0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views21 pages

S.H.M #1

This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM) and provides equations to describe the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of objects undergoing SHM. Key aspects covered include: the conditions required for SHM, examples of SHM including pendulums and springs, graphical representations of SHM, and the sinusoidal equations used to model displacement, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time or angular frequency.

Uploaded by

Nikoli Major
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views21 pages

S.H.M #1

This document discusses simple harmonic motion (SHM) and provides equations to describe the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of objects undergoing SHM. Key aspects covered include: the conditions required for SHM, examples of SHM including pendulums and springs, graphical representations of SHM, and the sinusoidal equations used to model displacement, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time or angular frequency.

Uploaded by

Nikoli Major
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Simple Hqrmoinic

Motion
IMPORTANT
FORMULAE

(L) Displacement x - A sinat ORA cosat

(Z)Displacementv - + - aAcos,lrtOR aA stnofi


dt

(3)Accelerationo : = -dtzx
#

(a)vz : (,)2(n' - x2) and umax- o)A

( S ) P e r i o d T- 4
a
I

(6)Period of oscillation a stmple pendulumf - Zo l!


.js

(7)Period of osci.Ilationof a.massorl a"sprtng f - Zo l?


vk
where k is the spring constant

N.B.In all of the aboveequations,o) is calledthe ANGULAR


FREQUENCY and NOTangularvelocity

99
S T M P LHEA R M O N TMCO T T O N ( S . H . M . )

b o d y u n d e r g o eSs i m p l eH a r m o n i cM o t i o n i f i t s m o t i o ns a t i s f i etsh e f o l l o w i n gt w o c o n d i t i o n s :
( 1 ) T h e a c c e l e r a t i o n 'di si r e c t e dt o w a r d sa f i x e dp o i n t .
( 2 ) T h ea c c e l e r a t i oi snd i r e c t l yp r o p o r t i o n a l t iot sd i s p l a c e m e n t f r otm
h a t f i x e dp o i n t .
(YouMUSTlearntheseconditionsfor SHM)

The fixed point referredto here is the equilibriumpositionand this is the positionof the
body when it is allowedto remainat rest. Forexample,the equilibriumpositionfor a
simplependulumis the verticalpositionof the stringwhen the bob is at rest.

T h eo s c i l l a t i oonf a p e n d u l u mb o b i s a n e x a m p l eo f s i m p l eh a r m o n i cm o t i o n .
T h ev i b r a t i o no f a g u i t a rs t r i n gi s s i m p l eh a r m o n i cm o t i o n .
A m a s sv i b r a t i n g e i t h e rv e r t i c a l loyr h o r i z o n t a l a
l yt t h e e n d o f a s p r i n gi s a l s oa n e x a m p l eo f S H M

C o n s i d et rh e o s c i l l a t i oonf a p e n d u l u mb o b .

A s t h e b o b o s c i l l a t easb o u ti t s e q u i l i b r i u mp o s i t i o nO , i n m o v i n gf r o m O t o B ,t h e v e l o c i t y

d e c r e a s efsr o m a m a x i m u ma t O t o z e r oa t B .T h i sd e c r e a s e
i n v e l o c i t yi n d i c a t etsh a t t h e b o b
u n d e r g o e as d e c e l e r a t i o(nn e g a t i v ea c c e l e r a t i o nf r)o m O t o B ". T h e m a g n i t u d eo f t h i s n e g a t i v e

a c c e l e r a t i odne c r e a s easst h e b o b a p p r o a c h eO
s , a n d a t t h e s a m et i m e t h e v e l o c i t yi n c r e a s e sA.t B

t h e b o b r e v e r s e ds i r e c t i o na n dt h e r a t eo f c h a n g eo f v e l o c i t yi s a m a x i m u ma t t h i s p o i n t, h e n c e

t h e n r a g n i t u doef t L i a c c e l e r a t i oi snm a x i m u ma t t h e e x t r e m ee n d so f t h e o s c i l l a t i o n .
-l ',.
r n o t i o nf r o m O t o A i s i d e n t i c a l t ot h a t f r o m O t o B .

100
p o s i t i o nO
Equilibrium

C o n s i d ear m a s so s c i l l a t i nvge r t i c a l l ya t t h e e n d o f a s p r i n gt,h e r ea r ef o u r d i s t i n c st i t u a t i o n tsh a t


'
c a nb e o b s e r v e d '
( 1 ) T h e m a s si s b e l o wt h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o s i t i o na n d m o v i n gd o w n w a r d sT- h ev e l o c i t yi s d o w n
( - ), t h ed i s p l a c e m e n i std o w n ( - a ) n dt h e a c c e l e r a t i oi sna l w a y st o w a r d se q u i l i b r i u mi . e .i t i s
upwards(+).
vJ -+ 't
( Z l T h e m a s si s a t A a n d m o v i n gu p w a r d st o w a r d sO ; T h ev e l o c i t yi s u p ( + ), , h e n c ei t i s u p ( + )
, t h e d i s p l a c e m e ni st d o w n w a r db e l o w e q u i l i b r i u m( - ) a n dt h e a c c e l e r a t i oins t o w a r d s
equilibriua mg a i n.
vt ,f ,f
( 3 ) T h e m a s s i s a t O a n d m o v i n g u p w a r d st o w a r d s B : T h e v e l o c i t yi s u p w a r d s( + ) , t h e
displacemen i stu p w a S d(s+ ), a n dt h e a c c e l e r a t i oi snd o w n w a r d tso w a r d se q u i l i b r i u m ( - )
vt *t .]
( 4 ) T h em a s si s a b o v et h e e q u i l i b r i u m p o s i t i o na t p o i n tB a n d m o v i n gd o w n w a r d s :
T h ev e l o c i t yi s d o w n w a r d s ( -t )h,e d i s p l a c e m e n i sta b o v ee q u i l i b r i u m
h e n c ei t i s p o s i t i v e ( + )
a n dt h e a c c e l e r a t i oi snd o w n w a r d tso w a r d se q u i l i b r i u m ( - ).
v+ *t 't
I n a l lo f t h e s ef o u r s i t u a t i o n si t,c a nb e s e e nt h a t t h e a c c e l e r a t i oann dd i s p l a c e m e n a tr ea l w a y si n
o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n s .
I t c a nb e s e e nt h a t t h e m a g n i t u d o e f t h e a c c e l e r a t i oi snp r o p o r t i o n at ol t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t - T hi si s
e a s i l ye x p l a i n e ds f o l l o w s W: h e nt h e s p r i n gi s s t r e t c h e do r c o m p r e s s e,dt h e r e s t o r i n gf o r c e i s
p r o p o r t i o n at ol t h e e x t e n s i o on r c o m p r e s s i oi n
. e .F = k x .

