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Didacta Italia
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I TA114D
I Thin Layer Evaporator/Concentrator

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I' User's Manual 'j

and Exercise Guide

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I Didacta Italia

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I TAl14D

I Thin Layer Evaporator/Concentrator

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User's Manual
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and Exercise Guide
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I This manual illustrates the technical characteristics and operating instructions of
the system Didacta TA114D Thin Layer Evaporator/Concentrator, giving the
I instructor or the student a specific knowledge of the unit and its applications.
Besides the manual contains a choice of exercises ready to be performed in the
laboratory.
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I Didacta Italia Sri - Strada del Cascinotto, 139/30 - 10156 Torino

Tel. +39011 273.17.08 273.18.23 - Fax +39 011 273.30.88

I http://www.didacta.it - e-mail: [email protected]

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The information contained in this manual has been selected and verified with the I
greatest care. However, no responsibilitystemming from its use can be ascribed to the
Authors or to Didacta Italia or any person or company involved in its preparation.

The information contained in this manual can be modified at any time and without
I
warning on account of technical or educational needs.

Copyright © Didacta Italia 2001

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Reproduction by any means, including photocopying of this test or parts thereof, or the
figures contained therein, isstrictly prohibited. I
Printed in Italy - 10110/01

Code 01832E1001- Edition 01 - Revision01

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 - - - ----------

table of contents

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I Table of Contents

I 1. General ································
1

I 2. Theoretical Background ··········3

I 2.1 Vapour tension, evaporation, boiling

2.2 Raisein the boiling point · ··..··
3
··6

I 2.3 Evaporation in vacuum conditions

2.4 Basic notions on film condensers
9
· 10

I 2.5 Synoptic panel · · ··11

I 3. Starting the System ···········15

I 3.1 Preliminarychecks
3.2 Pre-settingthe system
· ·· ··15
15

I 3.3 Start-up
3.4 Configuring the operating scheme
· 15
· 16

I 3.5 Measuring the flowrate

3.6 Adjusting the thermostat set-points
18
19

I 3.7 Maintenance ······..·· · ··· ·.. 19

I 4. Exercises 21

4.1 Exercise1 - Direct concentration test in constant operating

I conditions
4.2 Exercise2 - Inversecontinuous concentration at constant
22

I operating conditions ··················

4.3 Exercise3 - Direct discontinuous concentration in constant
24

operating conditions ······················

26
I 4.4 Exercise4 - Influence of feed rate ·27
4.5 Exercise5 - Influence of pressure ·29
I 4.6 Exercise6 - Influence of rotation speed 31
4.7 Exercise7 - Concentration in several stages 33
I 4.8 Exercise8 - Determining the pressure(temperature) curve 35

I TA114/IC16D - User's Manual v

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II
O!lO~1OPOPIO IA

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I Chapter 1.

I 1. General

I The evaporation system has been conceived to perform the concentration of cosmetic
(IC16D) and alimentary products (TA1l4D), such as milk and fruit juice, as well as the
production of sugary solutions or purees in general (e.g. tomato puree).
I Such products are concentrated through the evaporation of the solvent (water) and
hence, in order to preserve the organoleptic and/or nutritional value of the products, the

I process in performed in vacuum conditions.

The experiments that can be performed with the system concern both discontinuous

I and continuous concentration processes, furthermore, the system makes it possible to

carry out various concentration cycles on the same product until the desired
concentration is reached.
I The evaporating body, of special design, is able to generate a fine film of the product
to be treated; this means that the time of exposure to the evaporation temperature is
I reduced, and the risk of the thermolabile molecules typically contained in foodstuff
being destroyed is reduced accordingly.

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I TAl14/IC16D - User's Manual

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OIlO~1oPOPIO

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I Chapter 2.

I 2. Theoretical background

I 2. 1 Vapour tension, evaporation, boiling

If you place a liquid in a container in which vacuum conditions have been created, a
I portion of the molecules situated on the surface leave the liquid and change into a gas.

Since the volume of the container is limited, the molecules at the gaseous state exert
I a pressure on the space available to them, which will change some of the gas molecules
back into a liquid. This results in a sort of dynamic balance (which varies with

I temperature) in which the number of molecules leaving the liquid and changing into a
gas is the same as the number of molecules changing back from gas to liquid.

I The vapour tension of a liquid is the value taken on by the pressure when the
dynamic balance has been reached (this balance is achieved very quickly).

