C LEVEL

Table of Contents

A.Unit Materials ………………………………………….……....……..1-99

B.1 Listening Skills …………………………………………...…...100-138

B.2 Video Induced Lessons........................................139-143

C. Speaking Skills …………………………………………………...144-169

D.Writing Skills …………………………………..………………....170-201

E.Word Building …………….…………………..……...………...202-231

F.Supplementary Classroom Materials.…………....…...232-247

G.Additional Materials.............................................248-254
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A.Unit Materials

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UNIT MATERIAL 1A - QUESTION FORMS

A. Make yes/no questions from the statements.

1. I am learning a new language. 1. Are you learning a new language?

2. I listen to the radio. 2. ______________________________?
3. She visits her uncle. 3. ______________________________?
4. She is thirsty. 4. ______________________________?
5. He can swim well. 5. ______________________________?
6. We began the course in March. 6. ______________________________?
7. Her car goes very fast. 7. ______________________________?
8. You bought a new table. 8. ______________________________?
9. They were tired after the match. 9. ______________________________?
10. She will return to Mexico. 10.______________________________?
11. You can leave now. 11.______________________________?
12. We’ll wait a little longer. 12.______________________________?

B.Use the words in brackets to ask questions. Check the answers first.

1. (like / it here) You: ? Jane: Yes, I do.

2. (studying / French) You: ? Jane: Yes, I am.
3. (staying / in the centre) You: ? Jane: No, I’m not.
4. (come / by plane) You: ? Jane: Yes, I did.
5. (have / a flat) You: ? Jane: Yes, I do.
6. (visit / museums) You: ? Jane: Yes, I did.

C. David has just spent a week on holiday in Greece with his wife Mary. Use the answers to write
questions. Use the words and phrases from the box.

Did Was the sea Mary learn expensive? comfortable?

Did Was the airport Mary enjoy warm? any Greek?
Did Was the you like crowded? the holiday?
Were restaurants the beaches?
the hotel

1. You: Did Mary enjoy the holiday ? David: Yes, she had a good time.
2. You: ? David: Yes, there were thousands of people at the airport.
3. You: ? David: Yes, it was. The water was very warm.
4. You: ? David: No, they weren’t. They were quite cheap.
5. You: ? David: No, I didn’t. It’s a difficult language for me.
6. You: ? David: Yes, she did. She swam and sunbathed every day.
7. You: ? David: Yes, it was. It was a lovely hotel.
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UNIT MATERIAL 1A - QUESTION FORMS

D. Use the underlined parts in the answers to write questions with "What / Where / When / Why / How".

1. Q: ? 5. Q: ?
A: I lost my bag on Saturday morning. A: The nearest hospital is in Park Street.

2. Q: ? 6. Q: ?
A: I met Joanna at a disco in the centre of town. A: I mostly like traditional food.

3. Q: ? 7. Q: ?
A: I went to the disco by bus. A: She left the party at ten o’clock.

4. Q: ? 8. Q: ?
A: She left the party early because she got
A: I’m looking for a new job because I want bored.
more money.

E. Make questions from each statement using the correct question word for the underlined parts.

e.g. My sister watched TV with her friends last night.

a b c
a. What did your sister do with her friends last night?
b. Who did your sister watch TV with last night?
c. When did your sister watch TV with her friends?

1. We have English classes on Monday.

a b
a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________

3. She bought four bags yesterday.

a b
a. __________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________

3. They have a big party in the garden at the end of the term.
a b c
a. _________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________

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UNIT MATERIAL 1A - QUESTION FORMS

4. My cousin likes visiting museums at the weekend.

___________________________________________________________
5. I drink eight glasses of water a day.
___________________________________________________________

6. The weather was cold and snowy yesterday.

___________________________________________________________
7. She was happy because she got a birthday present.
___________________________________________________________
8. He spent 100 TL on these books.
___________________________________________________________
9. I like watching action films.
___________________________________________________________
10. I brought my brother's laptop.
___________________________________________________________

F. Write questions for the answers. There may be more than one alternative.

e.g. Q: How many children has she got?

A: She’s got three children.

1. ___________________________________________________________ ?

He works at the new city hospital.

2. ___________________________________________________________ ?

Her new car is red.

3. ___________________________________________________________ ?

She goes out with friends on Friday nights.

4. ___________________________________________________________ ?

The new teacher is really nice and pretty.

5. ___________________________________________________________ ?

I was at home last night.

6. ___________________________________________________________ ?

Peter is angry because he missed the bus.

7. ___________________________________________________________ ?

It was a great weekend.

8. ___________________________________________________________ ?

I sleep 4 hours a day.

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UNIT MATERIAL 1A - QUESTION FORMS

G. Complete the job interview with questions. Use the words in brackets. Use "WH-" questions if necessary.
Read the answers first.

A: Right. Do you have any questions about the job?

B: Yes, I do, actually. (1) _________________________ (you / start) in the mornings?

A: We open at 9:30 and the assistants have to be here at 8:30 or 9:00 on Thursdays.

B: Oh, (2) ___ (they / start / early) on Thursdays ?

A: Well, it is because we have staff training from 8:30 to 9:00.

B: Oh, OK, thanks. And (3) _________________________________ (the shop/close)?

A: It closes at 5:30 most evenings, but it’s 6:00 on Friday and Saturday.

B: (4) _________________________________ (be / the lunch break) ?

A: It’s an hour, with a 15-minute coffee break in the morning and afternoon.

B: (5) ______________________________________ (give / the staff discount) ?

A: We give our staff a discount of 20% on all our clothes and shoes.

B: That’s good. If I get this job, (6) (be / my manager) ?

A: One of the senior staff will be your manager and will train you.

B: OK. (7) ___________________________________(you/tell me) if I’ve got the job?

A: We’ll try to contact everyone by the end of next week.

B: Thank you.

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UNIT MATERIAL 1B - PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

A. Make positive sentences using the prompts given. Add the necessary words.

e.g. Mondays / get up / early / I I get up early on Mondays.

1. do / homework / we / now / our

_______________________________________________________________________
2. brother / busy / be / very / today / her
_______________________________________________________________________
3. friends / Ahmet / play / is / a computer game / with / his / now
_______________________________________________________________________
4. go / enjoy / museums / you
_______________________________________________________________________
5. food / I / eat / healthy / always
_______________________________________________________________________
6. my cousin / do / I / at the moment / shopping / for summer holiday / and
_______________________________________________________________________
7. be / today / Ekin / school / at
_______________________________________________________________________

B. Change the sentences above into negative and question forms.

e.g. ( - ) I don’t get up early on Mondays. (?) Do you get up early on Mondays?

1. (-) _______________________________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________________________
2. (-) _______________________________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________________________
3. (-) _______________________________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________________________
4. (-) _______________________________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________________________
5. (-) _______________________________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________________________
6. (-) _______________________________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________________________
7. (-) _______________________________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________________________
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UNIT MATERIAL 1B - PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

C. Unscramble the words to make sentences. Make the necessary changes and use the correct forms.

1. happy / my / always / be / brother / at work 5. take / he / a day off / today

_____________________________________ ________________________________________

2. music / he / listen to / be / not / now 6. until 1:00 am / do / not / he / usually / sleep

_____________________________________ ________________________________________

3. slow down / never / he 7. I / drink / at the moment / my brother / and / coffee

_____________________________________ ________________________________________

4. sometimes / he / seven / work / a week /days 8. twice / to / she / the / week / gym / a / go

_____________________________________ _______________________________________

D. Choose the correct sentence for each pair of sentences.

1. A. We go camping sometimes in summer. 6. A. Stefan drives to the office normally.

B. Stefan normally drives to the office.
B. We sometimes go camping in summer.

7. A. I most days try to do some studying for

2. A. Karl usually plays golf with his brothers on
my English course.
Saturdays.
B. Karl plays usually golf with his brothers on
B. I try to do some studying for my English
Saturdays.
course most days.

3. A. At weekends, I hardly ever think about

8. A. Maria sometimes visits her relatives in
work.
Athens.
B. At weekends, I think about work hardly
B. Maria visits sometimes her relatives in
ever.
Athens.

4. A. I listen never to CDs anymore. All my

9. A. Suzanna is nearly always happy.
music is on my phone.
B. I never listen to CDs anymore. All my B. Suzanna nearly always is happy.
music is on my phone.

5. A. After a busy day at work, I often lie on the 10. A. I rarely go clubbing these days because
sofa watching TV. it’s too expensive.
B. After a busy day at work, I lie often on the
B. I go rarely clubbing these days because
sofa watching TV. it's too expensive.

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UNIT MATERIAL 1B - PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

E. Look at the table about John’s activities and write sentences. Use the correct forms.
Then, write sentences about yourself.

Day Week Month Year

Swimming 2
A newspaper 1
His mother 3
A shower 2
Abroad 1
Sister 3
tennis 4

e.g.
(he / go / swimming): He goes swimming twice a week.
I go swimming once a month.

1. (he / buy / a newspaper)

2. (he / phone / his mother)

3. (he / have / a shower)

4. (he / go / abroad)

5. (he / visit / his sister)

6. (he / play / tennis)

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UNIT MATERIAL 1B - PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

F. Circle the correct answer.

Dear Anne,

We (1) have / 're having a fantastic holiday. We (2) stay / 're staying in a villa in Tuscany. It (3)
belongs / 's belonging (4) has / 's having a big
swimming pool. Giuseppe (5) makes / 's making dinner at the moment and it smells really good. I
( ) love / 'm loving Italian food!

I ( ) don’t know / 'm not knowing how long we can stay here, but we ( ) don’t want / aren’t
wanting

Tessa

G. Complete the conversations. Use the Present Simple or Present Continuous forms of the verbs in
brackets.

1. A: I that ring. Is it new? (like)

B: It’s not mine. My grandmother ________ (own) it.

2. A: What’s up? You (not dance).

B: It’s this music. I (hate) salsa.

3. A: I met Paolo today. He says you (know) him.

B: Paolo? I (not know) anyone called Paolo.

4. A:What (you / do) in my room?

B: You (have) my dictionary and I (need) it.

5. A: I am afraid Jack __________________________ (not understand) us right now.

B: No way! I ___________________ (not want) to explain myself one more time.

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UNIT MATERIAL 1B - PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

H. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use Simple Present or Present
Continuous Tense.

This is Mark Barns.

He is a student at King’s college. He (1) is studying (study) for his

test today. Mark (2) likes (like) listening to music and playing
computer games. He (3) (play) computer games most
evenings, and he usually (4) ______ (spend) all his money on
games. But at the moment, Mark (5) ______ (save up) his money.

He (6)_________ ( not buy ) the latest game because he (7)________ (need) money for his great ambition.
He is a serious mountain climber and he ( 8 ) _______ (have) a dream. He (9) ______ (want) to climb Mount
Everest next July. He (10) ________ (know) it will be difficult and so he (11) _______ (train) really hard
these days.

I. Complete the email with the correct form of the verbs in the box.

be / do / not live / not spend / send / stay / visit / work (x2) / write / have

Hi Sally!

Thank for your email! I ’m writing this on Danny’s laptop because he isn’t here this week. Here’s all the
family news.
Danny (1) ___________ with our grandparents this week. He often (2) ________ them because he loves
grandma’s food and she usually (3) __________ his homework! I (4) _________________ a lot of time
with them at the moment because I (5) ________ exams this term. Mum (6) ________ busy because she
always (7) ________ very hard. Dad (8) _________ at home this year because he (9) ______________
in New York. He always (10) ________ lots of texts and emails when he’s not at home so we know all
his news.

Write soon.

Love,

Carrie

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UNIT MATERIAL 1B - PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

UNIT MATERIAL 1B
J. Read the text and complete the blanks with the verbs given using Simple Present or Present
Continuous Tense.
Travelling is my greatest passion. When I get stuck in a dull routine, I (1) _________ (pack) my
bags to go somewhere spontaneous because there isn’t anything more exciting than travelling to have
new experiences. I (2) __________ (believe) meeting people from all over the world is the most
rewarding part about travelling because interaction ( 3) __________ (bring) bigger opportunities.
While travelling, you not only meet local people but also meet people from different cultures and
learning about different cultures (4) __________ (give) you a new perspective on life.

I haven’t been across the globe or to every continent yet.

However, I’ve been to a lot of different places. And now, I am
in Mauritius with my best friends. It (5)__________ (be) a
tropical island in the Indian Ocean. It’s not a huge island but it
is really crowded because a vacation in Mauritius
(6) (not / cost) much. It is a 24-hour city with lively
streets even at midnight.
The streets are full of people and interestingly they aren’t
dirty because a lot of streets cleaners(7) (work) on the streets in tourist season. Also, there
are a lot of recycling boxes for the rubbish. I think these (8) (keep) the city clean. At the
moment, we are in the city centre. As it is car-free, tourists (9) (prefer) taking taxis or
buses and this makes walking safe because pedestrians (10) (not / worry ) about cars and
traffic at all.
There is a market place here and it (11) __________ (have) all kinds
of stalls. Some tourists (12) __________ (shop) for clothes while
some (13) __________ (sit). Street performers (14) __________
(make) music, a pavement artist (15) __________ (draw) some
amazing pictures and we (16) __________ (watch) them in silence
because we (17) __________ (feel) very tired after the long journey
to Sursagar Lake to see the famous statue of Shiva. A lot of tourists (18) __________ (come) here to see
this huge statue every year. It’s 33 metres high and absolutely impressive. So it might be a good idea to
buy a Shiva magnet or keyring from the souvenir sellers before you (19) __________ (leave) the country
because I am sure you can easily find something to remind yourself of this beautiful tiny island.

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UNIT MATERIAL 1B - PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

K. Read the following article about Shanghai, a city in China, and complete it with the correct form
of the verbs in the box. Use the Present Simple or Present Continuous Tense. Use each verb ONCE only.

call see come mean grow

open live visit change try

Shanghai is the largest city in China. In Chinese, the name ‘Shanghai’ (1) ______________ ‘above the sea’,
and in Europe, people (2) __________________ the city the ’Paris of East’. Things (3) ____________ all the
time nowadays. Around 25 million people (4) ____________ in Shanghai, and these days they
(5)_____________ hard to keep their city a good place to live. Nowadays, more and more businesses
(6)____________ in Shanghai because people (7) ____________ that there are good opportunities
there. The city (8) ____________ in popularity as a cultural centre, too. It has a lot to offer tourists, and
every year thousands of people (9) ____________ it. Shanghai has many wonderful museums, and the
Pudong area of the city has lots of modern buildings, like the Jin Mao Tower. Did you know that a
famous type of Chinese dress for women, called cheongsam, (10) ____________ from Shanghai?

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UNIT MATERIAL 2A - PAST SIMPLE

A. Make the following sentences negative and question.

1. Sarah broke her arm last week.

(-) _______________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________
2. He was exhausted after school.
(-) _______________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________
3. I felt confused about what to do next.
(-) _______________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________
4. The little girl fell off her bike.
(-) _______________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________
5. He did his homework.
(-) _______________________________________________________
(?) _______________________________________________________

B. Ask questions for the underlined parts of the sentences.

1. a. __________________________________________________________________?
b. __________________________________________________________________?
He received her email yesterday.
a b

2. a. __________________________________________________________________?
b. __________________________________________________________________?
We went to my aunt’s house on Sunday.
a b

3. __________________________________________________________________?
The teacher didn’t give any homework because it was the last day of term.

4. __________________________________________________________________?
Tony called me when the accident happened.

5. __________________________________________________________________?
She went on holiday with her friends.

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UNIT MATERIAL 2A - PAST SIMPLE

C. Complete the text with the Past Simple form of the verbs in boxes.

Across the Channel in a Chair

There are many ways to cross from England to France – by boat, plane or Eurostar, for example. But

one man chose another form of transport.

lift start become float reach

Jonathan Trappe tied 54 balloons to a chair and (1) _______________ across

the Channel. He (2) _______________ the first person to cross the channel
with balloons filled with helium. Mr. Trappe‘s journey (3) _______________
from an airfield near Ashford at 5 a.m. The balloons (4) _______________ him
up to the height of 1,200 meters and he (5) _______________ a top speed of
40 km/h in the air.

plan cut take fly land hear have

The journey was 22 miles, and it (1) _______________ about

four hours. He (2) _______________ in a field in northern
France. He (3) _______________away some of the balloons
one by one to control his landing. He (4) _______________ his
trip carefully. He needed permission from aviation authorities,
and he was equipped with sat-nav, a radio and oxygen.

Mr. Trappe,36, thinks it’s a wonderful way to fly. He said ‘I (5) _______________ the sound of the
waves from a height of 300 meters.’ ‘As a child, I always (6) _______________ a dream of holding a
bunch of balloons and floating away into space. Didn’t everybody?’

The first balloon crossing of the Channel was in 1785. A Frenchman, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, and an
Ameri can doctor, John Jefferies, (7) _______________ from Dover to Calais. It took two and a half
hours.

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UNIT MATERIAL 2A - PAST SIMPLE

D. Write the questions about Jonathan Trappe.

1. How ____________________________________________?

He crossed the Channel in a chair tied to balloons.

2. How many _______________________________________?

He had 54 balloons.

3. Where __________________________________________?

His journey started from an airfield near Ashford.

4. How long ________________________________________?

It took about four hours.

5. What ___________________________________________ ?

He heard the sound of waves.

6. When ___________________________________________?

In 1785

7. Who ___________________________________________ ?

Jean-Pierre Blanchard and an American doctor, John Jefferies flew from Dover to Calais.

E. Correct the mistakes in these sentences. Write one positive and one negative sentence.

e.g.
1. Jonathan Trappe tied 540 balloons to a chair.

He didn’t tie 540 balloons to a chair. He tied 54 balloons.

2. Jonathan sat in a basket.

_____________________________________________.

3. He started his journey at 5 p.m.

_____________________________________________.

4. He flew at 500 meters.

_____________________________________________.

5. The journey was 50 miles.

_____________________________________________.

6. He cut away all the balloons to land.

_____________________________________________.

7. The first balloon crossing of the Channel took two and a half days.

_____________________________________________.

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UNIT MATERIAL 2A - PAST SIMPLE

F. Read the paragraph and complete it by using the correct form of the verbs in the brackets.

Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield (1) ____________(meet) at school in New York in
1963. They both (2) ___________ (have) the same hobby – food! When they
finished school, they (3) ____________ (go) to college. But Ben (4) ___________
(not finish) his course and he (5) ____________ (get) a job selling ice-cream. In 1978, they both
(6) __________ (decide) to do a $5 course in making ice-cream. The course (7) ________________(not be)
difficult and the next year (8) _____________(start) their ice-cream business with their first shop:
Ben&Jerry’s, in Vermont, USA. On the first anniversary of Ben&Jerry’s, they (9) ____________ (give) everyone
free ice-cream all day. Two years later, they (10) _____________ (open) their second shop, also in Vermont.
But Ben and Jerry (11) _____________(not want) to only make and sell ice-cream. So in 1985, they
(12) ___________ (begin) Ben&Jerry’s Foundation, a charity to help poor people. Every year they give 7.5%
of the company’s money to the charity. By 2004 there (13)_________(be) more than 450 Ben&Jerry’s shops
in over 18 countries including France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Mexico. In the same year, we (14) _________
(spend) over $300,000,000 on their ice-cream!

G. Complete the dialogue. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple.

A : Where (1) did you go (you / go) to school?

B: My father (2) __________________ (work) for a multinational company and we (3) ______________ (live)
in lots of different countries, so I (4) ___________ (go) to five different schools.

A: (5) __________________ (you / enjoy) your school days?

B: No, I didn’t. Not really. I (6) ______________ (not have) many friends because we (7)
_____________ (not stay) long in one place. I (8) ____________ (leave) one school after six months!

A: (9) __________________ (you / do) well in your exams?

B: Yes, I did. Because I (10) __________________ (not / go) out with friends, I (11) _____________ (study)
a lot in the evenings and at the weekends. I (12) ________________ (not / get) top grades, but I (13)
____________ (get) a place at Cambridge University.

A: What was that like? (14) __________________ (you / like) it?

B: Yes, I (15) ______________ (think) it was great.

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UNIT MATERIAL 2A - PAST SIMPLE

H. Read the text. Complete the sentences with the past simple form of verbs in the box. Use each verb
ONCE only.

travel join get take work

love begin land decide say

Neil Armstrong was an American astronaut and the first person to walk on the Moon. He was born in 1930,

and he (1) __________ flying from an early age. As a teenager, he (2) __________ flying lessons, and he

(3) __________ studying engineering at Purdue University in the USA when he was just seventeen years old.

He (4) __________ quite good marks while he was a student there. Later, Armstrong (5) __________ to

become a research test pilot. In 1958, he (6) __________ the US Air Force’s ‘Man In Space Soonest’

programme. The group of astronauts on the programme (7) __________ together on planning a trip into

space, and just over ten years later, Apollo 11 (8) __________ to the Moon. Neil Armstrong (9) __________

on the Moon at 20:17 on 20 July 1969. He got out of the spaceship and stepped onto the surface of the

Moon at 02:56 on 21 July. Then, he (10) __________ his famous words;

"That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind".

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UNIT MATERIAL 2B - PAST CONTINUOUS

A. Write the following sentences in the Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense using the words in brackets.

1. She’s checking her emails. (an hour ago)

_____________________________________________.
2. My friend doesn’t know what the assignment is. (yesterday)
_____________________________________________.
3. Do you do your homework? (last night)
_____________________________________________.
4. Does Jenny attach any photos to her email? (yesterday)
_____________________________________________.
5. Where are they going? (yesterday morning)
_____________________________________________.

B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or Past
Continuous tense.

1. The concert _____________________ (begin) when we _____________________ (buy) the tickets.

2. When Ayşe _____________________ (get) home, her parents _____________________ (have) dinner.
3. He _____________________ (watch) TV when I _____________________ (see) him.
4. They _____________________ (not / listen) to the teacher when she _____________________ (ask)
them a question.
5. What _____________________ (you / do) when the phone _____________________ (ring)?

C. Join the sentences by using "When".

1. My friend played football. He broke his leg.

_____________________________________________________________.
2. We sang. The teacher came into the classroom.
_____________________________________________________________.
3. It started to rain. I waited for the bus.
_____________________________________________________________.
4. I chopped onions. I cut my finger.
_____________________________________________________________.
5. The children did their homework. Their mother came home.
_____________________________________________________________.

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UNIT MATERIAL 2B - PAST CONTINUOUS

D. Complete the passage with Past Simple or Past Continuous Tense.

Last night, I (1) ____________ (do) my homework when Angela (2) ___________ (call) me. She (3) _______
(call) me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I thought she (4) _______________ (wait)
for class, but she said that the professor (5) ___________ (be) at the front of the hall lecturing and she
(6) _____________ (talk) to me. I couldn't believe she made a phone call during the lecture. I asked what
was going on. She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (7) ____________
(sleep) in class. Some of the students (8) _________________ (talk) about their plans for the weekend and
the student next to her (9) _________________ (draw) a picture of a horse. When Angela (10) ___________
(tell) me she was not satisfied with the class, I (11) ___________ (mention) that my biology professor was
quite good and (12) ______________ (suggest) that she switch to my class. While we were talking, I
(13) ___________ (hear) her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went
dead. I (14) _________________ (hang) up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. I
(15) _______________(cut) vegetables for a salad when the phone(16) ____________ (ring) once again. It
was Angela, but this time she (17) _______________ (not / sit) in class.

E. Read the text and choose the correct option.

On a Friday night in 1998, Mr. and Mrs. Rojas (0) were home. It (1) _____ cold and rainy and they were
exhausted after a long tiring day, so they (2) _____ to go out. Mrs. Rojas made some popcorn and ice tea
which was Mr. Rojas’s favourite drink. At 8.00 pm, Mr. And Mrs. Rojas went into the living room and sat on
the sofa. They were also eating and drinking while they (3) _____ a movie. They were really in a good mood.
Suddenly, they (4) _____ a strange noise. “What is that” asked Mr. Rojas. “It must be a cat” answered Mrs.
Rojas. After the movie, they (5) _____ playing cards. They (6) _____ for about 10 minutes when they heard
the same scary noise again. Mr. Rojas looked out the window. The rain changed to snow. Outside was calm
but they felt nervous and confused because they saw footprints in the snow. They had a small garden where
there were many trees. Mr. Rojas (7) _____out of the window when he saw two men who were walking
around their garden.

1. a. was b. were c. is d. are

2. a. don’t want b. didn’t want c. wanted d. want

3. a. are watching b. watched c. were watching d. watch

4. a. didn’t hear b. heard c. have heard d. haven’t heard

5. a. start b. were starting c. started d. are starting

6. a. are playing b. played c. were playing d. play

7. a. looks b. looked c. is looking d. was looking

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UNIT MATERIAL 2B - PAST CONTINUOUS

F. Read the rest of the story and fill the blanks with ONE word only.

The two men were (0) trying to break in their car. Mr. Rojas felt stressed because there (1) _____________
a ring inside the car. He was planning to give the ring to Mrs. Rojas as a 10th anniversary gift. While one of
the thieves was trying to steal the car, another one was (2) ______________ around. Mr. Rojas
immediately (3) ______________ the police. While they were (4) ______________ for the police officers,
they were also following the men closely. However, the police officers (5) ______________ in time.
Unfortunately, The thieves (6) ______________ the ring and left but Mrs. Rojas didn't feel upset when she
heard about the ring. She said “We are lucky and at least we are still together. This is more important than
the ring. I love you.” When Mr. Rojas heard this, he didn’t (7) ______________ guilty about the ring. He
(8) ______________ another one a few days later.

G. Choose the correct verb forms to complete the sentences.

Jake: My wife came home from work and I (1) played /

was playing a computer game instead of cooking dinner.
“What were you doing?” she asked. “I (2) worked / was
working.” I said.

Carla: My husband (3) called / was calling me on my

mobile when I (4) had / was having coffee with some
friends. I said I was walking in the park with the baby.

Broyony: I (5) shopped / was shopping when I

(6) was meeting / met a colleague. I had six packets
of biscuits for me. “These are for my nephew.” I said.

Richard: I (7) looked / was looking for a new job on

the internet when my boss (8) was walking / walked into
my office. She (9) was seeing / saw the jobs website and
(10) was asking / asked me. “Are you looking for a new
job?” She asked. “No. I (11) looked / was looking for a
job for my brother.”

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UNIT MATERIAL 3A - PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE

A. Circle the correct answer.

A: (1) Have you ever been / Have you ever gone to France?

B: Yes, we (2) have / did. We (3) have been / went there four times. The last time (4) has been / was

two years ago.

A: How many times (5) have you visited / did you visit Paris?

B: Only once. We (6) have gone / went there in 2004.

A: And (7) have you travelled / did you travel much outside Europe?

B: Well, no, we (8) haven’t / didn’t, but we (9) have had / had holidays in Australia.

A: When (10) have you been / did you go to Australia?

B: We (11) have been / were there for the Olympic games in 2000.

B. Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the verbs. Use the Present Perfect or Simple Past.

1. A: you ____________ (ever / hear) of the group "The Darkness"?

B: No, I _______. What kind of music do they play?
A: Rock music. I __________ (see) them in concert last night.
B: _______ (be) it a good concert?
A: Yes, I really (like) it.

2. A: you (ever/lose) your car keys?

B: Yes, I .
A: When that ( happen)?
B: In California. I (be) there on holiday.
A: What you (do)?
B: I (call) the car rental company. But they (make) me pay $ 100 for
the new key.

3. A: ________ Jack _______ (sell) anything on eBay before?

B: Yes, he _____________ .
A: What __________ he __________ (sell)?
B: His PlayStation. He __________________ (not / want) it anymore.
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UNIT MATERIAL 3A - PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE

4. A: _________ you _________ (watch) the new Almodovar film on TV last night?
B: No, but I __________________ (see) it before. It’s really good.
A: Yeah, I agree. I __________________ (never / watch) such an interesting film before.

5. A: ____________ you ___________ (go) to the photo exhibition in the town

B: hall? No, I haven’t. But Paula ________________ (go) last week.

A: ____________ she ___________ (like) it?

B: Yes, she said it was great. She _____________ (buy) me a poster from the exhibition. Look!
It’s on the wall.

A: Oh, wonderful! I _______________________ (not see) such a great poster before.

C. Underline the correct verb form.

"The Witches" is a new girl band from Ireland. They (1) started / have started playing in 2009. They (2)
made / have made nine albums. Their first album (3) sold / has sold 100,000 copies in the first two months.
They (4) have won / won the Irish Music Awards twice, and (5) have toured / toured around Europe and
America. Why (6) have they been / were they so successful?

Amy and Sally, the lead singers, are sisters. They (7) have loved / loved singing throughout their life. When
they were at primary school they (8) started / have started a band with some friends and (9) sang / have
sung in a concert at the end of the year. It (10) was / has been a great success. Since that day they have
always been very lucky.

D. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect or Simple Past.

I (1) _________________ (live) in London for three years now. I (2) _________________ (come) here at first

to learn English as I needed to get a better job back in Poland. I (3) _________________ (be) to lots of different

cities but London is my favourite. The first time I (4) ________________ (see) the centre of London I

(5) _________________ (fall) in love with it. When I (6) _________________ (arrive), I started studying in a

language school. I also (7) _________________ ( start ) to work in a cafe then. I (8) ________________ (have)

a few other jobs so far, always in cafes or restaurants. I (9) _________________ (travel) all over England but

I (10) _________________ (not find) a city that I like more than London.

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UNIT MATERIAL 3A - PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE

E. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect or Past Simple.

Terry Mc Conner (1) ____________ (become) a famous name in this country. He (2) _____________ (play)

the lead role in many successful TV series and he (3) ____________ (win) several awards. Last year people

(4) ___________ (choose) him for the Most Popular Actor on TV. But it (5) _______________ (not / be)

easy for him to get where he is today. Ten years ago, he (6) ___________ (leave) school without any

qualifications. He (7) ___________ (get) a job in a restaurant and he (8) ____________ (work) as a waiter.

But he (9) _______________(not / give up). He (10) ___________ (go) to a drama school at weekends. After

a while, the writer Sheila Grace (11) __________ (see) him acting in a small theatre and she (12) _________

(want) him to be the main character in her new police series. He is the best actor I (13) _________ (know)

in this country.

F. You are going to write a short story. First, look at the questions below and fill in the blanks with the
suitable words with a partner. Use your imagination. Do not answer the questions in this step.

1.What is his / her name?

