Atria Institute Of Technology

Module - 1
Power generation and DC circuits.
Power generation

Conventio nal a nd Non conventional Source s of Ene rgy

Energy is one of the ma jor parts of the economic infrastructure, being the basic input
needed to sustain the economic growth. There exists a strong relationship between
economic development and energy consumption.

The more developed is a country; higher is the per capita of ener gy consumption and vice-
versa. Human civilization relies on different sources of energy.

The two major sources of energy can be classified

under:

1. Conventional Sources

2. Non-Conventional Sources

Below you could see the difference between conventional and non-conventional sources
of energy.
 What are Conventional Sources
ofEnergy?
These sources of energy are also known as no n- renewab le so urces o f e ner gy and are
available in limited quantity F urther it can be classified under commercial and non-
commercial energy.
Thermal (coal,gas,nuclear)and hydro-generations are main conventional methods of generation of
Electrical energy ..
These suffer from the disadvantages listed below.
1.The fuels are likely to be depleted in near future ,forcing us to conserve them and find alternative
resources.
2.Toxic ,hazardous fumes and residues pollute the environment
3.overall conversion efficiency is poor.
4.Generally ,these are located at remote places with respect to main load centres, increasing the
transmission costs and reducing the system efficiency.
5.Maintenance costs are high.

Commercial Energy Sources

The coal, electricity and petroleum are known as commercial energy since the consumer
needs to pay its price to buy them.

a)Coal
Coal is the most important source of energy. There are more than 148790 Coal deposits in
India.. India is the fourth largest coal-producing country and the deposits are mostly
found in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Bengal.
b) Oil and
NaturalGas:

Today oil is considered to be the liquid gold and one of the crucial sources of energy in India
and the world. O il is mostly used in planes, auto mobiles, trains and ships. It is mainly
found in Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai.
.c) Electricity:
Electricity is a common source of energy a nd used for domestic and commercial purposes.
The electricity is mainly utilized in electrical appliances like Fridge, T.V, washing machine
and air conditioning.
The major sources of power generation are mentioned
below:

1. Nuclear Power
 2. Thermal Power
3. Hydro-electric power

1. Thermal Power:
Thermal power is generated at various power stations by means of oil and coal. It is a
vital source of electric current .

2. Hydroelectric Power:
The hydroelectric power is produced by constructing dams above flowing rivers like
Damodar
Valley Project and Bhakra Nangal P roject.

3. Nuclear Power:
The fuel used in nuclear power plants is Uranium, which costs less than coal. Nuclear
power plants can be found in Kota(Rajasthan), Naroura (UP) and Kalapakam(C hennai).

Non-commercial energy
sources
Generally, the energy sources that are freely available are considered as the non-commercial
energy sources. The examples of non-commercial energy sources are, Straw, dried dung,
firewood.

What are Non-Conventional Sources of

Energy?
These non-conventional sources are also known as r e newab le so urces o f e ner gy. The
examples include solar energy, bioenergy, tidal energy and wind energy.

1. Solar Energy. This is the energy that is produced by the sunlight. The photovoltaic
cells are exposed to sunlight based on the form of electricity that needs to be produced. The
energy is utilized for cooking and distillation of water.

2. Wind Energy
This kind of energy is generated by harnessing the power of wind and mostly used in
operating water pumps for irrigation purposes. India stands as the second largest country in
the generation of wind power.

3. Tidal Energy
The energy that is generated by exploiting the tidal waves of the sea is known as tidal
energy. This source is yet to be tapped due to the lack of cost-effective technology.
Single Line Diagram of Power Supply System

The electrical energy is produced at generating stations, and through the transmission network, it is
transmitted to the consumers. Between the generating stations and the distribution stations, three
different levels of voltage (transmission, sub-transmission and distribution level of voltage) are used.

The high voltage is required for long distance transmission and, the low voltage is required for utility
purposes. The voltage level is going on decreasing from the transmission system to the distribution
system. The electrical energy is generated by the three-phase synchronous generator (alternators) as
shown in the figure below. The generation voltage is usually 11kV and 33 KV.