I The vapour tension increases with temperature at a higher than proportional rate.

p Vapour tension

I of the solvant
Vapour tension
of the solution
I
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I T
Fig. 2.1 - Curves reflecting vapour tensions in a p-t diagram
I If you place a liquid in a container in which an inert gas, insoluble in the liquid,
applies a pressure Pg' the passage of some of the molecules of the liquid to the gaseous
I stage would take place all the same until vapour reached the same partial pressure p as it
would reach in an empty container. In this case, the dynamic balance is achieved more
slowly because the average velocity of the vapour molecules is reduced due to the
I collisions with the molecules of the inert gas, and the final pressure P g + q will be
reached only when the vapour is evenly distributed in the inert gas.

I Finally, if the liquid is placed in an open container, at atmospheric pressure Pa, it is as

if the liquid were in the presence of an inert gas, at that pressure, in a container of finite
size. The balance cannot be achieved and the liquid evaporates slowly until it is used up
I (evaporation).

I TA 114/IC16D - User's Manual 3

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 Theoretical background
1
When the vapour tension of the liquid exceeds the atmospheric pressure P a, the
vapour needs not spread in the air to move away: it pushes off the layer of air and the
evaporation becomes fast and tumultuous (boiling).
,
Dalton's law

Two or more gases in a mixture exert a combined pressure that corresponds to the
sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it occupied the same volume by itself.

Denoting with PI, P2, P3....... Pn (partial pressures) the pressures that the individual
,
1

gases would exert by themselves, we get:

Amagat's law

In a mixture of two or more gasses, the volume (total volume) taken up by the gases
at a pressure p corresponds to the sum of the volumes (partial volumes) that each of
them would occupy by itself at the same pressure p, that is:

,
Note

The partial pressure, p, of a component of a gaseous mixture of which the percentage

1
by volume, v%, and the total pressure, p, are known corresponds to the pressure
multiplied by the percentage by volume of the component in question. 1
Raoult's law J
Before stating Raoult's law we should review the notion of molar fraction. The molar
fraction of the solute (or the solvent) of a solution (or the solvent) is the ratio between
the number of moles of the solute (or the solvent) and the total number of moles
contained in the solution (solvent + solute).

For example, the molar fraction of a solution of 1 kg of ethyl alcohol-benzene

containing 92 gr. of ethyl alcohol (MW of C2HsOH = 46) and 90S gr. of benzene (MW
ofC6 n, = 7S).

The number of alcohol moles will be 92 =2 , while the number of benzene moles
46
will be 90S = 11,64.
7S

The molar fraction of the solute is:

4 Didacta Italia I
I Chapter 2.

I
I The molar fraction of the solvent is:

= 0.849
I 11,64
2+11,64

I and it corresponds by definition to (1 - Xl) since Xl + X2 =1

According to Raoult's law, the partial vapour tensions PI and P2 of the two
I components in the solution correspond to the tensions of the components in their pure
state p? p~ multiplied by their respective molar fractions Xl and X2, that is to say:

I PI = XI p?;
P2 = X2 p~ = (1- XI ) p~
I P = PI + P2

I Since in the solutions of practical interest, the vapour tension of the solute (generally
a salt or some other solid substance) is negligible compared to the vapour tension of the

I solvent, Raoult's law can be expressed as follows:

"In a solution in which the solute has a negligible vapour tension, total vapour

I tension p corresponds to the vapour tension of the pure solvent p~ multiplied by its
molar fraction.

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where IIp is referred to as relative reduction in vapour tension, and Xl is the solute's

I P2
molar fraction. "It may therefore be stated that the relative reduction in the vapour
tension of a solution (containing a non volatile solute) corresponds to the molar fraction
I of the solute".
A major practical consequence of Raoult's law is the fact that solutions containing a
I mole of any solute in the same amount by weight as a given solvent, having the same

I TA114/IC16D - User's Manual 5

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 Theoretical background
1
molar fractions and causing the same decrease in vapour tension, will undergo the same
increase in boiling point.
1
2.2 Raise in the boiling point
1
The increase in the boiling point caused by a mole of any solvent in 1000 gr. of a
given solvent is referred to as the molal ebullioscopic constant keb of that particular
solvent (and it is a specific characteristic of that solvent).
,
DC
Substance

Water
Formula

H2O
keb

0,515
1
Acetic acid CH3COOH 3,07 1
2,57
Benzol

Nitrobenzol C6HSN02
C6~

-
1
Bromoform CHBr3 - 1
Acetone

Ethyl alcohol
CH3-CO-CH3

C2HsOH
1,73

1,20
1
The boiling temperature is the temperature at which the vapour tension of a liquid
reaches the atmospheric pressure. Accordingly, it is higher in the solution than in the
1
pure solvent, and the difference depends on the concentration of the solute.
1
The relationship between the molar fraction and the variation in boiling point can be
used to obtain the MW of the solute.

