“SOLAR PASSIVE BUILDING”

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Topic Page
Certificate
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of contents iii
List of figures v
1 CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
Objectives 3
2 CHAPTER 2
Literature Survey 4
3 CHAPTER 3
Characteristics of the topic 7
Key features of passive solar houses 8
Passive solar systems 8
Direct gain 9
Advantages of the Direct Gain System: 9
Disadvantages of the Direct Gain System 9
Indirect Gain 11
Advantages of an Indirect Gain System: 11
Disadvantages of an Indirect Gain System 12
Isolated gain 12
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Advantages of the Sunspace, or Isolated Gain, System 13

Energy Conservation 13

Thermal energy storage by phase change materials (PCMs) 13

Solar thermal storage wall 14

PCM integrated building block 14

Recent developments in PCM wall 15

4 CHPTER 4

Case studies – 1 17

Case studies – 2 18

Conclusion for Case Study 20

5 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION 21

REFERENCES

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Figure
No. Description Page no

3.1
Direct gain solar system. 10

The overhang lets in the winter sun while shading south

3.2 10
facing glass in the summer

3.3 Trombe wall vents circulate heated air to the living space
10
in the daytime

3.4 Solar passive building P C M wall 16

4.1 Graphical Representation 19

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
In Industrial and technological innovations, population growth and rapid urbanization lead
to an increase in energy consumption. Negative effect of energy on environment impact has
made this as critical issue. Need to make a quick switch about the use of energy in building
and by this it is indicated to the topic “Passive Solar Building”.

In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and
distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer.
This is called passive solar design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it does not
involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate
performing an accurate site analysis. Elements to be considered include window placement
and size, and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar
design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be
adapted or "retrofitted".

The scientific basis for passive solar building design has been developed from a
combination of climatology, thermodynamics (particularly heat transfer: conduction (heat),
convection, and electromagnetic radiation, fluid mechanics/natural convection (passive
movement of air and water without the use of electricity, fans or pumps), and human
thermal comfort based on heat index, psychometrics and enthalpy control for buildings to be
inhabited by humans or animals, sunrooms, solariums, and greenhouses for raising plants.

Specific attention is divided into: the site, location and solar orientation of the building,
local sun path, the prevailing level of insulation (latitude/sunshine/clouds/precipitation),
design and construction quality/materials, placement/size/type of windows and walls, and
incorporation of solar-energy-storing thermal mass with heat capacity.

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While these considerations may be directed toward any building, achieving an ideal
optimized cost/performance solution requires careful, holistic, system integration
engineering of these scientific principles. Modern refinements through computer modeling
(such as the comprehensive U.S. Department of Energy "Energy Plus" building energy
simulation software), and application of decades of lessons learned (since the 1970s energy
crisis) can achieve significant energy savings and reduction of environmental damage,
without sacrificing functionality or aesthetics. In fact, passivesolar design features such as a
greenhouse/sunroom/solarium can greatly enhance the livability, daylight, views, and value
of a home, at a low cost per unit of space.

Passive solar building construction may not be difficult or expensive (using off-the-shelf
existing materials and technology), but the scientific passive solar building design is a non-
trivial engineering effort that requires significant study of previous counter-intuitive lessons
learned, and time to enter, evaluate, and iteratively refine the simulation input and output.

One of the most useful post-construction evaluation tools has been the use of thermograph
using digital thermal imaging cameras for a formal quantitative scientific energ audit.
Thermal imaging can be used to document areas of poor thermal performance such as the
negative thermal

impact of roof-angled glass or a skylight on a cold winter night or hot summer day.

The scientific lessons learned over the last three decades have been captured in sophisticated
comprehensive building energy simulation computer software systems (like U.S. DOE
Energy Plus).

Scientific passive solar building design with quantitative cost benefit product optimization is
not easy for a novice. The level of complexity has resulted in ongoing bad- architecture, and
many intuition-based, unscientific construction experiments that disappoint their designers

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The economic motivation for scientific design and engineering is significant. If it had been
applied comprehensively to new building construction beginning in 1980 (based on 1970s
lessons learned), America could be saving over $250,000,000 per year on expensive energy
and related pollution today.