101
B u t F = f f i d ,h e n c ea - + . T h i si n d i c a t etsh a t m a g n i t u d eo f a c c e l e r a t i oins p r o p o r t i o n at o
l x,and

s i n c ea c c e l e r a t i oann Ul t i r p l r c e m e nat r e i n o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n sw,e w r i t e ,a - ! ; t h e m i n u ss i g n


indicatesthat o and x arOin oppositedirections

E Q U A T I O NFSO RS . H . M .

i sts i n u s o i d ai .le .i t h a s t h e
W h e na b o d yu n d e r g o essi m p l eh a r m o n i cm o t i o n ,i t sd i s p l a c e m e n

s h a p eo f a s i n ec u r v e .
ca
T h ed i s p l a c e m e n t nt h e r e f o r eb e r e p r e s e n t ebdy t h e e q u a t i o n

x - A s i n a r f , w h e r e A i s t h e m a x i m u m d i s p l a c e m e n tf r o m e q u i l i b r i u ma n d i s c a l l e dt h e
A m p l i t u d eo f o s c i l l a t i o n .

d i t h a n g u l avr e l o c i t yf o r c i r c u l a r
a . irs c a l l e dt h e a n g u l afrr e q u e n c va n ds h o u l dn o t b e c o n f u s e w

motion.
2n
T h e a n g u l a rf r e q u e n c ya - - 2 n f , w h e r ef i s t h e f r e q u e n c yo f o s c i l l a t i o nA.l s oT
a

T h eu n i t sf o r a n g u l afrr e q u e n c w
y i l l b e r a ds - ' .
p to s i t i o na n d i n t h i sc a s e ,
n a ys t a r ta t t h e m a x i m u md i s p l a c e m e n
l n s o m ec a s e st ,h e o s c i l l a t i om

t h e e q u a t i o nf o r d i s p l a c e m e nbte c o m e s xi = A c o sa t t

T h eg r a p hf o r d i s p l a c e m e vn et r s u st i m e w i l l t h e r e f o r eb e e i t h e ra s i n ec u r v eo r a c o s i n ec u r v e

d e p e n d i n og n t h e p o i n tw h e r et h e o s c i l l a t i oins s t a r t e d .
X = A sinart X = A coswt

102
T h e d i s p l a c e m e ni st g i v e nb y e i t h e r:
x=Asin dI orx=AcosaI.

The velocityis the rate of chongeof displacement.


-
Hencevelocity
v hencevelocityv : aA cosat,
#,

d'v !-^-^^
a -=
Accelerotion h e n c e o c c e l e r a t i o na - - u 2 A s i n a t ,
;,
lf we substitute x - A sf"nut tnthe equati"on a: -az A sinut
Thenw€ !€t o - -az x Leorn This max acc. occurs at max
displacement
T h e m a x i m u mv a l u eo f a s i n ef u n c t i o no r c o s i n ef u n c t i o ni s 1 , h e n c et h e m a x i m u mv a l u eo f
v e l o c i t yi s g i v e nb y 7 o - a A a n d m a x i m u mv a l u eo f t h e a c c e l e r a t i oins e 0 : - a 2 A

Prove thatvz= (r)2(A' - x')

Proof:
.)
x - A stnat; x2 : Azstnzat ; sinzat :
#
u - c o s t t t ;t v 2 - u ; 2 A 2 c o s z u t ; c o s 2 o )-t
?o h
'l,
R e c a I Is t n 2 a t * c o s zL l t- 1 ; H e n c e* * r-:,
A - u 2A 2
v2 - x2 '/ x2\
+ - - - u ; y 2 : t ^ t 2 A 2t{ - ; l
1 - ^2(A2 - x\
u2A2 Az' \ Ar/

t'
I
the importantequations
are:
I
(ilx - Asinat
1
I
I| (iil a
II
I

I| (iii)u - oA cosat and v2= ,z 742 - x2)


I
I

A- maximum displacement

103
S H M( c o n t i n u e d )

t h,e r ei s a c o n t i n u o uisn t e r c h a n goef K i n e t i c a n P


W h e na b o d yi s u n d e r g o i n g S H M d otential

Energies.

C o n s i d ear p e n d u l u mi n o s c i l l a t i o nA; t t h e e x t r e m ee n d so f t h e d i s p l a c e m e ntth, e v e r t i c a h


l eight

o f t h e b o b i s a t i t s m a x i m u mv a l u e ,a n dt h e v e l o c i t yi s z e r o .H e n c et h e P O T E N T I AELN E R GiY
s

m a x i m u ma t t h e m a x i m u md i s p l a c e m e natn, dt h e K I N E T IECN E R Gi Y
sz e r o .

p o s i t i o ni . et h e p e n d u l u mi s c o m p l e t e lvye r t i c a lt,h e v e l o c i t y
W h e nt h e b o b p a s s etsh e e q u i l i b r i u m
p o s i t i o nt ,h e K I N E T I C
. e n c ea t t h e e q u i l i b r i u m
i s m a x i m u ma n dt h e h e i g h to f t h e b o b i s m i n i m u m H

E N E R Gi sYm a x i m u ma, n dt h e P O T E N T I E
ANL E R Gi sYa m i n i m u m .

