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The document discusses various aspects of TCP including connection establishment, dynamic window size, window scaling, silly window syndrome, congestion window size, and timers used in TCP. It explains the need for window scaling at high speeds and defines concepts like congestion window size, silly window syndrome, and the three timers used in TCP - retransmission, persistence, and keep-alive timers.

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togeba1753
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27 views

Imp 2

The document discusses various aspects of TCP including connection establishment, dynamic window size, window scaling, silly window syndrome, congestion window size, and timers used in TCP. It explains the need for window scaling at high speeds and defines concepts like congestion window size, silly window syndrome, and the three timers used in TCP - retransmission, persistence, and keep-alive timers.

Uploaded by

togeba1753
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE 4153 / 6153, Fall 2012, Quiz 5 Name /Net ID_________________________________ 1.

What are
(I have no more data to send) PSH – do not buffer – push the packet to the application URG – urgent byte
in packet at location indicated in the “urgent” field RST – rejection of TCP packet 2. Explain the process
of connection establishment in TCP indicating the contents of the flags, sequence number, and
acknowledgement fields. (3 points) a) Initiator chooses random sequence number and sends SYN packet
indicating starting sequence number b) Responder chooses random starting sequence number; sends
SYN/ACK packet indicating starting sequence number and acknowledgement number (one higher than
the initiator's sequence number) c) Initiator sends ACK packet with acknowledgement number one higher
than the responder's starting sequence number. 3. Explain the need for dynamic window size in TCP? (4
points) The window size in TCP packets indicates the free space remaining in the buffer. At data bytes
received but have not been read by the application will remain in the buffer thus reducing the available
space. 4. What is TCP window scaling? Why is it needed? (3 points) The window size is a 16 bit value.
As the maximum window size 64 K the sender can never send more than 64 K bytes before an
acknowledgement is received. This is too little for today's Internet speeds as substantially more than 64 K
bytes can be sent within the round trip time over fast connections. The window scaling factor indicates the
amount by which the window size is scaled. Scaling factor (which can be 1 to 13) of 10 indicates the
window size should be scaled by 210. 5. What is the silly window syndrome? (3 points) Silly window
syndrome happens when application reads a small number of bytes at a time with long pauses in between.
When the buffer is full the TCP layer sends a window size zero advertisement. Application reads one byte
and the TCP layer sends a non zero window size advertisement. TCP layer receives a data bytes and
buffer is full, triggering a window size advertisement of zero. This sequence keeps repeating for every
byte causing substantial overhead for TCP control packets 6. What is “congestion window size” in TCP?
How is it modified? (4 points) The maximum number of bytes that can be sent by a sender (before an
acknowledgement is received from the receiver) is the minimum of the window size advertised by the
receiver, and the congestion window size of the sender. Congestion window size is initially set to the
MTU size. Thus only one packet (with MTU bytes) can be sent first. If the ACK for the first packet is
received in time the congestion window size is doubled. If both packets are acknowledged in time the
congestion window size is doubles again. Doubling goes on till a threshold is reached at which point the
congestion window size is increased linearly (by one MTU size) instead of exponentially. If at any time a
time out occurs the threshold is halved, and the congestion window size is reset to one MTU (and the
process of exponential doubling starts all over again). 7. What are the three timers used in TCP? Explain
their purpose. (5 points) Retransmission timer – started whenever any data packet or SYN packet is sent;
ACK should be received before the timer fires (else the packet is retransmitted) Persistence times –
prevent deadlocks when a non zero window size advertisement (following a zero window size
advertisement) is lost. If no packet is received before the time fires the non zero window size
advertisement is retransmitted. Keep-alive timer – to ping the other side to see if the connection is still
alive (in situations where end points prefer to maintain the connection but has currently no data to send).

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