Since 1979, Passive Solar Building Design has been a critical element of achieving zero
energy by educational institution experiments, and governments around the world, including
the U.S. Department of Energy, and the energy research scientists that they have supported
for decades. The cost-effective proof of concept was established decades ago, but cultural
assimilation into architecture, construction trades, and building-owner decision making has
been very slow and difficult to change.

OBJECTIVES

• To understand the concept of solar passive building

• To know the advantage and disadvantage solar passive building

• To acquire knowledge about solar passive building through case study

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Amit Kumar Sarkar (2019), worked on buildings, as they are designed and used today,
contribute to serious environmental problems because of excessive consumption of energy
and other natural resources. The close connection between energy use in buildings and
environmental damage arises because energy-intensive solutions sought to construct a
building and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting cause severe
depletion of invaluable environmental resources. However, buildings can be designed to
meet the occupants need for thermal and visual comfort at reduced levels of energy and
resources consumption. Energy resource efficiency in new constructions can be affected by
adopting an integrated approach to building design. Thus, in brief, an energy-efficient
building balances all aspects of energy use in a building – lighting, space-conditioning, and
ventilation by providing an optimized mix of passive solar design strategies, energy efficient
equipment, and renewable sources of energy. From this research, it is revealed that when
windows-door opening arrangements applied if the outdoor temperature is lower than indoor
temperature thermal comfort indices and habitantssatisfaction enhance. They prefer to
control environment via opening windows, door rather than personal adjustment.

Anfas Mukram T & Joseph Danie (2021) studied that global warming is one of the major
threats that mankind faces in the 21th century. About 40% of global energy consumption
and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions are accounted by buildings and they play a vital
role in global warming. Estimates show that their damaging influence will grow by 1.8%
per year through 2050, which specifies that future usage and emissions will be worse than
today. Therefore, the necessity of cooling systems cannot be ignored, as they, along with
ventilation and heating systems, measures for 60% of the energy consumed in buildings.
Passive cooling methods are dominating alternative to conventional cooling systems. Of
the various passive cooling strategies, thermal energy storage by means of latent heat is an
efficient way to increase the thermal inertia of building envelopes, which would reduce
temperature fluctuations, leading to the improved thermal comfort of occupants. Phase

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change materials (PCMs) with high density for thermal energy storage can be efficiently
employed to this purpose. This paper narrates the recent applications of PCMs for passive
cooling in buildings.

Guptha C L worked on sustainability concept in the building. The present society which
we are living utilizes the electrical energy for their comfort. This electrical energy is
majorly obtained by burning the fossil fuels. These fuels are decreasing in a dramatic rate
and it is also helps to the pollution. Passive solar design for homes helps to reduce the
consumption of electrical energy by utilizing the solar energy. Passive solar design is a
green concept which is aimed to utilize the maximum solar energy in the form of heat to
maintain interior thermal comfort throughout the sun’s daily and annual cycles, thereby the
reducing the dependence of energy consuming mechanical and electrical systems of
heating and cooling. The Windows, walls and floors of the homes are designed to collect
the solar heat from the sun in winter and reject it in the summer. While the building sector
accounts more than a third of energy. Hence reduce the amount of energy in Buildings
causes toward sustainable development which consistent with the needs of today's
generation which put future generation at risk. One of the painters of sustainability in
architecture is the use of natural energy and fossil energy consumption and minimum
natural environmental conditions and climate so solar building designs which is a step
towards its achieving. In this article, has been expressed the important factors in solar
buildings design. These factors are included external factors and internal factors. More
owner implementation strategies in the design to same energy in buildings also will be
presented. This paper deals with the fundamental heat movement principles, passive solar
design and design provisions for buildings. This paper also describes a study on the
savings achieved by using daylight in passive solar design of buildings. The findings from
this study show that at least 10% savings can be produced from simple day lighting
strategies.