OFAN OSCILLATING
THETOTALENERGY ISCONSTANT
SYSTEM

L e t K i n e t i cE n e r g y= E r o n dP o t e n t i aE = Ep
l nergY

S i n c ee n e r g yi s a l w a y sc o n s e r v e dt h, e m a x i m u mK Eo r t h e m a x i m u mP Ew o u l da l w a y sb e e q u a lt o

t h e T o t a le n e r g y .
E,* + E o =T o t a lE n e r g y .
S i m i l a r l ya,t a n yi n s t a n ot f t h e o s c i l l a t i o n
T h ev e l o . c i tayt a n y i n s t a n tc a n b e e x p r e s s eidn t e r m so f t h e d i s p l a c e m e nbty t h e f o l l o w i n g

e qu a t i o n :

v: u
A- maximum displacement
Sincefe = l lZ mu2 = 1lZma2(A' - *')
T h em a x i m u mK Ew i l l b e a t t h e p o i n tw h e nx = 0 i . e .a t t h e e q u i l i b r i u m
position.

H e n c em a x i mu m K E - L l 2 ^ r ' . 4 2 w h i c hi s e q u a lt o t h e T O T A LE N E R GaYt a n y i n s t a n t .

T h e P O T E N T I AELN E R GaYt a n y i n s t a n ti s g i v e nb y : P E - T o t a l E n e r g y - K i n e t t c E n e r g y
pE : 1/r*rr4z - rl2^rr(A, - rr)

WhichgivesPE : 1/2^r'r'

pE = t/2mrrx,
KE= =L/zmaz (A, -. *r)

Total Energy = PE + KE

104
G r a p h so f P Ea n d K Ef o r S H M

ENERGY

f,

Displacement

DAMPEDOSCILLATIONS
I n a p r a c t i c aol s c i l l a t i nsgy s t e m, t h e A m p l i t u d ed e c r e a s ews i t h t i m e d u e t o e n e r g yb e i n g

d i s s i p a t efdr o m t h e s y s t e mw h e n w o r k i s d o n et o o v e r c o m er e s i s t i v feo r c e ss u c ha sf r i c t i o n .

T h i sc o n t i n u o udsi s s i p a t i oonf e n e r g yf r o m t h e s y s t e mi s c a l l e dD A M P I N G
a n dw i l l a l w a y sr e s u l ti n
a d e c r e a s ien a m p l i t u d e
o v e ra p e r i o do f t i m e .
T h ee x t e n tt o w h i c hd a m p i n go c c u r so v e ra p e r i o do f t i m e i s c o m m o n l yr e f e r r e dt o a st h e D E G R E E

O FD A M P I N G .
T h e r ea r et h r e ed i s t i n cD
t EGREE
OSFD A M P I N G
:
( 1 ) L i g h tD a m p i n g -T h ea m p l i t u d ed e c r e a s egsr a d u a l l w
y i t h e a c ho s c i l l a t i oann d i t w i l l
e v e n t u a l l yr e a c hz e r oa f t e ra f e w c o m p l e t eo s c i l l a t i o n s .

displacement
( 2 ) H e a v yD a m p i n g -T h eo s c i l l a t i nbgo d ys t a r t sf r o m t h e m a x i m u mp o s i t i o na, p p r o a c h etsh e

e q u i l i b r i u mp o s i t i o nr e l a t i v e l sy l o w l yb u t d o e sn o t c r o s si t , a n dt h e b o d ye v e n t u a l l y

c o m e st o r e s t a f t e ra ' r e l a t i v e llyo n gt i m e .

displacemeflt

T h eh e a v i n gd a m p i n gi s a p p l i e di n
t h e s w i n g- t y p e a u t o m a t i cd o o r
- h e n a p e r s o no p e n st h e
c l o s e r sw
d o o r a n d l e a v e si t o p e n ,t h e c l o s e r
s l o w l yp u l l st h e d o o r b a c ki n t ot h e
c l o s e dp o s i t i o nw, h i c hi s t h e
equilibrium position

l a m p i n g :T h ev i b r a t i n gb o d y a p p r o a c h ebsu t d o e sn o t p a s st h e e q u i l i b r i u m
( 3 ) C r i t i c aD

p o s i t i o ni n T H ES H O R T E S
PTO S S I BT
L IEM E . T h i st y p e o f D a m p i n gi s

y m p l o y e di n
usualle
displacement v o l t m e t e r sa n d
analogue

a m m e t e r sT. h en e e d l e
p o i n t e ri n t h e i n s t r u m e n t

needsto movefrom the

i n i t i a pl o s i t i o nt o t h e

n e w r e a d i n gi n t h e

s h o r t e sp
t o s s i b l tei m e

106
D a m p i n gi n v e h i c l es u s p e n s i o n

S u s p e n s i oins t h e t e r m g i v e nt o t h e s y s t e mo f s p r i n g ss, h o c ka b s o r b e ras n d l i n k a g etsh a t