In fact, assuming the molality (concentration expressed in terms of gram-molecules

of solute in 1000 gr. of solvent), c, and the molar fraction, X2, to be proportional, we can
write, keeping in mind that vapour tension is proportional to the increase in the boiling
point:

/).t : k eb = C :1

where M = increase in the boiling point, i.e., difference between the boiling point of
the solution and that of the pure solvent at the same pressure;
1
keb = molal ebullioscopic constant;

c = molality;

6 Didacta Italia 1
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I Chapter 2.

The molality, c, of a grams of solute, with unknown molecular weight M in b grams

I of solvent is given by:

I c=----
a 1000

I M b

so that
I !1t _ a 1000'1

I keb - M -b-'

I M = keb . a ·1000
!1T ·b

I Molecular weight corresponds to the theoretical value only if the substances being
considered do not undergo association or dissociation processes in the solution,

I otherwise it will be a multiple, or a sub-multiple, of the real molecular weight.

We may therefore conclude by saying that:

I "If the substances in a solution undergo an association process, the increase in the
boiling point will be smaller; if they undergo a dissociation process, the increase in the

I boiling point will be greater."

DUhring's diagram
I It should be noted that, for most solutions, the raise in the boiling point is a function
of their constituents and concentration, while it is virtually unaffected by pressure
I (though the boiling point of a solution does depend on pressure). Duhring identified this
property in 1878. It makes it possible to represent in a simple manner the relationship
between the concentration and the boiling point of a solution, on the basis of a limited
I number of test results.

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I TA114jlC16D - User's Manual 7

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 Theoretical background
1
1
1010
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ulfc
D,III

Fig. 2.2 - Vapour tensions of some substances as afunction of temperature

1
Duhring's chart is a diagram giving the boiling point of a solution, at a given
concentration, as a function of the boiling point of the pure solvent (as a rule, the boiling
1
point varies with pressure),

In this diagram, the zero concentration line is a straight line at a 45° slant passing
1
through the origin, and the lines relating to the other concentrations are straight lines
running parallel to the latter. This applies to ideal systems; if a system is not an ideal one
(i.e., the solution is not diluted and the solute undergoes a process of ionisation or
1
complex formation), Duhring's lines are no longer parallel.
1
1
1
1

1
8 Didacta Italia
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I Chapter 2.

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-10 o 20 10 100 120 110 180

I Boiling point of water I'C)

Fig. 2.3 - Diihring's lines for the NaOH - H20 system

I The vapour coming off from a solution that is undergoing an increase in its boiling
point is superheated.
I 2.3 Evaporation in vacuum conditions
I The evaporation process is carried out in vacuum conditions especially when the
substances to be treated are thermolabile. It is known, in fact, that a low pressure

I corresponds to a low boiling point.

This concentration process, however, causes problem in the extraction and

I condensation of the evaporated portion.

It becomes necessary to use reduced pressure condensers:

I TA 114/IC16D - User's Manual 9

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 Theoretical background
1
a) diaphragm type dry mixture condenser;

b) dome and diaphragm type dry mixture condenser; 1

1
,
c) nozzle type condenser;

d) wet Koning condenser or ejector condenser.

2.4 Basic notions on film condensers

Film concentrators/evaporators are machines that exploit a rotary stirrer to diffuse a

layer of a liquid product on a heat exchange surface.
1
They normally work with a flow of vapour in back current, have a relatively brief ~
period of permanence of the product in the equipment, and, thanks to the great
turbulence that is produced, have a high heat exchange coefficient.

A typical reactor is made up of a tube surrounded by an external heating tube; the

1
rotor moves rotary blades which leave an extremely thin gap between their extremities
and the inner wall of the tube; the heat exchange coefficient of most products, in fact, 1
improves with decreasing distance between the blades and the tube wall.

A product distribution ring placed around the rotor, at the level of the product inlet, 1
spreads the material evenly onto the inner surface, so as to create a film on the heat
exchange surface.

By gravity, the product moves down along a spiral path, and the film is maintained in
1
conditions of great turbulence by the movement of the blades fitted to the rotor.

Furthermore, the cool surfaces of the blades in the proximity of the heat exchange
1
wall protect the products against local heat peaks. The vapour passes through a
separation surface, mounted above the inlet, which stops any drops as may form and
returns them to the Thermal Treatment zone. The vapour leaves the machine through a
large-sized tube located in the upper part of the concentrator, whilst the liquid that has
undergone the treatment is discharged via a cone shaped nozzle located in the bottom
part of the machine.