Serkan et al., (2003) concluded that the energy-efficiency design strategies by passive solar
components having the additional cost of about 9% of the total building cost, it is possible to

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save the total annual energy used in this specific residential building by 18%. It will save
three types of energy need for the space conditioning and visual comfort (i.
e., heating, cooling and lighting), 61% energy use reduction in heating is the maximum
energy saving, lighting energy use is also decreased by 40%. However, in cooling energy
need, there is an increase of 34%.

Andreas Athienitis et. Al., (2008) stated that Based on the design of the houses, it is
expected that homes with low and near net-zero energy use can be designed in a cost-
effective manner within a period of about 5 years, provided a heat pump-based system is
used for heating and heat is recovered from the PV system and efficiently utilized in the
house.

Tanbiruj et.al (2010) finalized that the solar energy that receive naturally by a building can
be used to heat the building without special devices to capture or collect sunlight in direct
gain passive solar system. Passive solar heating can be applied by using of large sun-facing
windows (south-facing in the Northern Hemisphere) and building materials. A well-
insulated building with such construction element can absorb the sun’s energy and reduce
heating bills around 50 percent.

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CHAPTER 3
SOLAR PASSIVE BUILDING
3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOPIC

Depending to the location and weather, passive solar houses range from those heated almost
entirely by the sun to those with south-facing windows that provide some fraction of the
heating load. For instance, the one which is located at a very cold area near the North or
South Pole could not be heated completely by the sun. The difference between a passive
solar house and a conventional house is design. The key is designing a passive solar house
to best take advantage of local climate. As a fundamental law, heat moves from warmer
materials to cooler ones until there is no longer a temperature difference between the two.
To distribute heat throughout the living space, a passive solar house design makes use of this
law through heat-movement and heat-storage mechanisms: conduction, convection and
radiation.

Generally, the opaque objects absorb 40%–95% of incoming solar radiation from the sun,
depending on their colour—darker colours typically absorb a greater percentage than lighter
colours. This is why solar-absorber surfaces tend to be dark coloured. Bright-white materials
or objects reflect 80%–98% of incoming solar energy. Clear glass transmits 80%–90% of
solar radiation, absorbing or reflecting only 10%–20%. After solar radiation is transmitted
through the glass and absorbed by the house, it is radiated again from the interior surfaces as
infrared radiation. Although glass allows solar radiation to pass through, it absorbs the
infrared radiation. The glass then radiates part of that heat back to the house's interior. In
this way, glass traps solar heat entering the house. A cardinal rule in passive solar design is
to set one’s sights properly—do not expect more than the sun can deliver. Robert L. Fehr et
al believe that many well-designed passive solar homes provide their owners with low
energy bills and year-round comfort, as well as natural daylight and visual connection with
the outdoors. However, poorly designed passive solar homes may actually have
uncomfortable temperature swings both in summer and in winter. James A. Mathias et al
proposed that there is a 50% decrease in total electrical use of the actual passive-solar house
compared to the same sized house built to the International Energy Code Council

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3.2 THE KEY FEATURES OF PASSIVE SOLAR HOUSES

 Energy conservation measures—energy efficiency is always the most cost effective

way and should be the first step in designing any home, including a passive solar
home.
 Glass concentrated on the south—south windows let sunlight into the building in
winter and can be shaded in summer. Low-emissivity coatings will reduce heat loss at
night and heat gain in summer. Meanwhile it is believed that lower east and west
glass areas, reduce summer cooling needs because it prevents unwanted sun from
entering the home in the morning and afternoon.
 Window shading—overhangs, blinds, shade screens, curtains, and landscaping shade
unwanted sunlight in summer.
 Thermal storage mass—tile-covered slab floors, masonry walls, and water-filled
containers store solar heat and save energy all year.
 Ventilation—natural breezes, ceiling fans, whole house fans, and space fans can
provide comfort during warmer weather.
 Orientation—Orientation and site selection are critical in passive solar design. The
passive solar windows must be installed in a way to maximize solar gain in winter
and minimize overheating in summer.