2.What is __________ about them? (e.g. strange / unusual / nice...)

3.What was their problem last year?

4.What happened?

5.Why have they become so __________ ?

6.How many __________ have they __________ ?

7.Who have they been __________ recently?

8.What have they been __________ for the last five years?

G. Answer the questions above with your partner.The answers should link the questions together to form the
basis of a story. Then draw your main characters.

H. Write your story by using the notes/answers in exercises F and G. You can add more information but do
not make it complicated.

I. Swap your story with another partner. Read each other's stories and underline any mistakes, or question
any word or phrase you don't understand.

J. After your partner reads your story, take your story back and make the necessary corrections.
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UNIT MATERIAL 3B - PRESENT PERFECT WITH "JUST, ALREADY AND YET"

A. Write sentences. Use “already” or “yet” and the Present Perfect Tense.

1. e.g. I / wash / the kitchen floor.

I have already washed the kitchen floor.

2. Sarah and Jane / not do / the washing up.

_____________________________________________________________

3. Mark / take out / the rubbish?

_____________________________________________________________

4. Paul / tidy / the living room.

_____________________________________________________________

5. Martin and Bill / put / the furniture back?

_____________________________________________________________

6. Sue / not throw away / the old magazines.

_____________________________________________________________

7. You / tidy / the CDs?

_____________________________________________________________

B. Complete the email. Use the words in brackets and the Present Perfect Tense.

Hi Sam!

How are you? We (1) have just arrived (just / arrive) in Venice and everything’s perfect. We

(2)______________________________________(not unpack / our suitcases / yet), but Pat

(3) ______________________ (already /meet) some people and is having a coffee with them. I saw this

Internet Café, so I decided to write to you. I (4) (just / send) a message to mum and dad,

too. We (5) (not visit / St Mark’s Square / yet), but we

(6) (already / see) a lot of gondolas. Anyway, I hope everything’s OK with

you. (7) (you / book / your holiday / yet)?

Speak soon,

Tina
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UNIT MATERIAL 3B - PRESENT PERFECT WITH JUST, ALREADY AND YET

C. Read the conversations and underline the correct forms.

Conversation 1

A: What’s happening about Mum’s birthday present? (1) Have you phoned / Did you phone Dad yet?

B: No, but (2) he has sent / sent me an email earlier. It’s OK. He (3) has already bought / has just

bought the flowers. He (4) has been / went to the market first thing this morning to pick them up.

Conversation 2

A: Oh no, (1) I’ve just remembered / I’ve already remembered something! Last night (2) I’ve promised /

promised Jane that I’d pick her up after class today.

B: It’s OK, don’t worry. Tom (3) has just been / has just gone to get her. He’s on his way now.

Conversation 3

A: I think everything’s almost ready. I (1)have packed / packed the bags, I've got the tickets and the

passports. But I (2) have just called the taxi / haven’t called the taxi yet.

B: Don’t worry. I (3)’ve already booked / ’ve just booked one. I phoned them last night.

D. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.

1.This is my first visit to America.

This is the first time __________________________________________. (I)

2. Do you know how to drive this kind of car?

Have _____________________________________________________? (ever)

3. Careful! I’ve painted the front door. It isn’t dry.

Careful! _______________________________________________. (just)

4. Eating Chinese food is new to me.

_____________________________________________ before.

5. I haven’t been to the cinema for two months.

The last time _____________________________________ two months ago.

6. I am on the 5th. page of this letter I am writing.

I __________________________ 5 pages of this letter.

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UNIT MATERIAL 3B - PRESENT PERFECT WITH JUST, ALREADY AND YET

7. Thanks but I was very hungry and ate something.

Thanks, but I _____________________________________________ something. (already) 8.

Alice is not at home. She is at the supermarket to buy some milk.

Alice _____________________________________________ to buy some milk. (just)

9. My father’s car is very clean because yesterday he washed it.

My father _____________________________________________ his car. (already)

10. I am still doing my homework mum!!!

I ______________________________________________ . (yet)

11. Two minutes ago Marta called me.

Marta _________________________________________ me. (just)

12. My room is very dirty. I had no time to clean it.

My room is very dirty because I _________________________________________. (yet)

E. Complete these sentences so that they are true for you.

1. I’ve just ____________________________________________________________________.

2. I haven’t _________________________________________________________________ yet.

3. I’ve already _________________________________________________________________.

4. I haven’t done any _____________________________________________________this week.

5. I’ve _______________________________________________________________ many times.

6. I’ve never ___________________________________________________________________.

7. I've ________________________________________________________________________.

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UNIT MATERIAL 4A - PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND GOING TO

A. Circle the correct answer.

Dialogue I

A: I (1) am stopping / am going to stop smoking. And this time I (2) am not starting / am not going
to start again.

B: That’s good news. Are you (3) getting / going to get some help?

A: Oh yes. In fact, I’m (4) seeing / going to see Dr Stevens at four o’clock today and I’m (5) doing

/ going to do exactly what he tells me.

Dialogue II

A: Helen’s (6) coming / going to come round at seven to have dinner with us.

B: I’m not (7) being / going to be here. I’m (8) going / going to go to the theatre tonight, remember?

A: Oh no. I totally forgot. What time are you (9) coming / going to come home?

B. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use Be Going To or
Present Continuous Tense.

1. I ____________________ my boss at three o’clock to discuss plans for next year. (meet)
2. Vlad ____________________ his dentist later today. (see)
3. ____________________ a tweet about the concert to everyone later? (you send)
4. We ____________________ pizza and salad for dinner tonight. (have)
5. I ____________________ that new film about China at the weekend. (download)
6. We ____________________ our new barbecue at our party tomorrow. (use)
7. Kazumi ____________________ at the end of June. (get married)
8. Everyone ____________________ football after work. Why don’t you join us? (play)
9. Stefan ____________________ some new furniture for his apartment when he moves in.(buy)
10. Jack and Anya ____________________ drinking coffee. (give up)

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UNIT MATERIAL 4A - PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND GOING TO

C. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Use Present Continuous Tense or Be Going To.

I’m going to tell you about my perfect day in Prague. First of all, I’m starting the day in the main square.

It’s a beautiful place to have breakfast in one of the cafés. But they’re very expensive, so I’ve planned

something else. I (1) am going to sit (sit) outside so I can watch the tower clock while having my

sandwich. After breakfast, I (2) ______________________ (walk) through the old city and go to

Charles Bridge. There are some interesting statues on the bridge, and there’s a market where you can buy

some souvenirs. From the bridge, I’m walking up to the Castle. At the Castle, I (3) am meeting (meet) one of

my friends at 13:00 and we (4) _________________ (have) lunch in a restaurant near there. In the afternoon

we ( 5 ) __________________ (take) a bus tour around the city. We have already bought our tickets.
It’s a good way to see the sights because it’s cheap and easy. Afterwards, I am going to be
alone and I want to spend some time outdoors. So, I (6) ______________________ (relax) in
the park at Petrin Hill. There is a tall tower here, where you can see wonderful views of city, too. And
then, in the evening I (7) _____________________ (go) to a classical music concert in St Nicholas
church. You can come here to listen to Bach, Mozart or Vivaldi, and the atmosphere is very special.
But you must buy your ticket in advance because they are sold out quickly. When it’s finished, my friend
and I are meeting again. I have booked a table at one of the best restaurants in Prague. We
(8 ) ___________________ (have) dinner at Kolkovna, in the old town, which serves traditional Czech
food, and then we intend to experience the local culture. So, we (9) ___________________

(spend) the rest of the evening trying different bars in the old town, which serve very cheap, local beers.

It’s going to be fantastic.

D. Complete the sentences with the correct form of verbs in brackets. Use Present Continuous or Be
Going To.

1. A: Have you decided which university to apply for?

B: Oh yes, I (apply) for Oxford.
A: Good luck! That's difficult to get into.

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UNIT MATERIAL 4A - PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND GOING TO

2. A: We don't have any fruit in the house.

B: I ___________________ (go) shopping with Amy this afternoon. I'll get some apples.

A: Great. I'll give you the money for them.

3. A: Tony is back from holiday.

B: Yeah, I know. I am busy now but I ___________________ (call) him after work.

A: I (see) him this evening at the Diner. Do you want to come?

4. A: What (have) for dinner? Do you have any idea?

B: I __________________ (make) spaghetti Bolognese. We just have pasta at home.

A: Not again! We had that twice last week.

5. A: How do you get to work?

B: I usually catch the bus, but my brother (give) me a lift tomorrow

morning because the buses are on strike. Luckily, I could arrange with him.

E. Rewrite the sentences. Use the Present Continuous or Be Going To form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I’ve arranged to have dinner with Toni tonight.

I dinner with Toni tonight. (have)

2. We’ve decided to travel around the world before university.

We around the world before university. (travel)

3. What have you arranged to do this weekend?

What this weekend? (do)

4. He’s decided to study Russian next year.

He Russian next year. (study)

5. My driving test is on Monday morning.

I my driving test on Monday morning. (take)

6. My parents have decided to live in Spain when they retire.

My parents in Spain when they retire. (live)

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UNIT MATERIAL 4A - PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND GOING TO

F. Match a-b to i-ii

1. a. We’re going to learn to speak Japanese ________ i. tonight.

b. We’re studying the past tense ________ ii. when we retire.

2. a. We’re taking a quiz ________ i. at 11:30 tomorrow.

b. He is going to look for a new job ________ ii. soon.

3. a. We’re going to fly around the world ________ i. when we have enough money.
b. We’re flying to Greece ________ ii. tomorrow morning.

4. a. I’m taking the car to the mechanic ________ i. some day.

b. I’m going to buy a new car ________ ii. after lunch.

5. a. They’re moving to Italy ________ i. in July.

b. They’re going to move to Italy ________ ii. after their graduation.

6. a. She is not going to be a doctor _______ i. until 12.

b. She’s not meeting her doctor _______ ii. when she finishes the course.

Which sentences are

fixed plans? ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

general plans? ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _______

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UNIT MATERIAL 4A - PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND GOING TO

G. Look at Ann’s diary for the evenings of the week. If Ann has an arrangement with someone
else, use the Present Continuous Tense , but if she doesn’t, use be going to.

Monday shop for food

8 p.m play squash with Mary

Tuesday study for the exam

Wednesday 7 p.m have dinner with Jack and Jill

Thursday tidy my room

see the dentist at 4 p.m.

Friday do the laundry

Saturday 6 p.m. meet Tim at the airport

Sunday stay in for the evening and watch TV

e.g. Ann needs to cook for a week. So, she is going to shop for food on Monday.

Ann can’t see Fred on Monday because she is playing squash with Mary.

1. She doesn’t want to go out on Tuesday because she _______________________ .

2. She won’t be at home on Wednesday because she ________________________ .

3. On Thursday Ann __________________________________________________ .

After that, she ___________________________________________________________.

4. She can’t go out on Friday because she________________________________ .

5. Ann wants Saturday to come quickly because at 6 p.m. she ____________________.

6. Ann will be so tired on Sunday, so she _______________________________________.

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UNIT MATERIAL 4B - WILL / WON'T / SHALL

A. Put the best phrase from the box in each gap. Start your sentences with "I will / I'll" .

* carry some of them * phone for a taxi * help you to look for it

* go with you * give you some money * make you a sandwich

* open a window * ask her to phone you tonight * give you the name of a language school

1. e.g. A: I want to take these books home, but they're very heavy.

B: I'll carry some of them.

2. A: I feel sick. It's so hot in this room.

B: _____________________________________________________.

3. A: I want a cup of coffee, but I don't have any money.

B: ______________________________________________________.

4. A: I'm hungry. I didn't have any lunch.

B: ______________________________________________________.

5. A: I want to learn Japanese.

B: ______________________________________________________.

6. A: I've lost my passport.

B: ______________________________________________________.

7. A: It's ten o'clock. I'll be late if I walk.

B: ______________________________________________________.

8. A: I want to speak to Jane. It's very important.

B: ______________________________________________________.

9. A: I want to go to the museum, but I don't know the way.

B: ______________________________________________________.

B. Put "Shall I" or "Shall we" in the gaps in the dialogues.

1. e.g. A: I'm hungry. Are you going to the shops?

B: Yes. Shall I get you something to eat?

2. A: We need a holiday.
B: What a good idea! ______________ go to Florida?

3. A: I'm going to get some tickets for the concert next week. ______________ buy you one?
B: Yes please. I'd love to come.

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UNIT MATERIAL 4B - WILL / WON'T / SHALL

4. A: ______________ go to a restaurant tonight?

B: OK, but I don't have any money. Will you pay for me?

5. A:I want to go to Italian classes, but I've never learnt a foreign language before.
B: ______________ come with you?
A: That's very kind of you.

6. A: Where is our meeting?

B: At John's office on Baker Street.
A: ______________ walk or take a taxi?

7. A: You look thirsty. ______________ get you a drink?

B:Yes, please. Can I have an orange juice or some water?

8. A: It's a beautiful day! ______________ have a picnic?

B: Wonderful idea! Who ______________ invite?

C. Read Mia’s email and Alfie’s reply. Use the verbs in brackets to form phrases with "will" or "shall".

Hi Alfie,

(0) Shall we go (we / go) out tomorrow night? Do you want to go to the pub
or (1) ___________________ (we / do) something different? I know you don’t have a car but
don’t worry (2) _____________________ ( I / take) you. But I don’t know where your
office is. (3) _______________________ (you / send) me your location on Whatsapp? By
the way, (4) ___________________ (I / ask) Katie, too. Is it OK for you? I promise
(5) __________________ (I / not invite) Tom. I know you don’t see him anymore!

Hi Mia,

Thanks for your message. (6) ___________________ (we / go) to that new Italian restaurant? If
yes, I (7) __________________ ( I / book ) a table for us. It’s very kind of you to
pick me up. (8) ___________________ (I / share) the location with you when I get to the
office. (9) ____________________ (we / meet) at 19:00? Yes, it would be great to see
Katie, and thank you very much for not inviting Tom.
(10) ____________________ (we / talk) about it when we meet? (11) _________________ (I / tell)
you what he did.

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UNIT MATERIAL 4B - WILL / WON'T / SHALL

D. Underline the correct option.

Paul: What do you think? (1) Shall / Will we go on a picnic on Sunday?
Sue: Sunday (2) will / won't be fine for me. But, wait ... Sunday is my dad's birthday.
Paul: (3) Shall / Will we have the picnic tomorrow then?
Sue: It’s OK. (4) Shall / Will I call everyone or (5) shall / will you do it?
Paul: I (6) will / won't do it, it's no problem.
Sue: I (7) will / shall help you with the shopping list then.
Paul: (8) Will / Shall you come shopping with me in the evening?

Sue: Oh, I (9) will / won’t. I have an appointment with a friend. (10) Shall / Will we do the shopping
tomorrow morning?

Paul: It’s OK. Let’s meet at 10:00.

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UNIT MATERIAL 5A - MUST / HAVE TO / CAN

A. Complete the sentences with "have to / must not / don’t have to" with the correct verb from the box.

come pay (x2) smoke touch wear drive

park play be turn off wear

1. You must not touch this door.

2. Children ________________________________________.

3. You ______________________________________in here.

4. You _______________________________ in one direction.

5. You ______________________________________ a jacket.

6. You ___________________________to class on Saturdays.

7. You _______________________________any money now.

8. You _______________________________sneakers here.

9. You _________________________________your car here.

10. You ______________________over 18 to see this movie.

11. You ______________________________your computer.

12. You _________________________football here at night.

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UNIT MATERIAL 5A - MUST / HAVE TO / CAN

B. Complete this email from a foreign student living with a family in Wales to a friend in the USA.
Use "have to / don’t have to / can".

To Klara Bunnenberg
From Pia Cambiaghi

Subject Life with my new family

Hi Klara,

Just a quick email to tell you about the family I’m living with. The Keen family are very friendly and in some

ways life is very easy. Back home I (1) ___________ wash my own clothes and do some cooking and cleaning.

But it’s very easy here I (2) ___________ do anything! I (3) _____________ use the kitchen to have

breakfast, make a drink and stuff, I (4)____________________also use the living room to watch TV.

But there’s one problem. When I go out to see friends, I (5) __________________ be

back at 10 pm! Can you believe it? I’m 18!!! At home I (6) ____________________ come

home when I want. OK, I ( 7) ________________ phone my parents and tell them where I am. Anyway, I’m

not happy here and I have to look for another place to live – the family is really nice but I just can’t stay here.

OK, I (8) ______________ go. I have an exam tomorrow and I need to study.

Mail me back soon!

Lots of love
Pia

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UNIT MATERIAL 5A - MUST / HAVE TO / CAN

C. Ben is going to take his driving test soon. Choose the correct option for each blank to complete the dialogue.

BEN: Is it true that there are two compulsory driving tests?

INSTRUCTOR: That’s right, you (1) _____ take a written test and

a practical – that’s where you’re on the road with the examiner.

BEN: Can I take the practical test first, please?

INSTRUCTOR: No, I’m sorry. You (2) _____ take that test until

you’ve passed the written one.

BEN: Hm.. Is the written test very difficult?

INSTRUCTOR: No, not really. There are fifty questions, but the good news is you (3) _____ answer all
of them correctly. You (4) ______ get 45 correct answers, so you (5) ______ make a few mistakes
and still pass.

BEN: Can you give me some advice about how to prepare for the written exam?

INSTRUCTOR: Learn all the rules of the road! But here are thousands, so you (6) remember
everything at once – you (7) ______ study a little bit every day.

BEN: OK. How about the practical exam?

INSTRUCTOR: Well, on the day, the examiner (8) see your driving licence. Then he asks you to read
a number plate to check if you (9) _______ see OK.

BEN: That sounds easy… Can I take my test straight away?

INSTRUCTOR: Impossible! You (10) learn to park first – if you don’t park your car properly, you
(11) ______ get your driving licence.

1. a. can b. have to c. don’t have to

2. a. can’t b. must c. don’t have to
3. a. must b. can c. don’t have to
4. a. can b. must c. don’t have to
5. a. must b. can c. don’t have to
6. a. can’t b. can c. must
7. a. don’t have to b. mustn’t c. have to
8. a. has to b. have to c. mustn’t
9. a. must b. can c. have to
10. a. can b. don’t have to c. must
11. a. must b. can’t c. have to

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UNIT MATERIAL 5A - MUST / HAVE TO / CAN

D. Read the situations and rewrite a sentence for each situation using a modal "have to , must,
don’t have to, mustn’t, can and can’t".

e.g. You are going to have a job interview next week. It is an international company and they have
some rules about clothing. It is an obligation for men to wear a suit.

I have to wear a suit for the job interview.

1. Tom is going to start school next week. His teacher has given him the book list, but he has
some of the books.
_______________________________________________________________all the books.

2. People are studying at the library. It is quiet because it is prohibited to use a mobile phone in
the library.

People _____________________________________________________________________.

3. Jane is going to take a writing exam in Spanish. It is OK to use a dictionary during the exam.

_________________________________________________________a dictionary in the exam.

4. There is a meeting in the company next week; it is optional for the new employees to attend
the meeting.

The new employees ____________________________________________________________.

5. There is a good restaurant in the campus, but it is only for the instructors to have lunch.

Students ____________________________________________________________________.

6. The legal age of marriage in the UK is 18. This is the law.

You ________________________________________________________________________.

7. Because of his illness Jack has a strict diet. On his diet list there are only vegetables.

_______________________________________________________________________meat.

8. There aren’t any rules for drinking or eating in the class.

You__________________________________________________________________________ .

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UNIT MATERIAL 5A - MUST / HAVE TO / CAN

E. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one. Use the words
given, if any. You can make the necessary changes.

1. It’s important to be in class by 9.30 a.m. (must)

You ______________________________________________________ by 9.30 a.m.
2. Students are not allowed to use mobile phones during the exam. (can)
Students _______________________________________________during the exam.
3. It isn’t necessary to pay for the car park. It’s free. (have)
You ____________________________________________ for the car park. It’s free.
4. Is it OK to pay by credit card? (we)
________________________________________________________ by credit card?

5. We are allowed to take photos in the museum.

We ____________________________________________________ in the museum.

6. Driving without headlights is forbidden. (must)

You _________________________________________________ without headlights.
7. It isn’t necessary for her to wear a uniform at work.
She __________________________________________________________ at work.
8. Is it necessary for them to take an exam at the end of the term?
___________________________________________ an exam at the end of the term?
9. She isn’t allowed to stay out late on weekdays.
She __________________________________________________ late on weekdays.
10. Is it necessary for him to play a musical instrument to register for the course? (he)
____________________________ a musical instrument to register for the course?
11. Is it necessary for me to make an appointment to see the doctor?
______________________________________ an appointment to see the doctor?
12. It is necessary for the students to buy the course book.
_____________________________________________________ the course book.
13. It’s OK to use my computer if you want to.
You _____________________________________________________if you want to.
14. It’s important that you don’t tell him what I told you.
______________________________________________________ what I told you.

15. Is it allowed to leave the room when you have finished the exam? (we)
_______________________________________ when we have finished the exam?

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UNIT MATERIAL 5A - MUST / HAVE TO / CAN

F. Complete the sentences with "must / mustn’t / have to / don’t have to / can / can’t".
Not all schools around the world are the same. At the School of the Future in Philadelphia, a lot of the
rules are ones you might expect. Students (1) __________ behave badly to others, and there are
certain kinds of clothes they (2) __________ wear to school, such as shorts. They (3) __________ arrive
on time for all classes and (4) __________ be late for any. They (5) __________ read for 30 minutes
every day outside class and they also (6) __________ do homework every day. At the Brooklyn Free
School in New York City, things are quite different. Students (7) __________ choose the classes they
go to and they (8) __________ go to any if they don’t want to! The students (9) __________ make the
rules instead of the teachers. And their parents (10) __________ pay for lessons if they don’t have
enough money!

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UNIT MATERIAL 5B - WILL AND MIGHT FOR PREDICTIONS

A. Underline the correct answers. The percentage (%) in brackets shows the probability.

e.g. Electrical appliances might not / will (50%) be less expensive in the

1. future. Scientists might / won’t (99.9%) find an alternative to petrol.

2. In the future, more people will / might (80%) work from home.

3. Cities will / might not (20%) be safer in the future.

4. People might / will (40%) write personal letters in the future.

5. Children won’t / might (1%) stop going to school.

B. Circle the correct option to complete the conversation.

A: So, what’s your daughter Lisa going to do this summer?

B: She’s not sure, but she won't / might work for an architect. What’s
your son going to do? Will / Might he have the same job as last summer?

A: He isn’t sure. He might / will work in a movie theatre again.

But there aren’t many jobs available, so he will / might not find one.

B: They can / might be able to give him a job at my office. I’ll speak to
my boss. There might be / will be an empty position for him to apply.

A: Oh, thank you! That might be / won't be a better way for him to spend the summer. I

can / might be able to convince him to apply.

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UNIT MATERIAL 5B - WILL AND MIGHT FOR PREDICTIONS

C. Choose the correct option to complete the text.

Probably you (1) _______ have an argument with an important person today. If
this happens, you (2) ______ need help for sure. A friend or partner will be very
useful to you. And who knows… you (3) win the argument!

1. a. might b. will c. might not d. will not

2. a. will b. won’t c. might d. might not
3. a. won’t b. might not c. will d. might

It is possible that it (4) __ be a quiet workday for you. You will have all the
normal things to do. This is not very clear but there (5) ______also be an extra
job or two. But don’t worry, you (6) ______succeed!

4. a. might b. will c.might not d. won’t

5. a. might not b. will c. might d.will not
6. a. might b. will c. might not d. won’t

You might have to choose between your social and your private life today. I don’t
think you (7) ____spend much time with your loved ones until later in the week.
Make sure they know you love them, or perhaps they (8) ____ feel forgotten.

7. a. might not b. will c. might d. will not

8. a. will b. might not c. won’t d. might

I think this (9) _______ be your lucky day for education if you’re still at school.
It’ll be a good day for study – something you’ve always thought was too hard for
you will be easy. If you’ve already left school, think about going back to your
studies – I’m sure you (10) regret it.

9. a. won’t b. will c. might d. might not

10. a. won’t b. will c. might d. might not

There (11) be some money worries today. Check what you’re spending –
it is a possibility that you (12)____ need to spend some extra money on travel
and if you buy something for your loved ones, they (13) thank you for it!

11. a. might b. might not c. won’t d. probably will

12. a. won’t b. might c. will d. might not
13. a. might b. might not c. will d. will not

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UNIT MATERIAL 5B - WILL AND MIGHT FOR PREDICTIONS

D. Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the sentences below, using "might / might not /
will / will not." Use each word at least once.

1. I hope we’ll develop a cleaner source of energy before 2050, but I’m not sure.
We ____________ find a cleaner source of energy before 2050.

2. It is possible that the world’s weather will change in the next fifty years, but I don’t
know enough about it.
The weather _______________change in the text fifty years.

3. I don’t think scientists will discover a cure for all diseases this century. It’s not possible.

Scientists ________________ discover a cure for all diseases this century.

4. I know that they’ll develop a new form of transport soon.

They __________________ develop a new form of transport soon.

5. I’m not sure that international organisations will become more powerful.

International organisations ________________ become more powerful.

E. Complete the e-mail with "will / won’t / might / might not."

Hi Arek,

I was thinking about our journey to the airport tomorrow morning. I know we said we’d leave
at 8:30, but don’t forget our flight leaves at 10:30. I guess we (1) __________ get there on time if we
leave at 8:30. You know how busy it is in this town in the mornings! But if we leave at 7:30, I’m sure
we (2) __________ have any problem. What do you think? My sister says she (3) __________ come
to the airport with us to say goodbye. But then again, she (4) __________! You know how she
changes her mind every five minutes!

Anyway, I (5) __________ see you in the morning. Let me know what you think.

Lilia

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UNIT MATERIAL 6A - SHOULD / SHOULDN'T & IMPERATIVES

A. What do you do if there is a house fire? Underline the correct option.

1. Panic! / Don't panic!

2. Leave / Don't leave the house quickly.
3. Take your time / Don't take your time to collect your things.
4. Close / Don't close all doors behind you.
5. If the door is hot, open / don't open it. Go to the window.
6. Go back / Don't go back inside.
7. Phone / Don't phone the fire fighters

B. Henry is cooking a meal. Give him some useful advice. Use the imperative or negative imperative
to rewrite the notes.

e.g. You shouldn't leave the meat in the oven for more than one hour.
1. You should cut the onions as small as possible.
2. You should use fresh herbs and fresh vegetables.
3. You shouldn’t put in too much salt and pepper.
4. You should wait until the water boils before you put the vegetables into it.
5. You shouldn’t put the meat in oven before it’s hot enough.
6. You should keep the meat at least an hour in the oven.

e.g. Don't leave the meat in the oven for more than one hour.

1. ____________________ the onions as small as possible.

2. _____________________ fresh herbs and fresh vegetables.

3. _____________________ in too much salt and pepper.

4. _____________________ until the water boils before you put the vegetables into it.

5. ____________________ the meat in oven before it’s hot enough.

6. _____________________ the meat at least an hour in the oven.

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UNIT MATERIAL 6A - SHOULD / SHOULDN'T & IMPERATIVES

C. Write this conversation between Brian and Keith using the words in brackets ( ). Use "should" where
required.

Brian: I want to buy a scooter. (1) ________________________________ (What / you / think / I / do?)

Keith: (2) ____________________________________ (You / look / at the advertisements on the

net.)

Brian: (3) __________________________________________________ (Which websites / I / check?)

Keith: (4) ____________________________________ (I think / you / have / a look at

Cycletrader.com)

Brian: (5) _________________________________ (What / you / think / I / do / before I buy a scooter?)

Keith: (6) _________________________________________ (I / not / think / you / decide / too quickly)

(7) ___________________________________________ (You / check / the condition of the scooter.)

(8) ___________________________________ (You / ask / somebody who knows about motorbikes

to look at the scooter for you.)

(9) ____________________________________________________ (You / not / buy / one simply

because it looks nice or cheap.)

(10)______________________________ (You / be / very careful.)

D. You are visiting a friend this weekend. Complete your friend's advice with the verb in brackets. Use
"should / shouldn’t" or the imperative / negative imperative structure.

(1) Go to (go) bed early tonight. You (2) __________ (wake up) late. The train always leaves on time. The

station is always busy. You (3) ____________ (buy) your ticket in advance. (4) Don’t be (be) late

because the station is too big and it will take time to find your platform. Also, (5) ____________ (eat) a

sandwich on the train - they're very expensive. The train might be too cold because of air-

conditioning so you (6) ____________ (take) a sweater with you. The train arrives at Platform 2. When you

leave the train, (7) ____________ (go) down the stairs and (8) ________________ (turn) left.

(9) __________ (get) out of the station. I'll be inside of the building. You (10) ________________ (find) the

information desk. I’ll meet you there.

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UNIT MATERIAL 6A - SHOULD / SHOULDN'T & IMPERATIVES

E. What do the people say in these situations? Complete the sentences with the imperative or
negative imperative of the words in the box.

arrive late be quiet bring miss drink

look at touch wait wash stay at home

1. It is lunchtime. What do you say to your young sister?

Wash your hands before you eat.

2. Your young sister wants to help with the cooking. What do you say?

________________ the pot - it's hot!

3. You are sitting in the exam room. Everyone is talking before the exam. What does the teacher say?

Please ________________. The exam will start soon.

4. A student is trying to see his friend's answers. What does the teacher say?

_________________ your friend's work.

5. You receive an invitation to a friend's party. What does the invitation say?

________________ my party on Saturday.

6. Your friend wants everyone at the party on time. What does the invitation say?

The party starts at 8! ___________________.

7. If you enter Australia, there are some things you can't have with you. What does the sign in the
airport say?

________________ fresh fruit into the country.

8. You need to show your passport at the airport. There are a lot of people there. What does the sign
say?

Please ________________ here.

9. You are ill. What does the doctor say?

________________ and have a rest.

10. The doctor wants you to have more water. What does he say?

________________ three glasses of water every day.

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UNIT MATERIAL 6B - USES OF "TO + INFINITIVE"

A. Match the actions with their purposes.

ACTION PURPOSE

1. She bought a smart phone because she b a. didn’t want to get calls.

2. He took the bus because he ____ b. wanted to check her emails.

3. We turned our phone off because we _____ c. wanted to buy a new phone.

4. She recorded her favourite TV show because she _____ d. didn’t want to be late.

5. He went to Mediamarkt because he _____ e. didn’t want to miss it.

B. Now combine the sentences. Use infinitive of purpose.

1. She bought a smart phone to check her emails.

2. _________________________________________________________________________ .

