‫الجامعة التقنية الجنوبية‬

‫الكلية التقنية الهندسية ‪ /‬البصرة‬

‫قسم هندسة تقنيات ميكانيك الحراريات‬

‫‪Name:‬‬ ‫فاطمة سالم شايع‬

‫‪Name of experiment: Thermodynamic‬‬

‫‪measuring device‬‬

‫)‪No. of Exp.: (1‬‬

‫اعداد الطالبة ‪ -:‬ثريا صادق ابراهيم‬

‫المرحـــلـــــة ‪ -:‬االولى‬
‫مجموعــــــة ‪B -:‬‬
Introduction:
Measurement devices have become very important in measuring
variables and especially in thermodynamics science.
So this experiment came in explained the most important measuring
devices.
In the laboratory. In this experiment we identify the thermodynamic
measuring devices.
The aim of experiment:
1- Knowledge and explained the thermodynamic measuring devices
in the laboratory.
2- Instrument calibration, correct reading and unit conversions
from smallest to largest.
3- Knowing the source of the devices error during the experiments
and the favourable conditions for the experiment.
4- Choosing the ideal device for measuring.
Theory:
The instruments for determining various quantities such as
temperature, pressure, air flow, mass, height, length, voltage and
mechanical force.
Temperature:
Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in
terms of any of several scales , including Fahrenheit and Celsius .
temperature indicates the direction in which heat energy will
spontaneously flow – I. ,e., from a hotter body (one at a higher
temperature) to a colder body (one at a lower temperature).
Or
It is a macroscopic physical quantity that is a measure of the degree
of hotness or coldness of an object , it is measured according to
special devices called thermometers , which can be calibrated to
show different degrees of temperature, but the two most common
systems among them are the absolute temperature (kelvin) and the
Celsius temperature (Celsius).
o Basics of temperature measurement :
Many relationships between temperature and physical properties
were used in a building suitable for temperature, and this building or
device was defined as a thermometer.
And the construction of any temperature scale depends on several
factors that depend on the following choices:
- Choosing the appropriate thermal material
- Choosing the appropriate thermal characteristic for that
substance
- Assuming that the selected thermal characteristic changes with
temperature
- Choose the appropriate amount for the temperature to be
measured continuously
o Temperature gauges :
1- Celsius scale (Celsius)
2- Absolute scale (kelvin)
3- Scale (Fahrenheit )
The mathematical relationship between these systems as follows:
1- To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa :

2- To convert from Silesian to absolute and vice versa :

3- To convert from absolute to Fahrenheit and vice versa :

o Some physical properties that change with
temperature are :
- The volume of a liquid
- The dimensions of solid
- The pressure of a gas at constant volume
- The volume of gas at constant pressure
- The electric resistance of conductor
- The colour of an object .
- The figure below shows the grading of thermometers
according to the three systems mentioned :

Pressure:
Pressure (p) expresses the magnitude of normal force (F-N) per unit
area, if it’s a gauge pressure, we multiply it by 100 and then add
101325 to make it an absolute pressure.

Two types of pressure gauge:

(Left)AU-tube manometer, in which differential pressure is
Measured as the difference h between the high-pressure Reading and
the low -pressure reading ,multiplied by the Density of the liquid in
the tube.(Right)A Bourdon-tube Gauge ,in whiciled tube ,flattened
into the cross section Shown and attached to a fixed block ,is open to
a Pressurized fluid .The tube straightens slightly under
Pressure to a degree measured by a pointer
Types of Thermometers
Physical proper Material Type of thermometers
Change in length Mercury or alcohol Liquid thermometer
Change in pressure Hydrogen Gas thermometer
Resistance
Change in resistance Platinum
thermometer
Change in radiation Radiation
Pyrometer
colour thermometer
Change in
Magnetic thermometer
susceptible
Thermal expansion Thermistor Digital thermometer
1-liquid thermometer:
A liquid-in-glass thermometer is the simplest and most Commonly
employed type of temperature measurement Device .It is one of the
oldest thermometers available in the Industry .It gives fairly accurate
results with in the Temperature range of-200 to 600°C.Nospecial
means are Needed to measure temperature via these thermometers.
One can read temperature readings easily with human eyes. They
find their use in variety of applications such as Medicine ,metrology
and industry .The foremost liquid-in glass thermometer was
introduced in the year 1650 in Which the liquid filled in was spirit
from wine. Later on , More linear thermometers were developed with
the use of Mercury as a liquid inside the thermometer. “In the LIG
thermometer the thermally sensitive element is
A liquid contained in a graduated glass envelope .The Principle used
to measure temperature is that of the Apparent thermal expansion of
the liquid .It is the difference Between the volumetric reversible
thermal expansion of the Liquid and its glass container that makes it
possible to Measure temperature.
Liquids used in glass thermometers:

2-Gas thermometer:
A device for measuring temperature .Its principle of Operation is
based on the dependence in an ideal gas of the Pressure or volume
on the temperature .Constant-volume Gas thermometers are used
more often than constant pressure.
Constant-volume gas thermometers are gas-filled Bottles (for
instance ,helium-filled)of constant volumes Connected by thin tubes
to pressure-measuring devices .In Such gas thermometers ,gas
temperature changes in the Bottle are proportional to pressure
changes .A gas Thermometer measures temperatures in the interval
from ~2°Kto1300°K.Themaximum attainable accuracy of a gas
Thermometer ,depending on the temperature measured, Varies from
3×10-3°Kto2×10-2°K.A gas thermometer Of such high precision is a
complicated device ;the Deviation of the properties of the gas filling
the device from The properties of an ideal gas ,the change in bottle
volume With temperature changes ,the presence of ga impurities and
especially condensed gas impurities ,gas sorption and Desorption by
bottle walls ,gas diffusion through bottle Walls ,and temperature
distribution along the connecting Tube must be taken in to account
when using such a device.
 The temperature scale of a gas thermometer coincides With a
thermodynamic temperature scale ;thus ,a gas Thermometer can
be used as a primary thermometric Device The temperature of the
fixed point (reference point)of the International Practical
Temperature Scale was determined with the aid of a gas
thermometer.

３-Magnetic thermometer:
A thermometer whose operation is based on Curie's law ,which states
that the magnetic susceptibility of non-interacting (that is
,paramagnetic) dipole moments is inversely proportional to absolute
temperature. Magnetic thermometers are typically used at
temperatures below 1K(−458°F).The magnetic moments in the
thermometric material may be of either electronic or nuclear origin
.Generally the magnetic thermometer must be calibrated at one (or
more)reference temperature.

4-Radiationthermometer:
This type of sensors detects infrared emitted from the object and
measures temperature based on the amount of infrared radiation.
Because this is a non-contact type ,temperature Measurement of
moving /rotating objects or object that may be influenced by the
contact of sensor can be achieved. The radiation thermometer cannot
be used for measuring The temperature of the inside of the object or
the gaseous atmosphere.
5_Resistance thermometers:
Also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) ,are sensors used
to measure temperature .Many RTD elements consist of a length of
fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other
constructions are also used . The RTD wire is a pure material ,typically
platinum ,nickel ,or copper.

6-thermometer couple:
A thermo couple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar
electrical conductors forming an electrical junction . A thermocouple
produces a temperature dependent voltage as a result of the
thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure
temperature. Thermocouple are a widely used type of temperature
sensor. Thermocouples are widely used in science and industry.
Applications include temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine
exhaust ,diesel engines ,and other industrial processes .
Thermocouples are also used in homes ,offices and businesses as the
temperature sensors in thermostats, and also as flame sensors in
safety devices for gas powered appliances.
7-Bourdon Gauge :
Principles:- If liquid, gas, or vapour is directed inside the curved tube,
then the curvature of the tube decreases by expanding it to
straighten , but if loosening is caused inside the tube, the bending
increases with the increase in torsion and these changes in the
movement of the tube a affect the mechanism of moving the
pressure gauge, so it moves on a scale to give a reading of the
pressure value .
 Applications: tire pressure, pressure at the top or along the walls of
tanks or vessels, or pressure in the air conditioning system (split
type ,window type).

8-tube Manometer :
A manometer is a pressure measuring device. A simple ,common
pressure gauge consists of a U-shaped glass tube that is filled with
some fluid. Usually the liquid is mercury due to its high density.
9-Anemometer :
It is a device used to measure wind speed and direction. It is also a
popular weather station tool. The term is derived from the Greek
anemos, which means wind, and is used to describe any wind velocity
instrument used in meteorology.

10- The thermo hygro meter :

The thermo hygrometer measures both humidity of the air and
temperature of the air. The thrmo hygrometer measures different
ranges of humidity and temperature depending on the model .
Discussion :
1-What are the most important methods of measuring
temperature ?
- The two main ways of measuring temperatures are by
thermocouple or by optical methods , whether IR
camera or thermometer.
2-What is the principle work of the thermocouples ?
- The principle of the thermometercouple is two
different metals ,whose ends are connected to each
other on one side and the other two ends are
connected to a voltmeter ,and when the two wires are
exposed to heat ,electrons travel through the two
wires , so we get a reading in the voltmeter , and
through an attached table of the device , the
temperature value associated with the voltmeter
reading can be obtained.
3-Explain the method of measurement air velocity?
- It works through the rotation of the fan that the air
works to move ,and this rotation results in the
operation of an electric generator that operates an
electric meter that is calibrated and adjusted with the
speed of the wind.
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