The reason why film concentrators are able to treat highly viscous liquids, liquids
containing suspended particles or highly volatile liquids (entailing the risk of an
insufficient feed rate) is the presence of the mechanical stirrer which maintains the film
of material uniform. This determines the formation of a liquid-gas surface much more
1
complex than in traditional evaporators.

Regular flow (caused by gravity or by forced circulation) is disrupted by the action of

the blades which give rise to conditions of great turbulence on the surface of the
product. The blades rotate and push on a wave whose shape depends on the properties
of the material and velocity of its downward movement.

On the opposite side of the blades, a zone of great turbulence is formed, where the
liquid takes on the shape of a vortex. Internal friction neutralises the turbulence in the
,
10 Didacta Italia 1
1
I Chapter 2.

vortices and a zone of calm is formed between the vortex and the wave created by the

I next blade. In addition to ensuring a good heat exchange coefficient, the turbulence
fosters the phenomenon of mass transfer, of special significance when the diffusion of
the liquid to be treated represents a limiting factor.
I In many applications it is more important to obtain low temperatures at the wall
(thanks to high heat exchange rates) rather than high heat exchange coefficients. With
I temperature differences of 80° to 100°C between the liquid and the heating fluid, the
temperature of the product on the wall generally is 10° to 20°C higher than the boiling
temperature of the liquid.
I Time through the reactor is also a key factor. Since the product flows along the
heating surface uninterruptedly, this time is determined by product viscosity and feed
I rate, and the rate of evaporation will be determined by the transfer of heat to the product
during the time it takes the film to reach the discharge outlet.

I 2.5 Synoptic panel

I Legend to the synoptic panel

I Equipment

A Evaporator

I 1 Displacement pump

2 Liquid ring vacuum pump

I 39 Lubrication liquid tank

I 4-5-6 Tanks: for their intended use, see the Operating diagrams

7 Condenser
I 8-9-3 Measuring systems

I Steam line

11 By-pass valve
I 10 ON-OFF control solenoid valve

I 13 Condensate discharge

12 Discharge valve
I 31 Control valve

I 45 Condensate refrigerator

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 Theoretical background
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43 Condensed vapour measuring valves

44 Valve for control of H20 to condensate refrigerator I

42 Discharge valve
I
liquid line

24-16 Overpressure relief valves

17-18 Flow-rate measuring valves

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19 Concentrated liquid discharge valves

20 Return to tank 5 valve I

22 Return to tank 5 valve

14 ON-OFF valve
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21 ON-OFF valve I
15 Return to tank 4 valve

23 Mixture flow-rate measuring valve

I
Water line
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26 ON-OFF control solenoid valve

27 By-pass valve
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25 Condenser ON-OFF valve I
29 Cooling circuit ON-OFF valve

41 Feed tank ON-OFF valve

I
34 Liquid ring pump ON-OFF valve I
Condensate line

28 Flow window
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30 Overflow ON-OFF valve

33 Tank 3 ON-OFF valves

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37 Tank 6 discharge valves

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12 Didacta Italia I
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I Chapter 2.

Vacuum line
I 36 Vacuum breaking valves

I 35 ON-OFF valve

32 Vacuum adjustment valve

I Lubricant line

I 40-38 ON-OFF valves

Temperatures
I TI H20 at condenser inlet

I T2 H20 at condenser outlet

T3 Liquid feed inlet

I T4 Vapour inlet

I T5 Condensate outlet

T6 Non condensable vapour outlet

I TICI Concentrate thermometer/thermostat

TIC2 Condensate thermometer/thermostat

I
Pressures
I pI Condensate

I p2 Evaporated portion

p3 Heating steam inlet

I Levels

I LI Feed tank

L2 Concentrate tank

I L3 Condensate tank

L4 Condensate flowrate volume meter

I L5 Concentrate flowrate volume meter

I L6 Feed rate volume meter

I TA114/IC16D - User's Manual 13

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I
I Chapter 3.

I 3. Starting the system

I 3. 1 Preliminary checks

I •
Close all valves.

Tum off all electric circuit switches.

I • Check the connections and the availability of the distribution networks (water,
electric energy, steam).

I • Make sure that the tanks are empty.

Check the operation of the pump and rotor motors.

I
3.2 Pre-setting the system
I • Pre-set the evaporator line (see 3.4).

I • Pre-set the steam line (see 3.4).

• Pre-set the water line (see 3.4).

I • Adjust the flow of water to the vacuum pump (see 3.8).