3. __________________________________________________________________________.

4. __________________________________________________________________________.

5. __________________________________________________________________________.

C. Complete the conversations with an adjective and a verb from the boxes by using "to + infinitive".

convenient easy nice pay leave find

important ready keep up with eat

1. e.g A: I need to go to the electronics shop.

B: How come?

A: I’ve decided to get a new smartphone. It’s important to keep up with the latest technology!
You should also think about it seriously.

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UNIT MATERIAL 6B - USES OF TO + INFINITIVE

2. A: Why don’t you use your credit card?

B: I know it’s ___________________________ by credit card, but I prefer to use cash for small
purchases. Call me old- fashioned if you want!

3. A: I’m hungry. How is the food court here?

B: It’s very ______________________________ there. The food is pretty good and there’s a
great view of the capitol building.

4. A: I’ve bought all I needed. I’m ____________________________ now. What about you?

B: Sure. I’ve finished shopping, too. Let’s go.

5. A: Do you want to see a film?

B: I’d like that, but we don’t have the film schedule with us. A: No problem! I have a smartphone.

It’s fast and ________________________ a film with it. Let’s see what’s playing around here.

D. Match the halves to form a meaningful sentence.

a. I cannot decide ___ 1. to change a habit.

b. It is not very difficult ___ 2. to think before you speak.
c. Jack and Jill went to Italy ___ 3. to turn off the lights before leaving the house.
d. Don’t forget ___ 4. to train the new employees.
e. Our boss asked me ___ 5. to see the ancient Roman city, Pompeii.
f. It is hard ___ 6. how to use the new vacuum cleaner.
g. Amy doesn’t know ___ 7. what to wear at the party tonight.

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UNIT MATERIAL 6B - USES OF TO + INFINITIVE

E. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs from each box.

want - decide - would like - promise spend - become - give - eat

forget - need - learn clean - help - inform

expect - try - plan - offer speak - change - not take - repair

e.g. My sister works overtime all the time so she thinks of quitting her job because she wants to
spend more time with her family.

1. Ben and Mike _________________________ their car but when they couldn’t do it properly,
they took it to a mechanic.
2. You _________________________ all the members of the unit before arranging a meeting.
3. Can you really _______________________ different languages just from the books?
4. We ____________________________ any photos when the security warned us at the museum
because it is not allowed.
5. My husband ___________________________ his job because he is not happy with the salary.
6. The company __________________________ everyone a raise when they saw their hard effort.
7. Waiter: What _________ you _____________ today?
Customer: I’ll have your special pizza, please.
8. She ________________________ me yesterday, but I didn’t accept it because every time she
helps, she wants something in return.
9. When the inspector investigated the area, she noticed that the burglar ___________________
his fingerprints from the keys on the alarm.
10.She started to work here just a year ago, so she cannot ____________________ the manager
of our department. She doesn’t know much about our system.

F. Combine these pairs of sentences. Use the infinitive of purpose.

e.g. 1. Ed got a job at Edge Electronics. He needs to earn money for school.

Ed got a job at Edge Electronics to earn money for school.

e.g. 2. Ed never brings money to work. He doesn't want to buy a lot of stuff.
Ed never brings money to work not to buy a lot of stuff.

3. He uses most of his salary. He has to pay his college tuition.

____________________________________________________________________

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UNIT MATERIAL 6B - USES OF TO + INFINITIVE

4. He really wants a smartwatch. He wants to read text messages while jogging.

_____________________________________________________________________________
5. He's going to wait for a sale. Then he won't pay the full price.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. A lot of people came into the store today. They looked at the new multi-purpose devices.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7. They like talking to Ed. They want to get information about the devices.
_____________________________________________________________________________
8. Someone bought a GPS. He doesn't want to get lost.
_____________________________________________________________________________
9. Another person bought a robot vacuum. She wants to do less housework.
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. She used her credit card. She didn't want to pay right away.
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. Ed showed her how to use the robot vacuum. It can clean a large room.
_____________________________________________________________________________
12. She’ll use it in her apartment. She’ll save time.

G. Match 1–5 with a–g to make complete sentences. Add "to / not to" in the correct place in each
sentence. There are two extra endings.

1. If you have an interview, it’s important ___ a. look at the person who asked you.

2. Yesterday my bosses warned me ___ b. hear how I plan to do it.

3. Zara doesn’t have time ___ c. see how others do my job.

4. It was a useful experience for me ___ d. be late for the meeting.

5. All members of staff are given a mobile phone ___ e. arrive on time for it.

f. make keeping in touch easier.

g. give me any help with my project.

1. If you have an interview, it’s important ______________________________________________.

2. Yesterday my bosses warned me ___________________________________________________.

3. Zara doesn’t have time ___________________________________________________________.

4. It was a useful experience for me ___________________________________________________.

5. All members of staff are given a mobile phone ________________________________________.

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UNIT MATERIAL 7A - COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

A. Write sentences with the information from the survey. Use the comparative or the superlative.

Where to go?

We reveal the results from our reader survey of three popular vacation destinations.

e.g. 1. Cancun / cheap / Beijing

Cancun is cheaper than Beijing.

2. Beijing / crowded / of the three destinations

3. Beijing / easy to get to / Sydney

4. Sydney / exciting / Cancun

5. Sydney / hot / Beijing

6. Sydney / relaxing / of the three destinations

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UNIT MATERIAL 7A - COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

B. Rewrite the comparative sentences in part A using "(not) as … as".

e.g. expensive (sentence 1)

Cancun isn’t as expensive as Beijing.

1. difficult (sentence 3)

2. exciting (sentence 4)

3. cold (sentence 5)

C. Choose the correct answer

Hyde Court is (0) ________ hotel in Springhope and it is (1) ________ any hotel in the World. It is also
(2) _______ most five-star hotels that you can find. What makes it special? The elegant decoration, the
comfortable rooms and the excellent service. For those guests who prefer eating in a (3) ___________
place than the dining room, we can serve the (4) ______________ choice of food in your room. We also
listen to our guests. When one guest said that our baths were (5) _________________ than they
expected, we changed them all and put (6) ______ baths in all the rooms. Come to Hyde Court, where
we look after you.

0. a. bigger b. less big c. the biggest

1. a. as better as b. as good as c. as best as

2. a. cheaper as b. cheaper than c. cheapest

3. a. more comfortable b. as comfortable as c. less comfortable

4. a. less wonderful b. most wonderful c. more wonderful

5. a. small b. smaller c. less small

6. a. biggest b. bigger c. the biggest

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UNIT MATERIAL 7A - COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

Study the examples. The second sentence has a similar meaning to the first one.

1. Paul is stronger than Alan.

as Alan is not as strong as Paul.

2. Nobody in the class is taller than Alice.

the Alice is the tallest (person) in the class.

3. The blue car is more expensive than the black one.

less The black car is less expensive than the blue one.

4. This book has got 160 pages. That book has 160 pages, too.
thick This book is as thick as that one.
5. My bag isn’t as heavy as yours.
than Your bag is heavier than mine.

D. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one. Use the words
given, if any.

1.Lisa is prettier than Clare.

as Clare is _____________________________________________________ Lisa.
2.There is no other house bigger than yours in this street.
the Your house ___________________________________________ in this street.
3.Jane’s hair isn’t as long as Sophie’s.
than Jane’s hair ____________________________________________ Sophie’s.
4.My grandmother is 70 years old. My grandfather is 70 years old too.
as My grandmother ___________________________________ my grandfather.
5.Peter is more confident than Tim.
not Tim _______________________________________________________ Peter.
6.No other animal runs as fast as cheetah.
the Cheetah _______________________________________ animal in the world.
7.Yesterday it was warm. Today it’s warm, too.
as Today it’s _________________________________________ it was yesterday.
8.Caravans aren’t as comfortable as hotels.
less Caravans _______________________________________________ hotels.

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UNIT MATERIAL 7A - COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

9. My brother is very creative. My cousin is very creative, too.

just My cousin __________________________________________ my brother.

10. His first song was better than his latest song.
than His latest song is ____________________________________ his first song.
11. Adults aren’t as sociable as children.
more Children ________________________________________________ adults.
than Adults ________________________________________________ children.
12. Mary isn’t as confident as others in the family.
least Mary ________________________________________ person in the family.
13. No other car is as expensive as this one in the show room.
This car ___________________________________________ one in the show room.
14. Many people think introverts are cleverer than extroverts.
as Many people think extroverts ____________________________ introverts.
15. I think the film isn’t as interesting as the book.
I think the film _________________________________________________ the book.
16. Your sister doesn’t treat people as politely as you.
than Your sister ____________________________________________________ .
You _________________________________________________________ .

E. Write sentences with the same meaning. Use the words in brackets if given. Write 2-5 words.

1. No runner is faster than Lewis.

Lewis runner in the world. (the)

2. I have never eaten better food!

This is the eaten. (ever)

3. There were not many easier exams.

This was one exams. (of)

4.No other country in Europe has more tourists than Italy.

Italy is other tourist destinations in Europe. (popular)

5. I’ve stayed in more beautiful hotels than this one.

This hotel ________________________________________ the other hotels I’ve stayed. (is)

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UNIT MATERIAL 7A - COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

6. Telling lies is not as bad as stealing.

Stealing telling lies. (is)

7.The other theatres in the town are bigger than this one.

This is the other theatres. (big)

8. Watching TV is not as important as doing homework.

Doing homework __________________________________________ watching TV. (important)

9. I have never been to a nicer hotel.

This is hotel I’ve ever been to. (the)

10.Her clothes are more expensive than anyone I know.

Her clothes are _________________________________________ of all my friends. (expensive)

11. Ellie drives carefully but Olivia is more careful than Ellie.

Olivia ______________________________________________________________ Ellie. (more)

F. Choose the correct option.

1. I think New York is ____________ London.

a. most exciting b. the most exciting c. more exciting than

2. In my opinion, English is ____________ to learn as Japanese.

a. not as difficult b. less difficult c. more difficult

3. My boss is __________ person I know!

a. the lazy b. the lazier c. the laziest

4. Many people think that we’re __________ with our lives now than we used to be.

a. as happy as b. less happy c. not as happy

5. I’m so lucky! I’ve got __________ boyfriend in the world!

a. the good b. the better c. the best

6. A: Ask Jenna to give you a hand.

B: Yes, I’ll do that. She’s __________ Zara.

a. less helpful b. more helpful than c. the most helpful

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UNIT MATERIAL 7A - COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

7. I’m __________ in being famous as being successful.

a. just as interested b. the least interested c. more interested

8. Magda’s improving her French, so she’s __________ about speaking it in public now.

a. less confident b. not as confident c. more confident

9. My younger sister is __________.

a. quieter than I b. quieter than me c. more quietly than I

10. It’s __________ to keep in touch with people nowadays, thanks to the internet.

a. easy b. not as easy c. more easily

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UNIT MATERIAL 7B - USED TO / DIDN'T USE TO

A. Find the differences about Boris’s current and past lifestyle and complete the table. Do not
make sentences. Just take notes.

PAST NOW
Moscow Krakow
meat
late

tennis

My friend Boris’s life has changed a lot recently. Since he left Moscow for a new job in Krakow,
he has been there for almost five years. In Moscow, he used to have lots of hobbies. For
example, he used to play tennis a lot. He was an active person. He used to go out every night.
But now he doesn’t do any sport. He gained weight. That is interesting since he used to eat
meat when we were close friends. These days he only eats vegetables. Maybe this is because
he used to wake up early in the past. As I know, he wakes up late now thanks to his new job.
His hobbies have also changed. We used to go to clubs and listen to pop music. Yesterday I
checked his Facebook account and saw that he has shared more than twenty rock songs in his
profile. But this is not all. I can say something very positive about his new life. He has a Ferrari
now! Compared to his ancient 88 model Mercedes, it must be a lot better and faster car.

B. Now, make sentences with the information from Exercise 2.

1. e.g. Boris used to live in Moscow but now he lives in Krakow.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Discussion

1. Can you list five things that you used to do in the past but not now?

2. What are the biggest changes in your life?

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UNIT MATERIAL 7B - USED TO / DIDN'T USE TO

C. Rewrite the sentences with "used to" where possible.

1. Claudia had a bicycle, but she sold it when her parents gave her a motorbike.

Claudia used to have a bicycle, but she sold it when her parents gave her a motorbike.

2. As a child I was very healthy. I didn’t have many colds, and I only went to hospital once,
when I broke my leg.

3. My little brother hated vegetables. He always put them on my plate when I wasn’t looking!
But now he really enjoys eating vegetables.

4. Last weekend we stayed in a small hotel by the sea with my friends. When I was a kid, we
stayed there every year on family holidays. But now we can't do it.

5. There was a sweet shop on the corner of the street: I remember we bought sweets on
the way home from school every day.

6. There weren’t many fast food restaurants in this town twenty years ago but now there are
at least ten!

D. Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use "used to / didn’t use to /
Did … use to?".

Computers (1) ____________________ (be) as small and light as they are now. Early
computers were large and heavy, and people (2) ____________________ (carry)
them around. (3) ____________________ (you use) one of those? Then, after the invention
of the internet, people began to use computers for other purposes. Long before the days
of email, people (4) ____________________ (write) letters and send them to friends or relatives
on the other side of the world. People also (5) ____________________ (phone) their
friends using large old-fashioned phones, but the invention of the smartphone changed all that.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8A - THE PASSIVE: PRESENT & PAST SIMPLE

A. Emma and Jack are married and they have two children. They do the housework together. Look
at the table and write positive or negative forms of the Present Simple Tense in passive sentences.

Emma Jack
beds / make cat / feed
dishes / wash dinner / cook
plants / water rubbish / take out
carpet / hoover windows / clean

1. Beds are made by Emma.

2. Dishes ______________________________ by Jack.
3. Dinner ______________________________ by Emma.
4. Cat by Jack.
5. Carpet Emma.
6. Plants _______________________________ Jack.
7. Windows Jack.
8. Rubbish Emma.

B. Complete the article with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets.

HISTORY OF TEA
Tea is one of the most popular drinks in the world. It (1) ________________________ (prepare)
by adding hot or boiling water to the leaves of the tea plant. It (2) ______________________ (introduce)
to Portuguese businessmen in China during the sixteenth century. According to the story,
tea (3) _______________________ (discover) by the Chinese emperor, Shennong. One day, he was
sitting under a tree drinking a cup of boiled water, when a leaf from a tea bush fell into his cup. The
water turned brown and the Emperor decided to carry on drinking. He liked the taste and this is how tea
(4) ________________ (invent). Nowadays, tea (5) ________________ (grow) in many countries such as
India Malaysia and Turkey. Tea (6) ___________________ (divide) into six types, but the most common
ones are white, green, oolong and black. Many teas (7) _________________ (produce) by mixing
several types of tea together into what we call ‛a blend’. The reason this (8) ____________________ (do)
is to give a better taste. In the past, tea (9) __________________ (drink) in many countries as a kind of
medicine, but these days, people just enjoy its flavour. In some countries, lemon, honey or milk
(10) ________________ (add) before drinking.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8A - THE PASSIVE: PRESENT & PAST SIMPLE

C. Write passive sentences. Use the agent if necessary.

1. They teach reading in the first grade.

Reading _________________________________________________________ .
2. People grow rice in many countries.
________________________________________________________________ .
3. Mr. Smith taught history in their school.
________________________________________________________________ .
4. Many celebrities visit this restaurant.
________________________________________________________________ .
5. We recycle batteries in our school.
________________________________________________________________ .
6. People leave ten tonnes of litter on the streets every day.
________________________________________________________________ .
7. An earthquake destroyed the library.
________________________________________________________________ .

D. Write negative passive sentences.

1.They don’t grow oranges in Ankara.

______________________________________________________________ .
2.People don’t use that word often nowadays.
______________________________________________________________ .
3.They didn’t clean our classroom yesterday.
______________________________________________________________ .
4.My mother didn’t make these cookies.
______________________________________________________________ .
5.Most of the students didn’t answer the last question correctly.
______________________________________________________________ .

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UNIT MATERIAL 8A - THE PASSIVE: PRESENT & PAST SIMPLE

E. Write passive questions.

1. Do they grow bananas in your country?

_________________________________________________________________ .
2. Did the police catch the thief?
_________________________________________________________________ .
3. Did your brother take these photos yesterday?
_________________________________________________________________ .
4. Does someone clean the classrooms every day?
________________________________________________________________ .
5. Do people use plastic bags for shopping in your country?
_________________________________________________________________ .

F.Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.

1.They make these cars in our country.

These _________________________________________________ in our country.
2. Do they pay your salary into your bank account?
________________________________________________ in your bank account?
3.They took the injured man to hospital immediately.
The _____________________________________________ hospital immediately.

4.The English language is spoken by millions of people worldwide.

Millions __________________________________________________ worldwide.

5.Three paintings were stolen from the museum last week.
Someone _______________________________________the museum last week.

6.Is chicken always served with potatoes?

__________________________________________________________potatoes?
7.Who was "A Christmas Carol" written by?

Who _____________________________________________________________?

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UNIT MATERIAL 8A - THE PASSIVE: PRESENT & PAST SIMPLE

G. Circle the correct words in italics in the article.

THIS IS THE FAMOUS MILLENIUM BRIDGE which (0) crosses / is

crossed the River Thames in London.
Every day the bridge (1) be / is used by thousands of people. Many
of them do not know when the bridge first opened, there was a
serious problem and it (2) was closed / were closed again
for almost two years. The bridge was designed (3) by / from
the famous British architect, Sir Norman Foster.
It (4) opened / was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 May 2000 but
members of the public were only allowed to use the bridge on 10
June. Over 90,000 people (5) were used / used the bridge
on the first day. All the people walking on the bridge (6) made / was made it move slowly from
side to side. It was a strange experience and some of the people were very frightened. The next day
the same thing (7) happened / was happened again, so the bridge was (8) closed / closing until
they fixed the problem.

H. Complete the sentences with the correct form.

1.The Taj Mahal (build) in the eighteenth century.

2.Those old leather suitcases (use) by my grandparents.
3.Alexander Graham Bell (invent) the telephone in 1876.
4.For some reason all my emails (send) yesterday.
5.Someone (steal) my bag a week ago.
6.The postman (deliver) the letters an hour ago.

I. Complete the paragraph.

John Lennon was born on the 9th October 1940. He (1) ____________ (be) an English musician
and singer-songwriter. He was a member of the Beatles. With Paul McCartney
he (2) ________________ (form) one of the most successful song writing partnerships of the
20th century. The band the Beatles (3) ________________ (create) in 1960.
Lennon (4) ____________(write) lots of songs. In 1975, he (5) _____________ (start) his own
solo career. His songs (6) ______________ (use) by lots of other musicians in different
versions. He (7) __________ (murder) three weeks after his latest album.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8A - THE PASSIVE: PRESENT & PAST SIMPLE

J. Rewrite the sentences in the correct passive form as in the example.

1. People waste too much water.

Too much water is wasted by people .

2. People cut down a lot of trees every year.

.
3. Someone picks up the rubbish every morning.

.
4. They don't speak English in this shop.
.
5. Do they grow coffee in Kenya?
?

6. Millions of tourists visited Turkey last year.

.
7. Someone sent the e-mails this morning.

.
8. Jack didn’t steal the money.

.
9. Nobody believed the story.
.
10. Did Tom take these photos?
_____________________________________________________________?

K. Complete the text with active or passive forms of the verbs in brackets. Use Present Simple or Past Simple
Tense.

Rows and rows of human statues are standing in the main square. As you
(1) ____________ (move) closer, you (2) ___________ (see) that they (3) _____________ (make)
of all kinds of everyday objects. Some (4) _____________ (build) from plastic bags,
bottles and cans. Others (5) _______________ (design) with computer keyboards or TV
screens. The Trash Army, as it (6) ______________ (call), is a travelling exhibition. It has travelled all
over the world and it (7)______________ (show) people how much rubbish we (8) ______________
(produce) through our modern lifestyles.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8A - THE PASSIVE: PRESENT & PAST SIMPLE

L. Complete the text with active or passive forms of the verbs in brackets. Use Simple Present or
Simple Past Tense.

The musical Mamma Mia! is a hit all over the world, and more
DVDs of the movie (1)________________ (sell) in the UK in 2008
than of any other title. More than five million copies
(2)______________ (buy) by people in Britain alone in the last
few years. Catherine Johnson, who lives in Bristol,
(3 ) _______________ (write) the stage version of the musical and
this version (4)_______________ (use) for the film. The Swedish
group ABBA ( 5 ) ________________ (put) lots of songs together
to make the musical, although the story is not about the group.

Meryl Streep (6)_________________(play) the part of the mother, Donna, in the film Mamma Mia!
and Amanda Seyfried (7)_________________(choose) to play the part of Sophie, her daughter. The
film (8)___________________(write) by a woman and it (9)_______________(direct) and
(10)________________(design) by women, too.

M. Complete the text with active or passive forms of the verbs in brackets. Use Present Simple or Past
Simple Tense.

Threadless is an online clothing company. Every month, hundreds of T-shirt designs

(1) ____________ (put) on their website by ordinary people. Site users (2) ________________ (vote)
for their favourites and every week six fantastic designs (3) __________________ (choose) to
become real-life T-shirts. These (4) _________________ (sell) on the website. The site
(5) _________________ (start) in 2000 by two friends: Jake Nickell and Jacob DeHart. They
(6) _________________ (get) the idea after they won a competition to design a T-shirt. At the time,
most T-shirts (7) __________________ (not / design) by ordinary people, so they were often plain and
boring. After Nickell and DeHart (8) _____________ (create) the website, anyone could be a
fashion designer. Part of Threadless’s success is their great website. Every day Nickell and DeHart
(9) ______________ (use) lots of interesting ideas to make their online store unique and to build a
community of users. Now their website (10) _______________ (visit) by many customers. Still today,
customers (11) __________________ (invite) to upload designs or photos, and they can win
competitions, too.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8B - PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE

A. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.

1. He became interested in learning the guitar last year.

He’s wanted to learn the guitar last year.

2. I bought my watch two months ago.

I’ve had my watch two months.

3. She met her best friend when she was six.

She’s known her best friend six.

4. I started waiting for the bus at 6:00 pm and it arrived at 6:30 pm.

I waited for the bus ___________________________________.

5. I liked football when I was young, and I still like it.

I football since I was young.

6. They bought their cottage in 2003.

They’ve owned their cottage 2003.

7. He started living in his flat three years ago.

He in his flat for three years.

8. She worked abroad between the years of 2000 and 2012.

She worked abroad _______ twelve years.

She worked abroad ______________________________.

9. The children went to sleep an hour ago.

The children have been asleep an hour.

10. I first met Beth and Gary ten years ago.

I’ve known Beth and Gary years.

11. We started working here when we left college.

We here since we left college.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8B - PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE

B. For 1-7, write "the present perfect form (have/has + V3)" of the verbs in brackets. For A-G, write
"for" or "since".
Well, I (1) ____________ ( be) here in Seattle (A) _______ exactly three months. It’s hard to
believe because so much has happened. I was pretty nervous before we left the U.K.
but it (2) __________ (be) fine (B) __________ my first day. I think I’m lucky – I made friends with
a girl at school named Polly. We take a lot of the same classes and we (3) _____________ (get)
along really well (C) _________ we met. It feels as if I (4) ______________ (know) her
(D) ______ years! She’s introduced me to other people, too, and that makes a big difference. Last
week four of us decided to go to the Pike Place Market – there are lots of cool shops and stands
there. Then we took a tour on a Duck –it’s a bus and a boat! It’s great here, but there’s one thing I
really miss. I (5) _______________ (not / hear) any football news (E) ______ a long time. Can you
do me a favour and tell me the standings? OK, I have to stop and do my English homework. My
books (6) _______________ (be) in my bag (F) _________ last week and I (7) ______________
(not / do) anything for my next test (G) _________ then.

C. Complete the dialogue from a job interview with the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.

A: How long have you worked (you / work) with computers?

B: Well, I (1) ____________ (work) with computers since 2004 when I (2) ____________ (get) a job in

Edinburgh.

A: How long (3) ________________ (you/live) in Edinburgh?

B: I (4) ____________ (live) there from 2004 to 2006. In 2006 I (5) ___________ (move) to Munich

where I worked in a bank. I liked Munich but wanted to be near my family so I (6) ___________

(come) back to London and I (7) ___________ (live) here for the last three years.

A: How long have you worked in your present job?

B: I (8) ____________ (work) in this company for three years now.

A: Is it a problem for you to move to Cardiff for this job?

B: Well, my parents (9) ____________ (buy) a house in Cardiff last year so that isn't a problem. I'm

happy to move here.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8B - PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE

D. Circle the correct words in the text.

Action Tours is a small, friendly company and we (1) have provided / provided many different

specialist activity holidays for people since we started. We (2) have begun / began in 2006 with

only two types of holidays, but we (3) have grown / grew every year since then and now can

offer a wide range of tours.

Our most popular holidays are skiing and cycling. Our main ski trainer, Jules, (4) has taught /

taught skiing for nearly twenty years. Sarah is our cycling tour leader and she (5) has taken / took

part in the National Championships three times. She (6) has finished / finished fifth last year. This

year we have organised over twenty activity holidays, already more than we (7) have done/did

last year when we (8) have provided / provided a total of eighteen. Take a look at our website.

E. Write sentences with the same meaning. Use the words in brackets.

1. I arrived in China last Thursday. (here)

I’ve been Thursday.

2. It is 2020. She started to live here in 2005. (live)

She fifteen years.

3. They started building this huge castle in 1990 and they completed it in 2003. (from)

They __________________________________________________________________ 2003.

4. I met John at school. He’s my best friend. (known)

I’ve we were at school.

5. I last saw Giorgio seven days ago. (haven’t)

I last week.

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UNIT MATERIAL 8B - PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE

6. I first played tennis in 1990 and I still play now. (have)

I 1990.

7. We arrived at 6.00 a.m. and it’s now 9.00 a.m.! (been)

We three hours!

8. I’m a poet. I wrote my first poem years ago. (poems)

I’ve a long time.

9. She came here on Monday and she left on Thursday. (was)

She__________________________________________________________________.

F. Combine the pairs of sentences using the Present Perfect Tense and adding "for" or "since".

e.g. My partner is a teacher. He started teaching in 2004.

My partner has been a teacher since 2004.

1. I’m a professor at City University. I started working there six years ago.

____________________________________________________________

2. Ria wants to work in New York. She decided this when she left college.

_____________________________________________________________

3. Piotr had an accident at work. He doesn’t have a job now.

_____________________________________________________________

4. Thomas has a new boss. His boss began work a week ago.

_____________________________________________________________

5. Eleni lives in Greece now. She moved there when she was a teenager.

_____________________________________________________________

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UNIT MATERIAL 9A - FIRST CONDITIONAL

A. Match (1-7) with (a-g).

1. If you play the music too loud, a. will you buy a new bike?
2. They’ll be in Paris at 6.00 if b. you’ll make the neighbours angry.
3. If she tells me what she wants, c. you don’t get that job?
4. If she doesn’t feel tired after work, d. their train arrives on time.
5. If your father lends you the money, e. are you going to forgive him?
6. What will you do if f. she might go out with friends.
7. If he apologises, g. I’ll buy it for her.

B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the brackets.

1. If the taxi __________________ (not / come) soon, we __________________ (be) late.

2. If my sister _______________ (go) to London, she ________________ (visit) the Buckingham Palace.

3. I __________________ (buy) you lunch if you __________________ (be) hungry.

4. What __________________ (you / do) if you __________________(fail) the exam?

5. If she __________________ (not / come) to the event, she __________________ (phone) us.

6. He __________________ (call) us if there __________________(be) a problem.

7. What if your best friend ______________ (move) abroad to study bakery science next year?

8. __________________ (she / take) a taxi if she__________________(miss) the bus?

9. If a person ____________ (not / practise) his second language, he __________________(not / speak)

it well.

10. I’m sure they __________________(change) their minds if they __________________ (see) the

hotel.

11. My mother __________________ (make) lunch for us if she ___________ (go out) with her friends.

12. What if she __________________ (not want) to go to the party with you?

13. If you _______________ (not / take) notes during this class, you ___________ (get) low grades.

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UNIT MATERIAL 9A - FIRST CONDITIONAL

C. Complete each sentence with the correct form the verbs in brackets.

1.If you ____________________ (not / hurry), you _____________________________ (miss) the

bus.

2.She does her best to be home on time, but she ___________________ (be) late if there
________________ (be) too much traffic.

3.My brother _________________ (help) paint the flat if he _____________________ (have) time.

4.If the weather ___________ (not / be) good at the weekend, we ______________ (not / have)

a barbeque.

5. If he _________ (get) some money for his eighteenth birthday, he ___________ (buy) a scooter.

D. Complete the e-mail with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Hi Carla,

We’re at the airport, but our plane isn’t here yet. I’m a bit worried because if it (1) ________ (not / be) on

time, we (2) __________ (miss) our bus to Rome. Then we (3) ____________ (not / get) to the hotel

tonight! Anyway, when the plane (4) ___________ (arrive), I (5) ___________ (send) you a text

message. We’re really excited about the holiday. Chris wants to go surfing but he says he (6)

____________ (not / do) it if I (7) ___________ (not / go) with him! But you know I’m not good at water

sports. Anyway, it will be great to try the local food. If the hotel (8) ___________ (be)

nice, we (9) _____________ (eat) there. One more thing, I forgot to ask you about watering the garden.

If you (10) _________ (water) the plants while we’re away, I (11) ___________ (feed) your cat when

you go on holiday next month. Does that sound OK?

Love,

Helen

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UNIT MATERIAL 9A - FIRST CONDITIONAL

E. Read the text and answer the questions.

HEALTHY HAIR

Here are some tips for men and women to keep your hair healthy. Firstly, you need to have
enough iron in your diet. If not, you will damage your hair. Your hair stays healthy when you eat
foods like meat, eggs, cereals, and vegetables like spinach.Secondly , to make your hair healthy
and shiny, you must eat fruits and vegetables that contain vitamin C. Thirdly, it is a good idea to
cut your hair regularly. It does not become thicker or stronger when it is cut, but cutting your hair
makes it easier to take care of.Finally, be careful with the products that you use on your hair.
When you colour your hair, you can damage it. Some people have more delicate hair, so you
should test a new product before you use it to see what happens to your hair. If it is damaged by
a product or if your skin is allergic to a hair product, you must stop using that product to stop the
problem from getting worse.

