Experience 1

Properties of acids bases and salts

The word acid is derived from the Latin word acidus which means sour like vinegar that contains
ethanoic acid or acetic acid CH3COOH.
Your stomach contains hydrochloric acid HCL, which is used to digest food.

A base has a better taste, and feels slippery. solutions that contain bases are commonly referred to as
alkaline solutions. Soaps are often made using the common base, sodium hydroxide NaOH.

A salt is an ionic compound that usually consists of positive metal ions and negative nonmetal ions. Salts
are produced when acids and bases react with one another. dissolved salts in solution are electrolytes.
You can precipitate salt from a solution form a crystalline solid.

Defining acids and bases

Arrhenius model of acids and bases
By Savante Arrhenius in 1887
In his model acids are compounds that dissociate and form hydrogen cations, H+ in an aqueous solution.
However in solution the H+ions do not exist, instead a species called the hydronium ion H3O+ forms
when the dissociated H+ion combines with a water molecule H2O.
Hydrochloric acid is actually an acid solution of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen chloride, forms, hydronium
ions, making the compound and acid.
HCL + H2O —> H3O+ + Cl-
Arrhenius acids
HCl (hydrochloric acid), and HNO3 (nitric acid) are classified as monoprotic acids. The prefix mono means
one and protic means protons which is another way to describe a hydrogen cation.
Carbonic acid H2CO3 and sulfuric acid H2SO4, are diprotic acids, as they contain two hydrogens that can
be ionized. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is a tripotic acid.

Arrhenius bases

Arrhenius base is an ionic compound that releases a hydroxide ion, OH-, when it dissociated in aqueous
solution. For example, the compound, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and potassium hydroxide, KOH
dissociate in aqueous solution to produce a metal ion and a hydroxide ion. They are both monoprotic
basis, calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and magnesium hydroxide, MG(OH)2 are diprotic basis.

NaOH + H2O —> OH- + Na+

Sodium hydroxide is a base

Bronsted-Løwry Model of Acids and Bases:

According to the Arrhenius model, ammonia, and NH3 and sodium carbonate and NA2CO3 are not
classified as formulas; however, when you prepare solutions of NH3, and Na2CO3, they react with water
and produce hydroxide ions.
Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry proposed a new way to define acid and bases. In their model, an
acid is a hydrogen ion donor and a base is a hydrogen ion acceptor. When ammonia and water react, a
water molecule donates a hydrogen ion to an ammonia molecule. Brønsted Lowry doesn’t apply just to
aqueous solutions, but to any medium or phase. NH3 and HCL are a base and an acid that can react in
the gas phase.

In the Bronsted Lowry model, the products of acid base reactions are referred to as conjugates. A
conjugate acid is the ion molecule formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion.
A conjugate base is the ion or molecule that remains after an acid donates a hydrogen ion.
A conjugate Acid base pair consists of two ions or molecules related by the loss or gain of any hydrogen
ion.
In the Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases, a conjugate acid-base pair consists of two
substances that differ only by the presence of a proton (H-). Conjugate acid is formed when a proton is
added to a base and a conjugate base is formed when a proton is removed from acid.

CB—>-H+
CA—>+H+

Lewis Model of Acids and Bases

By Gilbert Lewis
Instead of donated or accepted hydrogen ions, the Lewis model uses electrons pairs. A lewis base is a
substance that donates a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
A lewis acid is a substance that accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.

The Lewis model of acids and bases is the broadest of the three models.
The Lewis model extents to substances that can’t be classified as acids and bases according to either the
Arrhenius or Bronsted-Lowry models.

Concentrations of H3O+ and OH- in pure water change at the molecular level, but the concentrations at
the macroscopic level are equal and constant.