. u s p e n s i osny s t e m s e r v ea d u a lp u r p o s e . c- o n t r i b u t i n g
c o n n e c t sa v e h i c l et o i t s w h e e l s S
t o t h e c a r ' sr o a d h o l d i n g / h a n d l ianned b r a k i n gf o r g o o da c t i v es a f e t ya n d d r i v i n gp l e a s u r e ,
a n d r e a s o n a b lwy e l l i s o l a t e df r o m r o a dn o i s e
a n d k e e p i n gv e h i c l eo c c u p a n t cs o m f o r t a b l e

b u m p s ,a n d v i b r a t i o n se, t c .T h e s eg o a l sa r e g e n e r a l l a
y t o d d s ,s o t h e t u n i n go f

s v o l v e fsi n d i n gt h e r i g h tc o m p r o m i s el t. i s i m p o r t a n ft o r t h e s u s p e n s i otno
s u s p e n s i o ni n
k e e pt h e r o a dw h e e li n c o n t a c tw i t h t h e r o a ds u r f a c ea s m u c ha s p o s s i b l eb, e c a u s e
a l lt h e

f o r c e sa c t i n go n t h e v e h i c l ed o s o t h r o u g ht h e c o n t a c tp a t c h e so f t h e t y r e s .T h e

s u s p e n s i oanl s op r o t e c t st h e v e h i c l ei t s e l fa n d a n yc a r g oo r l u g g a g e
f r o m d a m a g ea n d

w e a r .T h ed e s i g no f f r o n t a n d r e a rs u s p e n s i oonf a c a r m a y b e d i f f e r e n t .

T h e s p r i n gr a t e ( o r s u 5 p e n s i o rna t e ) i s a c o m p o n e n ti n s e t t i n gt h e v e h i c l e ' sr i d e h e i g h to r i t s
s h i c hc a r r yh e a v yl o a d sw i l l o f t e n h a v eh e a v i e rs p r i n g s
. e h i c l ew
l o c a t i o ni n t h e s u s p e n s i osnt r o k e V

t o c o m p e n s a t feo r t h e a d d i t i o n awl e i g h tt h a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s ec o l l a p s ea v e h i c l et o t h e b o t t o mo f
. e a v i e rs p r i n g sa r e a l s o u s e di n p e r f o r m a n c ea p p l i c a t i o nw
i t s t r a v e l( s t r o k e )H s h e r et h e l o a d i n g

c o n Q i t i o nesx p e r i e n c eadr e m o r ee x t r e m e .

Springsthat are too hard or too soft will both effectivelycausethe vehicleto haveno suspension
s u s p e n s i o lno a d sh e a v i e rt h a n n o r m a lh a v e h e a v yo r
a t a l l . V e h i c l e st h a t c o m m o n l ye x p e r i e n c e
h a r d s p r i n g sw i t h a s p r i n gr a t e c l o s et o t h e u p p e r l i m i t f o r t h a t v e h i c l e ' sw e i g h t .T h i sa l l o w st h e

v e h i c l et o p e r f o r mp r o p e r l yu n d e ra h e a v yl o a dw h e n c o n t r o li s l i m i t e db y t h e i n e r t i ao f t h e l o a d .

R i d i n gi n a n e m p t yt r u c k u s e df o r c a r r y i n gl o a d sc a n b e u n c o m f o r t a b lfeo r p a s s e n g e rbse c a u s eo f
. r a c ec a r w o u l d a l s o b e d e s c r i b e da s
i t s h i g h s p r i n gr a t e r e l a t i v et o t h e w e i g h t o f t h e v e h i c l e A
y u m p y .H o w e v e r ,e v e n t h o u g h w e s a y
h a v i n gh e a v ys p r i n g sa n d w o u l d a l s o b e u n c o m f o r t a b l b

t h e y b o t h h a v eh e a v ys p r i n g st,h e a c t u a ls p r i n gr a t e sf o r a 2 0 0 0l b r a c ec a r a n d a 1 0 , 0 0 0l b t r u c k

are very different.A luxurycar,taxi, or passengerbus would be describedas havingsoft springs.

V e h i c l e sw i t h w o r n o u t o r d a m a g e ds p r i n g sr i d e l o w e rt o t h e g r o u n dw h i c h r e d u c e st h e o v e r a l l
a n d i n c r e a s e tsh e a m o u n t o f b o d y l e a n .
a v a i l a b l et o t h e s u s p e n s i o n
amount of compression
P e r f o r m a n c vec h i c l e sc a n s o m e t i m e sh a v e s p r i n gr a t e r e q u i r e m e n t o
s t h e r t h a n v e h i c l ew e i g h t

a n dl o a d .

107
FORCED
OSCILLATIONS

S i n c ed a m p i n gc a u s e sa r e d u c t i o n
i n a m p l i t u d ea, n E X T E R N A
PLE R I O DF
I CO R C E
m u s tb e
a p p l i e dt o k e e pa s y s t e mi n c o n t i n u o uoss c i l l a t i o n .
T h e r e s u l t i n go s c i l l a t i o ins r e f e r r e dt o a s a F O R C EO
DS C I L L A T I OaN
nd, t h e f r e q u e n c yo f
t h e e x t e r n apl e r i o d i fco r c ei s c a l l e dt h e F O R C I NFGR E Q U E N C Y .

, o e x t e r n apl e r i o d i cf o r c ei s a p p l i e dt,h e n t h e s y s t e mw i l l b e a l l o w e dt o
I f h o w e v e rn
o s c i l l a toen i t so w n ( a s s u m i nt hga t d a m p i n gi s n e g l i g i b i e, a) n dt h e f r e q u e n c fyo r t h e
n a t u r aol s c i l l a t i o n, issc a l l e dt h e N A T U R AFLR E Q U E N O
CFYO S C I L L A T I O N .

l f t h e e x t e r n apl e r i o d i c f o r cies a p p l i e dt o m a i n t a i na c o n s t a nat m p l i t u d ea, n dt h e


F O R C I NF
GR E Q U E N Ci sYe q u a tl o t h e N A T U R AFLR E Q E N Ct hYe, nt h e a m p l i t u d eosf t h e
n a t u r aflr e q u e n c ay n df o r c i n gf r e q u e n c y , a dudp t o p r o d u c ea v i b r a t i o no f a l a r g e
a m p l i t u d ea, n d R E S O N A N C
i sEs a i dt o o c c u r .