1. What will happen if you don’t have enough iron in your diet?

______________________________________________________________________________ .

2. If you don’t get plenty of vitamin C, will your hair be healthy and shiny?

______________________________________________________________________________ .

3. What will happen if you cut your hair regularly?

______________________________________________________________________________ .

F. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1.If you __________________ hair products, you must be careful.

2.If you _______________________ the products that you use on your hair, you can damage it.

3.If you don’t stop using the product, the problem ____________________________________ .

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UNIT MATERIAL 9A - FIRST CONDITIONAL

G. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. If you ______________ (do) some research before you go there, you might know how to behave.

2. She might think I’m unfriendly if I ____________________ (not / hug) her.

3. Don’t worry! People ____________________ (clap) loudly if they like your performance.

4. If you don’t laugh at his jokes, he ____________________ (not / be) very happy.

5. I might not go to the park if it ____________________ (rain) a lot.

6. If they ____________________ (finish) early, they’ll go for a coffee afterwards.

7. You ____________________ (not / wake up) on time if you don’t go to bed soon.

8. If I ____________________ (not / be) sure what to do, I might give you a call.

9. If he ____________________ (like) the house near the beach, he will buy it.

10. They ____________________ (be) exhausted if they walk all the way from the bus station.

H. Combine the sentences using first conditional (If clause - type 1).

1. Maybe the weather will be warm tomorrow. Then we will go swimming.

______________________________________________________________________________ .
2. Susan needs money. She borrows it from the bank.
______________________________________________________________________________ .
3. Maybe my brother will have time next week. Then he will help me redecorate my room.
______________________________________________________________________________ .
4. She doesn’t sleep well. She is very tired.
_______________________________________________________________________________ .
5. Perhaps I will see her again. Then I will invite her to my party.
_______________________________________________________________________________ .

I. Answer the questions and real situations personally. You can give short answers if possible. If not,
make full sentences by using if with different (real) possibility meanings.

1. You and your best friend want to go on a fun trip at the weekend. However, if the weather is snowy
on Sunday, are you still going to go on a trip?

____________________________________________________________________________ .

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UNIT MATERIAL 9A - FIRST CONDITIONAL

2. What will you do if you have extra free time tomorrow after school?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. If you have some free time on Saturday, will you study more?

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. You are going to a hotel for your honeymoon the day after tomorrow, but you have no idea
about the place because your fiancé arranged everything one month ago. What if you hate
the hotel? How do you think you might react?
_____________________________________________________________________________ .

5. What will happen if you eat fast food every day for the next two weeks?

_____________________________________________________________________________ .

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UNIT MATERIAL 9B - VERB PATTERNS

A. Choose the correct form of the verbs.

Judie never hoped (1) to make/making money from her

hobby, but now she runs a successful business and
she'd like (2) to make / making some money out of it.
She always enjoyed (3) to take / taking photographs.
She also liked (4) to edit / editing them on her
computer. She kept (5) work / working on her
photographs until she liked the result. She never
imagined (6) to give / giving them to people. Then one day a friend said she wanted (7) to use /
using one of her photographs. She planned (8) to put / putting it on a birthday card. This gave
Sarah an idea. She decided (9) to make / making greeting cards with her photographs. She
learned (10) to design / designing her own website, and then she agreed (11) to sell / selling
her cards online. She kept (12) to add / adding new cards for different holidays and
celebrations. The business keeps (13) to grow / growing. She is doing something she loves.
She can’t think of (14) to work / working just to earn money.

B. Circle the correct words.

1.Get into the habit of repeating / to repeat things aloud.

2.Never rely on someone else's memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own.

3.It's easy forgetting / to forget what you don't want remembering / to remember.

4.Study immediately before going / to go to sleep. You'll remember a lot more.

5.Our memories are filled with things we never expect remembering / to remember.

6.Playing games is a fun way of improving / to improve your memory skills.

C. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs. Use to infinitive or -ing form of the verbs. For
some, both forms are possible.

1. I don’t mind ______________ (work) in a team, I like _________________ (exchange) ideas with
other people.
2. My brother couldn’t manage ______________ (run) our family company, so I became the CEO of
our company last month.

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UNIT MATERIAL 9B - VERB PATTERNS

3. Bobby promised _______________ (take) me to the airport.

4. When she heard the news, she started ________________ (laugh).
5. We like our new house so much, so we decided __________________ (not / change) anything in the
house.
6. She is a strict vegetarian and refuses ________________ (eat) any poultry or fish.
7. They haven’t finished _________________ (write) the letter yet, could you please wait a little bit more
before sending the others?
8. You may choose __________________ (not / answer) that question because it is about your private life.
9. I hate ____________________ (be) away from my family.
10. Our clients can arrange ___________________ (discuss) their finances at any time.
11. I love poetry and I would love _______________ (get) a literature education.
12. Our boss left the room without _____________ (say) anything.
13. The plumber recommended ___________________ (not / change) the main water pipe of our house
because it is dangerous.
14. Don’t forget ________________ (lock) the door before leaving the house.
15. My grandmother passed away last year and I regret ________________ (not / spend) more time with
her.

D. Jessica and Hanna are new friends and they are talking to know each other. Read and complete
the dialogue.

Jessica: Hannah, how do you stay in touch with your friends? Do you like (1) ___________ (text)
them?
Hannah: Not really. I prefer (2) _______________ (chat) on a social networking site. I like
(3) ______________ (read) their news and I enjoy (4) _____________ (check) out all
their photos.
Jessica: I like that, too. I also enjoy (5) _______________ (read) my friends’ updates on my
phone. I have a great cell phone plan, I can text as much as I want.
Hannah: Cool. But can you imagine (6) ________________ (not live) with computers and smart
phones?
Jessica: No! I’m a huge internet fan, too. I miss surfing when I’m in class or at work. I must stop
(7) ________________ (use) my phone. I need (8) _________________ (change) my
habit.
Hannah: Hey, I’ve heard there is a new social networking site called “Hands Around the World”.
Do you want (9) _______________ (join) it?
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UNIT MATERIAL 9B - VERB PATTERNS

Jessica: Not really. I can’t keep (10) _______________ (check) all those sites. I have too many
friends online already.
Hannah: I do, too. But I love (11) ________________ (meet) new people. There’s a big world
out there, and you never know what interesting people you can meet.
Jessica: Be careful, Henna. You don’t need (12) _______________ (give) people too much
information about yourself.
Hannah: Don’t worry. I avoid (13) _________________ (say) too much about myself online.
Jessica: Good. You must be careful these days. Let’s meet again after class so we can begin
(14) ____________ (study) together in the library.
Hannah: OK. See you then.

E. Complete the text with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use "to + infinitive" or "-ing" form of
the verbs.

Will Scott is a scientist who lives in London. He loves his job and enjoys (1) __________ (work) in
the laboratory with his colleagues. At the moment, Will’s doing some research and he
hopes (2) __________ (develop) some medicine to help people with heart problems. In fact, he
expects (3) __________ (see) a world where everyone has a healthy heart. Will spent some
time at a hospital in Miami in the US last year and he plans (4) __________ (go) back there later
this year. He’d like (5) __________ (move) to Miami one day because he likes (6) ________ (be)
in the sun, but his girlfriend, Laura, can’t imagine (7) __________ (live) anywhere apart from
London. They’ve decided (8) __________ (stay) where they are for now because Laura
needs (9) __________ (complete) her studies, and she’s agreed (10) __________ (think) about
going abroad when she has some work experience.

F. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition in the box and the correct form of the verb in
brackets.

on - about (x2) - of

1. A: What’s wrong? You look upset.

B: I have a test tomorrow, and I’m worried _____________________ (pass) it.

2. A: I'm thinking ______________ (leave) this company. They don’t pay well.

B: You should start looking for a new job then!

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UNIT MATERIAL 9B - VERB PATTERNS

3. A: I think I cannot play in this game! I am too nervous! You should find another player!

B: I know you worked hard for the game and I am sure you can do it! Calm down and just

try to concentrate ______________ (hit) the ball.

4. A: In my opinion, we should inform him about the situation.

B: Really?! Thanks for your bright solution! I’ve never thought ______________ (tell) him

everything!

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UNIT MATERIAL 10A - SECOND CONDITIONAL

A. Match the sentence halves.

1. If I were rich, ____ a. if it wasn’t raining.

2. If people were more polite, ____ b. we wouldn’t have such a nice view of the river.

3. He could inform you ____ c. I would set up my own business.

4. If we were staying at the other hotel, ____ d. if it wasn’t important.

5. If you had to attend the meeting, ____ e. if you weren’t his best friend.

6. I wouldn’t call him ____ f. if he knew your phone number.

7. If I were you, ____ g. you could miss the plane.

8. We would have dinner outside ____ h. if they had more time.

9. Jack wouldn’t tolerate your behaviour ____ i. the world would be a better place.

10.They would stay longer ____ j. I wouldn’t touch her computer.

B. Match the question halves.

1. What would you buy ____ a. what year would you go to?

2. Where would you go ____ b. if you knew seven different languages?

3. If you saw a hungry puppy in front of your house, ____ c. would you tell a very big lie to save yourself?

4. What if ____ d. what name would you choose?

5. If you were an animal, ____ e. if you won the lottery?

6. If you had a superpower, ____ f. if you had a free flight ticket?

7. If you went back in time, ____ g. would you look after it?

8. Would your life be different ____ h. you found a bag full of cash?

9. If you changed your name, ____ i. what would it be?

10.If you were in a difficult situation, ____ j. what animal would you be?

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UNIT MATERIAL 10A - SECOND CONDITIONAL

C. Write the questions in exercise B in full and then answer the questions about yourself. Give
short answers when possible.

1. What would you buy if you won the lottery?

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

9. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

10. ______________________________________________________________________________?

_________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT MATERIAL 10A - SECOND CONDITIONAL

D. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets to make second
conditional sentences.

1. If I __________ more money, I __________ such long hours. (earn / not work)

2. Jan __________ to dance classes if he __________ more free time. (go / have)

3. Kazumi __________ time if she __________ take the bus to work every day. (save / not have to)

4. If you __________ to another country, __________ your family? (move / you miss)
5. If some people __________ so clever, there __________ so many advances in science and
medicine. (not be / not be)
6. If it __________________ now, we _______________ dinner outside. (not rain / have)
7. If I ___________ you, I _________________ more careful. (be / be)
8. If she ___________ angry, she __________________ to us. (be / not talk)
9. I __________________ to the party if I _______________ a headache. (go / not have)
10.If the baby ________________, we ____________________ this film. (not sleep / not watch)

E. There is one mistake in each sentence. Underline it and correct it.

e.g. If you helped me, we will finish in time. would finish

1. I can't go out. Believe me, I wouldn't stay at home if I'm not ill. _________________

2. If my mum was younger, she studied at university. _________________

3. I can't afford this car. But I'd buy it if I have more money. _________________

4. I don't speak French. If I'd speak French, I'd live in Provence. _________________

5. If you aren't my best friend, I wouldn't tolerate your behaviour. _________________

6. Paul is unemployed. He would be happier if he has a job. _________________

7. I don't know his phone number. I'll text him if I knew it. _________________

8. They wouldn't travel to Egypt if they hate hot weather. _________________

9. If I were you, I should listen to my parents. _________________

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UNIT MATERIAL 10A - SECOND CONDITIONAL

F. Look at the facts about Ashley. Then complete the sentences below using the second conditional.

1. Fact: Laura lives in the centre of town.

If she (live) in the country,

she (have ) a dog.

2. Fact: She doesn’t have a dog.

If she ________________ (have) a dog,

she ____________ (go) for walks with her dog

every day.

3. Fact: She doesn’t know gardening.

If she __________________ (know) gardening, she

__________________ (grow) vegetables.

4. Fact: She is bad at painting.

If she ____________________ (be) good at

painting, she ____________________ (paint)
in her free time.

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G. Circle the correct option for each blank.

Interviewer: You're a famous British chef but if you (1) ________ a chef, what would you do?
Chef: I would play football if I (2) _________ a chef because I love it. But I love cooking, too. I
(3) __________ all day if my wife let me.
Interviewer: Where (4) _____________ to open a restaurant next?
Chef: If I (5) ___________ a restaurant in Paris, that would be fantastic. It would be great if I
(6) _____________ shopping in the markets there. If that restaurant was successful, I
(7) _________ more in France.

Interviewer: People think British food is not very good. Why?

Chef: I really don’t know. If I (8) _________ why, I would tell you. If you (9) __________ my
cooking, you would never say English food is bad. If I (10) _________ you, I’d buy my new book.

1. a. were b. weren't c. would be d. wouldn't be

2. a. was b. wasn’t c. am d. am not
3. a. cooked b. would cook c. didn't cook d. wouldn't cook
4. a. do you like b. did you like c. are you liking d. would you like
5. a. had b. did have c. would have d. might have
6. a. go b. went c. will go d. would go
7. a. opened b. might open c. might opened d. will open
8. a. know b. knew c. would know d. would knew
9. a. might taste b. wouldn't taste c. didn't taste d. tasted
10. a. am b. be c. were d. would

H. Rewrite the given sentences by using second conditional (if clause type 2) to give the
same meaning.

1. Peter lives with his parents because he can’t buy a flat.

_______________________________________________________________________ .

2. M
. ary is sad because she has a small flat.
_______________________________________________________________________ .
3. I can’t go to the disco because I’m under 18.
_______________________________________________________________________ .

4. I don’t know how this machine works so I don’t use it.

_______________________________________________________________________ .
5. I don’t have enough time to learn how to play golf.
_______________________________________________________________________ .

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UNIT MATERIAL 10B - QUANTIFIERS: TOO / NOT ENOUGH

A. Complete the sentences with "too / enough / too much / too many".

1. We have saved ___________________ money to buy a new house.

2. We have got ___________________ cake for everyone to eat.
3. I’m afraid I can’t sleep tonight. I’ve had ___________________ coffee.
4. Go and buy some eggs. There aren’t ___________________ in the kitchen.
5. I am broke because I have spent ___________________ on holiday.
6. There aren’t _____________ playgrounds for our children to play in. They are not happy.
7. I think Martha spoke clearly _________________ .Everybody understood what she meant.
8. I am not tall ________________ to play basketball, so I will continue with golf as a hobby.
9. This car is beyond my budget. I don’t have ___________________ money to buy it.
10. I didn’t enjoy the party because there were ________________ people that I don’t know.
11. We won’t be able to win this game. We are not moving fast ___________________ .
12. There is ___________________ sugar in my coffee. I like it bitter.
13. There are _______________ children in the house. They are making _____________ noise!
14. My brother is ___________________ young to drive. He’s just 14!
15. We spent ________________ hours in the car. I was exhausted when I arrived at the hotel.

B. Choose the correct option.

1. A: Have you got ___________ free time next week?

B: Yes, I’m not busy at all.
a. a few b. too many c. any d. no
2. Steffi ate ___________ sweets and now she feels sick.
a. a lot of b. too much c. a bit of d. very

3. I don’t think it’s warm ___________ in here. Can you turn the heat up, please?
a. some b. enough c. many d. too
4. I’ll be there in ___________ minutes. I just need to finish this.
a. a few b. a lot of c. a bit of d. too much
5. I don’t want ___________ salad with my meal, thanks.
a. any b. some c. enough d. no
6. There are ___________ taxis near here. We need to take the bus.
a. some b. a lot of c. no d. any

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UNIT MATERIAL 10B - QUANTIFIERS: TOO / NOT ENOUGH

7. Joseph: Do you have ___________ orange juice? I don’t see it in the fridge.
Olivia: No, I don’t! But I have _____________ grapefruit juice if you want.

a. any / some b. no / very c. too much / some d. a few / any

8. I have ______________ things to do. I probably won’t be free until next Saturday.

a. no b. very c. a lot of d. much

9. Don’t worry, we will be there on time. There are ___________ cars on the road.

a. any b. a few c. a bit of d. a lot of

10. This classroom isn’t spacious ___________ . There are thirty students on the list.

a. too b. too many c. enough d. too much

C. Read the article and choose the correct words in italic.

Companies are complaining there aren’t (0) enough / much
students taking science subjects now, especially physics. The
problem, it seems, is that (1) few / many students see
science subjects as (2) too / enough difficult, when there are

(3) too many / a lot of easier options, such as media studies.

Professor Jennifer Cousins of Exmouth University comments:

“This is becoming a serious problem. (4) A bit of / A few students are choosing to study science
subjects these days, which means that there (5) are enough / aren’t enough graduates applying
for jobs in the industrial sector. The way I see it, there are (6) too many / too much new courses
at university level, and there’s so (7) much / many competition between graduates that most
students “play safe” and take courses they feel more confident in. At present they have (8) a bit
of / a few incentive to choose scientific subjects because science is seen as both difficult and
boring. We must introduce (9) some / a few more excitement into science in schools.”

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UNIT MATERIAL 10B - QUANTIFIERS: TOO / NOT ENOUGH

D. Complete the conversation by using the initial letters given as clues.

Doctor: Can you tell me about your diet? For example, (1) h____ m____ fast food do you eat?
Patient: I have two or three pizzas a week and a burger with chips for lunch every day.
Doctor: That's (2) t____ m____. What about sweet things? (3) H____ m____ sugar do you have?
Patient: I always have four big spoons of sugar in my tea and coffee.
Doctor: That's (4) t____ m____. Try to have only one spoon. Do you eat a lot of fruit and vegetables?
Patient: I buy a (5) f____ apples and I eat (6) a b____ broccoli sometimes.
Doctor: (7) H____ m____ apples do you eat each week?
Patient: Two or three.
Doctor: (8) H____ m____ broccoli do you eat?
Patient: About a hundred grams a month.
Doctor: (9) H____ m____ cola do you drink?
Patient: I have three or four bottles in the evening when I'm watching TV.
Doctor: That's between 21 and 28 bottles a week. That's (10) t____ m____. I'm afraid you have a very
unhealthy diet.
Patient: What can I do?
Doctor: Here's some diet information. Read it carefully and come and see me again next month.

E. Rewrite the sentences and make the necessary changes without changing the meaning. Use the
prompts in brackets if given.

1.This t-shirt is too small for me.

(enough) _____________________________________________________.

2.I love this hotel because it is very peaceful and there are no buildings around. Just trees!
(any) __________________________________________________________.

3.The exam was very difficult. Out of fifty students only three or four students could pass it.
(a few) _________________________________________________________.

4.I am so sorry because there aren’t any dogs in the dog park. I want to play fun dog games with
them every day.
(no) ____________________________________________________________.

5.We have a tiny slice of butter in the fridge. It is not enough to make a cake.
(a bit of) ________________________________________________________.

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UNIT MATERIAL 10B - QUANTIFIERS: TOO / NOT ENOUGH

F. Underline the mistakes and correct them. There may be more than one possible answer.

1. The motorbike was too expensive, but she decided to buy it. ____VERY_____
2. There are very toys in the playground, kids will be happy! _____________
3. It is enough warm to go to the beach. _____________
4. Some flowers only need a few water. _____________
5. I don’t have no work to do today. I can sleep all day. _____________
6. You couldn’t express yourself enough clearly. _____________
7. You may ask your mentor for a few advice. I’m sure she can help. _____________
8. There aren’t a bit of options here. Let’s eat somewhere else. _____________
9. How much chairs do you need for the meeting? _____________
10. There is any fast food in our canteen. It is boring! _____________

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

The adverb “where” can also be used in

relative clauses. “where” is used to modify
nouns of place.

!! Remember "where" is a location/place determiner or question word.

"which" is used when there are a few possible choices and you want to refer to only one of them.
• This is the building where the murders occurred. [Where did the murders
occur? In this building.]
• This is the building which we bought last week. [Which building? This building.]
• This is the building which is expensive. [What is expensive? This building.]

!! In addition to this, there must be a “Subject” following “where”.

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

A. Match the sentence halves.

A B

1. I really enjoyed the book a. who wrote Treasure Island?

2. Who was the author b. which leaves at 8.30.
3. The pirate went back to the island c. which the thieves stole last week.
4. The police couldn’t find the painting d. which won three Oscars last year.
5. Do you know anyone e. which I read last week.
6. You must take the train f. where the treasure was.
7. She’s got relatives g. which they sell in the school canteen.
8. During the winter holiday we’re going to h. where I can buy a bus card?
a resort i. who wants a ticket for the concert?
9. I don’t like the sandwiches j. which is going to be the hardest.
10. Last week we watched the film k. where we can ski.
11. Is there a shop l. who live in Russia.
12. It’s tomorrow’s exam

1. ______ 4. ______ 7. ______ 10. _____

2. ______ 5. ______ 8. ______ 11. _____
3. ______ 6. ______ 9. ______ 12. _____

B. Complete the conversation by using "who, which or where".

Beth: Hi John. How was your holiday?

John: It was great. I went to a country (1) ________________ I had a nice time.
Beth: Which country was it?
John: Greece.
Beth: Did you see anything exciting?
John: Yes. I went to the Acropolis and the place (2) _____________ the first Olympic Games were
held. I also went to beautiful beaches (3) ____________ are very famous.
Beth: Did you meet anyone interesting there?
John: Yes, I met a girl (4) ___________ was from England. She knew a Greek family in Athens and she
took me to meet them. They were a very rich and kind family (5) ___________ lived in a big house
(6) __________________ has a beautiful view.
Beth: It sounds like you enjoyed yourself!
John: Yes, it’s a place (7) ___________________ I’d like to go back.

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

C. Choose the correct answer.

This week we are going to look at the locations in The Bourne

Identity. The film, with Matt Damon (as Jason Bourne) and Franka
Potente (as Marie) was a huge success in 2002, the year when it
first appeared in the cinemas. The story of Jason Bourne, a man
(1) ________ can’t remember anything about his life, is
interesting, but the locations (2) _________ the film uses were
also main features. The sea (3) ________ some fishermen find
Bourne and pull him into their boat is near the coast of northwest
Italy, and the apartment (4) ________ is in Paris. Bourne first
meets Marie in the US Embassy in Zurich and this is interesting because the building was
actually in Prague! A lot of the film takes place in Paris, in or near places (5) ________ are very
well-known, such as the Louvre. The film ends on a Greek island (6) ________ Marie has made a
new life. This is the famous holiday island of Mykonos.

1. a. who he b. which c. who

2. a. where b. that c. that they
3. a. where b. which c. who
4. a. who Bourne lives in b. that lives in c. where Bourne lives
5. a. where b. who c. which
6. a. which b. where c. who

D. Complete the sentences with the items in the box. Add "who / which / where".

looks after patients / we pay to stay / teaches something to students / steals things /
we use to find the meaning of words / students get educated

e.g. 1. A thief is a person who steals things.

2. A dictionary is a tool ________________________________________________________
3. A school is a place __________________________________________________________
4. A teacher is a person ________________________________________________________
5. A hotel is a place ___________________________________________________________
6. A nurse is a person __________________________________________________________

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

E. Join the following sentences using a correct relative pronoun such as "who / which / where".

1. That’s a table. It’s not very strong.

That’s the table ______________________________________________________________
2. A woman saw the accident. She called the police.
The woman _________________________________________________________________
3. I can’t find the books. I bought them yesterday.
I can’t _____________________________________________________________________
4. A dog bit the postman. It ran away.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Melisa is a young woman. She works in the library.
Melisa _____________________________________________________________________
6. My nephew works for a company. It produces cars.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Last year we went to a small town near the coast. My uncle has a summer house there.
Last year we went to a small ___________________________________________________
8. Corfu is an island. It has beautiful beaches.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Corfu is an island. There are a lot of nice hotels there.
___________________________________________________________________________
10. I talked to a girl. You helped her yesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________
11. The robbers left a car outside the stadium. They used that car for the robbery.
___________________________________________________________________________
12. The police found a car. The robbers used it for the robbery.
___________________________________________________________________________
13. The hotel was expensive. We stayed there last year.
__________________________________________________________________________
14. Do you know the mechanic? He repaired my car.
Do you know ______________________________________________________________?
15. Where are the books? I put them on the table.
____________________________________________________________________________________________?

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

F. The sentences below are not complete. Choose the most suitable ending from the list and make
it into a relative clause.

1. he invented the telephone 9. it gives you the meaning of words

2. she runs away from home 10. we spent our holidays there

3. I can buy postcards there 11. we can have a really good meal there

4. they are never on time 12. it won the race

5. she bought it there 13. they can support life

6. they stole my car 14. people are buried there

7. my mother painted them 15. they found it by the river last week

8. it makes typewriters 16. I was born there

1. Gerry works for a company that (or which) makes typewriters.

2. I recently went back to the town where I was born.
3. The book is about a girl __________________________________________________ .
4. What was the name of the horse __________________________________________ .
5. The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop ________________________ .
6. Do you know a restaurant ________________________________________________ .
7. The police have caught the men ___________________________________________ .
8. Alexander Bell was the man ______________________________________________ .
9. Where are the pictures __________________________________________________ .
10. Is there a shop near here ________________________________________________ .
11. The place ______________________________________________ was really beautiful.
12. A cemetery is a place ____________________________________________________ .
13. The police are still trying to identify the body _________________________________ .
14. A dictionary is a book ____________________________________________________ .
15. I don’t like people _______________________________________________________ .
16. Scientists are looking for other planets ______________________________________ .

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

G. Join the sentences using "who / which / where".

1.A man answered the phone. He told me you 9.Philip is the man. He lives in a castle.
were out. ______________________________________.
The man _______________________________.
10.Luis is waiting for our guests. They are from
2.A waitress served us. She was very impolite different Asian countries.
and impatient. ______________________________________.
The ___________________________________.
11.Jess is the girl. She speaks eight languages.
3.Some boys were arrested. They have now ______________________________________.
been released.
The boys _______________________________. 12.Mr. Brown teaches English. You saw him in
the street yesterday.
4.Can you see the cat? It is lying on the roof. ______________________________________.
_______________________________________.
13.The old man has won 1 million dollars. He is
5.That’s the jumper. I knitted it myself. living next door.
_______________________________________. ______________________________________.

6.We are going to marry in the restaurant. We 14.The Black Sea is full of fish. It is in the north
met there. of Turkey.
_______________________________________. ______________________________________.

7.That’s the church. We got married there. 15.Nancy took some photographs in the village.
_______________________________________. We were there yesterday.
______________________________________.
8.You haven’t met Mr. Winslet. He is the boss.
_______________________________________.

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

H. Combine the two sentences.

1. There are some kinds of food. These kinds of food affect our sleep.
______________________________________________________________________________.
2. Louisa Ball is a young woman. She is British.
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. I am going to a party tonight. It starts at 8 o’clock.
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. Generally, people are afraid of dogs. They have sharp teeth.
______________________________________________________________________________.
5. The research proved the scientist’s theory. It was interesting.
______________________________________________________________________________.
6. One magazine article says that washing your hands is very important. I read it yesterday.
______________________________________________________________________________.
7. Hey! Let’s stop. This is the bank. Joan works here.
______________________________________________________________________________.

I. Choose the correct word in italics.

1. The smartphone is an invention who / that has made people's lives easier than before.

2. My English teacher is a person which / who really encourages me to work hard.

3. The room which / where I study is always cool in the summer.

4. A cassette recorder is something which / where you don’t see very often these days.

5. The children which / that live in my apartment block are very polite.

6. The woman who / which found my wallet gave it to the police.

7. We visited one town that / where most of the buildings were new.

8. The map that / where we had was very easy to use.

9. I think the food which / who we ate last night was Mexican.

10. Nelson Mandela was one of the greatest men that / which ever lived.

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

J. Choose a sentence from the box to add to the sentences 1-8 as a relative clause. You will need
to change some words. Add "which / who".

• I got it for my birthday

• She stole my bag.
• I saw it yesterday.
• He gave us directions.
• I enjoyed it most.
• It goes to the airport.
• He used to live next door.
• She's lost it.
• We sent it to Sarah.

e.g. The dress which I got for my birthday no longer fits me.

1. The boy is now a famous basketball player.

2. The parcel never arrived.
3. Rugby was the sport

4. The woman had curly hair.

5. The film was better than I expected.
6. The bus leaves in ten minutes.
7. The man made a mistake.

8. The book has a red cover.

K. Read each short passage and use the information to answer each question with a sentence
containing a relative clause.

1. Georgia O’Keeffe was a twentieth-century American artist. She

painted well into her eighties. She was famous for painting flowers.
The flowers were colourful.

a. Who was Georgia O’Keeffe?

_She was a twentieth-century American artist who painted well into her eighties.

b. What is she famous for?

________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

2. Cancer is a serious condition. It causes tumours to grow in the

body. Radiation is a cancer treatment. It can kill tumours.

a. What is cancer?

________________________________________________________________________

b. What is radiation?

________________________________________________________________________

3. Martin Luther King, Jr., was an African American leader. He led the
civil rights movement in the 1960s. He fought for equal rights.

a. Who was Martin Luther King, Jr.?

_______________________________________________________________________

L. Read the text about Budapest. Fill in the gaps with relative clauses using the information in the
box. The sentences in the box are NOT IN ORDER.

a. You can taste different kinds of local food at Marina café.

b. I’ve tried to learn Hungarian.
c. It separates Buda from Pest.
d. It had a great view.
e. They are well-known around the world.
f. It is the capital of Hungary.
g. They were at the same school with me.

In the 1990s I lived in Budapest (1) (f) which is the capital of Hungary. Budapest is on the River
Danube (2) ___________________________________________. I lived at the top of a hill in the
north, in an apartment (3) __________________________________________. In the evenings I
often went clubbing with friends (4)__________________________________. At the weekends we
went to Marina café (5) ______________________________________. I also remember walking
home late at night. I think Hungarian people are intelligent; they have produced a lot of musicians
and mathematicians (6) ___________________________. I also think Hungarian is the most difficult
language (7) _________________________________ because it’s so different from English.

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UNIT MATERIAL 11A - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

M. Complete the text with the sentences in the box by using "who / where / which". The

sentences in the box are NOT IN ORDER.

a. You can row a boat there like in Cambridge.

b. They want to buy an English house and live in an English town.
c. You can see beautiful gardens with different kinds of flowers in the park.
d. You can buy traditional English food like fish and chips there.
e. The city has a population of more than 15 million people.