3.3 PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS

All passive solar homes have these common elements:

 Collection—To collect solar energy, double-glazed windows are used on the south-
facing side of the house.

 Storage—After the sun’s energy has been collected, some heat is immediately used in
the living spaces and some is stored for later use. The storage, called thermal mass, is
usually built into the floors and/or interior walls. Mass is characterized by its ability
to absorb heat, store it, and release it slowly as the temperature inside the house falls.
Concrete, stone, brick, and water can be used as mass.

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 Distribution—Heat stored in floors and walls is slowly released by radiation,

convection and conduction. In a hybrid system, fans, vents, and blowers may
There are several types of passive solar systems that can be used in North Carolina homes.
The most common are direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain.

3.4 DIRECT GAIN

Direct gain is the simplest approach and usually the most economical to build. With this
system, sunlight enters the house through large areas of south-facing glass. It heats the floor
and walls directly.Energy from the mass in floors and walls is released to the living space
when the inside air temperature is lower than that of the mass.
3.5 Advantages of the Direct Gain System:
 It is comparatively low in cost to build, since no special room has to be added. The
floor, walls, or even an inside- wall fireplace can serve as the storage mass. The solar
elements are incorporated into the living space.
 It provides direct heating. There is no need to transfer energy from one area to
another.
 South-facing windows provide natural daylight and outdoor views.
 The number and size of south-facing windows can be adjusted to match the space
you have for thermal mass. Clerestory windows can let sunlight fall directly on the
back parts of floors or walls used as thermal mass.

3.4 Disadvantages of the Direct Gain System

 It can overheat if the windows and thermal mass are not balanced.
 Large amounts of south-facing glass can cause problems with glare and privacy.
 The thermal mass used for heat storage should not be covered by carpet or blocked by
furnishings.
 Furnishings and fabrics exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sun can degrade or
change colour.
 South-facing windows need summer shading and a night- time insulative covering in
winter. Nighttime insulation can be provided by exterior-mounted panels, interior
draperies, shutters, pop-in panels, or other insulating window treatments

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Figure 3.1: Direct gain solar system.

Figure 3.2: The overhang lets in the winter sun while shading south facing glass in the summer

Figure 3.3

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3.5 INDIRECT GAIN

In this passive solar system, the storage mass is between the south glass and the living
space. Indirect gain systems use a thermal wall to store collected heat. Usual choices are a
masonry Trombe wall or a water wall of tubes or barrels placed several inches behind the
window. The concrete block or brick Trombe wall is usually 8 to 12 inches thick. In
comparison, direct gain mass is usually just 4 to 6 inches thick but is spread out over larger
area. During the day, sunlight passes through the south-facing glass and is absorbed by the
mass. The mass heats up slowly and then release’s heat to the living spaces 6 to 8 hours
later. The time lag as the mass warms and then gives off heat keeps temperatures in the
living space fairly uniform. It also means that the heating of the living area occurs in the late
afternoon and evening, when it is most needed.
The Trombe wall can be vented or unvented. The vented wall allows heated air to circulate
directly to the living space. Stored heat in the thermal mass is also radiated later to the living
space. A vented Trombe wall requires nighttime closing of wall vents. Otherwise, heated air
would cycle back to the front of the Trombe wall from the living space and be lost to the
cooler temperatures outside. Because of the difficulty in assuring the proper opening and
closing of vents, venting of Trombe walls has been used less frequently in recent years .As
with all passive solar designs, the Trombe wall should be shaded on the outside during the
summer and insulated at night during the winter. Although research shows that a Trombe
wall gains more heat during the day than it loses during the night, moveable insulation over
the Trombe wall will improve its efficiency. In most cases, this means installing insulated
panels or shutters on the outside. Of course, these insulating panels are effective only if used
regularly.

3.5.1 Advantages of an Indirect Gain System:

 The storage mass is located closer to the glass or collection area, which allows for
efficient collection of solar energy.
 The thickness and heat storage capacity of the thermal mass lets it heat up slowly and
distribute the heat to the living space when it is most needed. Extreme temperature
variations in the living area are reduced.