R E S O N A N Ci sEt h e g r o d u c t i o no f a l a r g ea m p l i t u d ev i b r a t i o nw h e n t h e f r e q u e n c yo f a n
a p p l i e de x t e r n apl e r i o d i cf o r c e ,i s e q u a lt o t h e n a t u r a fl r e q u e n c yo f v i b r a t i o no f a n
o s c i l l a t i nsgy s t e m .
i . e .A t r e s o n a n c e F = YN A T U R AFLR E Q U E N C Y .
, O R C I NFGR E Q U E N
W h e na g r a p ho f A M P L T U D vE. s .A P P L I EFDR E Q U E N iCs Y
d r a w n t, h e f o l l o w i n gc u r v ei s
obtan
i ed:

T h e g r e a t e sat m p l i t u d eo c c u r sa t R E S O N A N Ci .Ee,.w h e n F o r c i n gf r e q u e n c y =N a t u r a l
frequency
T h i so c c u r sa t t h e f r e q u e n c yf e

AM PLITUDE

F O R C I , NFG
REQUENCY
T h eg r e a t e rt h e d e g r e eo f D A M P I N Gt h
, e f i a t t e ri s t h e c u r v e .

108
Thereare Two significant
thingsthat happenwhen the DAMPING:siruCneASED:

(1) The curvebecomesFLATTER

(2) The RESONANT


FREQUENCY
shiftsto a LOWERvalue.

T h e s eo b s e r v a t i o nasr ed e p i c t e di n t h e s e r i e so f c u r v e sb e l o w :

Note that the sharperthe


peakthe lessis the
resonanceand the higher
is the resonant
FREQU ENCY

f.

109
APPLICATIONS
OF RESONANCE
(1) Microwavecooking-

A l l f o o d sc o n t a i nw a t e r m o l e c u l e w
s h i c ha l l h a v en a t u r a fl r e q u e n c i eosf v i b r a t i o nT. h e m i c r o w a v e

r a d i a t i o nh a sa f r e q u e n c yo f v i b r a t i o nw h i c hi s e q u a l t oo n e o f t h e n a t u r a fl r e q u e n c i e s ' o
v ifb r a t i o n
o f t h e w a t e r m o l e c u l e sW
. h e nt h e m i c r o w a v ei s t u r n e do n , t h e s u p e r p o s i t i oonf t h e v i b r a t i o n so f

t h e m i c r o w a v eos n t h e v i b r a t i o n so f t h e w a t e r m o l e c u l e cs a u s e sR E S O N A N C
a nEd l a r g e r
v i b r a t i o n so f t h e w a t e r m o l e c u l e os c c u r .T h e K i n e t i ce n e r g yo f t h e w a t e r m o l e c u l etsh e r e f o r e

i n c r e a s e sa,n d b y t h e k i n e t i ct h e o r yo f m a t t e r ,t h e t e m p e r a t u r eo f t h e w a t e r m o l e c u l e isn c r e a s e s .

I n t h i s c a s e t, h e . i n c r e a s evdi b r a t i o nc a u s e sa n i n c r e a s e
i n t e m p e r a t u r ew, h e r e a sw i t h
c o n v e n t i o n aclo o k i n go n a s t o v e ,t h e t e m p e r a t u r ei s f i r s ti n c r e a s e ad n dt h i sc a u s e sa n i n c r e a s e
in
v i b r a t i o no f t h e m o l e c u l e s .
(21 Magneticresonanceimaging-

S t r o n gv a r y i n gr a d i of r e q u e n c ye l e c t r o m a g n e tfiice l d sa r e u s e dt o c a u s et h e n u c l e o
i f a t o m st o
v i b r a t eT
. h e r ea r e m a n yr e s o n a nftr e q u e n c i eisn m o l e c u l e sa,n d w h e n e v e r e s o n a n coec c u r s ,

e n e r g yi s a b s o r b e dT. h e p a t t e r no f e n e r g ya b s o r p t i o n
c a n b e u s e dt o d e t e c tt h e p r e s e n c e
of
p a r t i c u l am
r o l e c u l eisn a n y s p e c i m eann da n i m a g eo f t h e e n e r g y a b s o r p t i opna t t e ' r ins t h e b a s i c

m a g n e t i cr e s o n a n c iem a g e .
( 3 ) M u s i c aw
l i n d i n s t r u m e n t se . g .t h e f l u t e :

I n a w i n di n s t r u m e nt h
, e m o u t h p i e cvei b r a t i o nasr et h e " p u s h "T
. h ec o l u m no f a i r i n s i d et h e
. " p u s h "t h a t g i v e st h e r i g h tf r e q u e n c vc a u s e tsh e a i r t o
i n s t r u m e n t 'bs o d yi s t h e " s w i n g " A
v i b r a t ev e r ys t r o n g l yl,i k et h e w e l l - t i m e ds w i n g .W r o n gf r e q u e n c i ecsa u s et h e s o u n dt.o

s p u t t e ro r f a i l .T h e p l a y e rc h a n g e tsh e p i t c hb y c h a n g i n tgh e e f f e c t i v el e n g t ho f t h e

i n s t r u m e n ts, o t h a t a d i f f e r e n ft r e q u e n c yw i l l r e s o n a t ei n s i d et h e i n s t r u m e n t .

U n l i k ea s w i n g ,m o r et h a n o n e f r e q u e n c yc a n b e s u c c e s s f ua lt e a c hl e n g t h ,b u t i t i s a v e r y

s p e c i f i cs e t o f f r e q u e n c i etsh a t a r e a l l o w e dT. h i ss e t o f p o s s i b l e
f r e q u e n c i eiss c a l l e da
h a r m o n i cs e r i e sa, n dt h e s o u n d sc o m i n go u t o f a w i n d i n s t r u m e nat r ea c t u a l l a
y combination
o f h a r m o n i cs e r i e sp i t c h e s .