English Town

The building company Hong Kong Housing is building a new suburb in Shanghai

(1) _____________________________________________. But this suburb is not like other parts

of Shanghai. It is a little piece of England. The name of the new area is "English Town". The

manager of Hong Kong Housing, Shi Guan Sheng, says in this area of China there are

many people (2) "This town is like Bristol or

Chester. There is an English square and there are pigeons to feed like in Trafalgar Square, London.

There is a canal (3) . "Are there any cricket

fields?" No, there aren't any places to play cricket because nobody in Shanghai can play this game.

But there is a football stadium like those in England. And the thing we are very proud of is our

shopping street. There are several shops (4) __________________________________. The rich

Shanghai businessman can do some gardening too. For with every house in "English Town",

there is an English park (5) _________________________________. However, there is one problem.

The houses in this part of town cost a minimum of $400,000!

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UNIT MATERIAL 11B - ARTICLES

A. Put "a / an / the / some / (-) no article" where necessary.

1. Greeks like ___________ coffee.

2. English like ___________ tea.
3. We bought ___________ cheese and ham. __________ cheese was delicious.
4. _________ exercise which he is writing is very easy.
5. _________ exercise is good for our health.
6. He lives in __________ Japan.
7. Is __________ Chinese easy?
8. Everybody knows that ________ dogs are great friends!
9. Gordon Ramsay is _________ chef.
10. This is _________ best hamburger I've eaten.
11. He is having __________ lunch.
12. I'll study __________ history of Crete next year.
13. He is thinking of climbing ________ Mount Everest this year.
14. _________ Alps are __________ highest mountain range in Europe.
15. We met _________ by chance.
16. We are planning to visit _________ Lake Titicaca this summer.
17. __________ Great Lakes are __________ largest group of lakes on Earth.
18. __________ Italy is my favourite country.
19. My sister is studying in ___________ USA.
20. Look at _________ moon. It is huge!
21. I was at _________ home during _________ whole day yesterday.
22. She has flu and she wants to stay in _________ bed.
23. ____________ Canary Islands are also known as the Canaries.

B. Fill in the gaps with the correct article "a / an / the / (-) no article" when necessary.

I am from Winchester, Hampshire. Winchester is (1) ____ city in (2) _____ United Kingdom. I live in
(3) ______ town called (4) ______ Taunton which is on the River Tone. I live in (5) ______ house in
(6) _____ quiet street in (7) _____ countryside. (8) ______ street is called “Hudson Street” and
(9) _____ house is more than 100 years old! I am (10) ______ English lecturer at (11) _____ college
near (12) ______ centre of (13) _____ town. I like (14) ______ books, music and taking
(15) _______ photographs. I usually have (16) ______ lunch at college. I usually go (17) _____ home
by (18) _____ car. We have all kinds of food in (19) ______ England. I like (20) _____ Polish food
very much. Sometimes, I go to (21) _____ Polish restaurant in Bath. (22) _____ restaurant is called
“Magda’s”.

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UNIT MATERIAL 11B - ARTICLES

C. Complete the text with "a / an / the / (-) no article".

“ One day last year my friend and I were on our way to work when we heard (1) _____sound. It was
(2) ______ sound of an unhappy child, and we noticed (3) ______ little boy outside (4) _____ house
on the other side of the road. We spoke to (5) _____ boy and he told us that he went to school
without his homework, so he came home to get it but his mother and father were out. His mother
had (6) _____ mobile phone with her, but when he called it, (7) ______ phone was off. Then we
asked (8) ______ little boy for his father’s number, but he didn’t know it, so we told him to go back
to school and tell his teacher. During the conversation, (9) _____ boy’s mother arrived. We went
into (10) _____ house with her and she gave us (11) _____ cup of tea, and then we went to work.
We were an hour late!”

D. Read the story. Choose the correct article in italics.

I won (1) a / the competition last week; the prize was (2) a / the digital camera. (3) A / The
competition was in a newspaper, and it asked (4) the / Ø people to take photos that showed
‘happiness’ and send them to (5) a / the newspaper via e-mail.
Two or three days later I was in (6) a / the park with my two children. I sat on a seat in (7) a / the
park and at one point I looked up and saw (8) Ø / the children. They looked so happy. I
remembered (9) Ø / the competition. I had my camera with me, so I took (10)Ø / a photo of the
children. When we got home, I decided to send (11) a / the photo to (12) a / the newspaper. I
heard last week that my photo won (13) a / the prize! It’s very exciting, but why do they give a
prize of a digital camera when you need a digital camera to enter the competition?

E. Complete the sentences with "a / an / the / (-) no article".

1. Ten millimetres make _____ centimetre.

2. One evening ______ seller came to my door.

3. ______ student should listen to his/her teacher.

4. This is _____ best book on elementary English.

5. _____ space travel is very expensive.

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UNIT MATERIAL 11B - ARTICLES

6. Newton was _____ great scientist and philosopher.

7. I cannot forget _____ gift which he gave me.

8. _____ first chapter of this book is very interesting.

9. There was _____ waiter standing at _____ entrance of ______ restaurant.

10. I ordered ______ glass of mineral water with lemon.

11. There was ______ question I wanted to ask to our biology teacher about _____ kangaroos.

12. "Is that your wife? - No, my wife's ______ woman in _____ red dress.

13. I work with _____ man and two women. _____ man is quite nice but _____ women are not
friendly.

14. What's in ______ newspaper this morning?

15. ____ water turns to _____ ice at about 0°.

16. I like _____ steak, but I don't like ____ eggs.

17. She lives in _____ nice flat on _____ fifth floor of _____ old building.

18. There was _____ boy and ____ girl in the room. _____ boy was Turkish but _____ girl looked
foreign. She was wearing ______ fur coat.

F. Complete the text with "a / an / the / (-) no article".

Ms. Parrot, (1) _____ most famous lady detective of (2) ______ twenty-first century, was born in
(3) ______ village, in (4) ______1960. Since then, she has been to many countries, including
(5) ______ Portugal, Singapore and Australia, and has lived in the northern hemisphere and the
southern hemisphere, as well as on (6) _____ equator. She has never been to (7) _____ Philippines
or (8) _____ United States, but she speaks (9) _____ English, French and Portuguese. Like (10) _____
Sherlock Holmes, the famous detective, she plays the violin, and sometimes practises up to five times
(11) _______ day. She is also (12) ________ only person in the world to have performed
Tchaikovsky’s 1812 overture in one breathe on the recorder.

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B.1 Listening
Skills

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: PREDICTING

1. Look at the photo. Which of these activities do you think the student is doing ?

•studying lesson •chatting online •texting

•listening to music •surfing the Web •watching videos

2. Do you ever do any of these activities at the same time ? Which ones ?

VOCABULARY

A. Read the words and their definitions. Then answer the questions.

1. assignment (n) : a task or a piece of work that you are given to do.

2. put off (phr verb) : to delay , to decide to do something at a later time.

3. avoid (v) : to stop yourself from doing something

4. manage (v) : to have control of something

5. procrastinate (v) : to wait a long time before doing something that you must do, usually
because you don’t want to do it.

6. distraction (n) : things that make it difficult to think or pay attention.

7. goal (n) : something you want to do or achieve in the future.

Taken and adapted from North Star Listening and Speaking 2/ Unit 2
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LISTENING 1
LISTENING STRATEGIES: PREDICTING
1. Do you feel you don’t have enough time to finish all your daily tasks and assignments?

2. Do you put off your assignments until the last minute?

3. Do you avoid your school work by doing other activities instead?

4. Do you know how to manage your time well?

5. Do you procrastinate when it’s time to study?

6. Do you know how to avoid distractions that keep you from getting your work done?

7. Do you ever set goals for yourself to be successful?

B. Compare your answers with your partner and discuss the following questions .

1. Do you think you have good or bad study habits? Why?

2. What do you want to or need to change in your study habits?

3. How can students stop procrastinating?

LISTENING STRATEGIES : PREDICTING

As a listener, you can’t always predict, or guess, what you are going to hear. There’s no way to know
what people are going to talk about. At other times you can predict the topic- for example in a class,
on TV, or on the radio. When you think about the topic or situation first, you can often predict the
things you will hear.
Prediction, or looking ahead, is a basic strategy for using prior knowledge to understand a text.
Before you listen you need to think about what you already know . Good listeners use background
knowledge to make listening easier. Using your prior knowledge can help you understand what you
hear.

Before you listen;

Find out about the topic. Photos, titles and the format (a conversation, lecture etc.) are the clues
that help you make predictions.

Ask the questions such as :

What do I know about this topic?

Who is speaking?

Where are the speakers?

Why are they talking?

What are they talking about?

Try to predict vocabulary you may hear in the listening.

Taken and adapted from North Star Listening and Speaking 2/ Unit 2 102
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LISTENING 1
LISTENING STRATEGIES: PREDICTING

BEFORE LISTENING
C. A college counselor welcomes new students to a workshop for college success. Look at the photo
and read the title. Make predictions about the topic of the workshop.

WHERE DOES THE TIME GO ?

D. You are going to listen to the beginning of a student success workshop. Before you listen , write
the words you expect to hear in the listening. (Audio: Listening 1-Predicting-Before listening-Part D-E)

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

E. Listen to the beginning of a student success workshop. What strategies do you think the counselor
will suggest? (Audio: Listening 1-Predicting-Before listening-Part D-E)

1. ________________________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________________________

WHILE LISTENING

F. Listen to the whole workshop. Look again at your predictions from the “Before Listening “ section.
How did your predictions help you understand the listening.
(Audio: Listening 1-Predicting-While Listening-Part F-G-H)

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Taken and adapted from North Star Listening and Speaking 2 / Unit 2
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LISTENING 1
LISTENING STRATEGIES: PREDICTING
G. MAIN IDEAS: Listen and check ( the strategies that the counselor suggests.
(Audio: Listening 1-Predicting-While Listening-Part F-G-H)

_______ 1. Set goals and write down all of the task you need to do.

_______ 2. Put your list of goals in order.

_______ 3. Review your class notes every day.

_______ 4. Use a calendar to schedule your time.

_______ 5. Divide big assignments into smaller tasks.

_______ 6. When school is stressful, take a lot of breaks.

_______ 7. Avoid distractions.

_______ 8. Join a study group.

_______ 9. Reward yourself for finishing your work on time.

H. DETAILS: Listen to the workshop again. Circle the best answer to complete each statement.
(Audio: Listening 1-Predicting-While Listening-Part F-G-H)

1. _____________________ of the students in the workshop like to multitask while they study.
a. A few b. A lot c. All

2. _____________________ percent of students procrastinate sometimes.

a. 20-35 b. 70-85 c. 80-95

3. The counselor suggests that you number goals from _____________________ .

a. most important to least important b. most difficult to least difficult c. biggest to smallest

4. The counselor suggests that you schedule things like _____________________ .

a. exercising, taking naps, and seeing movies

b. exercising, getting enough sleep, and seeing friends

c. eating, doing homework, and taking breaks

5. The counselor thinks you should _____________________ to get your work done.

a. find the strategies that work best for you

b. always use the “Do Nothing” strategy

c. do your English paper all at once

6. With the "Do Nothing" strategy, you can _____________________ .

a. do your work or do nothing

b. get distracted or do nothing

c. turn off your phone or do nothing

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: PREDICTING

7. _____________________ is NOT a way to remove distractions.

a. Putting away your video games

b. Turning off your Internet

c. Reading but not answering your text messages

8. Piers Steele took _____________________ to finish his research on procrastination.

a. 2 years b. 10 years c. 20 years

9. Piers Steele suggests giving away _____________________ if you don't get your work done.

a. some money b. your phone c. your video games

AFTER LISTENING

Would you like to be a better student? Follow these steps to learn some strategies.

STEP 1: Work in small groups. Think of some challenges you have a

student. For example, maybe you have difficulty in remembering
information for tests, or you don’t know how to take notes. Each of you
should choose a different challenge you want to learn how to manage.

STEP 2: Now, work alone. Look on the internet, or interview someone who
is an excellent student to learn about a strategy that can help you to deal
with this challenge. Take notes. Your notes should include this information:

Student life challenge:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Strategy or advice:

__________________________________________________________________________________

How it works:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Why it works:

__________________________________________________________________________________

Do you want to try this strategy or advice? Why or why not ?

__________________________________________________________________________________

STEP 3 : Report your information to the class.

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: PREDICTING

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LISTENING 2
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

VOCABULARY

A. Read about dim sum restaurants and match the bold words with their definitions.

In English , dim sum means, “a little bit of heart.” In the

US, San Francisco is a great place to enjoy these small
plates of delicious treats - all made with love. Why San
Francisco? In the 1800s, many Chinese people moved to
California to work. Their neighbourhood in San Francisco
was the first Chinatown in the United States. Today , there
are numerous dim sum restaurants in San Francisco. They all serve this traditional Chinese food with
a traditional beverage – hot tea. After you finish your dim sum, you should order one of the
traditional Chinese desserts to make your meal more enjoyable.

1. treat ______ A. many

2. neighbourhood ______ B. a drink

3. numerous ______ C. a request for food or goods in return for payment

4. serve ______ D. something special that gives great pleasure

5. beverage ______ E. an area of a town or city that people live in

6. order ______ F. to give someone food or drink, especially guests or

customers in a restaurant or bar

B. Ask and answer the questions with your partner.

1. What’s the name of a popular restaurant or cafe you know about? What do they serve there?

2. What’s your favourite hot beverage? Your favourite cold beverage?

3. At a restaurant, what do you like to order for breakfast?

4. What are your two favourite sweet treats? Why do you like them?

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LISTENING 2
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Listening for specific information means listening for the important details you need. We listen for
specific information especially when we listen to news or weather reports, transportation schedules,
and instructions.
Specific information includes details such as;

• Names of people or places

• Numbers, dates, or times
• Prices
• Events

Listening for main ideas is almost always necessary. Listening for specific information or
smaller details can also be very important. Here is an example;

The listener wants to know three things:

• What is the name of the nearest restaurant to the campus?

• Where is it?
• Is it expensive?

Notice the specific information that the listener needs to hear.

UniCafe is the closest restaurant to our campus. It’s located at 314 Webster Street

near the university campus. Students and other busy people will love the quick service

at UniCafe, and everyone will love the food. The prices are not bad either. A large

bowl of pasta is 6.95 and homemade hamburger costs 8.95.

When you are listening for specific information, you don’t need to understand everything, but only a
very specific part.

BEFORE LISTENING - PREDICTING

C. You are going to listen to information about a school cafeteria. Before you listen, tick the topics
that you might hear about and write the words that the speaker might use.

Topic Words

1. location _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

2. service _________ _________ _________ ________ _________

3. price _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

4. hours _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

5. quality of food _________ _________ _________ _________ _________

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LISTENING 2
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

WHILE LISTENING – LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Listening A

D. Read the questions . Listen to the information about the school cafeteria and write the
answers. (Audio: Part A-Listening 1-Listening For Specific Info)
1. Where is the cafeteria? ____________________________________________________________

2. Who can eat there? _______________________________________________________________

3. When is it open? __________________________________________________________________

4. How much do the students pay for lunch? _____________________________________________

Listening B

E. You are going to listen to a conversation between two university students and choose the
correct answer. Before you listen read the questions and tick the questions that you need to listen
to get specific information. (Audio: Part B-Listening 2- Listening For Specific Info)

1.What does Roger think about the cafeteria food?

a. It’s very bad b. It’s not very popular c. It’s too expensive.

2. How much does dinner cost?

a. €15 b. $5 c. $ 7.5

3. What time does the school cafeteria close?

a. At 8 o’clock b. At 9 o’clock c. At 7 o’clock

4. Which one is NOT true about Pink Rose Cafe?

a. It is more expensive than the school cafeteria.

b. Just Roger likes the food at the Pink Rose cafe.

c. Pink Rose cafe serves dinner even at midnight.

5. Where are they going to meet for lunch?

a. At the cafeteria b. at Pink Rose Cafe c. At a nearby restaurant

6. What time do they agree to meet?

a. At 12:50 b. At 12 o’clock c. At 12:15

7. Aaron prefers eating at the school cafeteria because …

a. he doesn’t like the food at the restaurants.

b. it is not expensive and it’s fast to eat.

c. he loves all food in the cafeteria.

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LISTENING 2
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

AFTER LISTENING – CRITICAL THINKING

F. Form a group with another pair of students. Think about the conversation between Roger and
Aaron, and discuss the questions.

1. What do you think about Roger? Does he have good reasons for not going to the cafeteria? Is his
idea to eat at nearby restaurants a good idea? Explain.

2. What do you think about Aaron? Did he understand Roger’s problem? Did he recommend a good
solution? Explain.

3. When do you usually eat? Do you eat in the schoool cafeteria or nearby restaurants? What do
you think about the food in the cafeteria? Explain.

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

The main idea is the most important thing the speaker wants you to understand. The main idea of a
conversation is what the conversation is about. It is the big picture, it is not the little details.The details of
a talk give more information about the main ideas.

Try and understand the general meaning of a text before you listen to the details. Don’t worry if you can’t
understand everything. Try to understand what is happening even if you can’t understand every phrase or
sentence. Focus on understanding the main idea first.

1. Listen for key words and phrases

A key to identify the main idea is repetition, or how many times a word or phrase is
repeated. Key words and Phrases tell you the important information about a topic.
Speakers often repeat key words and phrases more than one. If something is
repeated several times, it suggests importance.

2. Listen for stressed words

Also, try to understand the words that are strongly stressed because these are the most important words.
Speakers put extra emphasis on the key words in a sentence by saying them more loudly and more clearly.
Don’t stop to think about words you don’t understand.

3. Pay attention when a speaker emphasises a sentence

Another key to identify the main idea is pace. Pace is the speed of speech. Unimportant points or small
details are usually spoken more quickly. Important points, such as main ideas, are usually spoken more
slowly and clearly.

Listening for key words and phrases can help you identify the topic of conversation.

1. BEFORE LISTENING- PREDICTING

A. You are going to listen to a lecture called Humans and the Planet. Before you listen, underline
the topics you think might be in the lecture.

education transport food

languages the Internet carbon dioxide

animals space sport

crime the weather recycling

Taken and adapted from Real Listening and Speaking 3/ Unit 14 111
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LISTENING 3
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

2. WHILE LISTENING – LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

Listening 1

B. Now listen to the lecture and tick ( ) the topics that

are mentioned. Did you guess correctly?
(Audio: Part B-C-D-E - Listening 1-Listening For Main Ideas)

education transport food

languages the Internet carbon dioxide

animals space sport

crime the weather recycling

C. What is the main topic? (Audio: Part B-C-D-E - Listening 1-Listening For Main Ideas)

a. Global warming

b. Recycling

b. Animals and the environment

d. Energy-saving measures

D. Which sentence best describes the main idea? (Audio: Part B-C-D-E - Listening 1-Listening For Main Ideas)

a. Global warming isn’t as serious as people think.

b. We can all do something to stop the situation getting worse.

c. Earth will never be able to recover from the effects of global warming.

d. All life on Earth is at risk because of global warming.

E. Look at the headings below. Listen again and number each heading in the order you hear the topics (1-5).
(Audio: Part B-C-D-E - Listening 1-Listening For Main Ideas)

a. Consequences

b. What governments should do

c. Statistics

d. What we can do

e. Fight for survival

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

3. WHILE LISTENING – LISTENING FOR DETAILS

Listening 2

F. Listen to the “what we can do” part and circle the correct answer.
(Audio: Part F-Listening 2-Listening For Main Ideas)

1. What kind of food should we buy?

a. Fresh food b. Frozen food c. Recycled food

2. Which of the ideas below does the speaker suggest to save energy?

a. Don’t use any electronic devices.

b. Wash your clothes by hand.

c. Use long-life life bulbs

3. The speaker says that to stop global warming , the best way to transport is…

a. car pooling

b. walking or cycling

c. taking public transport

AFTER LISTENING

G. The pie chart shows an average use of energy at

home.

1. Which activities use the most energy?

2. Which activities use the least energy?

3. Does any of the information in the chart surprise

you? Why?

H. Critical Thinking

Create a Household Energy Use pie chart in your

notebook that shows what you use energy for at
home. Use the chart as an example.

I. Discussion

Compare your pie chart with your partner. Then discuss the questions below.

1. What electronic devices do you use?

2. What do you use the most energy for? Explain your reasons and give examples.

3. Which of these uses of energy is most important in your life? Explain.

4. What can you do to use less energy?

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

REFLECTION

J.Read the statements below. What do you think? Agree Partly Agree Disagree

1. The listening was very difficult to understand. ___ ___ ___

2. There were a lot of unknown words in the listening. ___ ___ ___

3. The speaker talked too fast to follow. ___ ___ ___

4. I had difficulty in understanding the topic of the listening. ___ ___ ___

5. I tried to understand everything in the listening. ___ ___ ___

6. I couldn’t understand the listening because of unknown words. ___ ___ ___

7. I could identify the most important parts of the listening ___ ___ ___

despite unknown words.

8. Key words and phrases helped me to understand the topic. ___ ___ ___

9. Repeated words and phrases helped me to understand ___ ___ ___

the main ideas of the listening.

10. Stressed words and phrases helped me to understand ___ ___ ___

the main ideas of the listening.

11. I need to listen more than twice times to understand ___ ___ ___

the general idea of the listening.

12. I couldn’t understand the details although I could understand ___ ___ ___

the general meaning.

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS

Taking Notes in a T-Chart

BEFORE LISTENING

A. Discuss these questions with your classmates.

1. Have you ever spent time in another country or culture?

2. What are some ideas people around the world have about your country or culture?
3. What are some things that make your culture different from other cultures?
4. Do you think it’s important to learn the customs of a country you visit ? Why or why
not?

B. LEARN:

LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS Taking notes in a T-Chart

There are different kinds of information in every conversation, lecture or presentation. Some of the
information gives you the main ideas – the most important things to know. Other ideas are details. These
details give you more information about the main ideas. Knowing whether a piece of information is a
main idea or a detail can help you to understand what you hear.

When you listen, focus on the main ideas ( the most important points about the topic ) and any
important details. Remember that details include examples , numbers , facts , names, and reasons. Ask
yourself “ What information is important for me to know ?”

You can use a T-chart to organize your notes and take notes on main ideas and details. Write the main
ideas on the left and the details on the right.

To understand main ideas remember to listen for key words and phrases that help
you identify the topic of a conversation.
Remember that examples, numbers, facts, names, and reasons are the details to
support main ideas.
When you take notes, don’t try to write down everything you hear. Think about why
you are taking notes. Think about the information you need and why you need it.

C. STUDY: Listen to the information about culture shock from an international student handbook. Then
look at a student’s T-chart below. (Audio: PART C-STUDY-Listening 1-Listening For Main Ideas and Details)
You can use a T-chart to take notes. Write the questions and key words on the left and take notes
on all the important information and details in the right-hand column. Use abbreviations and
symbols where possible to keep notes short.

Main Ideas Details

• International students : • Common during first few

may have culture shock months
may have culture shock

• Culture Shock : • Signs : feeling sad, homesick,

Uncomfortable feeling when far sleepy, angry
away from home

Taken and adapted from Qskills for Success 1-Listening and Speaking /Unit 2 115
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LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS

D. PRACTICE: Listen to the beginning of a presentation about culture shock for new international
university students. Take notes in the chart as you listen. (Audio: PART D-PRACTICE-Listening 2-Listening
For Main Ideas and Details)

Main Ideas Details

2. Compare your notes with your partner.

BEFORE LISTENING – PREDICTING

E. You are going to listen to three people telling about cultural problems. Look at the photos. What cultural
problems do you think each shows? How are the words in the box related to the situations ?

upset (adj): unhappy or worried.

confused (adj): not able to think clearly; not understand.
offended (adj): angry or unhappy because someone does something you don’t think is polite.
wedding (adj): a special event when two people get married.
odd-number (n): a number that cannot be exactly divided by 2, such as 1, 3, 5, 7 etc.
stand (v): to stay in a particular place without moving.
custom (n): a habit or tradition.

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS

WHILE LISTENING – NOTE TAKING
F. Listen to Joao, Tanya, and Rick tell their stories. Use the T-chart to take notes on the main ideas and details
of each story. (Audio: WHILE LISTENING-Listening 3-NOTE TAKING-Listening For Main Ideas and Details)

Main Ideas Details

LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

G. Look at your notes on the left column of T-chart and tick the main idea of each story.

The rules of bookstores in the USA

Joao Standing in the USA

The problems caused by different language

What to do in Canada when someone dies

Tanya Going on a business trip in Canada

Giving flowers in Canada

Attending a wedding event in Japan

Rick Giving business cards in Japan

Meeting people in japan

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LISTENING 4
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS

H. Look at your notes on the right column of T-Chart and circle the word or phrase that best completes
each sentence.

1. Joao’s story happened in his home country / a store / a university class.

2. It is impolite / confusing / OK to stand close to other people in the USA.

3. Russians often give an even number of flowers when someone is offended / dies / is on a business trip

4. Rick attended a family meeting / a special event / a business meeting.

5. People in the USA usually use business cards when they meet someone new / take a trip / do
business.

I. Read the questions and circle the correct answer.

1. Which statement is true about Joao’s story?

a. He offended a very close friend.
b. He did not know he was rude until later.
c. The custom is also rude in his culture.

2. Which statement describes Tanya’s experience?

a. She was upset when her coworkers gave her 6 flowers.
b. She did not understand why her coworkers gave her gifts.
c. She wasn’t offended by the cultural mistake.

3. Which statement is true about Jack’s experience?

a. He did something that was not polite.
b. He thought the other guests were very rude.
c. He brought his business cards to the wedding.

4. What is true about all three people?

a. They are all university students.
b. They all made a cultural mistake.
c. They all learned something important.

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LISTENING 4
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS

AFTER LISTENING
J. PREPARE: Choose three topics from the box and write them in the T-chart below. Complete
the T-chart with notes about customes in your culture or another culture you know well.

business gestures eating and drinking

greetings gift-giving visiting someone’s home

Topic Customs

1.

2.

3.

K. SPEAK: Use your notes from the T-chart to prepare a presentation about customes in your culture
or another culture you know well and present your information to the class.
L. REFLECT:

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LISTENING 5
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR KEY WORDS

BEFORE LISTENING

A. Discussion

1. What kind of things make you feel afraid ?

2. Do you enjoy the feeling of fear, for example , when you watch a horror movie or ride on a fast
theme-park ride?

3. Do you think people learn to be afraid of things, or do you think people are born that way?

4. These pictures show fears many people have. Check the things you afraid of. Then discuss your
answers with a partner.

insects and/or snakes speaking in public public transportation

closed spaces high places storms

B. Circle the answer that best matches the meaning. Then tick the sentence that you agree with.

1. Some people are afraid of mice, but mice don’t bother me. I like them.

a. to annoy or worry somebody b. to understand clearly

2. I am terrified of closed spaces. It’s too scary for me to ride in elevators or cars.

a. very happy b. very afraid

3. I sometimes have a nightmare and dream about falling from the high place.

a. bad dream b. bad job

4.I prefer to stay close to the ground instead of high places.

a. front of a building b. surface of the Earth

5. Public speaking can be scary at first, but after you give a few presentations, you get used to it.

a. begin to feel comfortable b. become more afraid

Taken and adapted from Qskills for Success 1-Listening and Speaking /Unit 8
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LISTENING 5
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR KEY WORDS

LISTENING FOR DETAILS : LISTENING FOR KEY WORDS

To listen for details , focus on key words. The answer to a question is often just before or after a key word
from the question. Read the questions and try to mark the key words so that you don’t need to remember
all the questions but few key words only.

Tips :

Key words are those which carry some information. Usually they are nouns and verbs.
Names and numbers are always the key words as they are easy to find out.
Highlight the keywords in the questions.
Think about the synonyms of those key words. Don’t just listen for key words, also listen for
synonyms
Listen for the key words and write down information you hear related to them as words or
phrases.

Read below and be careful about what you should do:

You need to know: What is Jane’s fear ?

The key word: fear

You hear: Jane has a phobia of spiders. She saw one in her bedroom last month, and now she won’t
sleep there any more.

The answer: spiders

Look at the T-chart below and try to use the strategy when you listen.

Questions / Key Words Details

-Fear: an emotion , like sadness or

What is fear? love -Feel when we
-Diffrnt people afraid diffrnt things.

-Anxiety common
Types of fear? -Panic- sudden, strong
-Phobia- very strong

-When you 1st feel brain makes chems ,

that cause phys reaction
Effects of fear?
-Body gets warmer, sweat
-Might hear heartbeat, feel in chest

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR KEY WORDS

WHILE LISTENING

C. You are going to listen to a woman talking to a doctor about her phobia of high places. First, read the
questions in part D and E. Find the key words in questions that you will listen for and write the key words on
the chart. Then listen and take notes on details column. (Audio: Part C-D-E-Listening for key words)

Questions / Key Words Details

D. Read the statements. Then check the four reasons Marcie came to the doctor.

1. She wants to stop having nightmares. _____

2. She plans to live in a tall building. _____

3. She wants to do more things with her friends. _____

4. She hopes to find a new job. _____

5. She wants to go rock climbing with her boss. _____

6. She wants to have a normal life. _____

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LISTENING 5
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR KEY WORDS

E. Read the questions. Look at your notes and then circle the correct answer.

1. How many times did Marcie visit Doctor Travis ?

a. This is her first visit. b. This is her second visit. c. She visits her often.

2. About how old was Marcie when her phobia started?

a. 10 years old. b. 12 years old. c. 20 years old.

3. What was her nightmare about?

a. jumping off a tall building

b. climbing a tall building

c. falling off a tall building

4. What makes Marcie feel afraid?

a. the tops of tall buildings

b. only very high places, like buildings and bridges

c. any place above the ground

5. How does Marcie feel about her phobia?

a. She is upset about it. b. She is afraid of it. c. She is positive about it.

6. Why didn’t Marcie take the ideal job?

a. Because she would have to drive across a bridge.

b. Because she didn’t like the boss of the company.

c. Because her friends invited her rock climbing.

7. Does the doctor think Marcie can get over her phobia?

a. No. b. Yes. c. She doesn’t know

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LISTENING 5
LISTENING STRATEGIES: LISTENING FOR KEY WORDS

8. According to the doctor, what can you do to get over a phobia?

a. avoid the things that scare you.

b. look at pictures of people who have phobias

c. stop avoiding the things that scare you.

AFTER LISTENING

F. Think of three times in your life when you were in a frightening or dangerous situation.

Make some brief notes.