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 The floor and wall space of the living area can be used more flexibly since the
storage mass is moved next to the south-facing glass. This frees up interior floor
space and also doesn’t expose furnishings to direct sunlight.

3.5.2 Disadvantages of an Indirect Gain System

 south-facing view and natural daylight is lost. Some Trombe walls have been
designed with a window set into the wall to compensate for this. If properly
designed, an inset window should not interfere with the efficiency of the system.
 Vented Trombe walls must be closed at night to prevent reverse cycling of heated air.
The inside of the south-facing glass in a vented Trombe wall will also need to be
cleaned from time to time, so access to the glass needs to be considered.
 The Trombe wall may take up too much wall space in a smaller home.
 Furniture and objects placed against or on the Trombe wall affect its efficiency in
heating the living space.
 Because the Trombe wall heats only the room it is con- nected to, the cost of labor
and materials in its construction may be high relative to the contribution it makes to
the overall heating needs of the house.
 In the summer or on winter days without sunshine, the Trombe wall acts as a very
poorly insulated wall. Exterior moveable insulation would improve its effect on
comfort and energy use.

3.6 ISOLATED GAIN

Greenhouse.” This system is usually designed so that the collector and storage elements can
be closed off from the rest of the house during periods of extreme heat or cold. Typically,
the sunspace is a separate room on the south side of the house with a large glass area and
thermal storage mass. The sunspace can project out from the house, or the house can wrap
around the sunspace, partially enclosing it A U-shaped wrap-around design is used in the
NCSU Solar House. It reduces heat loss from the sunspace area and allows more storage
mass to be located in the sunspace. Heat from the you may have heard of this system called
an “attached sunspace” or “attached sunspace can be distributed into the house through all
three side walls. If the sunspace is to serve as the primary heating system, you will probably

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want a design that is thermally isolated from the living area. This means that the sunspace
can be closed off from the rest of the house by shutting the doors and windows that connect
the two areas.

3.6.1 Advantages of the Sunspace, or Isolated Gain, System

 It can be physically separated from the living space. This means that temperature
fluctuations within the sunspace do not adversely affect the comfort of the living
area.

 Doors and windows between the sunspace and the rest of the house allow control of
the heat transfer between these areas. The sunspace can be closed off when
equipment is used to heat or cool the rest of the house.
 Due to their energy savings, attractiveness, and the appeal of having a warm sunny
room on a cold winter day, sunspaces increase the resale value of a home.

3.6.2 Disadvantages of the Sunspace, or Isolated Gain, System

 Heavy furnishings and rugs must be avoided to prevent shading of the thermal
storage mass.
 Shading and venting are important to avoid summertime overheating.

3.6.3 Energy Conservation

The passive solar home should be built with maximum attention to energy conservation
details, including insulation. Windows and doors should meet recommended air infiltration
standards. Infiltration or air leakage can also be reduced by careful caulking and
weatherstripping. If the structure isn’t energy-efficient to begin with, you will still have to
add a good deal of supplemental heat.
Windows on the north side should be few in number and small in size, to reduce heat loss
from this exposure. Eastern and western windows generally don’t add much to winter net
heat gain, and will add to overheating problems in the summer. Winter night heat loss from
all windows can be reduced by the use of movable insulation, either inside or outside the
house.

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Any well-insulated and weatherized house needs good ventilation to reduce problems from
indoor air pollution and help control humidity inside the house. Natural ventilation should
be used in attic, basement, or crawl space areas. Bath- rooms and kitchens should have
outside vented exhaust systems. Sunspaces can be vented with windows or by mechanical
ventilation. A large number of indoor plants inside the sunspace may increase its humidity
levels, so good ventilation is important
3.7 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (TES) BY PHASE CHANGE
MATERIALS (PCMS)
The use of PCMs for thermal storage in buildings was one of the first applications studied.
The PCMs are applied in the buildings to attain the following main goals. It uses natural
heat or solar energy for heating purpose or night cold for cooling. It also uses artificial or
man-made heat or cold sources. In any of the above condition, it is required to store heat
energy according to its necessity, availability and demand with respect to time and power.