110
(4) Resonance
in stringedinstruments

T h es o u n do f a s t r i n gw i t h o u ta n i n s t r u m e nbt o d yi s a m u s i c atlo n e ,b u t a v e r y ,v e r yq u i e t

o n e .T h e m a i nj o b o f t h e b o d yo f a s t r i n gi n s t r u m e nits t o a m p l i f yt h e o r i g i n asl o u n d ,s o

s t r i n gi n s t r u m e n t rse s o n a t eo v e ra w i d e r a n g eo f p i t c h e sL. i k ev o i c e st,h e y w i l l h a v e


f o r m a n t s a, n d a l s oa s i n v o i c e st,h e s m o o t h e ra n d l e s sn o t i c e a b l teh e f o r m a n te f f e c t ,t h e

b e t t e rt h e i n s t r u m e n t .

l n m o s ts t r i n g e di n s t r u m e n t so,n e e n d o f e a c hs t r i n gi s h e l dt i g h t a g a i n sat p i e c eo f o f t h e

i n s t r u m e n(t o f t e nc a l l e da b r i d g e )t h a t r e s t so n t h e b o d yo f t h e i n s t r u m e n tT. h ec o n t a c ti s

i m p o r t a n tb
, ecause
v i b r a t i o n tsr a v e lt h r o u g hs o m es o l i d s( w o o d ,f o r e x a m p l em
) u c hm o r e
e f f i c i e n t l tyh a n t h e y d o t h r o u g ha i r .T h ev i b r a t i o n tsr a v e lf r o m t h e e n d o f t h e s t r i n gt h r o u g h

t h e b r i d g et o t h e b o d y ,w h i c hi s o f t e n h o l l o w .T h es o u n d sc a nt h e n r e s o n a t ei n t h e b o d yo f

t h e i n s t r u m e nat n d i n t h e a i r i n s i d et h e i n s t r u m e n tf,o r a m p l i f i c a t i obne f o r et h e y a r e r e l e a s e d


t h r o u g hs o u n dh o l e s' i nt h e b o d yo f t h e i n s t r u m e nitn t o t h e a i r o u t s i d e

111
OF RESONANCE
DISADVANTAGES

( 1 ) U n w a n t e dv i b r a t i o n si n M a c h i n e r y -

y i l l h a v et h e i rn a t u r aflr e q u e n c i eosf v i b r a t i o na, n dd u r i n g


T h ec o m p o n e n tisn r o t a t i n gm a c h i n e rw
f o r t h e f r e q u e n c yo f r o t a t i o nt o b e e q u a l t oo n e o f t h e n a t u r a fl r e q u e n c i eosf
r o t a t i o ni t i s p o s s i b l e

v i b r a t i o no f o n e o r m o r eo f t h e c o m p o n e n t sR. e s o n a n chee r ew i l l c a u s eu n w a n t e dv i b r a t i o n so f

t h e m e c h a n i c apla r t sw h i c hl e a d st o e x c e s s i vneo i s ea sw e l l a sg r e a t e rw e a r a n dt e a r o n t h e

machinery.

T h i sp r o b l e mi s u s u a l l yo v e r c o m eb y t h e u s e so f r u b b e rb u f f e r sp a d sp l a c e db e t w e e nt h e
t h a t i t r e s t so n . T h er u b b e rm o l e c u l easb s o r bm o s to f t h e v i b r a t i o n s
e q u i p m e nat n dt h e s u r f a c e
surface.
a n d d o n o t t r a n s f e ra n yt o t h e s u p p o r t i n g

(2) Failureof civilengineeringstructures-

s . g .d u e t o e a r t h q u a k e st h, e a t o m sa n d
to vibratione
W h e n c o n c r e t es t r u c t u r e as r e s u b j e c t e d
- '
e h i c hc a nl e a dt o f r a c t u r eo f t h e c o n c r e t eT. h e
m o l e c u { eisn t h e c o n c r e t em a y u n d e r g or e s o n a n cw
p r o b l e mi s s o m e t i m e sr e d u c e db y t h e a d d i t i o no f p o l y m e rb a s e dp r o d u c t si n t h e c o n c r e t e

m i x t u r eT. h ep o l y m e rm o l e c u l ews i l l a b s o r ba n d n o t t r a n s m itth e v i b r a t i o nisn t h e s t r u c t u r e .

g f g l a s sa t h i g hf r e q u e n c ys o u n d s -
( 3 ) S h a t t e r i no

T y p i c agl l a s sm o l e c u l ehsa v en a t u r aflr e q u e n c i eosf v i b r a t i o nt h a t a r ee q u a l t ot h e f r e q u e n c i eosf

. t r e s o n a n c et h, e g l a s sm o l e c u l ew
h i g hp i t c h e ds o u n d sA themto slip
s i l l v i b r a t ev i o l e n t l yc a u s i n g
of the glass.
p e r m a n e n t lfyr o m t h e l o c a t i o n sr e s u l t i n gi n t h e s h a t t e r i n g

n n d s t r e n g t ho f t h e g l a s sh a st o b e v a r i e dt o c o m p e n s a tfeo r u n w a n t e d
T h ec o m p o s i t i o a

vibrations.