The self-ionization of water

Pure water ionizes to a minimal extent to form hydronium ions (H3O+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). The
process happens because water is an amphoteric substance, and two molecules of water can react with
each other, one acting as an acid and the other as a base. The process is reversible and is called the self
ionization of water.
H2O+H2O<—>H3O+OH-

()brackets around a species means “concentration of”. For example [H3O+] represents the concentration
of hydronium ions.
Any aqueous solution in which [H3O+] and [OH-] are equal is a neutral solution.
In water or aqueous solutions at 25C, the product of the hydronium-ion concentration and the
hydroxide-ion concentration, known as the ion-product constant for water (Kw), equals 1.0x10 ^-14
Kw=[H3O+]x[OH-]=1.0x10 ^-14

Reversible reaction: the self ionization of water is reversible ionization. The reactants are H2O molecules,
and the products are H3O+ and OH- ions.

The logarithmic pH scale is used to express concentration of [H3O+]

pH= -log(H3O+)
A solution with pH of 7.0, such as water, is neutral.

0 —>7 acidic
7 is neutral
>7—>14 basic

pOH = -log[OH-]

A solution is a static, neutral or basic, depending on whether it’s hydronium ion concentration is greater
than equal to or less than its hydroxide iron concentration.
Solutions that contain more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions are acidic. The pH of these solutions is
less than seven.
Neutral solutions that contain the same amount of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions are neutral. The
solutions have a pH of seven hydronium, ion and hydroxide ion concentrations in neutral solutions or the
same.
Basic solutions that contain more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions are basic of the solutions is
greater than seven.

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Experience 2
Strong and weak acids and bases
The classification of acids and bases are strong or weak is based on the degree to which they ionized in
water is strong acid is an acid that completely ionized in aqueous solution to form hydronium ions.
Useful way to represent an Arrhenius acid is as HA. Ionization of the acid HA in water, yields an H3O+ ion
and an anion A-.
For the strong acid, all the acid molecules in solution become ionized examples of strong acids, include
HCl, HI, HNO3, and H2SO4.

A strong base is a base that completely ionizes in solution to produce hydroxide ions. Most strong bases
fit the Arrhenius model because they are hydroxide. Examples of strong bases include NaOH, LiOH, and
Ba(OH)2.
If an acid orb is classified as strong, it means that it completely ionizes in solution while if an acid or a
base is classified as weak. It means that it has a partial ionization.

Weak acids
A weak acid is an acid that ionizes only partially solution to produce hydronium ions. The ionization of a
weak acid deals, the same products as a strong acid. However, in the ionization equation and unequal
equilibrium is used to show that the ionization process does not go very far to the right.
Acids are more common than strong acids few examples, are hydrofluoric acid(HF), ethanoic
acid(CH3COOH), and carbonic acid(H2CO3). Acid partially ionized in solution, but each organizes to a
different degree.

Ionization constant for ethanoic acid is 1.8x10^-5, lesa than a thousandth of the constant for oxalic acid.
I said ionization constants
And also the organization constant sometimes called a dissociation constant, Ka, for a weak acid. The Ka
expression has this form:
Ka= [H3O+]x[A-]/[HA]
The value of KA tells you how far to the right the ionization process goes.
Ka values should be quite small.
Then numerator of the fraction is a small because the acid does not ionize complete, and the
denominator is large in comparison.
Each weak acid has a characteristic Ka value. Diprotic, and Triprotic weak acids have a different Ka value
for each ionization. The succeeding KE values for such acids grow smaller.
A larger negative exponent means a smaller number and, therefore, a smaller Ka (less ionization).

Weak bases
Weak bases react with water to produce hydroxide ions in solution with the quantity of ions produced
relatively small, because the formation of reactants is favored.
Unlike most strong bases that dissolve to form hydroxide ions in solution, weak bases react with water to
form produce hydroxide ions in solution.

A useful way to represent a base is as B. The reaction of a weak base (B) with water yields a cation (BH+)
and an OH- ion.
Weak bases include: ammonia (NH3), pyridine (C5H5N), and the carbonate anion (CO3^2-).
All weak bases react with water to produce OH- ions in solution, but each base reacts with water to a
different degree.
Not only do strong and weak bases differ in how much they affect ph through the
production of OH- ions, they also generally produce OH ions through different processes.