This voltage is too low for transmission over long distance. It is, therefore, stepped up to 132, 220,
400 KV, or more by step-up transformers. At that voltage, the electrical energy is transmitted to the
bulk power substation where energy is supplied from several power substations.

The voltage at these substations is stepped down to 66KV and fed to the sub-transmission system for
onward transmission to the distribution sub-stations. These substations are located in the region of the
load centres.
The voltage is further stepped down to 33KV and 11KV. The large industrial consumers are supplied
at the primary distribution level of 33KV while the smaller industrial consumer is supplied at 11KV.

The voltage is stepped down further by a distribution transformer located in the residential and
commercial area, where it is supplied to these consumers at the secondary distribution level of 400V
three phase and 230V single phase.

Advantage of Interconnection of Generating Stations

The power system consists two or more generating stations which are connected by tie lines.
Interconnection of generating stations has the following important advantages.

1. It enables the mutual transfer of energy from surplus zone to deficit zone economically.

2. Lesser overall installed capacity to meet the peak demand.

3. Lesser standby reserve generating capacity is required.

4. It permits the generation of energy at the most efficient and cheapest station at every time.

5. It reduces the capital cost, operating cost and cost of energy generated.

6. If there is a major breakdown of a generating system unit in an interconnected system, then there
is no interruption of power supply.

The interconnection provides the best use of power resources and greater security of supply. It
enables overall economic generation by optimum use of the high capacity economical generating
plant. The interconnection between network is done either by HVAC (high voltage alternating
current) links or through HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) links.

Hydel(Hydro power generation)

1. Hydro power plants convert the potential energy of falling water into electricity. Since there are
very few water-falls which could be used as a source of potential energy, hydro power plants are
associated with dams.
2. In order to produce hydel electricity, high-rise dams are constructed on the river to obstruct the
flow of water and thereby collect water in larger reservoirs. The water level rises and in this process
the kinetic energy of flowing water gets transformed into potential energy. The water from the high
level in the dam is carried through pipes, to the turbine, at the bottom of the dam.
Water –reservoir at higher altitudes is pre-requisite for this purpose.power house is located at lower
level .The difference in these two levels is known as “ Head”

Based on the “Heads”,the Hydroelectric stations are categorized below:

1.Low head up to 60 metres 2. Medium head between 60 and 300meters .

3.High heads above 300metres.

In this method of generation ,water from higher height is passed through penstock as controlled in the
valve –house, into the water turbine. Thus,potential energy of water stored at higher altitudes is first
converted into kinetic energy .As the water reaches the turbine, it gains speed after losing the
Potential energy .Kinetic energy of this speedy water drives the water turbine, which converts this
into mechanical output. It drives the coupled generator, which gives Electrical energy output.

A schematic diagram of such a system is shown in fig.

The valve house has a controlling valve (=main sluice valve)and a protective valve(=an automatic,
isolating,” butterfly”type valve).power control is done by the main sluice valve, while
“butterfly”valve comes into action if water flows in opposite direction as a result of a sudden drop in
load on the generator .otherwise,the penstock is subjected to extreme strains and it has a tendency to
burst due to pressure of water as a result of sudden load reduction.

After doing the work (of imparting its energy to the water turbine),the water is allowed to pass into
the trail-race reservoir.

The water turbines are essentially low-speed prime movers. In that, the best operating speed is
dependent on the head. Alternators coupled to water turbines thus have large number of poles(since
P=120f/N).such alternators have the salient-pole type rotor.
 Power Generation in Nuclear Power Plant (Power Plant Block Diagram)

In nuclear power station there is nuclear reactor and heat exchanger which is used to produce steam.
This steam drives the steam turbine which gives mechanical input to the alternator and electrical
energy is produced.

 In nuclear reactor, heavy radioactive elements [235U, 232Th] are subjected to fission. Fission process
initiates chain reaction and huge amount of heat energy is released.