Due to the reduced expenses for construction, light weight buildings are more popular now a
day. One of the major disadvantages of light weight buildings is their low thermal mass.
Due to this the temperature fluctuations are high, which result in a high heating and cooling
demand. The application of PCM in such buildings is very promising, because of their
capability to smooth the temperature variations. Some of the major applications of the PCM
in buildings are given below.

3.9 SOLAR THERMAL STORAGE WALL

PCM enabled solar walls are generally found in mixed and cold climatic regions. The major
benefit of these walls is their heat storage capacity and the use of renewable energy sources.
The integration of PCMs in the storage systems reduced the total weight and size of the
system considerably. This made the retrofitting tranquil. The working of a solar storage wall
with PCM is explained in the below . Various modifications for this model are suggested for
improving the operation. Numbers of combinations of materials are also tested for the solar
thermal storage wall. Berthou et al. designed a new model and investigated the performance
of an unvented Trombe wall made up of a Thermal Insulating Material (TIM) layer.

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3.10 PCM INTEGRATED BUILDING BLOCK

An interesting application of PCMs in buildings is the impregnation of PCMs into porous
construction materials, like hollow bricks, fire clay bricks, plaster boards etc. to increase
thermal mass and hence reduce the temperature fluctuation in the living space. The
application of PCM impregnated building blocks used in construction helps to increase the
thermal inertia without adding more mass. Both organic and inorganic PCMs are used for
these applications by infusing concrete, gypsum or ceramics construction with paraffin
hydrocarbons or salt hydrates. Other materials like butyl stearate, dodecanol , paraffin and
tetra decanol are also used for the application. Light weight aggregate is another high
porosity building material used as carries for PCM to enhance heat storage. Thermocrete is a
heat storage medium combining an appropriate PCM with the concrete matrix, resulting in
almost isothermal storage. Chahroudi has discussed potential application areas for
Thermocrete materials in general terms. Figure 12 shows a view of a light weight wall brick
with PCM microcapsules are attached in the interior plaster. The major problem regarding
impinging PCM in the brick is the leakage of the material while it is melting. Proper
encapsulation is suggested to prevent this issue. Depending upon the size of the PCM in the
mixture, the encapsulation may be micro-encapsulation or macro.

3.11 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PCM WALL

Building encapsulation of PCMs can be achieved either by using PCM integrated building

materials (such as plaster with micro-encapsulated paraffin, gypsum plaster boards with

micro-encapsulated paraffin, concrete with micro-encapsulated paraffin, panels with shape

stabilized paraffin etc.) or by using PCM as a component in the building materials. Both the

methods have its own advantages and disadvantages. The application of PCMs in the

building wall will reduce the heat entry into the living space and also delayed the peak

temperature time and hence increase the thermal comfort. Castell A et al. conducted an

experimental study on various cubicles with different type of construction materials like

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conventional and alveolar bricks with polyurethane and PCMs to find the reduction in

temperature inside the rooms.

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Figure 3.4: Solar passive building P C M wall

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CHAPTER 4

CASE STUDIES

4.1 A Study of the Solar Passive Complex of Punjab Energy Development

Agency (PEDA), at Chandigarh
Passive solar technologies are means of using sunlight for useful energy without use of
active mechanical systems, as contrasted to active solar techniques. Such technologies
convert sunlight into usable heat in the form of water, air, thermal mass; cause airmovement
for ventilating, or future use, with little use of other energy sources. The scientific basis for
passive solar building design has been developed from a combination of climatology,
thermodynamics, particularly heat transfer, and human thermal comfort. Specific attention is
directed to the site and location of the dwelling, the prevailing climate, design and
construction, solar orientation, placement of glazing-and-shading elements, and
incorporation of thermal mass. The Solar Passive Complex of Punjab Energy Development
Agency (PEDA), at Chandigarh, India is a unique and successful model of energy efficient
solar builidng, designed on solar passive architecture. The main aims & objectives of this
complex are to demonstrate the Solar Passive Architecture concepts, to educate architects,
engineers & builders for replication of concepts, and to generate awareness among general
public, teachers, students of school and colleges. More than 90% reduction in lighting
consumption, and more than 50% saving in overall energy consumption has been achieved
in this complex, which thus provides a clean and pollution free work environment.

