Ne

cody aexdended Soun c23

Lohen a poind Souna i g h t is sed, to sudy dhin 0ms,
enUa 3mal pad o dhe biopexd
m Con be vieloed pobe
a n exdended soeis used mose soys au
falng
on dhe endhre fiIm, and rodedum dloont pards adhe
tnfall on dhe eye 3ame ime
imne
HenCo, dhe entire m Con be VieLoed a d h e

epx3
Soue
pop

P Soru

(a) b)

Netodon' Rngs
) A blono- @nvex ons, o
vatw M
age 0dius o
i ploced on a Blane
dhe
glass pdate "o Leidh

G
S

L YSono-Con
v e x Uans,

aholon n ihe
h e 44u
QLTvedSuatace douching dhe gla» plate a,
 he
6etLoeer dhe Cuaved 3,uooCe
3,udHo Ce o
ib enclned
)An ais m
Oens and the gla3 blate biCovey
biconvey Ioro,
Jun,
atocu>) o
a
is Rebd
3)A Shodium Vasour omp s' inbo a
paae
the dive99 beom oight
1Lohich Conveels
becm o ght
)Thisb0xalWe beom gh , made o a l o n a gdass plae

fosmathon_oNetodon'a, Rirg-

dakeapln ce a
Co0ved Ouace he
DiViSion oampltude
onsThe indent ghd i bozehialy orocded
plono Convex

and pachalytsans,mid
decd a urvee Otnece

The dsors,mi3 Jed Joy i , ouded som gUass poe

tsom as

ahoton in Ag
)Thee dtoo cup inderqeru in ouDoched ig &indeeune
odthese roflded J0y d obaerved hotsagh mictosCope

uivirepuoion d% domedey o sirge in NetotonS Jung

exemendt-
bath ol
2uG (T+8)++/
s nosnalinudenco
=08o COS +a) = s , (o+o) =E

=
 The aism b
alass-Lale Gnd plons -Cohtey
Juns, is in
Loedge shobe

F-

Da =9+Ala
n A 0AB

(R-4)+
Vey s,malo
dhen t o
=

D=2

YR

P =nt)A

n
yR ay

D n
uRA) n

NeRA) 2
eyen n0.
 F g Purg
)
A =

n-1)
n-1) 2RA
Nn-) 2R

dd ne
/en-0
dhe Grtge o indtereneno balten (veloded) > do
Lchy
D= 24+ A/2

D= A2
dstsuchve intersernG
Cen
h
o
luos _Toors, midted sjstem)
sarsmidtedN a y s TCnd
T
T
badth di fos O
= 2 u t s (7+o)

m Ju = 1
fos as
inodents= =o

fos nosmall
fos Sa0 valus o
o

Gas(+6)=
=2 O
ahe ordhse o , =o, Lohich is Condh oGrduchve
huCandse oi be bought o sans midt ded Syodem
Candh-osboghd ng>
A = nA

9 t -n A
shoe n=91,23 - -
 Eond-os Dark Oun95
A= n 1) A/2
4 n+1) A/-
Lohe n o, 1, 2 3 - .
4ve) 39
and n=eve) Sg23 -
Diometeyobaght ond Daak Pig>
-39

n d dhe adia3 dhe ndh bright irg, dhon

NnAR
Thus Dometes o ndh bug h oung d
n=23n
2nA R

ao pscpes dhonal d
Thius Diometeys, a borighf irgs
o natwal no
ogugr Toot

fos dank
2t=n-1)A -
=24 (o-
2

fox +ve 3ign

7 2 +1) AR
d he cudias odhe n dh dank i9
en+)A (0)
2

Thes, oiometer ondh dank Jing 3

D 2(2n+)) A
 poopas i o n d y o

Thabs oiometer o d a k Tugs

odd naura no
Appcarhons oNetoston' Rung
Netattn3
oaaveUnrgdh oSossum ig ht ing
Determnabhon
Rrg experimert

Lohen dhe aurg3 avt obtaine d in dhe Netodon 3 ung, expeyim

Let dhe diameler odhe ndh dark hen

aing, dhen
4nAR O
a nd dhe diameter o(p)*h dank Jur9, hen
4 (n+ D) AR OD
n+b
and
iom ep O
2 A R O+9) - n

n+

Deteumnahon oaoro
dhve incdex o gui>
The omeker o n d h and (n+b h datk Jurg a meaud