 This heat energy is utilized for generating steam. The steam is passed on to steam turbine which
drives the alternator and thus electrical power is generated.
Nuclear energy is available as a result of fission reaction. In a typical system , Uranium 235 is
bombarded with neutrons and heat energy is released. In chain reaction, these release more neutrons
since more Uranium 235 atoms are fissioned. Speeds of neutrons must be reduced to critical speeds
for the chain reaction to take place. Moderators(=speed-reducing agents like graphite, heavy water,
etc)are used for this purpose. Nuclear fuel rods(of Uranium235)must be embedded in speed-reducing
agents. Further, control rods(made of cadmium)are required since they are strong neutron

Absorbers and help in finely regulating this reaction so that power control of the generator is
precisely obtainable. when control rods are pulled out and are away from fuel rods, intensity of chain
reaction increases, which increases the power output of the system. While if they are pushed in and
closer to the fuel rods, the power-output decreases. Thus, the electrical load demand on the generator
decides(automatically )the control –rod positions through a very sophisticated control system.

Advantages of Nuclear Generation

1. Quantity of fuel required is small for generating a given amount of electrical energy,compared to
that with other fuels.

2. It is more reliable, cheaper for running cost, and is efficient when operated at rated capacity.

Disadvantages

1. Fuel is expensive and not abundantly available everywhere.

2. It has high capital cost.

3. Maintenance charges are high 4.Nuclear waste disposal is a problem.

solar

When ionized solar radiation is incident on a semi-conductor diode ,energy conversion can take place
with voltage of 0.5 to 1 volt(dc) and a current density of 20-40 mA/cm2,depending on the materials
used and the condition of sunlight .Area of these solar cells decides the current output.

An array of large number of such diodes(i,e solar cells)results into higher dc output voltage.

Since the final form of electrical energy required is generally an alternating current,it is realized from
dc using inverters.

At quite a few locations in India for realizing few hundreds kilowatts of power rating,huge arrays are
accommodated in horizontal as well as vertical stacks,so that land area required is not too
vast .Electrically they are connected in series and in parallel combinations of cells so that rated
voltage and current are realized. just to understand the principle of operation of solar cells,let a semi-
conductor diode receive ionized radiation from sun
 Photo voltaic(or solar cell)

Typical materials used for these cells are material doped with boron
cadmiumsulphide,galliumarsenide etc .their choice is mainly decided by conversion efficiency. Best
material may lead to the efficiency being typically 15%.since solar enegy is available free of cost, this
low efficiency does not matter.

This method suffers from the disadvantages of having high initial cost and uncertainity(since
dependent on weather condition)including non operative night period .Main advantages are (i) no
running cost (however ,replacements of components may be a botheration) ii)no pollution
(iii)location can be near the load(hence transportation of power is not required over long distances).

iv) since natural source is involved ,its is perpetual.

Individual stations using solar cells are in opposite with ratings of the order of 250-1000KW.with
manufacturing costs of semiconductor devices going down and with the advent of better and better
quality of cells which will be available in future,this method of generation has bright prospects.

Block Diagram and Working of Wind Energy Plant and its Applications
Q. Working Principle of Wind Turbine
Q. Block Diagram of Wind Energy Plant
Q. Block diagram of wind turbine The rotor power
Q. Wind power generation
 The main components of a WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System) are shown in Figure, In block
diagram form. In brief the system operation can be stated as follows :
 Aeroturbines convert energy in wind to rotational mechanical energy. They require pitch control and
yaw control (only in case of horizontal or wind axis machines) for proper operation.

 A mechanical Interface consisting of a step-up gear and a suitable coupling converts the rotational
mechanical energy to an electrical energy, by use of an electrical generator. The output of this
generator is connected to the load or power grid, as per the requirement

Yaw Control :

 For localities, with the prevailing wind in one direction, the design of turbine is simplified, where In
the rotor is in fixed orientation with the swept area perpendicular to the predominant wind direction.

 Such a machine is said to be "Yaw fixed'. Most wind turbines are yaw active, i.e. as the wind
direction changes, a motor rotates the turbine slowly about the vertical axis (or yaw) so as to face the
blades into the wind. The area of the wind stream swept by the wind rotor is then maximum.

 In small turbines, yaw action is controlled by a tall vane. In larger machines a servo mechanism
operated by a wind direction sensor controls the yaw motor that keeps the turbines properly oriented.