I • Fill up the feed tank with the solution to be concentrated (e.g. a mixture of milk
(5-20%) and water).

I • Fill up the bush lubricant tank with the solution to be concentrated or with the
principal solvent (according to the foregoing example: water).

I • Pre-set the liquid line (solution feed line and concentrate discharge line)
according to the desired scheme (see 3.4).

I • Adjust the feed and extraction pumps according to the desired flowrate (e.g.
50% of maximum flowrate).

I • Pre-set the vacuum line (see 3.4).

• Adjust the thermostats at the desired temperatures (see 3.7).

I 3.3 Start-up

I • Close the main switch of the electric panel by means of the relative key.

I •

•
Open valve 38 and start the rotor inside the evaporator.

Adjust rotation speed at the desired value (for instance 1000 rpm).

I TAl14/IC16D - User's Manual 15

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 Starting the system

• Open the cooling water feed lines.

• Open the heating steam feed line (by turning on the boiler, when fitted).

• Wait a few minutes until the system reaches its operating temperature.
I
• Start the heating and cooling fluid flowrate control systems.

•
Start the vacuum pump.

Adjust system pressure by means of valve 32 at the desired value (e.g. 0.2 bar
vacuum).
,
~

• Start the feed and extraction pumps.

• Wait a few minutes until the system reaches its operating conditions.

• Measure the feed, extraction and condensate flowrates. 1

t
3.4 Configuring the operating scheme
It is possible to work with different operating schemes depending on your
requirements and the operations that you want to perform on the system.

The tables that follow show the uses of the different tanks and the positions of the
,
I
valves during the various stages. A legend explaining the meaning of the tables is
provided before the tables.

The figures show the paths of the liquids (feed and concentrate) for the different
operating schemes.
,

Fig. 3.1 - Pre-setting the circuit for the normal cycle.

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16 Didacta Italia
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I Chapter 3.

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I Fig. 3.2 - Pre-setting the circuit for recirculation.

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I Fig. 3.3 - Pre-setting the circuit for product concentration in several stages.

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 Starting the system

Fig. 3.4 - Pre-setting the circuit to transfer the product from the collection tank to the feed
tank (when you wish to the use the same product for several exercises).

3.5 Measuring the flowrate

Feed
,
,
• Open valve 23.

• Fill up graduated cylinder 9.

• Close valves 21 and 14.

• Measure the time it takes for the graduated cylinder to be emptied from an initial
reference notch to a final notch; the distance between these notches must be
sufficient to ensure that it takes at least 30 seconds.

• Determine flowrate by considering that a distance of one centimetre between the

notches corresponds to 0.05 It.

Extraction

• Close valve 17.

• Open valve 18.

• Close valves 19 and 20.

,
,
• Measure the time it takes for graduated cylinder 8 to be filled partly from an
initial reference notch to a final notch; the distance between these notches must
be sufficient to ensure that it takes at least 30 seconds.

• Determine flowrate by considering that a distance of one centimetre between the

-I
notches corresponds to 0.05 It.

18 Didacta Italia
I Chapter 3.

Condensate
I Open valve 33.

I Empty barrel 10 to an initial reference notch.

Close valve 33.

•

I Measure the time it takes for the barrel to fill partly from the initial reference
notch to a final notch; the distance between the notches must be sufficient to
ensure that it takes at least 2 minutes (new barrel: 30 seconds).
I Evaluate flowrate keeping in mind that a distance of one centimetre between the

I notches corresponds to 0.054 It.

Example
I Difference between the notches: 10 em.

I Time: 36.18 s

Flowrate = 10· 0.05/36.18· 3600 = 49.71t.1h

I 3.6 Adjusting the thermostat set-points

I Thermostats TIC1 and TIC2 can be adjusted by means of the keys situated to the side
of the display.

I The key on the bottom left makes it possible to start the setting stage of the reference
value (set-point). Having pressed the key, wait a few seconds.

I With the left keys you can increase (upper key) or reduce (lower key) the set-points.

At the end of this operation, having reached the desired value, the upper right key
I makes it possible to transmit the value to the controller.

The value set is transmitted anyway if it is not changed for ca 15-20 seconds.
I
3.7 Maintenance
I At the end of the tests, it is necessary to wash the equipment through the following
procedure:
I • Open the 3-way valves, 47 and 48

I • Wash the system with H20 entering through valve 48 and leaving the system via
valve 4 (back current - with H20 and specific products).