When and where did it happen? Who was there? What happened?

How did you feel? What did you do? How did the story end?

G. Work in groups. Take turns telling your stories. Use your notes from the chart to help you.

H. REFLECTION

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LISTENING STRATEGIES - LISTENING TO MAKE INFERENCES

BEFORE LISTENING

A. Look at the activities that you can do on your mobile phone. Choose 5 of them that you use the
most and order from 1 (the most) to 5 (the least).

• Chat or instant-message • Do research • Download music

• Get local weather reports • Make airline reservation • Read the news

• Read blogs • Do online shopping • Check e-mails

• Comment on photos • Search for products • Write journals

• Find good places nearby • Upload photos/videos • Use navigation

B. Think of your favourite website. Tick the statements that describe the website and add three
different reasons for using this website.

Website Name :

1. I can upload pictures or videos to the site. _____

2. I installed an app on my phone to use the site. _____

3. I download music from the site. _____

4. I search for products that I want to buy on the site. _____

5. I can chat on the site. _____

6. I meet new people. _____

7. I read people’s reviews. _____

8. ________________________________________________________________________

9. ________________________________________________________________________

10. ________________________________________________________________________

C. Describe the website you chose to your friends.

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LISTENING 6
LISTENING STRATEGIES - LISTENING TO MAKE INFERENCES
WHILE LISTENING

LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS

D. Listen to the conversation. Circle the topics the speakers discuss. (Audio: Listening 1-While
listening-PART D-E)

* search engines * online journals * social networking sites

* software companies * web apps * navigation apps

LISTENING FOR DETAILS

E. Listen again and tick ( True , False or Don’t Know. (Audio: Listening 1-While
listening-PART D-E)
T F DK

1. Tariq can keep an online journal with his app. ____ ____ ____

2. He has used the app to keep online journal for years. ____ ____ ____

3. Online journal is the same as a regular journal. ____ ____ ____

4. You can use handwriting option on the online journal. ____ ____ ____

5. His family and friends comment on his journal on social networking sites. ____ ____ ____

6. The woman’s app tells users about places in an area. ____ ____ ____

7. The woman use her app very often. ____ ____ ____

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LISTENING 6
LISTENING STRATEGIES - LISTENING TO MAKE INFERENCES

MAKING INFERENCES WHILE LISTENING

Sometimes speakers don’t give their opinions directly. To understand what speaker
thinks or feels about a topic, we need to “read between the lines”, or use the
context to decide what speaker is really saying. We call this making an inference.
When you make an inference, you make conclusions based on the information that you

have heard. Listening for the main idea, a speaker’s tone, and thinking about what will
happen next can help you make inferences.
Look at the example:

The speaker says: I really love writing in my journal about my day and experiences but I don’t think
typing it will make me feel the same. Also, sharing it with other people online is something ridiculous.

Circle the correct option based on the information you have.

• The speaker keeps / doesn’t keep a journal.
• The speaker has positive / negative feelings about online journals.
• She will probably / probably won’t download an online journal app.

F. Listen to the parts of the conversation again. Circle the correct inferences.
(Audio: Listening 2-Making Inference-PART F)

1. 2.

A. What’s the woman’s intention? A. What is Tariq talking about?

a. to warn a. how to use the app.

b. to criticise b. the features of the app.

B. The woman thinks that Tariq B. The woman

a. uses his phone too much. a. might download the online journal app.

b. is good with his phone. b. has tried online journaling

3.

A. What is Tariq’s attitude towards the app? B. Tariq will …

a. He is interested in it. a. not download the woman’s app.

b. He is not sure about it. b. probably download the woman’s app.

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LISTENING 6
LISTENING STRATEGIES - LISTENING TO MAKE INFERENCES

AFTER LISTENING
G. With your partner, think about the needs of smartphone users, choose one of the them and design
an application for your target users. Write what your application does, how the app can help users
and what they will be able to do.

H. REFLECTION:

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LISTENING 7
LISTENING STRATEGIES: UNDERSTANDING CONNECTED SPEECH

CELEBRATIONS

BEFORE LISTENING
A. Discuss the questions with your partner.
1. Look at the photos. What kind of celebrations or events are they?
2. What is your favourite day or event to celebrate?

B. Match the events with the definitions and write a – e next to the numbers 1 – 5.

_____ 1. a party to celebrate the anniversary of someone’s birth a. golden wedding anniversary

_____ 2. the marriage of a king, queen, prince or princess b. Notting Hill Carnival

_____ 3. a West Indian carnival held in London every August c. end of term party at school

_____ 4. a celebration of 50 years of marriage d. birthday party

_____ 5. a party normally organised by students to celebrate finishing the school year e. Royal wedding
and completing their exams

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: UNDERSTANDING CONNECTED SPEECH
VOCABULARY

C. Check ( ) the words you already know. Use a dictionary to help you with any new words. These are the
words you will hear and use in the listening part.

venue (n) spoil (v) square (n) look forward to (phr v)

band (n) lantern (n) spooky (adj) old-fashioned (adj)
decorate (v) make up an excuse (phr v) give away (the surprise) (phr v)
get together (phr v) watch out (phr v) pickpocket (n)

D. Match the words with their definitions.

_____ 1. make up (an excuse) a. to destroy or reduce the pleasure, interest or beauty of something

_____ 2. old– fashioned b. to add something to an object or place, especially to make it more attractive

_____ 3. look forward to c. to create or invent a reason for something

_____ 4. band d. to meet in order to spend time with each other

_____ 5. spoil (the surprise) e. strange and frightening

_____ 6. get together f. not modern

_____ 7. spooky g. a group of musicians who play music together

_____ 8. pickpocket h. to expect or wait for something with a feeling of pleasure

_____ 9. venue i. a thief who steals things out of pockets or bags, especially in a crowd

_____ 10. decorate j. the place where a public event or meeting happens

UNDERSTANDING CONNECTED SPEECH

Connected speech is when the words and sounds in a sentence link each
other naturally in order to help the language flow rhythmically. However,
understanding it sometimes becomes difficult for the listener. The good
news is that there are some predictable patterns that you can learn. Here
are some examples;

1. When a word ends with “–t” followed directly by the word “you” , it sounds like“chu”.

You are a doctor, aren't you? /arenchu/ I’ll meet you later. /meechu/

2. The /h/ sound is generally not pronounced in everyday English. The most common ones are the pronouns ; he, him,
her, his.
He told her to go. He told→her to go. e tolder t-go.
His son lent him ten bucks. Hison lent im tembucks.

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LISTENING STRATEGIES: UNDERSTANDING CONNECTED SPEECH

WHILE LISTENING

E. Do this exercise while you listen. Match the speaker with the celebration and write a – e next to the numbers 1- 5.
(Audio: PART E-Listening 7_celebrations)

1. Speaker A ___ a. golden wedding anniversary

2. Speaker B ___ b. Notting Hill Carnival
3. Speaker C ___ c. end of term party at school
4. Speaker D ___ d. Royal wedding
5. Speaker E ___ e. surprise birthday party

F. Complete the gaps with the speaker.

Speaker A (x2) Speaker B (x2) Speaker C (x2) Speaker D (x2) Speaker E (x2)

1. Speaker _______________ will see people dressed in amazing costumes.

2. Speaker _______________ is going to decorate the venue with Chinese lanterns and projections on the wall.
3. Speaker _______________ is worried about someone on Facebook spoiling the surprise.
4. Speaker _______________ is going to be careful of people stealing things.
5. Speaker _______________ is going to listen to old-fashioned music played on an old-fashioned machine.
6. Speaker _______________ is in one of the bands that are playing.
7. Speaker _______________ is going to taste food from all over the world.
8. Speaker _______________ is going to celebrate with the whole family.
9. Speaker _______________ is organising a party for her two best friends.
10.Speaker _______________ is going to make sure there is no traffic on her street.

AFTER LISTENING

DISCUSSION
G. Choose one festival, ceremony or celebration in your family, hometown, region or country, or one from other
countries that you know a lot about. Talk about it with your partner for as long as you can, adding as much detail
as possible.

Suggested details; Time, e.g. dates, days, how long it lasts / Food and drink / Clothing / Objects, e.g. decora ns
People / Presents / Cards / Meanings or Reasons for doing things / History, e.g. when it started / when it became
popular Favourite things and feelings about it How has it changed in
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LISTENING STRATEGIES

BEFORE LISTENING

VOCABULARY
A. Check ( ) the words you already know. Use a dictionary to help you with any new words. These
are words you will hear and use in the listening.

dishes (n.) ruin (n) looked like (v.) objects (n.) exhibit (n.)
image (n.) ruled (v) nearby (adj.) recently (adv.) tools (n)

B. Match each word with its definition.

______ 1. tools a. short distance away, not far away

______ 2. nearby b. things used to make or repair things

______ 3. recently c. plates or bowls used to serve food

______ 4. dishes d. not very long ago

______ 5. ruin e. the broken parts that are left of an ancient building or town.

C. Read the information. Complete the text with the correct form of the words in Part A.
New Exhibit Opens Today
Queen Cleopatra VII (1) _________ Egypt for fewer than 20 years. People are still very interested in
her more than 2000 years later. But until recently, no one knew much about Cleopatra at all. We
didn't even know what she (2) __________ because there were no pictures of her. Now, a
new (3) ____________ tells us more about Cleopatra's life. It has hundreds of (4) _________
such as jewellery, tools, and dishes. For the first time we can see Cleopatra's face! There are
coins with Cleopatra's (5) __________ on them.

PREDICTING

D. Look at the words above and the map, what

do you think the listening is about?

a. The life of Cleopatra

b. The occupation of Egypt

c. The lost city Alexandria and Cleopatra

d. The loss of Alexandria

Taken and adapted from Pathways 1/ Listening and Speaking / Unit 3 132
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LISTENING 8
LISTENING STRATEGIES
WHILE LISTENING

LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

E. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about Goddio. (Audio: Listening Strategies_Listening 8)

Archaeologist Franck Goddio Goddio's Team

• found cities that disappeared almost • uncovered statues, (5) _________,

(1) _____ ago musical instruments, (6) _________
• went to Egypt in (2) _________ look and many other objects.
for a sunken ship • made maps of (7) ___________
• found the (3) _________ of whole Alexandria and two other cities
cities in the sand deep underwater • explored Cleopatra's (8) __________
• started The European Institute of • found statues of (9) __________ and
(4) _________ Archaeology (10) that were once
in temples

LISTENING FOR MAIN IDEAS AND DETAILS

F. Listen to the talk again. Choose the best phrase to complete each sentence.

1. The speaker mainly talks about __________________ .

a. the Goddio’s museum

b. Goddio’s discoveries

c. Goddio’s Organization

2. The ancient city of Alexandria ___________________.

a. is only a legend b. was very rich and important c. disappeared 1000 years ago

3. Goddio's discoveries ___________________ .

a. give us new information about Cleopatra's world

b. do not answer our most important questions about Cleopatra

c. came too late to help historians today

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LISTENING 8
LISTENING STRATEGIES
4. Before Goddio’s discoveries, ___________________ was known for sure.

a. Cleopatra’s appearance

b. Cleopatra’s stories

c. how Cleopatra died

5. Goddio knew that the underwater ruins were ___________________ .

a. parts of the ship he was looking for

b. ancient lost cities

c. small enough to explore alone

6. He started an organization ___________________.

a. to get help for his discovery

b. to build a professional network

c. to make archaeology more popular.

7. Goddio’s team found ___________________.

a. the statues of Cleopatra

b. the maps of ancient Alexandria

c. the palace of Cleopatra

MAKING INFERENCES

G. Listen again. Read the statements below and circle T for true or F for false. Correct the false ones

by giving their reasons. The answers are not in the speaker's exact words. You need to think about

what you hear. (Audio: Listening Strategies_Listening 8)

1. At first, Goddio did not know the importance of his T F

discovery.
T F
2. We still don't know what Cleopatra looked like.
T F
3. It takes a lot of time to study the ruins of the cities.

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LISTENING 8
LISTENING STRATEGIES
AFTER LISTENING

DISCUSSION

H. Discuss the questions below with your partner.

1. Talk about a person who ruled a country you know about. Where was the person from? What did
he or she look like?

2. What kinds of museum exhibits do you enjoy? Explain.

3. Do you think museums are important? Explain.

4. What can we learn by studying the past? Do you think it is useful or not? Explain.

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LISTENING 9
LISTENING STRATEGIES: IDENTIFYING MOOD, TONE AND PURPOSE
voice a ng

BEFORE LISTENING
A. Discuss the questions below.
1. Do you like talking or listening more?
2. Do you understand other people’s feelings easily? How?
3. How do you understand if someone is angry?
4. In which one do you express/show your feelings more easily? In a phone conversation or face-to-face
conversation?
5. Do you think it is easy to be a voice actor/actress? Why?

B. Work in pairs. Choose a sentence and choose an adjective. Then, say the sentence out loud with the emotion
you choose. Your partner will try to guess the emotion you are in with eyes closed.

One more step and I’ll kill you! secretly

You want us to keep all this a secret? shocked

Have you ever noticed that door, John? excited

He did not tell you about it! Don’t lie! threatening

I don’t understand this. Let’s go upstairs. nervous

I’ll tell my mother all about it! sad

Don’t go anywhere until they call us! serious

And now, I will repeat my question. How do you know me? happy

C. Listen to the sentences. Match each sentence with the speaker’s attitude. (Audio: Activity C)

____ 1. Did you know that this is a nonsmoking area? a. uninterested

____ 2. I don’t know why Simon’s always late for work. b. angry
____ 3. Yeah. That garbage has been there for a week. c. nervous

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LISTENING 9
LISTENING STRATEGIES—IDENTIFYING MOOD, TONE AND PURPOSE

INFERRING THE SPEAKER’S MOOD, TONE AND PURPOSE

You can learn a lot about a speaker’s attitude or mood by noticing the way
he/she talks. Intonation is about how we say things, rather than what we say.
Without intonation, it's impossible to understand the expressions and
thoughts that go with words.
Listen to somebody speaking without paying attention to the words: the
'melody' or ‘tune’ you hear is the intonation. Changes in intonation can give
information about the speaker’s attitude and emotions, in addition to showing if a sentence
is a statement or question.

Someone who speaks slowly or sometimes hesitates or has pauses before speaking might be nervous.
Someone who raises her/his voice could be angry. Someone who is bored or uninterested might
speak in a low voice with level intonation.
In short, intonation means the ups and downs of the voice in a sentence.
Example: Say it!: 'It's raining.’
Now say it again using the same words, but giving it different meaning. You could say it by tuning your
tone of voice/intonation to mean 'What a surprise!', or 'How annoying!’, or 'That's great!'. There are
many possibilities.
Listening Skill Examples: (Audio: ListeningSkill_Examples)
1. Listen to the audio from a lecture. Notice that the professor raises his voice. This shows he feels
passionate about the topic and is perhaps a little angry.
“We are all happy to buy our clothes more cheaply, but do we stop to think where they were made,
and who made them?”
2. Listen to the conversation. Notice that Speaker A speaks in a low voice with level
intonation, expressing a lack of interest. Speaker B speaks slowly and hesitates. This shows
he is nervous.
A: It’s the neighbour again. What does he want this time?
B: Excuse me. Would you mind turning down the TV, please?
A: Yeah, sure.

B: Excuse me. Would you mind turning down the TV, please?
A: Yeah, sure.

D. Now listen to the sentences in exercise C again

and check your answers. (Audio: Activity C)

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LISTENING 9
LISTENING STRATEGIES—IDENTIFYING MOOD, TONE AND PURPOSE

E. Listen to each conversation. Check (√) the word that describes how the woman feels. (Audio: Activity E)

1. uninterested angry nervous

2. uninterested angry nervous
3. uninterested angry nervous

F. Work with a partner. Take turns reading the sentences. Practice sounding angry, uninterested, or
nervous. Your partner will try to identify how you feel.

1. Someone’s left the front door open again.

2. I think there’s something wrong with the engine.
3. Muna hasn't finished the report yet.
4. I don’t know if he has called or not.

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B.2
Video-Induced
Lessons

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THE VIDEO-INDUCED LESSON 1

THE HIDDEN POWER OF SMILING

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THE HIDDEN POWER OF SMILING

D.

Taken and adapted from: https://eslbrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ESL-Brains-The-hidden-power-of-smiling-SV-4455.pdf

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THE VIDEO-INDUCED LESSON 2

HOW TO BUY HAPPINESS

A. Write the vocabulary in the box below into the correct column.

broke filthy rich loaded needy

welathy well-off worse off

POOR RICH

B. Discuss the questions.

• What makes you happy in your life? Put the items in order of importance and
explain.
• friends • house
• shopping • travelling
• family • other
• wealth

• How would your life change if you were filthy rich?

• Do you think the wealthy are happier? Why (not)?
• Do you think you would be more satisfied and happier if you spent money on

yourself or on other people? Why (not)?

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THE VIDEO-INDUCED LESSON 2

HOW TO BUY HAPPINESS

C. Complete the following questions with the words in the box. You may need to change the form of the
words.

afford beg benefit charity debt lend

a) When was the last time you donated money to __________?

b) Do you know anyone who has gone into _______? Why did it happen?
c) What can we do for poor people who ________ for money?
d) What have you done recently to _________ others?
e) Have you ever _______ money to someone who hasn't given it back?
f) Can people in your country _________ to go on holiday abroad?

D. Answer the questions from ex. 3.

E. Scan the QR code below to watch the video and discuss the questions.
[https://youtu.be/ZwGEQcFo9RE]

• What is the speaker’s idea? Can you summarize it?

• From your personal point of view, do you agree with his observations?
• When was the last time you spent money on someone else?
• What happens when people win the lottery?

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C. Speaking
Skills

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SPEAKING 1 Suggested functions:

Simple Present & Present Continuous
Free time activities

A. Read the questions and answer them.

1. What do university students do in their free time in your country?

2. Do they spend most of their free time on social interactions or physical activities?

3. Do they prefer spending time indoors or outdoors? Why?

4. How much time do they spend with their family?

B. Look at the photos and describe what you see in the photos with your partner. Try to give any
details such as where they are, what they are doing etc. and make guesses about the people. Also,
say what you think about and how often you do that activity.

1 2

3 4

5 6

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SPEAKING 1
C. Discuss following questions with your partner.

1. How important is leisure time? Why?

2. Do you think you spend quality free time? Why/why not?

3. Do you think people should do creative or useful things in their free time to make their life richer?
Why/why not?

D. Work in groups. You are going to start a university club in which students will do interesting,
creative, unusual or extreme activities in their free time.

 Decide the name of your club, who can join, when and where you are going to meet with
members.
 Describe the activities you are going to do
 Explain why students should join your club
 Say what they need to do , have or bring to take part in this club

E. Now, present your club to your friends.

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SPEAKING 2 Suggested Functions :

Simple Past & Past Continuous
A. Read the questions and answer them. When / While/ As
Relative Clauses B1
1. Do you follow the news? Why / why not?
2. What kind of news are you interested in? General news, finance, sports etc.
3. Where do you prefer getting news ? Why?

• Newspaper
• Radio
• Television
• Internet

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each way of getting news?

4. Did you follow the news of the previous week? Which news story do you remember?

B. Look at the photos of some breaking news from the past. Think what you know about each news. Talk
with your partner about what happened, where, when in each story and why these news were very
important.

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SPEAKING 2
C. Check ( the statements you agree with, and mark an "X" next to the statements you disagree
with. Find a supporting idea for your opinion .Then, give your opinions and discuss with your
partner.
Statement Supporting idea

____ It is important to read the news everyday.

____ There is not enough positive news these days.

____ Online news is the most reliable source of

information

____ Traditional newspapers will disappear.

Agreeing with an opinion Disagreeing politely

I feel exactly the same way. I don’t know about that.

I couldn’t agree with you more. I am not sure about that.

I totally agree. I am not sure that’s really true.

A: I think it is important to read the news every day because …….. .

B: I totally agree. It’s important to know ………...

D. You are going to present today’s news on TV. Choose one of the topics from the box below and
prepare a 2-minute news story about the topic you have chosen. Then present it to your friends.

crime local world technology/science

lifestyle sports celebrities natural disasters

• Choose your news topic.

• Think about the important elements of a news story :
• Who is the story about?
• What happened?
• When did this happen?
• Where did this happen?
• Why is it important?
• Give more details about your story.
• Find your headline and opening sentence.
• Finish your news story and share your opinions about it.

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SPEAKING 3 Suggested Functions:
Simple Present Tense
Be going to
A. Read and answer the questions.

1. How often do you travel?

2. Do you prefer travelling alone or in a group? Why?

3. Do you prefer popular tourist destinations or quiet cities to spend your holiday? Why?

B. Look at the photos and talk to your partner about ….

• your favourite type of holiday

• why you like it, how often you go
• what activities you can do
• in what cities you can have that type of holiday
• who you like to go on that holiday with.
• the advantages and disadvantages of that type of holiday

an adventure holiday a beach holiday

a cultural and historical holiday a cruise holiday

a backpacking holiday a wellness & spa holiday

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SPEAKING 3

C. Look at the statements below. Do you agree or disagree with them. Discuss your opinion with
your classmates by giving your reasons.

• Travelling changes your life and perspective.

• You need to have a lot of money to go on holiday.
• Travelling abroad is important for young people.

D. You are a travel agent. Make a group of 4 and choose an unknown or unpopular tourist
destination . Organise an enjoyable holiday for your customers then present it. Your presentation
must include:

• A short description of the city.

• The best time to go there.
• Types of transportation to use and accommodation to stay.
• Type of holiday.
• Information about the activities, tourist attractions, historical places etc. in that city.
• Why your customers should choose your trip.

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SPEAKING 4 Suggested Functions:
Comparatives
If Clause Type 1
A. Read and answer the questions.

1. Do you prefer giving or receiving gifts? Why?

2. Do you enjoy looking for gifts for people? Why, why not?

3. Do you give someone a present for no reason?

4. Do you prefer a meaningful or an expensive gift to give someone? Why?

5. What is the best gift you have ever received? When did you get it? Who gave it? What was it for?
Why was it a good gift?

6. If you don’t like a gift, what do you do?

B. It’s your best friends birthday and you want to give a gift which will make him/her very happy.
Look at the photos and discuss your opinion about each gift with your partner. Then decide which
would be the best gift.

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SPEAKING 4

C. Look at the questions and discuss your ideas with your partner.

1. When do people give gifts in your country?

2. What kinds of gifts would men, women and children generally like to receive?

3. Do you think people should buy a gift on special days like anniversaries, Valentine’s day etc. ?

4. Is money a good gift idea?

D. Your parents are going to give you a valuable present for your graduation from the university.
However, in order to receive this present, you must convince them with reasons and your
imagination that you deserve the present. Choose one of the gifts below and prepare your talk to
convince your parents to give you the best gift ever.

• A new computer

• A gift certificate for $3000 at a fashionable store

• A new car

• A holiday in the USA for a month

• A brand new smart phone

• An expensive watch

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SPEAKING 5 Suggested functions:
Simple Present Tense
Modals:Can/Must/Have to/Should
A. Read the questions and answer them. If Clause & Future Time Clauses

1. How many meals a day do you eat?

2. What do you eat or do when you skip a meal?

3. Do you feel tired after eating?

4. Do you think you are physically active? Give reasons.

5. Do you think your lifestyle is healthy enough? Why / why not?

B. Look at the healthy eating pyramid. Think about how your diet and daily activities are different from
or similar to the pyramid. Discuss and compare your lifestyle with your partner.

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SPEAKING 5
C. Do you agree or disagree with the statements below. Find reasons to support your ideas and
discuss them with class.

• Modern technology and lifestyle cause many health problems.

• People’s eating habits affect how long they will live.
• Healthy eating is the same as going on a diet.

D. You are a famous dietician and health coach who has thousands of followers. Think about the
eating habits and lifestyle of people in your country. Take notes and share them with your class.

RULES FOR .... DOs DON’Ts

healthy diet

healthy plate

weight loss / gain

fit body

healthy living

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SPEAKING 6 Suggested Functions :

Simple Present Tense
Modals
Passives
A. Read the questions and answer them.

1. Do you like shopping? For what kinds of things do you like shopping for?

2. Do you prefer to shop alone or with other people? Why?

3. Do you search for the best price before you buy something?

4. Do you wait for season sales and discounts before you shop? When are the best sales?

5. Do you spend hours or minutes in a shop to buy something? Why?

B. Look at the photos of places where people shop for clothes. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of each place for clothes shopping with your partner. Say which one(s) you prefer and
why.

Luxury second-hand stores Bazaars

Shopping malls Online shops

Outlet stores Street shops

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SPEAKING 6

C. Read the statements below. Decide if you agree or disagree with them. Discuss your ideas with
your reasons in class.

1. Famous brands like Apple, Gucci, Mercedes etc. deserve the money you pay for their products.

2. Because of economic crisis in countries, the number of people who buy and sell second-hand
products will increase.

D. Make groups of 4. Each group is going to sell 4 different second-hand products by secret auction.
Each group has 10,000 $ to spend. The group which has bought the most products and has the
most money left will win.

SELLERS

STEP 1 : Decide the second-hand products

you want to sell and describe them in
detail.

STEP 2 : Present you products to your

customers and persuade them to buy.

STEP 3 : Collect the bids.

STEP 4: Say the products wanted and the bid

prices for them by each group.

STEP 5 : Sell your product(s) to those who

pay the highest.

BUYERS
STEP 1 : Listen to the information about the items.

STEP 2 : Decide which item(s) you will buy and how

much you will bid for it.

STEP 3 : Write each item you want and your bid price
on a piece of paper. Then give your bids to the
sellers.

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SPEAKING 7
Suggested Functions :
Simple Present / Simple past / used to
Will / might
A. Read the questions and answer them.

1. Do you think change is important in people's life? Why?

2. Have you made an important change in your life? What was it? Why did you make it?

3. Do you get used to big changes in your life easily or it takes a lot of time?

4. What are the biggest changes in the world you have seen since you were a child?

B. Look at the photo and think about the life 50 years ago and now. Compare now and then and talk to
your partner about what technology has changed in people’s lives, habits, what people used to do or have
in the past and how they feel about all these changes now.

getting free time cars

information home
activities
appliances
communication

entertainment

banking

buildings transportation
healthcare shopping

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SPEAKING 7

C. Do you agree or disagree with the quotes below? Discuss your ideas in class with
your classmates.

1. Technology changes incredibly fast but people change very slowly.

2. Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.

3. From phones to cars to medicine, technology touches every part of our lives. If you can create
technology, you can change the world.

4. The future is faster than you think.

D. Work in groups. You are going to make a presentation about technology and future of cities.

• Think about each topic.

• Predict what important technological changes there will or might be in each.

• Think how these changes will or might affect city life and people’s life.

• Say why these changes will be good or bad for people.

E. Now, present your future city to your friends.

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SPEAKING 8 Suggested functions:

Second conditional

Adjectives: feelings

A. How would you feel if the things below happened to you? Write the correct letter next to each situation.
More than one answer is possible.

a. annoyed b. embarrassed c. nervous d. concerned e. thrilled f. upset g. puzzled h. worried

______ 1. Someone forgot your birthday. ____ 5. You won the lottery.
______ 2. You forgot a friend’s birthday. ____ 6. Your best friend is sick.

______ 3. A store clerk returned too much change. ____ 7. You lost your wallet.

______ 4. A friend stopped calling you. 8. You have a really important test the next day.

B. Tell your partner how you would feel in the different situations above.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Asking about an imaginary situation Discussing an imaginary situation

What would you do? I would be honest.

What would you do if you were me? I would definitely apologise.

What do you think I should do? If I were you, I’d get her a birthday present.

How would you feel? I’d probably feel embarrassed.

C. Discuss the imaginary situations below with your partner. What would you do? How would you feel?

You lost your mobile phone. A friend broke your laptop. You got your dream job.

e.g.
A: I lost my mobile phone. What would you do if you were me?
B: I’d be really upset. I’d keep looking for it.

Taken and adapted from Speak Now Communicate with Confidence 2.

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SPEAKING 8

D. Discuss what you would do in these situations in pairs.

1. Someone gave you an expensive gift , but you don’t like it.
2. A friend borrowed $100 and keeps forgetting to return it.
3. You found an envelope on the sidewalk with a large amount of money in it.

4. You see some young kids bullying another kid.

E.Work in groups and make questions using " What would you do if.....?" or " What if .....?" and try to answer them.

Taken and adapted from Speak Now Communicate with Confidence 2.

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SPEAKING 9
SPEAKING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS — OUTLINING AND SIGNPOSTING

1 2

4
3

A. Look at the cartoons above and discuss the questions below.

1. What is happening in the cartoons? Do you think there are any problems in the situations?
2. What is the difference between the situaitons in cartoon 1 and 2?

3. What would your first sentence/expression be if you started giving a presentation now?

B. Discuss your ideas about the given instructions/questions below

1. Scan the QR code and watch the video. Then, brainstorm in groups and make a
list of “5 Good Presentation Habits“ and “5 Bad Presentation Habits”. Give your
reasons.
2. Many jobs requires good speaking and communication skills such as teachers,
doctors, politicians, lawyers and more. How are those skills important?
3. “It’s not what you say, but how you say it.” What do you understand from the
given statement?
Video Link

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SPEAKING 9

SPEAKING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS — OUTLINING AND SIGNPOSTING

HOW WILL YOU PRESENT YOUR IDEAS?

C. Work in pairs. Imagine you are going to make a presentation about one of the topics below (or you can
find your own topic) and prepare your first PowerPoint slide (by drawing or writing on it) to start your
presentation.

Topics: Music / Keeping Fit / Animals / Pro ng Our Planet / Social Media / Hobbies

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SPEAKING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS — OUTLINING AND SIGNPOSTING

D. Now compare your slide with a partner and discuss the questions below.

1. Which one do you think is better?Why?

2. Can you think of any other ways to make your slides better?

E. Look at Stephanie’s outline of her presentation. Do you think it is her first PowerPoint? Why?

1. Supporting materials/ideas
2. Supporting materials/ideas

- -

1. Supporting materials/ideas
2. Supporting materials/ideas

- -

1. Supporting materials/ideas
2. Supporting materials/ideas

Summary of topic and what was learned

Review the main points or objectives

OUTLINING
It is very important to carefully structure your presentation so that the audience can easily
follow and understand you. See the following guidelines for your outline:

1. Introduction – Introduce what you will be presenting, let the audience know there will be time for
questions at the end.