112
S H MT U T O R I ASLH E E T

( 1 ) A n o b j e c tm o v i n gw i t h S H Mh a sa n a m p l i t u d e o f 0 . 0 2 ma n da f r e q u e n c oy f 2 O H z .
C a l c u l a t(ei )T h ep e r i o do f o s c i l l a t i o n ( i,i )t h e a c c e l e r a t i oant t h e m i d d l ea n de n d o f a n
o s c i l l a t i o n , ( i i i ) tvheel o c i t i east t h e c o r r e s p o n d i ni ngs t a n t s . ( A n0s. :0 5s ; 3 1 5 . 8 m 2s ;
2.51m1 s)
( 2 ) A n o s c i l l a t o hr a sa n a m p l i t u d e o f 4 5 c ma n da f r e q u e n c oy f 6 0 H z .D e t e r m i n (ei ) l t s
p e r i o d (, i i )l t s m a x i m u ma n d m i n i m u ma c c e l e r a t i o n( si i;i )l t s m a x i m u mv e l o c i t y(;i v )l t s
v e l o c i t yw h e nt h e d i s p l a c e m e inst2 5 c m . ( A n s1 :. 6 7x 1 0 2 s ;6 . 4x l O a m s - 2;, 10 6 9 . 6 ms | ; L 4 1
t.
ms

( 3 ) A g u i t a rs t r i n gv i b r a t e tso p r o d u c ea n o t eo f f r e q u e n c 1y 5 0 0 H 2 .

( i ) D e t e r m i nt e h e p e r i o do f v i b r a t i o no f t h e p a r t i c l eisn t h e s t r i n g .
( i i )W h a t i s t h e a n g u l afrr e q u e n c oy f v i b r a t i o n ?
( i i i )W h a t i s t h e v e l o c i t yo f a v i b r a t i n gp a r t i c l e
w h e n i t sd i s p l a c e m e n i st0 . 2 5 c mg, i v e nt h a t
i t sa m p l i t u d ies 0 , 6 5 c m ?
( i i i ) D e t e r m i nt hee a c c e l e r a t i oonf a p a r t i c l e o n t h e s t r i n ga t t h e i n s t a nw t h e ni t i s
d i s p l a c ebdy 0 . 1 5 c mf r o m i t s e q u i l i b r i u m p o s i t i o n.

( 4 ) A v i b r a t i n gb o d y J r aas p e r i o do f v i b r a t i o no f 7 5 m sa n da n a m p l i t u d e o f 2 c m .S k e t c h
g r a p h so f d i s p l a c e m e vn.tst i m e , v e l o c i t yv . s .t i m e a n da c c e l e r a t i ovn. s .t i m e f o r a t l e a s t
t w o c y c l e so f t h e m o t i o n" O n t h e a x e sw r i t e i n t h e v a l u e so f t i m e a n dt h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
v a l u eo n t h e y - a x i sf o r e v e r yq u a r t e ro f a c y c l e .

( 5 ) T t . ed i s p l a c e m e notf y o f a m a s sv i b r a t i n gw i t h S H Mi s g i v e n b yy = 2 0 s i nj . O n t w , h e r ey r s
. j ' n ma n dt i s i n s e c o n d sD. e t e r m i n e (Ti )h ea m p l i t u d e( i i ) T h ep e r i o da n d ( i i i )T h ev e l o c i t y
att=0

( 6 ) l n a c e r t a i ne n g i n ea, p i s t o nu n d e r g o eSs H Mw i t h a n a m p l i t u d e o f 7 c m .A w a s h e rr e s t sa t
the top of the pistonA . s t h e e n g i n es p e e di s s l o w l yi n c r e a s e da,t w h a t f r e q u e n c yw i l l t h e
w a s h e rn o l o n g e rs t a yi n c o n t a c w t i t h t h e p i s t o na t t h e m a x i m u md i s p a l c e m e n(tA ?ns.
1 . B 8 H zH ) i n t :T h ew a s h e rw i l l l o s ec o n t a cw t i t h t h e p i s t o nw h e nt h e d o w n w a r d
a c c e l e r a t i oonf t h e p i s t o ni s e q u a lt o t h e a c c e l e r a t i odnu e t o g r a v i t yo f t h e w . a s h e r .

( 7 ) A s a n dp a r t i c l er e s t so n a h o r i z o n t aml e m b r a n e
t h a t i s m a d et o v i b r a t ei n a v e r t i c apl l a n e
b y m e a n so f a s i g n agl e n e r a t o r .

(i) lf theamplitude o f v i b r a t i o ni s 1 2 m mw h a t m u s tb e t h e f r e q u e n c oy f v i b r a t i o n
t h a t w i l l c a u s et h e s a n dt o l o s ec o n t a cw t i t h t h e m e m b r a n ea t i t s m a x i m u m
displacement?
(ii1 W h a t m u s t b e t h e n e w f r e q u e n c yo f v i b r a t i o nt h a t w i l l c a u s et h e s a n dp a r t i c l et o
s e p a r a t fer o m t h e m e m b r a n ea t t h e i n s t a ntth e p a r t i c l ei s 9 m m a b o v et h e
e c r u i l i b r i upmo s i t i o n(.A n s 4. . 5 5 H 2 5; . 2 5 H 2 )

113
T he s iz e of th e fu tu re y o u a c tu a l l y e xperi ence w i l l l argel y be determi ned by one
f ac t or : t he p e o p l e y o u c h o o s e to c o n nect w i th. W hen you i nvi te peopl e w ho are trul y
c om m it t ed t o g ro w th i n to e v e ry a s p e ct of your l i fe, your ow n potenti al for grow th
becomes truly unlimited.
DanSullivan

S o l u t i o ng u i d e l i n e s

1
Q)f he frequency ts gtven and f : T;
(ti)The accelerattonvARIES wtth dtsplacementand ts gtven by a : -azx
where x ts the dtsplacement.
At the middle of the oscillation,x - 0 and at the end of i.t x : Amplttude
(iii)v= rul

1
(2)T-7i a
I
: -a2x and the maxualue of x i.sthe amplitude whi.letheminualue ts zero
( i"ii\uz= (,)2( A2 - x2\
(5)l f ! : 20 sin 102t, compare this wi"thx : A sin art