 The purpose of the controller is to sense wind speed, wind direction, shaft speed and torque at one or
more points, power output and generator temperature as necessary and appropriate control signals for
matching the electrical output to the wind energy input and protect the system from extreme
conditions brought upon by strong winds, electrical faults etc.

Wind power has been in use for serving the man kind ,since centuries through what has been
popularly known as “wind mills”. There is no “electrical “stage of energy in old styled uses where
wind-velocity is directly used for performing the jobs such as wheat grinding,pumping water for
irrigation,sailing vessels etc.It enjoys the advantages of being plentiful, inexhaustible renewable and
non –polluting,over and above being cheap for running costs .It suffers from disadvantages of being
unreliable and being economically un-viable for large power ratings(upto 100KW) are already in
operation mainly in coastal or hilly areas.With the modern system,it is now preferred to have suitable
power –control circuits on the output side of wind generations so that these can pump energy into low
voltage lines of the grid over a wide range of variation of wind speeds.

Basic Scheme

A large variety of wind –turbines naturally exist arising out of large variation in wind pattern all over
and out of different manufacturers producing systems with different designs.since the aim here is to
understand the basic system,only one type of system is presented here.

Wind generation schematic

In figure an arrangement wherein a horizontal three bladed system is shown mounted on a

tower .through rotation transformation using gears to step up the speed and to link the horizontal axis
of turbine with vertical axis of generator .the speed of wind varies as turbine speed also varies so that
output frequency and voltage of three phase alternator vary over a wide range.further its waveform is
also a distorted one.To increase its utility,it is necessary to modulate (through proper power –
control)to derive line-frequency constant voltage output and hook up to local grid for pumping the
available wind energy into it.this is schematically represented in figure.
 ohms law:
“The ratio of potential difference between any two points on a conductor to the current(I) flowing
between them, is constant, provided the temperature of the conductor does not change”.

i.e V/ I = R

Where R is the resistance of the conductor between the two points considered.

Limitations

1. There is a range of voltages over which the resistance is fairly constant. Due to dissipation of heat,
the resistance is heated and its resistance changes.

2. The resistance does not obey near the breakdown voltage of the materials. The materials become
superconductors at very high voltages.

3. Some materials do not obey ohm's law below a certain temperature. the material behaves differently.

4. Ohmic resistors only follow ohm’s law. Non-ohmic resistors like diodes, semi-conductors or
insulators, do not obey ohm’s law.

Kirchoffs law :

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL): It states that in any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents
meeting at a point(or junction) is zero.

It simply says that the total current leaving a junction is equal to the total current entering the junction

As shown above 3 wires are connected at a node with different currents travelling down each wire.
Applying KCL to the above diagram we get I1 + I2 = I3

It is important to note what is meant by the signs of the current in the diagram, positive currents means
that the currents flowing towards the node , the negative currents means that the currents flowing
from the node

I1 + I2 - I3 =0

This can be generalized to the case with n wires all connected at a node by writing

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) : It states that the algebraic sum of the products of currents and
resistances in each of the conductors in any closed path (or mesh) in a network plus the algebraic sum
of the sources of e.m.f’s in that path is zero.

ie ∑ IR + ∑ e.m.f = 0

KVL relates to emf and voltage drop in a closed loop or circuit.

KVL is based on law of conservation of energy, ie net change in the energy of a charge after
completing a closed loop is zero. While applying KVL, algebraic sum is considered. Therefore, it is
very important to assign proper sign conventions to emf and voltage drop in the closed circuit

Fig: Example of Kirchhoff’s law Applying Kirchhoff’s law, 6v- 4v-2v

=0
Kirchhoff's voltage law can be generalized to any loop containing any number of components. A
more formal way of writing it is:

Here n is the number of wires and k is the constant

If we start from a particular junction and go round the mesh till we come back to the starting point,
then we must be at the same potential with we started. Hence, it means that all the sources of e.m.f
met on the way must necessarily be equal to the voltage drops in the resistances, every voltage being
given its proper sign, plus or minus.