I To clean the entire system, proceed as follows:

I TA114/IC16D - User's Manual 19

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 starting the system
I
• Empty out tanks 4 and 5;

• Supply H20 (or specific products) to tank 4 or tank 5; I

• Pre-set the machine so as to obtain a continuous flow between the feed tank (e.g.
5), the evaporator, and tank 4; I

•
• To improve the efficiency of the washing process, start the motor and introduce
steam so as to raise the temperature of the wash liquid (e.g. 65°C);

Work with the valves so that all the pipes and tanks are reached by the wash
liquid.
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For long periods of inactivity, empty out the system and wash it thoroughly.
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20 Didacta Italia I
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I Chapter 4.

I 4. Exercises

I Introduction
This paragraph describes a number of basic exercises; all examples use a solution of
I milk and water (at 5%): these are low-cost substances that can be easily found and make
it possible to perform valuable learning experiences.

I However, it is possible to work with other solutions, whether containing fats, proteins
or sugars: for instance, you can use undiluted milk, fruit juice (not too pasty, as this
would make the cleaning process too time consuming). For each solution you must
I assess the ideal pressure for the concentration tests (the value of pressure depends on the
purposes for which a test is conducted).

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I TA 114/IC16D - User's Manual 21

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 Exercises

4. 1 Exercise 1 - Direct concentration test in constant

operating conditions

• Prepare 60 It. of a 5% solution of milk in tap water;

• Start the system in direct continuous operating mode;

• Enter the exact value of the level of feed tank 5;

Adjust the speed of rotation of the blades at 1000 rpm;

Adjust vacuum at 0.75 bar;

• Adjust temperature TIC 1 at 68°C;

• Adjust temperature TIC2 at 50°C;

• Adjust feed rate at 55 lt.zh (ca 35%);

• Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
permitted by the feed pump;

• Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1 - T6 as measured every 5-10

minutes;

• Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

measured every 15-30 minutes;

• Go on until feed tank 5 is emptied out;

• Tum off the feed and extraction pumps;

• Write down the exact value of tanks 4 and 6.

The table below gives a set of values obtained from a test; these values depend on
many parameters and therefore must not be rated as binding.

time [min] 0 15 30 45 60

T3 [CCl 30.2 26.2 25.8 25.3 25.2

TIC 1[CCl 63.0 65.3 67.2 67.0 66.8

T4 [CCl 127.1 111.6 116.7 120.5 114.0

T5 [CCl 73.8 96.4 97.6 98.2 97.7

T6 [CCl 68.6 66.7 66.9 66.0 66.3

TIC2 [CCl 40.9 35.5 32.4 29.5 30.4

Didacta Italia
22
I Chapter 4.

5 25 45 65 average
I time [min]

Qin [I/h] 61 63 62 60 61.5

I Qout [I/h] 46 52 50 51 49.3

[I/h] 10 9 12 11 10.3
I Qcon

Initial level in tank 5 = 67.6 em

I Initial level in tank 4 = 48.3 em

Determination of evaporation efficiency from the global balance of average

I differential values:

I (~ 1 (~l
R = Qeon • ~ = 10.0·~ = 0.444 leone
v, 60 Isol

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Determination of evaporation efficiency from the global balance of integral values:

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I TAl14/IC16D - User's Manual 23

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 Exercises
1
4.2 Exercise 2 -Inverse continuous concentration at constant
operating conditions 1
Prepare 60 It. of a 5% solution of milk in tap water;

• Start the system in inverse continuous operating mode;

1
Enter the exact value of feed tank 4; 1
• Adjust blade rotation speed at 1000 rpm;

• Adjust vacuum at 0.75 bar;

1
• Adjust temperature TIC1 at 68°C; 1
• Adjust temperature TIC2 at 50°C;

• Adjust feed rate at 25 It.lh (ca 15%);

1
• Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
permitted by the feed pump;
1
• Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5-10
minutes;
1
• Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as
measured every 15-30 minutes;
1
• Go on until tank 4 is emptied out; 1
• Turn off the feed and extraction pumps;

• Make an accurate record of the level reached in tank 5.