A=20and1.0n-a

(6)For loss of contact atmax displacement,the downward accelerati.on: g

Use -azx= g,x -0.07m; solueforaandthenlrsea -zrcf

( 7 )S i m i l atro p r e v i o u qs u e s t i o n

114
FORSHM
GRAPHS
IMPORTANT

( 1 ) T h ed i s p l a c e m e o n ft a b o d yu n d e r g o i nSgH Mi s g i v e nb y x - A s i n a t , a n da g r a p ho f
d i s p l a c e r n evnet r s u st i m e w i l l h a v et h e f o l l o w i n gs h a p e :

( 2 ) T h ev e l o c i t yo f t h e b o d yi s g i v e nb y
dx
v - atA costtt
dt:

T h eg r a p ho f v e l o c i t yv e r s u st i m e w i l l h a v et h e f o l l o w i n gg e n e r asl h a p e :
velocity

i r t o t et h a t i n t h e d i s p l a c e m e -ntti m e g r a p h t, h e m a x i m u mv a l u eo n t h e y - a x i si s t h e A M P L I T U DoEf
. i , so s c i l l a t i o n .

115
I n t h e v e l o c i t yt-i m e g r a p h t, h e m a x i m u mv a l u eo n t h e y - a x i si s e q u a l t o( o A ) . ( s i n c et h e
m a x i m u mv a l u eo f c o so r s i n ei s 1 - )

(3) Theacceleration'of
the bodyisgivenby:
dv
a.-;- -azAsinat

T h eg r a p ho f a c c e l e r a t i ovne r s u st i m e w i l l h a v et h e s h a p eo f a n e g a t i v es i n eg r a p ha n dt h e
m a x i m u mv a l u eo n t h e y - a x i si s e q u a tl o t r l 2 A . ( t h em a x i m u mv a l u eo f s i n ei s 1 )

acceleration

116
(4) The VELOCITy
the bodycan be expressed
as :

n - aJAz - xz
ThegraphoF vELoclrYvERsusDISPIACEMENT
will havethe following
shape:

( 5 ) T h ea c c e l e r a t i oonf t h e b o d vi s r e l a t e d
t o t h e d i s p l a c e m e notf t h e b o d yb y t h e f o l l o w i n g
e q u a t i o n:

a - -u2x, whichis equivalent = -kx


to a
lf a graphof acceleration versusdisplacementis ptotted,then the equation
represents
the equationof a straightline passingthroughthe
originand havinga negative
gradient.
The gradientof this line would be -u.r2.
P E R I OO
D FA S I M P L P
EENDULUM

Derivation:
L e tt h e l e n g t ho f t h e s t r i n gb e L .

W h e nt h e b o b i s a t B ,t h e f o r c ep u l l i n gi t
t o w a r d sO i s e q u a tl o m g s i n 0 .

H e n c eb y N e w t o n ' ss e c o n dl a w ,
m g s i n O= m a

l n g l e sS. i n 0= 0
F o rs m a l a

mg0=ma

Y
sln?-7, tt - /
,
^9
v -ma
i

T h em i n u ss i g ni n d i c a t etsh a t t h e
d i s p l a c e m e ny ta n d t h e f o r c ea r e i n o p p o s i t e
directions.
g) -
Hence a - - -a-Y
7t

StnceT -
2n 2tt
-2n l-
E
a
{s

118
P E R I O DO F O S C I L L A T I O O
N F A M A S SO N A S P R I N G

W h e na m a s si s a t t a c h e dt o t h e o n e
e n d o f a s p r i n gw i t h t h e o t h e re n d
s u s p e n d efdr o m a c e i l i n gt,h e
s p r i n gw i l l s t r e t c hb y a n a m o u n t
e ( m )a n d t h e p o s i t i o no f t h e m a s s
w h i l ei t i s a t r e s t ,i s c a l l e dt h e
e q u i l i b r i u mp o s i t i o n .

The restoringforceof the springis


g i v e nb y F =- k e , w h e r ek i s c a l l e d
position
equilibrium t h e s p r i n gc o n s t a not r f o r c e
constant.
T h e m i n u ss i g ni n d i c a t etsh a t t h e
restoringforceand the
d i s p l a c e m e notf t h e m a s sa r e i n
o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n s

mg

f o r c eo f t h e s p r i n g h, e n c e
A t e q u i l i b r i u mt ,h e w e i g h to f t h e m a s si s b a l a n c e db y t h e r e s t o r i n g
- m g + k e = 0 ; m g = k e , b u t t h e y a c t i n o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o n s

l f t h e m a s si s n o w p u l l e dd o w n a f u r t h e rd i s t a n c ex a n dt h e n r e l e a s e di ,t w i l l b e g i nt o o s c i l l a t e
a b o u ti t s e q u i l i b r i u mp o s i t i o nA. t t h e m a x i m u md i s p l a c e m e ntth, e e x t e n s i o n
of the spring
. becomes -(e+x), and the Restoring force is givenby-[- k(e+x)]=k(e+x)

H e n c et h e m a g n i t u d eo f t h e u p w a r df o r c eo n t h e m a s s= k ( e + x w
) h i l et h e d o w n w a r df o r c eo n i t i s
mg.

t o w n w a r df o r c eo n t h e m a s si s g i v e nb y : k(e+x)-mg = -ma (ByNewton's2noLaw)


T h e r e s u l t a nD
ke +kx -mg = trtd ;
: g + k x- m g = - m a
B u tw e p r e v i o u s lsyt a t e dt h a t m g =k e ,s o t h e e q u a t i o nb e c o m e sm

H e n c e (k x )= - m a , b u t f o r S H M , a = - u ) t x
'/tt
' rn
kx = mtrl'x givingthe relationk = mu)' ; s i n c e r u o - : f * t h e n T : Z r t
, ) .r , .

T k

119

You might also like