SERIES RESISTIVE CIRCUIT

In a series circuit the current flowing through the resistances is same , but the voltage drop across the
resistor is different due to its different resistances, sum of the voltage drop is equal to the individual
voltage applied across the conductors.When some conductors having resistances are joined end-on-
end, they are said to be connected in series.It can be proved that the equivalent resistance or total
resistance is equal to the sum of the three individual resistances

Equivalent resistor = R1+R2+R3

= 3+10+5 = 18Kohms

I = 9/ 18K = 0.5mA

PARELLEL CIRCUIT

In a Parallel circuit, the voltage across the circuit is same , but the current flowing is different due to
its different resistances, sum of the current is equal to the sum of the individual currents.When some
conductors having resistances are joined to a common point, they are said to be connected in
parallel.It can be proved that the reciprocal of equivalent resistance or total resistance is equal to the
sum of the reciprocal of the resistances.
Equivalent Resistance =1/ (1/R1) +(1/R2) +(1/R3)

=1/ (1/10) + (1/2) +(1/1) = 625 ohms

I = 9/ 625 = 14.4 mA

Difference between Series-Parallel Circuit

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

Current (I) is same in all resisters Current (I) is different in all resisters

Voltage (V) is different across all resisters Voltage (V) is same across all resisters

R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + ... 1 1 1 1
--- = ---- + ----- + ------ + ……
R R1 R2 R3

R will be greater than any of the individual R will be less than any of the individual
resistances. resistances.

References for deep learning

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDoyIghUI44
PROBLEMS

(1 ) Four resistors are in parallel. The currents in the first three resistors are 4mA, 5mA and 6mA
respectively. The voltage drop across the fourth resistor is 200 volts. The total power dissipated is 5
watts. Determine the values of the resistances of the branches and the total resistance.

Solution:

2) Two filament lamps A and B take 0.8 A and 0.9 A respectively when connected across 110 V
supply. Calculate the value of current when they are connected in series across a 220 V supply,
assuming the filament resistances to remain unaltered. Also find the voltage across each lamp.

Solution :
3) If the total power dissipated in the network shown is 16W, find the value of R and

the total current.

Solution :
 (4 )From the given below circuit, find the current through the 6 ohm resistor. (VTU Dec 2016/2017)

Since 3 Ω resistor and 6 Ω resistor are in parallel, so their equivalent resistance is equal to
(3*6)/(3+6) = 2 Ω

Therefore the total resistance of the circuit(Rt) = 4 + 2 = 6Ω

The total current of the circuit is equal to I = 20/6 = 3.33 A
The current through the 6Ω resistor is equal to = (I*3) / 3+6 = 1.11 A

(5) In the network shown below, determine the current flow in the ammeter ‘A’having the internal
resistance of 10 Ω (VTU Jan-2016)

Solution:

Applying the KVL to the circuit we get,

4-100I1 +10(I2 - I1) = 0

 2-10(I2 - I1) -25I2 = 0

110I1 - 10I2 = 4 ………(i)

-10I1 + 35I2 = 2………….(ii)

Solving the equations of (i) and (ii) , we get

I1 = 0.0426 A , I2 =0.0693 A

Therefore the current through Ammeter ‘A’ is

I2 - I1 = 0.0267 A (from A to C)

6) In the network shown below, determine current and voltage drop across 40Ω resistor

Solution :

Equivalent resistance = 4+(20*40/ 20+40) +6+10

= 33.33 ohms = 33 ohms

Total current (I) = 100/ 33 = 3.03 A

Therefore the current flowing through the 40 Ω is calculated

I(40Ω) = (3.03*20)/ 40+20 = 1.01A

7) Find the current in all branches of the network

Solution :

Let current in arm EF be I A. by KCL, current in all 6 branches are expressed in terms of I. Now
apply KVL to loop ABCDEFA we get:

0.02(I+50) +0.01(I-10)+0.03(I+50)+0.01(I-70)+0.01(I)+0.02(I-30) = 0

which on simplification : I = -11A(which means current flows from F to E)

Current in each branch:

AB = I +50 = 39 A ( current flows from A to B )

BC = I-10 = -21 A ( current flows from C to B )

CD = I+50 = 39 A ( current flows from C to D )