2. Overview – Give a general outline of your presentation.

3. State Points – Give your points in logical sequence, giving explanations and exceptions. Make a clear
transitions between each point.

4. State results and conclusions

5. Summarize
6. Close – Relate the beginning of the presentation to the end.
7. Questions – Ask the audience if they have any questions.

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SPEAKING 9

SPEAKING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS — OUTLINING AND SIGNPOSTING

SIGNPOSTING

In an oral presentation, you need to make the topic clear to your audience, identify the main
sections of your talk, and link in your ideas and information so that the presentation flows. This can
be done with the use of signaling or transition words, which show your audience how the
presentation is structured and how ideas relate to each other. This is a form of signposting that
creates a path through your discussion, to show your audience how everything fits together.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Introduce the Topic Provide an outline Summarizing Inviting Questions

of the presentation

My topic today is … Firstly, To sum up, …. Thank you for listening.

Today, I will be talking In summary ,….. Are there any questions?
First of all,
about …… Any questions?
To begin with, In conclusion, …..
As you all know……
Initially, In a nutshell, …..

Secondly, In general, …...

Thirdly, On the whole, …….
Then,
What is more…...

Next,

After that,
Finally/Lastly,

F. Work in groups. You are going to prepare an outline and then make a 2-minute-presentation about “Social
media and its effects on teenagers”. While presenting your ideas, don’t forget to talk about your outline and use
signposting phrases.

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SPEAKING 10
SPEAKING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS - SUPPORTING AND REFUTING IDEAS

A. Read the given arguments below. Put a tick ( √) if you agree with the statement, and put an X if you disagree.
Write your reason/supporting idea for your opinion.

Statement Reason/Supporting Idea

The Moon is made of cheese. ______

All the flowers smell good. _____

The Earth is flat______

All women are beautiful. _____

There shouldn’t be any homework for

university students. _____

B. Work with a partner and compare your answers. Discuss with your partner by giving
your reasons.

SUPPORTING and REFUTING (OPPOSING) IDEAS

It is very important how to support or refute an argument or statement during a presentation.
How to SUPPORT an idea:
It's easy to make a claim like, say, 'the moon is made of cheese'.
However, just saying something is not enough. Your speech should be based on something more than your
own opinion. It should contain supporting ideas that strengthen the main idea of your speech.
Supporting ideas paint the picture of what the speech will be about. Now, don't confuse
these with main ideas. A main idea is the overall central point of the speech.
Unlike main ideas, supporting ideas back up the central theme of the speech.
So, you claim the moon is made of cheese. Here are a few ways you can support this idea:

• Facts USEFUL LANGUAGE

• Examples SUPPORTING AN IDEA GIVING EXAMPLES
• Definitions
• Narration I couldn’t agree more. Now, let’s take an example.
• Comparisons I agree with …. 100 percent. For instance,…
• Contrasts That’s for sure. In fact,…..
• Statistic
No doubt about it. As evidence,…..
• Proof - Evidence
Likewise…. To illustrate,…...
Similarly…. For example,…….

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SPEAKING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS - SUPPORTING AND REFUTING IDEAS
How to REFUTE an idea:
Refutation is basically opposing an idea/argument. Can you win an argument and lose the
audience because of not knowing how to refute/oppose? Learning to disagree involves more skills
than the simple refutation of an opposing idea. To refute an idea or argument, you can follow the
basic four-step method of refutation given below;

Four-Step Refutation
• Step 1: Restate (“They say…”)
• Step 2: Refute (“But…”)
• Step 3: Support (“Because…”) -present your evidence here-
• Step 4: Conclude (“As a result,….”)

It is also important to have a kind and reasoning manner by using some signal words that
shows and strengthen your refutation in your speech.
USEFUL LANGUAGE

REFUTING AN IDEA GIVING EXAMPLES

I’m afraid I disagree. To illustrate,…..

I doubt….. For instance, ……

I’m not so sure about that. For example,……..

As evidence,…..
Let me explain.
In fact,……
On the contrary,……
Let me show this by ……
However,…..
Now, let’s take an example.
On the other hand,……..
That’s not always true.

C. Work in groups. Firstly, each group supports their ideas. After listening to the presentation of the opposing
group, you will both present their own ideas and refute the other group’s ideas. You have 5 minutes to get
prepared and organize your presentation about the topics assigned. Each group member has 2 minutes to
present his/her ideas.
While presenting your ideas, use the signal words and phrases for supporting / refuting ideas and giving
examples.

Group 1 : Zoos should be closed. Group 2: Zoos shouldn’t be closed.

Group 3: Homework should be banned. Group 4: Homework shouldn’t be banned.

Group 5: Books are better than a films. Group 6: Films are better than books.

Group 7: Social media is harmful. Group 8: Social media provides lots of benefits.

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SPEAKING 11

SPEAKING STRATEGIES

INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS — PARAPHRASING & REPHRASING

A. Look at the cartoons above and discuss the questions below.

1. What is happening in the cartoons what are the characters trying to do?
2. What do you do when people don’t understand what you’re saying?
3. Why and how we repeat what we have just said in daily life?

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SPEAKING 11
SPEAKING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION TO ORAL PRESENTATION SKILLS - PARAPHRASING & REPHRASING

The most common paraphrasing and rephrasing phrases we use are:

• Let me rephrase that

• In other words,
• Another way of saying the same thing is…
• That is to say…

We use these phrases to explain what we have just said if we’re not sure our
audience correctly understands what we are talking about.

B. Work with your partner and do the activities below after watching the video.

Scan the QR code below.

Please start watching it from 1:22 seconds.

C. Read the sentences below and write paraphrasing statements for each of them using the
phrases above.

1. Gestures express your feelings and attitudes more clearly than what you say.
___________________________________________________________________________.
2. Body language is a non-verbal communication way and it happens with the body movements.
___________________________________________________________________________.
3. To give a message effectively, you need to use your voice correctly.
___________________________________________________________________________.
4. You can persuade anyone if you use kind words and voice.
___________________________________________________________________________.

D. Choose one of the topics below and write a sentence on it. Then give it to your partner and
he/she paraphrases the same sentence using one of the phrases above. Check your sentences
together and make sure make sure they express the same meaning using different words.

Topics: eating disorders, social media addiction, football, flowers and their meanings…

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SPEAKING 12

DEBATE TOPICS

Read the topics below. Group A is going to brainstorm and make notes about the pros of the
related topics and Group B is going to brainstorm and make notes about the cons of the related
topics. Then, you are going to have a debate session to support your opinions.

1. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.

2. Summer is the best season of the year.
3. High school students should not wear uniforms.
4. Doctors should earn a higher salary than all other jobs.
5. Females are better students than males.
6. Students should be allowed to use smartphones in class.
7. It should be mandatory to take care of your ageing parents.
8. There shouldn’t be any homework at universities.
9. All people should have the right to own guns.
10. Tiktok should be banned in our country.
11. It is better to be good at academic subjects than to be good at sports.

12. The school day should be shorter.

P.S : You can go to Speaking 10 to check “agree or disagree” phrases

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D. Writing
Skills

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What is a “PARAGRAPH”?

A paragraph has several sentences that are ALL related to ONE IDEA/TOPIC. Every paragraph has
A MAIN IDEA. You CANNOT men on a brand new idea or ideas in a paragraph. For that reason,
you should understand the given prompt, ques- on or topic properly.
To understand the key point of a prompt;

1. Look for the most important /key idea

2. There may be a background informa on of the topic. Do not use the whole
inform on. What is the main qu on or idea? To iden fy the topic, you
should focus on that main concept.

e.g.
Background infor n

Nowadays people are sharing everything they do in their daily lives on their so-
cial media accounts. However, it can be very dangerous to share our private lives on
social media. Do you agree or disagree with this idea?

Topic + Answer this ques n.

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STEPS OF WRITING A PARAGRAPH

There some basic steps that you need to follow;

ng ready means having a PURPOSE. DO NOT forget that you are communic ng in wri en language, so your
sentences need to be CRYSTAL CLEAR. We really want to get what you think about a topic, such as dogs. What is
your opinion about living with a dog, for real? I think it is the best thing in life. Do you agree with me? Maybe you
disagree but we want to hear your REASONS.

You cannot start wri straightaway! You need to think on the topic at first! Your brain is always ready to rock!
Just dig a bit and dive in your brain. Think think think! Make your brain storm around and let all the ideas pour.
Check the qu on about living with a dog in the first step. Let’ y the qu on up a bit;
Some people think that living with a dog is the best thing in life. What is your opinion about this topic? Do you
agree or disagree?
Maybe you agree maybe disagree BUT in both ways you need to think and produce all the ideas that you have
about living with the dogs.

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You can make your ideas rain on a MIND MAP OR SPIDERGRAM. These are the most common ways of
brainstorming.
Here is an example of a MIND MAP;

Spidergram is another way to group your ideas.

LIVING WITH A DOG

you write down all the ideas that come to your mind, it is HIGHLY
IMPORTANT to choose only the most suitable ones for your paragraph.
you choose the most suitable ones, ARRANGING YOUR IDEAS is the second
important step before star ng to write your paragraph and it is OUTLINING.

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While brainstorming, you write down all the ideas that hit your mind. Now it is to choose the most suitable
ones and organize your thoughts/ideas, which is called OUTLINING. It is the last step before sta ng to write your
paragraph and it makes wri ng much easier because outlining is the step-by-step plan of your paragraph.
Outline is the skeleton of your paragraph.

Check the sample outline for our lovely topic ; “living with a dog”

WHAT do you
Main idea/ Your (the writer’s) idea about the topic
think (about the
topic)? In a fast paced world, a dog may help you enjoy life more.

Suppo ng Sentence + Details/Examples/Explana ns

Improving your physical and mental health

Walking a dog keeps you fit + keeps your mind away from daily problems

WHY do you Suppor Sentence + Details/Examples/Explana ns

think so? (Your
Life-long friend
reasons-at least
3 reasons-) The best companionship

Suppor Sentence + Details/Examples/Explana ns

Dogs’ in cts
Prote g its pack-prote ng its owner/family

Summarize the main idea/ your (the writer’s) idea OR Restate the topic sentence
Wrap your
Living with a dog is the best way to be healthier, happier and safer.
paragraph
up!

The skeleton is happy now. Now we are going to add some flesh and blood to complete our paragraph.
WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE WHAT OUR PARAGRAPH LOOKS LIKE? LOOK AT THE OTHER PAGE.
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STEPS OF WRITING A PARAGRAPH
Student's Copy
Analyze the whole paragraph by checking its outline on the previous page.

Topic Sentence (The Main Idea) WHY do you think so?

(Your 3 reasons = 3 Suppor ng
WHAT do you think about the topic?
sentences + Details)

HAVING A FUR-KID

In a fast paced world, a dog may help you enjoy life more. To begin with, living with a dog will help

you improve your health. Walking a dog for half an hour every day will keep you fit and makes you

understand that there are different things in life a n d t h e y a r e more valuable than worrying about daily

problems. Secondly, having a dog is having a life-long friend who doesn’t ask much from you but just pure

love. Nowadays human beings are becoming more lonely and dogs always provide the best companionship.

Finally, dogs can also protect for your house and your family. All dogs have an ins ct to protect their pack

from poten ly dangerous people and situa ns. There are many true life stories which tell how dogs saved

their owners from life threatening situa ons. One of the most common stories that one hears is a dog waking

its owner while the house is on fire. Long story short, living with a dog is the best way to be healthier,

happier and safer.

Conclusion/Concluding sentence/Closing Sentence

(Closing the paragraph)

Summarize the main idea/ your (the writer’s) idea OR

Restate the topic sentence

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TASK 1

Read the paragraph about smart phones and complete the outline below.

SMART PHONES

Smart phones are unarguably the best human inv on. Firstly, a smart phone is especially beneficial when

there is an emergency. For example, if your car breaks down far away from a town, all you have to do is to

contact an emergency line, a family member, or the police to get help or detect the location and phone number of a

car service by using the features of your smart phone. In addi on, a smart phone is like a mini-computer. You

may store important inform on to perform your job. Many people with different jobs use their smart phones

for communi on purposes and to organize their job related i es. Finally, a smart phone can be used as an

entertainment device. For instance, with most smart phones you can connect to the internet, play games, and

take photographs. Some of them also have a built-in radio. All in all, it is undeniable that smart phones are such a

useful inven on that they help us in most parts of our lives .

Suppor ng sentence 1:

Details /

Examples :

Suppor ng sentence 2:
Details /

Examples :

Suppor ng sentence 3:

Details /

Examples :

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TASK 2
Answer the ques ns below.
1. What is “the topic sentence”?

___________________________________________________________________________________________.

2. In what part(s) does the writer give the reasons of his/her idea?

___________________________________________________________________________________________.

3. What is “the concluding sentence”?

___________________________________________________________________________________________.

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A PARAGRAPH IS LIKE A TASTY HAMBURGER!

PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH

Topic sentence: This sentence tells the reader the main

idea or what the paragraph will be about.

Suppo ng Sentence 1: This sentence gives specific

details rel to the main idea.

Suppor ng Sentence 2: This sentence gives another

specific detail rel g to the main idea.

Suppor ng Sentence 3: This sentence gives more

specific details rel to the main idea.

Concluding Sentence: This sentence refers to the topic

sentence and sums up the main idea of the paragraph.

Let’s have a look at the parts of a paragraph one by one. The first ingredient is;

TOPIC SENTENCE

∗ The topic sentence clearly states THE MAIN IDEA OF THE PARAGRAPH.
∗ It is generally the first sentence of the paragraph.
∗ It makes your reader know what your paragraph will be about.
∗ It is the broadest sentence of the paragraph. (Not too detailed)
∗ It presents the TOPIC AND THE CONTROLLING IDEA of the paragraph.

Think about a hamburger bun. The top of the burger is like an intro on to the
rest of the burger. It is your first taste of the burger. The TOPic sentence/main
idea is just like the TOP bun. It is the introduc on to the rest of your paragraph. It
will be your readers’ first taste to the rest of your paragraph.

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How to write a TOPIC SENTENCE

The topic sentence = THE TOPIC + THE CONTROLLING IDEA

Topic: Canada
“Canada” is TOO GENERAL to be a topic sentence!! You need to CONTROL the topic to make it more specific!
It means that you need a CONTROLLING IDEA.
Here are some proper topic sentence examples:

Canada is the best country in the world.

TOPIC THE CONTROLLING IDEA

Social media is dangerous for teenagers.

TOPIC THE CONTROLLING IDEA

Homeschooling is a very good op on to educate children.

TOPIC THE CONTROLLING IDEA

Dogs are the best companions to live with.

TOPIC THE CONTROLLING IDEA

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How to write a topic sentence - Task Student's Copy

A. Read the topic sentences below. Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea.
1. Smart phones are e al nowadays.
2. Big ci es are b than small ci es to live in.
3. People who don’t wear mask should be banned from going out for a week.

4. University edu n should be free.

5. Hamburger is my favourite fast food.
6. Animals are b than humans.

B. Choose the best topic sentence for each paragraph.

1.______________________________________________________. First, many schools require two or more years
of foreign language study for gradu on. Students must take at least one extra foreign language class to graduate.
Secondly, learning other languages helps us communicate with people from other countries. In this way, we can
express ourselves in other languages. Also, knowing a foreign language can lead to job opportuni es. Most of the
companies need employees who know different languages. In brief, learning foreign languages has lots of benefits in
terms of edu on, communi on and ng a job.

a. In the USA, many students study the Spanish language.

b. It is important to learn foreign languages.
c. In college, people need to know foreign languages.

2. _______________________________________________________. To start with, students in uniforms are all

dressed in the same way so everyone is equal. For example, the students who have expensive brand-name clothes
dress in the same uniform as the ones who cannot afford such clothes. What is more, school uniforms look neat and
y. To illustrate, the boys dress in properly fi ed suits and the girls wear skirts or trousers. Finally, uniforms help to
encourage school pride because the students wear the emblem of their school on their uniforms. For instance, the
students who wear their school uniform in public must be on their best behaviour because they represent their
school. In conclusion, school uniforms are essen l because they make all students look the same, appear y and
they show school pride.

a. In my opinion, students should wear school uniform.

b. Colourful school uniforms are very nice.
c. I like my high school uniform a lot.

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How to write a topic sentence - Task
C. Write a proper topic sentence for each paragraph.

1.___________________________________________________________________. First of all, a lot of cell phones

have cameras that take beau ul photographs. Some cell phones even have high defin on video cameras to record
live– n events. You can also use a cell phone to surf on the internet. For example, you can check your e-mails,
share photos on your social media account or do some research. Moreover, cell phones have calculators for solving
simple maths problems. It can ease simple calculations in your daily life. As you see, cell phones are useful and
necessary devices.

2.___________________________________________________________________. Firstly, dogs become your friend

and provide friendship for many years. When you feel unhappy, your dog remains by your side silently comfo ng you.
When you are happy and excited, your dog shares your joy by hopping around you.They share our lives in a way that
most other animals can’t. Secondly, dogs can make good guards.They protect you and your family from a dangerous
situa nally, they can sense danger. For example,they can feel earthquakes before they happen and warn you by
barking. All in all, dogs are great friends to live with.

3. ____________________________________________________________________________. First of all, good teachers are

patient. They never rush their students. Good teachers explain things without getting bored. In addition, they are
organised. They plan what happens in every class. Good teachers are also encouraging. They help students
understand the subject. Finally, good teachers are fair. They treat all students the same. To sum up, being a good
teacher requires some important qualities.

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SUPPORTING SENTENCES

⇒ Suppo ng sentences are the DETAILS of your main idea/ paragraph.

⇒ These sentences SUPPORT your TOPIC SENTENCE/main idea of your paragraph.

⇒ There are AT LEAST THREE SUPPORTING SENTENCES and they have their own details.

⇒ The suppo ng details of a paragraph are the EXAMPLES, FACTS, REASONS AND EXPLANATIONS.

⇒ Make sure the details stay on topic and support the main idea. THERE SHOULD BE A SINGLE FOCUS! If the
sentences are different from your main topic, they don’t belong in that paragraph.

A hamburger is boring without l uce, cheese, tomato, onion, mustard and

barbecue sauce and so is a paragraph!!!
All fixings need to go with the burger meaning that all the details need to go with the paragraph topic.
STAY ON TOPIC!! DETAILS MAKE A PARAGRAPH UNIQUE AND INTERESTING!

FINDING IDEAS

Before st ng wri ng suppor ng sentences, you need to generate related ideas.

THINK BEFORE YOU WRITE!

• You can brainstorm on your own or with your friends.

• You can LIST all the ideas about your topic. Let your ideas flow!
• MIND MAPPING is another brainstorming technique that you can
generate ideas before st ng wri ng your paragraph.

Let's have a look at the examples.

Lis g
Topic: Dogs are the best companions to live with.
Reasons: 1. Friendly and caring

2. They sense emo ons

3. Protect its family
4. Trainable
5. Sense of responsibility

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Mind Mapping
Topic: In order to be healthy it is not enough to eat vegetables.

Mind mapping allows you to generate FURTHER DETAILS OR EXPLANATIONS OF YOUR SUPPORTING SENTENCES. In
this way, you can write your paragraph more easily.

HOW TO WRITE THE SUPPORTING SENTENCES

More details
Study the following paragraph.

1st Suppor sentence

My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is famous for the Wheaton River. It is very wide
2nd Suppor sentence

and beau ul. Also, there is a hill called Wheaton Hill on the other side of the town. It is unusual because it is very

3rd Suppor sentence More details

steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and it is probably about six
More details

hundred years old. As you see, these three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place.

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Mini task :
Topic: There should be no homework. Do you agree or disagree with this idea? Make a mind map on this topic by
using the template below and then write your suppor g ideas and their details.

1st Suppor Idea:

Details:

2nd Suppor Idea:

Details:

3rd Suppor Idea:

Details:

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As you can clearly see, you have to ADD MORE DETAILS TO YOUR SUPPORTING SENTENCES. You can
give related EXAMPLES OR ADD MORE EXPLANATIONS to make each suppo ng idea stronger and
convincing. CONVINCE YOUR READER BY ADDING MORE DETAILS!

A. Read the paragraphs and choose the irrelevant suppor sentence and details.
1. I don’t like snowy weather for some reasons. (I) First of all, when it starts to melt, the clean streets become
messy. It is difficult to walk anywhere because the sidewalks are too slippery. (II) Secondly, snow causes traffic
problems, such as car skid or crash. What I mean is that some roads are closed; other roads are hard to drive on
safely. Drivers have more accidents on snowy roads. (III) Lastly, people can have fun. For example, building
snowman and playing some games with the snow are really enjoyable activities. In brief, I understand why some
people like snow, but I do not like it very much.

a. I b. II c. III

2. In my opinion, flowers are beautiful and environmentally friendly. (I) Firstly, flowers are beautiful with many
designs and colours. They can have solid colours with pastel shades or dark colours. (II) In addition, some
flowers should be watered once a month. To illustrate, cacti are very easy to take care of. (III) Moreover, flowers
can also be environmentally friendly. If they are in the house, they can improve the air in the place. To conclude,
flowers are a great addition to the inside or outside of a building because of the beauty and healthy environment
they create.

a. I b. II c. III

3. I think students should not be allowed to use cell phone in schools. (I) To start with, cell phones are very
essen l to communicate. They can call their families or friends fast and easily. (II) Also, cell phones can distract
the learning process. Students use their cell phones to text their friends during the lesson and they don’t listen to
their teacher when their a on is on their cell phones. (III) Finally, students become unsocial because of their
cell phones. For instance, they spend thei me on their social media accounts on their cell phones instead of
being with their friends during the recessions. In conclusion, cell phones should be banned during the school
.

a. I b. II c. III

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B. Read the paragraphs in Exercise A . Answer the ques ns below accordingly.

1. Are there any examples (of the suppo ng sentences) in the paragraphs? If any, find and underline the
examples.
2. What are the signal words for the examples?

__________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. What comes er each signal word? Noun or sentence? Write your answer for each signal word for examples
used in the paragraphs.
Paragraph 1: _____________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2: _____________________________________________________________
Paragraph 3: _____________________________________________________________

4. Where do we put comma? Before or er the signal word? Write your answer for each signal word for
examples used in the paragraphs.
Paragraph 1: _____________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2: _____________________________________________________________
Paragraph 3: _____________________________________________________________

C. Read the sentences below. Choose the correct signal word for each one.
1. In this forest, you’ll see many types of coniferous trees, _________ pine and spruce.

A. to illustrate B. such as
2. Children should eat less junk food. ____________, they should avoid e rgers and chips.
A. For instance B. Such as
3. Children should avoid ea junk food, __________burgers and chips.
A. for example B. such as
4. Foods ___________ pizza and ice cream aren't very good for you.
A. to illustrate B. such as
5. Milo can speak several languages. ____________, he is fluent in English, Italian, Spanish and French.
A. To illustrate B. Such as
D. Correct the mistakes in the signal words and their punctua n marks in the sentences below. There are two
correct sentences.
1. Car prices can change a lot, such as in Belgium the VW Golf costs $1000 less than in Britain.
2. Citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruits, are high in vitamin C.
3. Playing together teaches children social customs. To illustrate, sharing and being kind.
4. Living in a flat is okay, but it has its limita ns. For instance, you don't have your own garden.
5. Bobby has met a lot of famous people. Such as, one me he met Jeff Bridges at a Blues fe al.

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E. Read the sentences and put them in the correct order and make a paragraph.

_______ It is cheaper to buy a few uniforms than to buy lots of clothes for school.

_______ Most importantly, wearing a school uniform gives me a sense of belonging.

_______ There are many reasons why I like wearing a school uniform.

_______ I really think it gives you the feeling of school spirit and community.

_______ First of all, it save e.

_______ I do not have to spend e on choosing clothes every morning.

_______ Also, wearing a school uniform saves money.

________ All in all, wearing school uniform has a lot of advantages.

Now write the sentences above in a paragraph. Also, write a tle for the paragraph.

__________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________ .

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THE CONCLUDING SENTENCE / THE CONCLUSION/ THE CLOSING

⇒ The concluding/closing sentence is the last sentence of a paragraph.

⇒ You CANNOT MENTION A NEW IDEA in the concluding sentence!!!

⇒ The concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph by:

RESTATING THE TOPIC SENTENCE (It is o en similar to the topic sentence and reminds the reader of the
topic and focus of the paragraph, but it should use different words.)

OR

SUMMARIZING THE MAIN POINTS OF THE SUPPORTING SENTENCES.

Before wri ng your concluding sentence;

1. Reread what you’ve wri en.
Focus on what you have in the topic sentence.
Note your evidence and details.

2. Focus on the main idea.

Your concluding statement should strengthen your main idea. This
is what you stated in your topic sentence. Make sure that your paragraph s to this
main idea, and then generate your concluding statement around it.

End-of-paragraph signals:

In conclusion, To summarize, All in all,

In summary, To sum up, All things considered,
Consequently, In sum,
All in a nutshell,
To conclude, In brief,
On the whole, In short,
As you see,
In a word, Briefly,
Long story short,
Shortly,

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Study the paragraph below.

Credit cards have a lot advantages. First of all, credit cards are convenient because you do not have to carry a lot of
cash around. You can buy the products and services you need even if you do not have cash in your pocket. In addi on,
credit cards are very helpful in emergencies. You do not have to worry when you do not have any money. Finally, you
can become a b money manager if you learn to use credit cards responsibly. In brief, using a credit card is very
beneficial. (The concluding sentence restates the topic sentence/main idea)
OR
You can sum up the main points of the supp g sentences;
In brief, using a credit card is very beneficial because there is no need to carry too much money, it is very useful
in emergency situa ns and using credit card can teach you how to manage your money. (The concluding
sentence sums up the main points/reasons.)

As you can see, the paragraph above has a SINGLE FOCUS! That is a desirable one.
You cannot write a new idea that is not about the main idea in a paragraph!

For example, the paragraphs below are not good paragraphs!

1. Credit cards have a lot advantages. First of all, credit cards are convenient because
you do not have to carry a lot of cash around. You can buy the products and services
you need even if you do not have cash in your pocket. In addi n, you can buy the
things that you do not need. In this way, you spend too much money and you will be
in a huge debt. Finally, you can become a money manager if you learn to use
credit cards responsibly. In brief, using a credit card is very beneficial.

IRRELEVANT SENTENCE!
NO UNITY!

2. Credit cards have a lot advantages. Credit cards are convenient because you do not
have to carry a lot of cash around. You can buy the products and services you need
even if you do not have cash in your pocket. Credit cards are very helpful in emergen-
cies. You do not have to worry when you do not have any money. You can become a
b money manager if you learn to use credit cards responsibly. Using a credit card is
very beneficial.

NO LINKING WORDS ( First of all,/ In addi n,/ Finally,/ In brief,)

NO TRANSITION BETWEEN SENTENCES!!!!!!!!

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A. Read the paragraph below and choose the correct concluding sentence.
Breakfast is the most essen l meal of the day. To start with, breakfast provides you with the energy you need for
the rest of the day. This is because your body has been f ng overnight and you need energy to start the day.
What is more, breakfast gives you necessary nutrients your body requires. You feel more produ during the day
if you start your day with breakfast. Last but not least, you feel less hungry during the day if you have breakfast. In
this way, when you have lunch or dinner, you will probably eat less portions, which is very healthy for your body. In
summary, ___________________________________________________________________________________.

a. to keep fit, it is important to have breakfast every morning.

b. to feel more energ , more produ ve and less hungry it is crucial to have breakfast every morning.

B. Write a concluding sentence for the paragraph below.

1. Buying a car requires careful planning. First of all, decide if you want a new or a used car.

This depends on how much money you can spend. Som es a used car needs repairs. Secondly, choosing the
correct style is very important. Checking many different models help you decide. Finally, you have to decide
where you will buy your car. There are lots of car galleries and some of them are not so trustworthy. It may confuse
you, so deciding the place ease the buying process for
you._____________________________________________________________.

2. Working outside is a good idea for some reasons. To begin with, it reduces stress because everybody
knows that oxygen has a posi ve effect on the human body and brain and you can find a lot of oxygen outside. In
addi on, oxygen helps to be happier because it helps to produce serotonin. Secondly, working outside in the daylight
is healthier than closed offices because a room filled with fluorescent lights and computer screens is dangerous for
people’s eyes. Last of all, it is also very entertaining to work outside because you have the chance to chat to all kinds
of people, so it is never dull. For example, if you are a pavement st, people can enjoy your art on their way to work
and they can make friends with you.
___________________________________________________________________

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A. Write the most suitable topic sentence for the paragraph below.
________________________________________________________________________________.

Firstly, the weather has a moderate temperature. It is never exceedingly hot or cold. Therefore,you can spend time
outside without sweating too much. Also,I love the way the trees change colours.They change from green to
yellow,red and orange.When leaves change colour,from green to yellow,orange and red, you can understand trees
are beginning their long winter’s rest. As a last thing, I also like autumn because school starts.I get excited when I
think about going back to school and seeing my teachers and friends again. To sum up, autumn is a time of great
season with its weather,colour of the trees and school season.

B. Write the most suitable suppor sentences for the paragraphs below.
1. In my opinion, children should grow up in the big city for three reasons.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________. For example,when I was a child ,I used to live in a big
apartment, so I had many friends in my apartment. The second reason why children should grow up in the city is that
children can gain more cultural experience. City children go to the museums, theatres and cinemas. In addition, they
have a better opportunity to see movies, shows and other kinds of entertainment.In the countryside, there are not
cinemas, theatres, museums, so children who grow up there may not have the opportunity to enjoy these experiences.
The third reason is that there are more opportunities for city children to involve in activities. For example, city children
can join sports teams, dance classes or take an art course after school because there are many such programs in a big
city for children of all ages. In conclusion, the city is the best place for a child to grow up.

2. In my view, it is easy to save money if you follow these three steps. To begin with,keep a record of your expenses.
For example, keep a small notebook with you at all the es and write every expenses. Moreover,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________. It is easier to overspend when you’re pulling from a credit card account because you don’t know
exactly how much is in there. If you have cash, you can see your money running low. Lastly, open a saving account. It’s
easy to keep track of your savings if you have them separate from your spending money. To sum up, you can ever be a
millionaire by saving up if you follow these three steps.