Loith dhe dsavellng micTesa e

FO ndh dan ourg, Loe heve
Dn=4nAR OD
to n+) h dak rirg, e have
4 C+)AR
eh eh
4PR
 han gtud Lohos,e uoch ve index d o be
placed b/ dhe n3, ond dhe glas plaf
ddermined
fos nh dank rig Loe hov

ortP) dank ing, Loe

have

) Aipud-fIm -
Tsem egh
and eg , Loe get
J = nab 2

Dna-fm
2
di9id-fOm
luho dthe eect
ploneConvex Uuns end aindoduci rg agd 1)/l
glos pJat

4nAR

Sohe diameter
tigedeccuae)
oiC1.46) dhe s dh atkue be oon,
atan angle o3o
he fln ahe noyma calcnlee she Lohen vieluto
dhiekn0
 Condh 4os e dak
The
Sal
2uGT = nd n=,2,3
= uG, Ovde Tunge 2 x 1 y G= O
312
Sin = Sina
= 90A, = 30'

O 39 92
SinT=E -(349)
ou G s = i n s

-lo
= 8 x589o xlo
2 XI y G x o O y

1F16XIo m

Sirg slk decdhion obatolos, os ma

o
apenduxo3
g ht, tho
Ohon Lohon g h fa0son Loavelhrg th o gh , Sho
D Loidh he Loavelhngth
enters
andenters
Loho e e
sCemparoblo obadaclo and

A dhe Casnes dhe

ds CalOre
alWd
bCndseund
This, beneing ight
he geemetsial ahadoLo.
a hon
Type o airocdion
An hi3 class o douchon 3olo

Fas,hel dTcch or he apeyduw

aperdwr
atinte dision C Tom the
and con ato bloced
)Focouhhoyey o achon n dhi class o dorochon,
SolCo and dhe atolaced at ininicte
dotencos bem he aperdue

SowCo ConYCX
S o o at
Sown

(1 Fxenc achion FoQunhoeo oouchon

 Tu oteultond o J ug
R=Sn (n)
Sn

and dis
-1) 8

Taunhoer doochon dur do Dirgu a

A g h t beom sinoelent nosmalUyum S on huo
AS Leidth 'e'A/c do gens oove
Jhegs y eyeyt
dheosy , evey

dhe blone Locveorund in dheblane o

SoLC Gohsloazy Leavellats, Lohich opseody out d
Jugh in al i n The agenelay Loavelo Jsave0Gng at dhe
JrsaveDing adn
anongle Lordh he nesmaa ocused ad t Cond

The padh ib/lScunday Laavelat som A Ond Co nd

in du o is
Thu bhase oi = 2TCesno)
pcth di = =BN=A8 no =e Sno

Sino BK Cono
AB
BK= A = AB n0
Plone len9
Loore = BK = e Sno
eont

st ConS,ides dhet dhe Laith o 0 sinided

n egual ards @ncd dhe ampltis dhe LaaNe
bat ) a. The
phase dA any ttoo Cone Cuhve
Jhec
loavese
Loave Jon
bacts leould be Cend
eSno) = 8 )
 R
Sin/Te Sino
A
Sin S/2
Sin ( e Sno
hA
e Sno

R Sn
Sn/n
Sin
R= a Sn a Sin
A- na
I =
ASin
Cond fos mex h and Minime
Ce nd fos ontsa0 max fos Contsal b 6n ,en

, thus = O

But
im Sin
= A
hus T=A

Cond os min ima The indtensty Loi be mintohen

San d=o 9 EASn
iSn =o

Loheto m =2, 3

But = e Sno = m
eno= mA

Gnd os getnday mGX tos So Co nday max

)

= O

J
 Sn
2Sin o3 - o

T2Sn Sn+ Co)

Sin=o Sin= , butSn =F
bosidions, 6 minima indenSdty
The
osidhon o eoneay max. d3. gIVen
= don
d = , + 3T
+87, 7

2T 3
3

The intesidy Seindazy mox - mox

Thurtu
i 9 d Seenday x sepe
d-3T/ di
I= I,Sin 7/p)
92
SeCond conclasy mox h.
T= I &inS/e)= 4T 2572 G2
(R2)
Thu oulathve indersi dies ode paintoal, Jhe t , dhe 3tnt
,

max au.
1:4, 2572
 AAJ
3 9N 37

S/2

09 >
Foraun hae Diadion adoubo Loith
Loitth
and eD o egua
ual
Thato a O tloo ts A

sepeate an opagu dotono d' xY Th

o n cthe
SOn
Th doo cted ight is oced
ConDiods oeguddy s,baced
dioction batdern on dhe 3Cteon
dw do dhe inderexono ightoum
bJught and dank urge
beth dhe sus ohich
i moclulatecd b he doachon hed tezn
ts
aom dhe individia

A
Se
pSouon
d +d)
e g vadhng
elorn end
SA D

LonS
Jons