
▪ The implication “if p, then q” is
denoted symbolically by p → q.
It is read “p implies q.”

40
 Tabular
𝒑 𝒒 𝒑→𝒒
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

41
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ p: I do my homework.
▪ q: I get my allowance.
▪ Problem: What does 𝒑 → 𝒒 represent?

42
 Answer

▪ "If I do my homework,
then I get an
allowance."
43
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ a: The sun is made of gas.
▪ b: 3 is a prime number.
▪ Problem: Write 𝒂 → 𝒃 as a sentence.

44
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ r: 8 is an odd number. false
▪ s: 9 is composite. true
▪ Problem: What is the truth value of 𝒓 → 𝒔?

45
 Answer
▪ Since hypothesis r is false
and conclusion s is true, the
conditional 𝒓 → 𝒔 is true

46
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ r: 8 is an odd number. false
▪ s: 9 is composite. true
▪ Problem: What is the truth value of 𝒔 → 𝒓?

47
 Answer
▪ Since hypothesis s is true
and conclusion r is false, the
conditional 𝒔 → 𝒓 is false.

48
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ p: 72 = 72. true
▪ q: A rectangle does not have 4 sides. false
▪ r: Harrison Ford is an American actor. true
▪ s: A square is not a quadrilateral. false
▪ Problem: Write each conditional below as a sentence.
Then indicate its truth value.

49
 Answer
▪ 1. 𝒑 → 𝒒 If 72 is equal to 49, then a
rectangle does not have 4 sides. false
▪ 2. 𝒒 → 𝒓 If a rectangle does not have
4 sides, then Harrison Ford is an
American actor. true

50
 Answer
▪ 3. 𝒑 → 𝒓 If 72 is equal to 49, then
Harrison Ford is an American actor.
true
▪ 4. 𝒒 → 𝒔 If a rectangle does not have
4 sides, then a square is not a
quadrilateral. true
51
 Answer
▪ 5. 𝒓 → ~𝒑 If Harrison Ford is an American
actor, then 72
▪ is not equal to 49. false
▪ 6. ~𝒓 → 𝒑 If Harrison Ford is not an
American actor, then 72
▪ is equal to 49. true
52
5. Biconditional
 Biconditional
▪ Two statements joined by the
phrase if and only if (iff) form a
compound statement
▪ symbol “↔” – if and only if

54
 Tabular
𝒑 𝒒 𝒑↔𝒒
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

55
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ p: A polygon is a triangle.
▪ q: A polygon has exactly 3 sides.
▪ Problem: What does the statement
𝒑 ↔ 𝒒 represent?
56
 Answer
▪ "A polygon is a triangle if and only
if it has exactly 3 sides."

57
 Example
▪ Given: x: I am breathing
▪ y: I am alive
▪ Problem: Write 𝒙 ↔ 𝒚 as a sentence.

58
 Answer

▪ 𝒙 ↔ 𝒚 represents the
sentence, "I am breathing if
and only if I am alive."

59
 Example
▪ Given:
▪ r: You passed the exam.
▪ s: You scored 65% or higher.
▪ Problem: Write 𝒓 ↔ 𝒔 as a sentence.

60
 Answer

▪ 𝒓 ↔ 𝒔 represents, "You
passed the exam if and only
if you scored 65% or higher."

61
 TABLE OF SUMMARY OF THE LOGICAL CONNECTIVES AND NEGATION

CONJUNCTION DISJUNCTION IMPLICATION BICONDITIONAL NEGATION

(and) (or) (if…, then) (if and only if) (not, it is false that)

𝒑 𝒒 𝒑∧𝒒 𝒑∨𝒒 𝒑→𝒒 𝒑↔𝒒 ~𝒑 ~𝒒

T T T T T T F F

T F F T F F F F

F T F T T F T F

F F F F T T T T

62
 THANKS!
Any questions?

63