1
The table below gives a set of values obtained from a test; since these figures depend
on a variety of parameters they should not be viewed as binding.
1
time [min] 15 30 45 60 85 100
1
T3 [CCl 29.1 54.2 53.9 53.4 52.9 51.6

TICI [CCl 53.7 66.2 64.3 61.3 66.1 67.5 1

T4 [CCl 132.8 112.2 112.8 120.2 111.2 113.4
1
T5 [CCl 97.5 97.7 97.7 97.5 97.6 97.2

T6 [CCl 60.6 66.2 65.7 67.2 65.4 65.2 1

TIC2 [CCl 28.3 31.2 31.2 32.0 33.4 32.0
1
24 Didacta Italia 1
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 I
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 Exercises
I
4.3 Exercise 3 - Direct discontinuous concentration in
constant operating conditions I
• Prepare 60 It. of a 5% solution of milk in tap water;
I
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• Start the system in direct discontinuous operating mode;

Enter the exact value of the level in feed tank 5;

• Adjust blade rotation speed at 1000 rpm;

•
Adjust vacuum at 0.75 bar;

Adjust temperature TIC1 at 68°c;

,
• Adjust temperature TIC2 at 50°C;

• Adjust feed rate at 55 1Ih(ca 35%);

I
• Adjust extraction flowrate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
permitted by the feed pump;
I
• Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5-10
minutes;

• Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

measured every 15-30 minutes;
I
• Go on until the level in tank 5 corresponds to the desired value; I
Turn off the feed and extraction pumps;
•

• Write down the exact value of the level reached in tank 5;

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Didacta Italia
26
I Chapter 4.

4.4 Exercise 4 - Influence of feed rate

I • Prepare 60 It. of a 5% solution;

I Start the system in direct continuous operating mode;

• Enter the exact value of the level in feed tank 5;

I • Adjust the speed of rotation of blades at 1000 rpm;

I • Adjust vacuum at 0.75 bar;

• Adjust temperature TIC 1 at 68°C;

I • Adjust temperature TIC2 at 50°C;

I • Adjust feed rate at 55 It.lh (ca 35%);

Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of maximum flowrate

•
I permitted by the feed pump;

Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1 - T6 as measured every 5-10

•
I minutes;
Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as
•
I measured every 15-30 minutes;

Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes

•
I constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);

• Adjust feed rate at 251t.lh (ca 15%);

I • Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
permitted by the feed pump;
I • Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5-10
minutes;
I • Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as
measured every 15-30 minutes;
I • Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes
constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);
I Adjust feed rate at 751t.lh (ca 55%);

I • Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
permitted by the feed pump;

I • Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5-10

minutes;

I TA114jlC16D - User's Manual 27

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 I
Exercises

• Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

I
measured every 15-30 minutes;

• Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e., until temperature T5 becomes

I
constant;

• Turn off the feed and extraction pumps;

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• Enter the exact value of the level in tanks 4, 5 and 6. I
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28 Dldacta Italia I
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I Chapter 4.

4.5 Exercise 5 - Influence of pressure

I • Prepare 60 It. of a 5% solution of milk in tap water;

I • Start the system in direct continuous operating mode;

• Write down the exact value of the level in feed tank 5;

I • Adjust blade rotation at 1000 rpm;

I • Adjust vacuum at 0.75 bar;

• Adjust temperature TIC1 at 68°C;

I • Adjust temperature TIC2 at 50°C;

I • Adjust feed rate at 25 It.1h(ca 15%);

Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
•
I permitted by the feed pump;

• Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5-10

I minutes;

• Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

I measured every 15-30 minutes;

• Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes

I constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);

• Adjust pressure at 0.85 bar by means of valve 32;

I • Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5-10
minutes;
I • Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as
measured every 15-30 minutes;
I • Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes
constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);
I • Adjust pressure at 0.60 bar by means of valve 32;

I • Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5-10

minutes;

I Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

measured every 15-30 minutes;

I • Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes

constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);

I TA114/IC16D - User's Manual 29

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 Exercises
I
• Turn off the feed and extraction pumps;

• Write down the exact values of the level in tanks 4, 5 and 6. I

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30
Didocto (tollo I
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I Chapter 4.

4.6 Exercise 6 - Influence of rotation speed

I • Prepare 60 It. of a 5% solution of milk in tap water;

I • Start the system in direct continuous operating mode;

• Enter the exact value of the level in feed tank 5;

I • Adjust blade rotation speed at 1000 rpm;

I • Adjust vacuum at 0.75 bar;

• Adjust temperature TIC1 at 68°C;

I • Adjust temperature TIC2 at 50°C;

I • Adjust feed rate at 25lt.lh (ca 15%);

• Adjust extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate

I permitted by the feed pump;

• Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5 - 10

I minutes;

• Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

I measured every 15 - 30 minutes;

• Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes

I constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);

• Adjust blade rotation speed at 500 rpm;

I • Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5 - 10
minutes;
I • Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as
measured every 15 - 30 minutes;
I • Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes
constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);
I • Adjust blade rotation speed at 1500 rpm;

I • Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5 - 10

minutes;

I • Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

measured every 15 - 30 minutes;

I • Go on until stationary conditions are reached, i.e. until temperature T5 becomes

constant (after ca 20-30 minutes);

I TA 114/IC16D - User's Manual 31

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 Exercises
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• Tum off the feed and extraction pumps;

• Write down the exact value of the level in tanks 4, 5 and 6. I

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32 Didacta Italia
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I Chapter 4.