DE = I-70 = -81A ( current flows from E to D )

EF = I= -11 A ( current flows from F to E)

FA = I-30 = -41 A ( current flows from A to F )

(8) For the circuit shown in fig. Obtain the voltage between points X and Y (VTU-2017)
Solution : Let the current in branch AX be I1 and in branch BY be I2

Current, I1= 2/2+3 = 0.4 A

Current, I2 = 4/2+1+5 = 0.5A

Rise in potential from X and Y,

Vxy = (3*0.4) +4 –(2*0.5) = 4.2V

(9) Find the currents in the various branches of the given network shown in fig (VTU-2016)

Solution:

Applying KCL to the loop,

KCL: At node A be IAB = I

At node B is IBC = I-80

At node C is ICD = I-80+90 = I+10

At node D is IDE = I+10-150 = I-140

At node E is IEF = I-140+120 = I-20

At node F is IFA= I-20-80 = I-100

Now, applying KVL to the loop ABCDEF , we get

I(0.02) +I-80(0.02) +I+10(0.03)+I-140(0.02)+I-20(0.01)+I-100(0.01) = 0

I(0.02) + I (0.03) -1.6 + I(0.03) +0.3 +I(0.02) – 2.8 +I(0.01)-0.2+I(0.01)-1= 0

 Solving the above equation we get I = 48.18 (current flows from A to B )

IBC = I-80 = - 31.82 (current flows from C to B )

ICD = I-80+90 = I+10 = 58.18 (current flows from C to D )

IDE = I+10-150 = I-140 = -91.82 (current flows from E to D )

IEF = I-140+120 = I-20 = 28.18 (current flows from E to F )

IFA= I-20-80 = I-100 = -51.82 (current flows from A to F )

(9) In the network shown, find the current flowing in each branch using Kirchhoff’s law (VTU-
2016)

Solution:

Assuming the resistor value as 10 Ω across BD

Considering the loop ABDA, we get

-10I2-10I3+20(I1-I2) = 0 .........(i)

Considering the loop BCDB,

 -15( I2-I3) + 5 (I1- I2+I3) +10I3 = 0 .....(ii)

Considering the loop ABCA, we get

-10I2 – 15(I2-I3) +150 = 0 ..............(iii)

Solving the equations (i), (ii) & (iii) , we get

I1 = 13.2 A, I2 = 7.8A , I3 = 3A

Current flowing through A to B is 7.8A

Current flowing through B to C is 4.8A

Current flowing through C to D is 3A

Current flowing through A to D is 5.4A

Current flowing through B to D is 3A

(10)A circuit of two parallel resistors having resistances of 20 Ω and 30 Ωrespectively, connected in
series with 15 Ω . If the current through 15 Ω resistor is 3A, find (i) current in 20 Ω and 30 Ω
resistors (ii) voltage across the whole circuit (iii) the total power and power consumed in all resistors.
(VTU-2016)

Solution :

(i) Current in 20 Ω and 30 Ω resistors

 Applying current divider circuit,

I1 = I R2/R1+R2 = 3*3030+20

I1 = 1.8A

I2 = I R1R1+R2 = 3*2030+20

I2= 1.2A

(ii) Voltage across the whole circuit

V = IR

Total Resistance R = 20*3030+20 + 15 = 27 Ω

V= 3*27 = 81 V

(iii) Total power and power consumed in all the resistors

P = V*I = 81*3 = 243 Watts

Power consumed in resistor 20 Ω is P = I2* R = (1.8)2 *20 = 64.8 Watts

Power consumed in resistor 30 Ω is P = I2*R = (1.2)2 *30 = 43.2 Watts

Power consumed in resistor 15 Ω is P = I2*R = (3)2 *15 = 135 Watts

(11). Find the value of R ?

A
Solution :
 (12) In the network shown below, determine current and voltage drop across 40Ω resistor

Solution : Equivalent resistance = 4+(20*40/ 20+40) +6+10

= 33.33 ohms = 33 ohms

Total current (I) = 100/ 33 = 3.03 A

Therefore the current flowing through the 40 Ω is calculated

I(40Ω) = (3.03*20)/ 40+20 = 1.01A

(13). A wheat stone bridge ABCD is arranged as follows: Find the current across 5 ohm resistor?