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4.2 To understand passive and active design strategies for India's

composite climatic zone and its applications in buildings.

Objectives

 To study sustainable design in the Indian context

 To analyze the composite climatic zone of India

 To analyze the passive and active design strategies in the composite climatic zone.

 To analyze the applications of passive and active design strategies in buildings situated in the
composite climate zone.
Scope and Limitation Macro variations occur in the composite climate zone of India.
This study only studies the climate of Chandigarh. This may be conceptually relevant to
the entire composite climate region, but macro variations must be considered in the
specific city or location. This research only covers institutional / office buildings. It deals
only with two components of sustainable strategies, i.e., climate responsive design and
energy conservation, at the level of case studies.

There is a division of Analysis and Discussion into three parts: the first part consists of the
composite climate of India; the second part consists of the passive and active strategies in the
composite climate zone of India, and the third part consists of the implementation of the passive
and active strategies in the case studies.

4.1. Composite Climate of India

4.1.1 Climatic Zones in India According to the National Building Code of India, India is
divided into five climatic zones: hot and dry, warm and humid, temperate, cold, and
composite. Bansal and Minke, 1988, carried out a detailed study and categorized Indian
climate, as shown in Table-1. The climate classification is beneficial in determining the
building to occur in a particular climatic zone. There are also variations in climatic data
for a particular area in a single climate zone. It is essential to study in-depth climate data
where the building is situated to learn about sustainable design strategies. The climate
data element should evaluate the data of the latitude and longitude, temperature,
humidity, rainfall, wind, and solar radiation.
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4.1.2 Analysis of Climatic data Data from Chandigarh are dropping in the composite climate.
There will be an analysis of climate data to understand the characteristics of the
composite climate. There will be slight variations for different locations; however, the
generic characteristics will remain the same.

Figure 4.1: Graphical Representation

4.2 CONCLUSION FOR CASE STUDY

 Passive solar building design is a part of green building design by the providing
this type of design; we are able to use solar energy, which offers no cost & our
non- renewable resources can be saved to a larger extent.
 Passive solar building design provides thermal comfort during various seasons,
like summer, winter & it is very useful design to provide natural ventilation in the
building, passive solar provides natural light by installation of photovoltaic, which
didn‘t require any other source of energy, proper orientation of building can be
done by this type of design.
 After doing the cost analysis of the case study, it was found out that Passive Solar
Houses indeed provide a return on investment in monetary terms. The reduction in
electricity bills cover up the initial additional costs within 14 years.
 As we witness day by day that the earth‘s weather condition is changing
improperly due to the pollution of the earth & global temperature is also raising
day by day, This year in India we observed a highest temperature in north, so there

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is a lot of scope for this type of construction which provide us a complete comfort
during all seasons and all weathering condition.
 In western countries this type of construction is common scenario, and they have
codal provisions for Passive solar design, but unfortunately in India we are still

lacking behind, this is a very vast study area to deal with.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

 Glass concentrated on the south, window shading, thermal storage mass ventilation
and orientation are the features considered for passive solar houses.
 Advantage is low is cost and all the components inside the house serve as storage
mass.
 Disadvantage is south facing glass cause problem with glare and need summer
shading.
 Climatic date like latitude and longitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind and
solar radiation is essential for sustainable design strategies

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CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES

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 Gupta C L (2017), “A matrix method for predicting thermal response of unconditioned

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 Gupta C L, (1987), “Field studies on solar passive buildings in india”, Physics and
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 Anfas Mukram T. Joseph Daniel, (2019), “Solar passive Building cooling: Recent
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 Albatayneh, A., Alterman, D., Page A., and Moghtaderi B., (2017), “Temperature
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 Serkan, (2003) , “A case study on improvement of an existing residential building’s

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