4.7 Exercise 7 - Concentration in several stages

I • Prepare 60 It. of a 5% solution of milk in tap water;

I • Start the system in direct continuous operating mode;

• Write down the exact value of the level in feed tank 5;

I • Adjust blade rotation speed at 1000 rpm;

I • Adjust vacuum at 0.75 bar;

• Adjust temperature TIC 1 at 68°C;

I • Adjust temperature TIC2 at 50°C;

I • Adjust feed rate at 55 lt./h;

• Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
I permitted by the feed pump;

• Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5 - 10

I minutes;

• Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

I measured every 15 - 30 minutes;

• Go on until feed tank 5 is emptied out, in about 1 hour;

I • Tum off the feed and extraction pumps;

I • Change the operating mode from direct continuous to inverse continuous mode;

• Restart the pumps;

I • Enter in a table the values of temperatures T1-T6 as measured every 5 - 10
minutes;

I • Enter in a table the values of feed, extraction and condensate flowrates as

measured every 15 - 30 minutes;

I • Go on until feed tank 4 is emptied out, after ca 1 hour;

I • Write down the exact value of the level in tank 5.

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I TA 114/IC16D - User's Manual 33
 Exercises

The table below gives a set of values obtained from a test; these figures depend on
I
many parameters and hence should not be rated as binding.

time [min] 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 145 160

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P3 [DC] 30.2 26.2 25.8 25.3 25.2 29.1 54.2 53.9 53.4 52.9 51.6 I
TIC1 [DC] 63.0 65.3 67.2 67.0 66.8 53.7 66.2 64.3 61.3 66.1 67.5

T4 [DC] 127.1 111.6 116.7 120.5 114.0 132.8 112.2 112.8 120.2 111.2 113.4
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T5 [DC] 73.8 96.4 97.6 98.2 97.7 97.5 97.7 97.7 97.5 97.6 97.2
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T6 [DC] 68.6 66.7 66.9 66.0 66.3 60.6 66.2 65.7 67.2 65.4 65.2

TIC2 [DC] 40.9 35.5 32.4 29.5 30.4 28.3 31.2 31.2 32.0 33.4 32.0 I
time [min] 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 160 average
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<lin [IIh] 61 63 62 60 63 61 60 62 61.5 I
[IIh] 46 52 50 51 53 54 52 51 51.1
Qout

Qcon [IIh] 10 9 12 11 8 10 9 11 10.0

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Initial value of level in tank 5 = 67.6 em I
Final value of level in tank 5 = 38.3 em

Determination of evaporation efficiency from the global balance of average

I
differential values:
I
( __!_ 1 (~l
R = Qcon. ~
Vo
= 10.0·~
60
= 0.444 leon
.:
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Determination of evaporation efficiency from the global balance of integral values: I
R = (Vo - Vi)
Vo
= (Lo - Li ) = (67.6 - 38.3) = 0.4333 leon
t; 67.6 lsol
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34 Didacta Italia
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I Chapter 4.

4.8 Exercise 8 - Determining the pressure (temperature)

I curve

I •

•
Prepare 60 It. of the solution whose pressure curve has to be determined;

Start the system in direct discontinuous mode;

I • Enter the exact value of the level in feed tank 5;

• Adjust blade rotation speed at 1000 rpm;

I • Adjust temperature TIC 1;

I • Adjust temperature TIC2;

• Adjust feed rate at 90 It./h;

I • Adjust the extraction rate at the same percentage of the maximum flowrate
permitted by the feed pump;
I • Adjust pressure at the maximum value that you want to determine (e.g. ambient
pressure);
I • Every 3-5 minutes enter temperatures T5 and T2 in a table, until stationary
conditions (constant over time) are reached;
I • Reduce pressure by 0.10 bar and repeat the previous step.

I The temperature values determined at each stationary stage must be entered in a table
which gives, in each line: a value of pressure, a value of temperature T5 and a value of
temperature T2.
I Temperature T2 represents the value of the boiling temperature of the liquid going
out (at a higher degree of concentration of the liquid coming in). Temperature T5
I represents the temperature of the vapour in conditions of dynamic balance with the
liquid leaving the equipment. The difference between these two temperatures represents
the raising of the boiling point of the solution. The values of the temperatures and their
I difference can also be presented in a chart providing a good description of the state
diagram for the solution in question.

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O!lO~1OPOPIO 9£

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