Solution : Loop ABDA, Applying KVL,

-1*I1 – 5I3 + 4I2 = 0

Or I1+5I3-4I2 = 0 .........(i)

Loop BCDB, applying KVL,

-2(I1-I3) +3(I2+I3)+5I3 = 0

0r 2I1 -10I3-3I2= 0 .........(ii)

Loop FAI3BCEF, Applying KVL

-I1-2(I1-I3) -1(I1+I2)+4=0

Or 4I1- 2I3 + I2= 4 .......(iii)

Multiplying equation (i) by 2 and subtracting equation (ii) from it, we get

20 I3 - 5 I2 = 0 ……..(iv)

Multiplying equation (i) by 4 and subtracting equation (iii) from it, we get

22 I3 -17 I2 = -4 …….(v)

Multiplying equation (iv) by 17 and equation (v) by 5, we get

340 I3 - 85 I2 = 0 ……..(vi)

110I3 - 85 I2 =-20 ……..(vii)

Subtracting equation (vii) from equation (vi) , we get

230 I3 = 20

I3=20/230 = 0.0837 A

Current in 5 ohm , I3 = 0.087 A from B to D

(14) The total power dissipated in the circuit is 18 Watts and find the value of ‘R’

and its current

Solution :

P=V*I

18 = V (V/Req)
 18 = 12(12/12(R+16)/(R+28) )

R = 576/72 = 8 ohm

P = V*I

18 = 12*I

I = 1.5 A

(14) For the circuit shown determine the Vdf and V ag

Solution :

Applying KVL (i) loop ABCD

-2 I1- 3 I1 - 5 I1 + 10 = 0

-10I1 +10 = 0

therefore I1 = 1 A

Loop CFGH 5 I2-10+3 I2+ 2 I2 = 0

10 = 10I2

Therefore I2 = 1 A
 Vdf = 5+3-10+2+5 = 0

Vdf = 5V (with ‘d’ negative)

Vag = -2-10-3 = -15V

(15) In the circuit shown, find the current through the branches and the total currents

Solution :

Apply KVL to loop ABCFD

-15 I1-20(I1+I2)+ 50 = 0

-15I1-20I1-20I2+50 = 0

-35I1-20I2 = -50 ......(i)

loop BCDCB

30I2-100+20(I1+I2) = 0

30I2-100+20I1+20I2 = 0
 20I1+50I2 = 100 ......(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii) , we get I1 =0.37 A , I2 = 1.85

Total current I = I1+I2 = 0.37 + 1.85 = 2.22 A

(16). If the total power dissipated in the network shown is 16W, find the value of

R and the total current.

Solution:


(17). Using KVL determine total current drawn from the source and also current

in 15 ohms resistance of the following circuit.

Solution :

Applying KVL to AabD

20 I1 + 30(I1 + I2) = 100V

50I1 - 30I2 = 100V

5I1 - 3I2 = 10V ------(a)

Applying KVL to aBCb

(50+15) I2 - 30(I1 - I2) = 0

-30I1 + 95I2 = 0 ------(b)

From eqn a & b

 I1 = 2.4675 A (Total current)

I2 = 0.7792 A (Current through 15 Ω resister)

(18)Two resistors connected in parallel across 100V D.C Supply. The total current from the supply
source is 10A. The power dissipated in one resistor is 600 W. What is the current drawn when they
are connected in series across the same supply.
(VTU-2018)

Solution:

V = 100 V , I = 10 A , P1= 600W

Parellel connection

R(total) = V/ I = 100 / 10 = 10 Ω

P1= V2/ R1

600 = 10000 / R1

R1= 16.667 Ω

Req = (R1*R2)/(R1+R2)

10 = (16.667*R2)/(16.667+R2)

R2 = 25 Ω

Series Connection

R = R1 + R2 = 41.6662 Ω

I = V / R = 100 / 41.666 = 2.4 A

(19). Determine the current and power delivered by each battery of the d.c. circuit
Solution :