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3. Being a good parent is simple if you have these three quali rst of all, you should express love and aff n to
your kids. It is enough to say “I love you” from me to me. Or even a small hug makes them happy. What is more, you
should listen to them. The age of your kid is not important ,listen to them when they say something. You should also
show your interest in your children’s ideas, in that way, they feel themselves important.
_________________________________________________________________________________________. When
your child does something bad, don’t say “you are bad”. Instead, suggest them al ves about that behaviour. In
conclusion, although there are a lot of details in raising a child ,it may be easy if you try to have these quali ve.

C. Write the most suitable concluding sentence for the paragraph below.

1.I strongly believe that there are many advantages of a good di onary. Firstly, it will teach you how to pronounce
words correctly. It will also show you the correct spelling of these words. Another good side of using a di onary is
that it gives the gramm cal inform on about each word-whether it is a noun or an adj e, for example or how the
past tense of a verb is spelled. But the biggest advantage is that it helps you to understand a word in all its meanings by
giving you clear defini ons and useful examples._________________________________________________________.

2.In my persp e, you should follow some steps before ng out on a perfect holiday. First, choose a place of
which you have been dreaming. To illustrate, if you are a nature lover, look for a place where you can observe nature;
but if you are a history lover, select a place where there are museums or archaeological ruins. Besides, be well-
prepared in inform on and equipment. A er you choose the place, read the detailed inform on of it to make the
travel to that place safer. Finally, make sure that you packed everything needed on travelling. If you forget anything
really necessary and you do not find a place to get a new one, you may have some difficul ring your stay.
____________________________________________________________________________________________.

D. Read the paragraph below. Draw a line through the sentences that are irrelevant. The first one is done for you.
Cross 3 more irrelevant sentences out of the text.

If you are looking for a perfect summer holiday on, Çeşme is a great place to spend a vac on for three
reasons. My cousin Burak lives in Çeşme, where he works as a rec onist. First of all, Çeşme has fascin ng beaches
where visitors can swim in the crystal blue waters and sunbathe in the ful, golden sandy beaches. Every year
between 8,000 and 10,000 professional and amateur windsurfers come to Alaça cipate in the intern onal
windsurfing comp ons. For example, in Ilıca Beach visitors can enjoy a beach v on in Çeşme full of sea and sun.
Second, Çeşme has many b ful small hotels to stay. Although they are beau ul, they are very expensive. Visitors
come for the charming old stone hotels. Third, Çeşme is famous for its energ and lively nightlife. Çeşme has plenty
of discos, bars and cafes that offer entertainment all night long. For instance, Seaside Beach Club is one of the best
clubs with its music, atmosphere and inter g shows. Generally, I don’t like going to clubs. On the whole, Çeşme is a
wonderful place to go if you love outdoors.

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OPINION
PARAGRAPH
What is an Opinion Paragraph?
An opinion paragraph tells what the writer thinks about a topic. What do I think
It states an opinion in the topic sentence. about a particular
It uses reasons and details to explain the opinion. topic????
It ends the paragraph with a conclusion/concluding sentence/
closing sentence.
Let’s have a look at the steps.

1. Begin with A TOPIC SENTENCE that clearly states your topic and your opinion about this topic.

Here are some topic sentence examples;

I think high school students should wear a uniform for some reasons.
I believe that watching too much television is harmful for children for three reasons.
I am for the idea that learning English is a necessity.
I agree with the idea that self-confidence is the most important factor for success in school or at work.

Look at the bold underlined parts. You need to start with an expression showing your opinion on a specific topic.
In my opinion, …. I disagree with the idea that ….

In my view, ….. I am against the idea that ….

I am for the idea that …….

I don’t think that ….
I agree with the idea that …
I feel that………..
I strongly/firmly believe that ……
My opinion is that……...
I’m convinced that ……..
In my perspective,……….
I think …….
In/From my point of view,…………..
It seems to me that ……
I am certain that …..

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Think of a controlling idea for each topic and write topic sentences using the expressions that are used in opinion
paragraph.
Topic: living in a big city
Topic sentence:
______________________________________________________________________________________.

Topic: parents
Topic sentence :
______________________________________________________________________________________.

At least three strong SUPPORTING SENTENCES ( reasons) that explain or support your opinion/main idea/
2.
topic sentence.

3. Give details that explain each suppor sentence/reason. These details can include specific examples,
facts or explana ns. CONVINCE THE READER!

How to write suppor g sentences :

FIND THREE REASONS
Read the qu n or the topic and decide what you personally think the answer should be.
Brainstorm 3 reasons and examples/explan ons for each reason. (you will need these later!)

STATE YOUR OPINION + 3 REASONS (at least)

Now add your three reasons to your opinion sta ng with transi on words such as “I think”, “I believe”, “In my opinion”
or “In my perspec ve”.
Ques n/ Topic: Do you think online learning is a benefit or disadvantage to students?
Your (possible) answer: I think online learning is beneficial in several ways.
WHY? Think of your reasons and their expl ns or examples!
Convenient Develops skills
-study anywhere in the world - Technology skills in demand for future career
Fast
-no need to travel to class

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So it seems you have your ideas as a dra

“I think online learning is beneficial because it is convenien -saving, and develops our skills for the future.” (don’t
get excited, it is just a dra :) )
Now let’s improve your ideas !

INTRODUCE EACH REASON + GIVE EXAMPLES

Now add your three reasons (suppo ng sentences) beginning with transi on/linking words such as “Firstly”,
“Secondly”, “Thirdly”.
each reason, add your example for each reason beginning with transi on words such as “For example”, “For
instance” or “To illustrate”.
transition words you need first. )

While wri the suppor ng sentences and their explana ns, we must use certain linking words/expressions/
transi n words. This is the recipe you need in order to write your reasons and their details;

REASON 1: (First Suppo ng Sentence)

First of all, …. To begin with, …. / To start with, …..

The first reason is that ….. In the first place, …...
One reason is that ….. First, …. / Firstly, …...

EXPLANATION 1 / DETAIL 1
For instance, ….. such as noun, noun and noun
For example, …. What I mean is that …..
To illustrate, ….

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REASON 2: (Second Suppor g Sentence)

Second of all, …. Addi onally, …. / In addi on, …. In the second place, ….

Second, …. / Secondly …. What is more, …… The second reason is that ….
Another reason is that …. Next, ….. Moreover, ….
Besides, ….. Furthermore, …… Also, ….

EXPLANATION 2 / DETAIL 2
For instance, ….. such as noun, noun and noun
For example, …. What I mean is that …….
To illustrate, ….

REASON 3: (Third Suppo ng Sentence)

Lastly, …. Thirdly, …. / Third, ….

Finally, …. Last but not least, ….
One final reason is that …. In the third place,……

EXPLANATION 3 / DETAIL 3
For instance, ….. such as noun, noun and noun
For example, …. What I mean is that…….
To illustrate, ….

I think online learning is beneficial in several ways. Firstly, online learning is convenient. For example, a
student can log onto their computer and join their class from anywhere in the world. Secondly, learning online
saves students and teachers a lot o me. For instance, a student does not have to waste e commu g to
class. Instead, they can use that ex me to study. Thirdly, online learning helps us develop skills for the
future. To illustrate, many companies and organiz ons rely on technology for their day-to-day op ns.
(There is something missing here. Guess what?! YES THE CONCLUDING
SENTENCE IS MISSING a second. Be patient. :) )

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4. End your paragraph with a CONCLUDING SENTENCE.

Restate your opinion in the topic sentence or you can summarize the main points of the suppo ng sentence.
Never start an idea / new thing in a concluding sentence. All you need to do is repeat the ideas that have been discussed
in the paragraph contents and do not add new points.
You must use a transition/linking/signal word at the beginning of the concluding sentence. Let’s remember these
expressions;
OPINION RESTATED (Concluding Sentence)

In conclusion, To summarize, All in all,

In summary, To sum up, All things considered,
Consequently, In brief, All in a nutshell,
To conclude, In short,
On the whole, Briefly,
As you (can) see,
In a word, Shortly,
For these reasons, I believe
that….

TITLE
ONLINE LEARNING
I think online learning is beneficial in several ways. Firstly, online learning is convenient. For example, a student can log
onto their computer and join their class from anywhere in the world. Secondly, learning online saves students and
teachers a lot of me. For instance, a student does not have to waste e commu g to class. Instead, they can use
that extra time to study. Thirdly, online learning helps us develop skills for the future. To illustrate, many companies
and organisations rely on technology for their day-to-day operations. All in all, I believe online learning is
advantageous because it's easy, time-saving, and helps develop our technological skills.

Structure:

In my opinion+ Topic Sentence—state opinion

LW + main reason + 1st suppo ng detail with explana
LW+ main reason +2nd suppo ng detail with explana
LW+ main reason +3rd suppo ng details with explan on
LW + Concluding Sentence—restate opinion in different words and summarize suppo ng ideas

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A. Study the opinion paragraph below. Fill in the blanks with the correct transi on / linking word.

Sample 1: Music is the best class.

_______________ music is the best class for several reasons. ____________, we do lots of fun things in
music class. ______________, I really like playing instruments such as the flute, the guitar and the piano and
singing songs together with my classmates even in foreign languages like Chinese, English and Spanish.
____________, I also like learning various music kinds. ______________, our teacher teaches us different types of
music all around the world every week and we discuss er we listen to their tradi onal songs and learn their
music culture. ___________, it is not as boring as the other lessons. ____________, we all always have to sit
while learning maths, science and the other lessons, but in music class, we don’t need to keep s l and take notes,
we can dance and we can even make a lot of noise, it is not forbidden! _______________, music is my favourite
lesson because we can do fun things, learn different types of music and it is not boring at all!

B. Read the paragraph below. There are some sentences le out. Put these sentences in their correct places with

the correct transi n word/ linking word. Then, write a proper concluding sentence for the paragraph.

In my view, the best job in the world is “golf coach”. ____________________________________. Most golf
coaches only work several hours per day. Many coaches only work part- e, so they have a lot of me to spend
with their families. ___________________________________. Because golf lessons are expensive, only rich
people are able to afford it. Thus, many people who take golf lessons are
wealthy.___________________________________. Golf coaches are well-paid because professional coaches are
hard to find. It takes a long me to become an excellent coach. Thus, golf coaches with many years of experience
are well paid. _________________________________________________.

a. a golf coach receives a high salary

b. a golf coach works short hours
c. a golf coach meets a lot of rich people

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Sample Opinion Paragraph
Study the paragraph below. Underline the sentences and write TS for topic sentence, SS (SS1 / SS2 / SS3) for
suppor ng sentences, D for details and CS for concluding sentence.
Topic: The internet is bad for young people.
I strongly disagree with the idea that the internet is bad for young people. To start with, young people especially
students do online research for their homework. For example, they can use websites such as Wikipedia to collect
data, so they can widen their perspective through the internet. Additionally, young people can se foreign
languages on the internet. For instance, they can chat with their friends or make new friends online who live
abroad, so they can socialise while improving their skills. One final reason is that they can play some online games
to reduce their stress level. To illustrate, students sometimes feel very nervous because they have to take exams
regularly. In such cases, they can relax their minds by playing some games like DOTA, Minecraft and Call of Duty. To
conclude, I believe that the internet is favourable for young people in terms of doing online research, sing
foreign languages and playing online games.

Wri task 1:

Do you think vals should take place only in summer? Think about the food, the weather and the clothing. First fill in
the mind map below and add details to the given reasons. (You can add more reasons if you want.) Then write an
opinion paragraph about this topic.

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__________________________ (TITLE)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Writing task 2:
“It’s be er for children to grow up in the country.”
Write an opinion paragraph using the template below, but THINK and ORGANISE YOUR IDEAS first. You can use
the mind map below.

I disagree/agree with the idea that ………………………………………………………………………….…………..........................................

……………………………………...First and the most importantly, ……………………………………………...…….........................................

……………………………………………………………………For example, ……………….…………………….…………...........................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………….........................................

……………………….Next, …………………………………………………..………………………………………………………..........................................

…………………………...To illustrate, …………………………………………….……………………………………………...........................................

……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………..........................................

Finally,…...…….………………………………………………………………………………………………….. For instance,.........................................

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………..........................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..........................................

To sum up, I think …………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………...........................................

………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..........................................

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E.Word
Building

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MODULE 0 – INTRODUCTION

HOW CAN WE BUILD WORDS IN ENGLISH? In

this module, we will …

• learn some basic concepts about word formation

(parts of speech, prefixes & suffixes).
• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

TO WORD FORMATION

1. DISCOVER
PART A. Match the words in Part A with their definitions in Part B.

PART A PART B
1.reader a. look at a written piece and understand what it
means
2.read b. the person who reads
3.misread c. easy to read
4.proofread d. difficult to read

5.readable e. read something to correct the mistakes in it

6.unreadable f. read incorrectly

PART B. Have a look at the words above and answer the questions in the thought
bubbles.

1 What is the
smallest part of
each word
above?

2 Why do the
words above have
3 What do we call
different
the parts of a word
meanings?
that change their
meanings?

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MODULE 0 – INTRODUCTION
PART C. Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a note of them and ask
them to your teacher.

WHY AND HOW DO WE BUILD WORDS IN ENGLISH?

1. WHY?

When you see a word you do not know, or you are unsure
of what the word means, you can look it up in a dictionary OR
you can analyze the word by diving it into its small parts.
Learning these basic parts will help you build up
your vocabulary skills. For example, while you are reading
a text, you may see an unknown word and you may not
have a dictionary with you. In this case, analyze the word
and its parts and try to guess the meaning of the word.

There are different word forms in English and we call these word types “parts of speech”. In this
module, we will have a look at some basic word forms.

PARTS OF SPEECH

1.Verb: an action or a state e.g. jump, read, am/is/are, go, see

2.Noun: a person or a thing e.g. reader, reading, table, book

3.Adjective: describes a noun e.g. comfortable, hot, cold, difficult

4.Adverb: describes a verb, adjective or an adverb e.g. well, quickly, beautifully

2. HOW?

There are different ways to build new words in English. In this module, we will have a look at TWO of
them.

Prefixes and Suffixes

A prefix is attached to the beginning of a word to form a new word. Prefixes can change the form and
meaning of a word completely.

e.g. happy – unhappy

A suffix is attached to the end of the word. Suffixes also change the form and meaning of a word. e.g.
hope – hopeless.

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MODULE 0 – INTRODUCTION
2. PRACTICE

Exercise A. Have a look at the words below and answer the question. 1st one is an example.

• What are the smallest parts of these words?

1. autobiography _____biography_______ 4 . interviewee___________________

2. illegal________________________________ 5. leadership ___________________

3. misunderstand ______________________ 6.waterproof ____________________

Exercise B. Have a look at the words in bold and circle the correct option. 1st one is an
example.
1. Sarah likes bright colors.
a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

2. John plays the piano beautifully.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

3. Reading is one of my hobbies.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

4. Are you energetic today?

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

5. I will watch a film.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

6. Jimmy is an optimistic person.

a. adjective b. verb c. noun d. adverb

NOW I
UNDERSTAND!

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MODULE 0 – INTRODUCTION
Exercise C. Underline the prefixes and/or suffixes in the words below. 1st one is an example.

1. disappear 8. careful

2. rethink 9. action

3. unlearn 10. teacher

4. shorten 11. happiness

5. impossible 12. illness

6. hourly 13. thankful

7. overtime 14. excitement

3. THINK
Think about your performance in this module and put a tick in the
suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this question.
question.

Why do we build
words in English?

What do we mean
by “parts of speech?”

How can we
build different words
in English?

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MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-ABLE, - IVE”

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

In this module, we will …

• learn TWO suffixes.

• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1. DISCOVER

PART A. Have a look at the pictures below and answer the questions. Look up the unknown
words in your dictionary.

DOING HOMEWORK I AM SENSITIVE.

IS ADVISABLE.

1. According to Picture A, is doing homework good? How do you know?

_______________________________________________________________________________ .
2. Is ‘advisable’ a noun or an adjective?
_______________________________________________________________________________ .
3. Is the following sentence true? “Doing homework is advice.”
_______________________________________________________________________________ .
4. Is the boy emotional? How do you know?
_______________________________________________________________________________ .
5. Is ‘sensitive’ a noun or an adjective?
_______________________________________________________________________________ .

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MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-ABLE, - IVE”

PART B. Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a note of them and ask
them to your teacher.

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

A.There are different ways to make new words. In the previous modules, we had a look at the
following suffixes:

1. -ment is one of the suffixes that turn a verb into a noun.

e.g. move ---- > movement

2. – ion is another common suffix that turns a verb into a noun. -Ion follows many different verb
forms, and causes a spelling change to the original word e.g. adding an additional vowel or
changing a consonant to sound more natural.

If you see a word ending in–ion,-tion,-ation or -sion, it is likely to be a noun.

e.g. act ---- > action

3. ‘-ed’ and ‘-ing’ make adjectives from verbs. Adjectives that end in -ed generally describe
emotions – they tell us how someone feels. Adjectives ending in ‘-ing’ describe the thing that
causes the emotion- they tell us how something or someone is.

e.g. excite ---- > excited / exciting

B. In this module, we will have a look at TWO of them : ‘-able, -ive’.

-able and -ive are suffixes that turn a verb into an adjective. The suffix -able means “able to be.”

The suffix -ive means “the ability to perform the activity represented by the verb.”

e.g.

manage (verb) ---- > managable (adjective)

move (verb) ---- > movable (adjective)

communicate (verb) ---- > communicative (adjective)

attract (verb) ---- > attractive (adjective)

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MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-ABLE, - IVE”

2. PRACTICE
Exercise A. Complete the chart with the noun forms of the verbs. 1st one is an example.

VERB NOUN (-ment, -ion)

communicate communication

move movement

attract

present

accomodate

pay

produce

achieve

enjoy

compete

protect

imagine

create

predict

educate

adapt

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MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-ABLE, - IVE”

Exercise B. Read the sentences and look at the words in brackets.
Complete the sentences with the verb or noun forms of the words.

1. The company has suffered from several years of bad ____________.

(manage)

2. I can’t _____________ a life without the internet.(imagine)

3. After the accident, there was no ____________ in his legs and he couldn’t walk. (move)

4. She will answer your questions after she has made her _______________. (present)

5. After you get your tickets, you should choose your ________________. (accommodate)

6. I usually ____________ by credit card because I don’t like carrying a lot of cash with me. (pay)

Exercise C. Read the sentences and look at the words in brackets. Complete the sentences with
the verb or adjective forms of the words.

1. We had a very ______________ meeting. I felt we solved lots of problems. (produce)

2. I’m sure she will ________________ her goal and be a successful doctor. (achieve)

3. I am a sociable person so spending time with friends is the most _________________ free activity for

me. (enjoy)

4. He is a very __________________ person. He always wants to be the best. (compete)

5. I should _____________ my boss that I am going to be away next week. (inform).

6. She’s pretty _______________, and change doesn’t bother her. (adapt)

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MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-ABLE, - IVE”

Exercise D. Read the sentences and write the part of speech you need in each blank. Write ‘N’ for a
noun, and write ‘V’ for a verb and Write ‘A’ for an adjective.

1. By recycling we can ________________ the environment.

2. This painting is extremely ________________. We can sell it for millions of dollars.

3. I didn't want to ________________ you in front of your friends. That’s why I left the room.

4. What’s your ________________ about the future of education. Do you think we will have robot

teachers?

5. When she saw his surprise gift, she couldn’t hide her ________________. You could see in her

eyes how much she was surprised and happy.

6. He felt really ________________ when he failed to get what he wanted.

7. Anıtkabir is the most popular tourist ________________ in Ankara.

8. He is a very successful and rich businessman now. But it wasn’t _______________ for him while

he was working as a sales person.

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MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-ABLE, - IVE”

Exercise E. Look at part D and the part of speech you need in each blank. Then complete
the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box.

disappoint embarrass protect value

amaze predict attract imagine

1. By recycling we can ________________ the environment.

2. This painting is extremely ________________. We can sell it for millions of dollars

3. I didn't want to ________________ you in front of your friends. That’s why I left the room.

4. What’s your ________________ about the future of education? Do you think we will have robot

teachers?

5. When she saw his surprise gift, she couldn’t hide her ________________. You could see in her eyes

how much she was surprised and happy.

6. He felt really ________________ when he failed to get what he wanted.

7. Anıtkabir is the most popular tourist ________________ in Ankara.

8. He is a very successful and rich businessman now. But it wasn’t _______________ for

him while he was working as a salesperson.

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MODULE 1 – SUFFIXES “-ABLE, - IVE”

Exercise F. Add a suffix to the BASE word. Use each word to complete the sentences.

1. VERB: DECIDE NOUN : ____________ ADJECTIVE: _____________

Changing your career is a big _____________. First, you should __________ what you really want

to do. Then, you should be ____________ because your family and friends might try to change your

mind.

2. VERB: COMMUNICATE NOUN : ____________ ADJECTIVE: _____________

She is very successful in business life because she is a very sociable and

_____________ person, she can _____________ with anyone easily and effectively. And,

____________ is the key to being happy and successful in the workplace.

3. VERB: ACHIEVE NOUN : ____________ ADJECTIVE: _____________ His

_________________ wasn’t by accident. He set a(n)_____________ goal for himself. Then he did

everything to _______________ that goal.

3. THINK

Think about your performance in this module and put a tick in the suitable
box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this question.
question.

How does the meaning

change when we add ‘-

-ment’, ‘-ion’, ‘-ed’,‘-ing’,

‘-able’, ‘-ive’ to words?

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MODULE 2 – SUFFIXES “-IC, -AL”

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

In this module, we will …

•learn TWO suffixes.

•do some practice.

•fill in a checklist.

1. DISCOVER

PART A. Have a look at the pictures below and answer the questions. Look up the unknown
words in your dictionary.

a b

AGRICULTURAL LAND THEY HAVE DIFFERENT

ATHLETIC SKILLS.

1. In picture A, does ‘agricultural’ describe ‘land’?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Is ‘agricultural’ a noun or an adjective?

___________________________________________________________________________
3. In picture B, does ‘athletic’ describe ‘skills’?

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Is ‘athletic’ a noun or an adjective?

___________________________________________________________________________

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MODULE 2 – SUFFIXES “-IC, -AL”

PART B. Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a note of them and ask them
to your teacher.

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH SUFFIXES?

A. There are different ways to make new words. In the previous modules, we learned the following
suffixes:

‘-ful’ , ‘-ous’ turn nouns into ADJECTIVES.

1. ‘-ful’ Example: power (noun) – powerful (adjective)

2. ‘-ous’ Example: adventure (noun) – adventurous (adjective)

Reminder: ‘-ous’ causes a spelling change to the original word such as dropping “y” and
replacing it with “i”. e.g. fury- furious.

3. ‘-ly’ : turns adjectives into ADVERBS. Adverbs show how the verb (action) happens.

e.g. happy (adjective – happily (adverb

Reminder: If the adjective ends in -y, replace the -y with -i then add –ly and If the adjective
ends in -able, -ible, or -le, replace -e with -ly.

B. In this module, we will have a look at TWO more suffixes.

“-ic” , “-al” turn nouns into ADJECTIVES.

1.–ic

e.g. athlete (noun) – athletic (adjective)

Reminder: “ -ic” causes a spelling change to the original

word such as dropping “e” and then adding “-ic.”

2.–al

e.g. universe (noun) – universal (adjective) Reminder:

“ -al” causes a spelling change to the original

word such as dropping “e” and then adding “-al.”

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2. PRACTICE

Exercise A: Write the correct form of the nouns given in the table. For each one, look them up in a
dictionary and decide which is correct and write in the column. Be careful with your spelling. If
one of the suffixes is not possible for the given noun, put an X in the chart. 1st one is an example.

NOUN ADJECTIVE
-ic -al
accident × accidental
rhythm
strategy
norm
person
music
nature
agriculture
democrat
occasion
enthusiast
base
globe
magic
photograph

Exercise B. Read the sentences. If you need an adjective, write ‘ADJ’, if you need a noun, write
‘NOUN’.

1. Words are important but manners have a/n ___________ power on people.

2. Forests, rivers, seas, animals and oceans are vital for our lives, so we must protect_________ as
much as possible.

3. I don’t like my room at all because everything is black and grey. I will buy some__________curtains
and pillows.

4. My students are very __________ about the lesson. They are always active and want to learn
more.

5. The Coronavirus outbreak is a/n _________ problem because it affects every country.

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6. His _________ way of talking made everyone laugh and have a fun time at the
meeting.

7. John enjoyed growing his own food when he was a child. That’s why, he
decided to study__________ at the state university.

8. What is your favourite reading ________ to understand the text better?

9. B.B King played only for Afro-American audiences when he started his
________ career.

10. Robert broke his left leg and two of his ribs in a terrible car ________
but luckily didn't die.

Exercise C. Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words
in the box. There are some extra words.

music humour enthusiast nature colour

accident magic agriculture strategy globe

economy person

1. Words are important but manners have a/n __________ power on people.

2. Forests, rivers, seas, animals and oceans are vital for our lives, so we must

protect ________ as much as possible.

3. I don’t like my room at all because everything is black and grey. I will buy some ___________

curtains and pillows.

4. My students are very _________ about the lesson. They are always active and want to learn more.

5. The Coronavirus outbreak is a/n _________ problem because it affects every country.

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6. His _________ way of talking made everyone laugh and have a fun time at the meeting.

7. John enjoyed growing his own food when he was a child. That’s why, he decided to study

__________ at the state university.

8. What is your favourite reading ___________ to understand the text better?

9. B.B King played only for Afro-American audiences when he started his ___________ career.

10. Robert broke his left leg and two of his ribs in a terrible car __________ but luckily didn't die.

Exercise D. Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words.

happy

a. My heart is melting when I see my dog’s __________ face.

b. The children played __________ with their toys.

person

I try not to ask __________ questions to my interviewees in order not to bother them.
If just one __________ decides everything all the time, there will probably be serious
problems.

c. You helped us with the project a lot. That’s why, I wanted to thank you ___________.

accident

a. The FBI is trying to find out the cause of the serious ___________ in the factory.

b. We met at the party, but it wasn’t planned. It was completely ____________.

universe

a.Some rules cannot be applied ___________ because countries have their own social laws.

b.In the past, early scientists thought that our world was the centre of the ___________. Now we
know that the Earth is just a small part of it.

c.Music, love and kindness are ____________. They have a similar and strong positive effect on
people and animals all around the world.

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3. THINK

Think about your performance in this module and put a tick in the suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this
question. question.

How does the

meaning change

when we add ‘-ful’, ‘-

ous’, ‘-ly’, ‘-ic’, ‘-al’

to the words?

How does the form

change when we add

‘-ful’, ‘-ous’, ‘-ly’, ‘-

ic’, ‘-al’ to the

words?

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MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH “-DOM, -NESS,-ISM”

HOW CAN WE MAKE NOUNS?

In this module, we will …

• learn THREE suffixes.
• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1. DISCOVER
PART A. Have a look at the pictures below and answer the questions. Look up the unknown
words in your dictionary.

a b c

Welcome to our kingdom of Don’t be like Jane. Avoid

sunglasses. . Loneliness is killing me. egoism.

1. In picture A, is the man king or kingdom?

____________________________________________________________
2. In picture B, is the girl lonely or loneliness?
____________________________________________________________
3. Is Jane egoism or is she an egoist?
____________________________________________________________
4. Are the words ‘kingdom’, ‘loneliness’ and ‘egoism’ nouns or adjectives?
____________________________________________________________

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MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH “-DOM, -NESS,-ISM”

PART B. Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a note of them and
ask them to your teacher.

HOW CAN WE MAKE NOUNS?

There are different ways to make nouns. In this module, we will learn about THREE
ways – adding ‘-dom’/‘-ness’/‘-ism’ at the end of a word.

1 ‘–dom’: gives the meaning of “general condition” or “domain”. This

suffix is also used to turn verbs into nouns.

Also, you can add “-dom” to some nouns to change the meaning.

2 ‘–ness’: gives the meaning of “a state or quality”.

If the adjective ends in “y”, we drop “y” and add “i” before adding “-ness”.

3 ‘-ism’: gives the meaning of “a belief or condition”. This suffix can be added to some nouns
in order to change the meaning of the words.

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MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH “-DOM, -NESS,-ISM”

2. PRACTICE

Exercise A. All these words have noun endings in ‘-dom’ , ‘-ness’ or ‘-ism’. Look each one up in a
dictionary and decide which one is correct and write it in the correct column. Be careful with your
spelling.

NOUN (-DOM)))) NOUN (-ness) NOUN (-ism)

social (adj)

bore (verb)

lazy (adj)

human (n)

good (adj)

bilingual (adj)

mad (adj)

blind (adj) (v)

romantic (adj)

fit (adj)

race (n)

bright (adj)

happy (adj)

fanatic (n)

sad (adj)

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MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH “-DOM, -NESS,-ISM”

Exercise B. Read the sentences and fill in the
blanks with the correct form of the word given in the
brackets.

1 She has fought against ____________ all her

life because she believes that everyone has
equal rights and all lives matter. (race)

2 Sometimes life can be ____________, but it is

in your hands to make it better. (sad)

3 Her technique is good while playing

basketball, but she needs to improve her
___________. (fit)
4. ____________ is very advantageous because you are a native speaker of two different
languages. (bilingual)

5. I think every human being should express their opinions in a respectful way, but in
some countries _____________ of thought is denied. (free)

Exercise C. Read the sentences and write the part of speech you need in the blanks. Write “V” for
verbs,“ADJ” for adjectives and “N” for nouns.

1 His negative speech about human rights drew strong __________ from journalists
and they wrote their harsh opinions in the newspapers.

2. We always go to Fethiye on holiday because it is very lively at night. There are lots of nice
restaurants with different cuisines and streets are full of _________ lights and clubs.

3. Robert’s mother complains about his ___________ because he doesn’t study his lessons at
all, and he doesn’t care about his homework.

4. Some people say that being successful in life is the key to __________, but I think if you
are ___________ with your life, it means that you are successful.

5. Our boss is always talking about his achievements for hours at our meetings and it
_________ us to death.

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MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH “-DOM, -NESS,-ISM”

6. __________ is the same thing as selfishness and caring about no one’s needs or feelings.

7 The prince left his family and ___________ then he started living on a farm with the
beautiful girl he fell in love with.

8 Last year we organised a very __________ dinner for my parents’ 25th wedding
anniversary and it made them very surprised and happy at the same time.

9 Having kind and empathetic manners is very important and essential for __________
life because everyone affects each other in a community.

10. It is a ___________ thing to think twice before saying something especially when you
are so happy or angry.

Exercise D. Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in the box.

ego king wise social happy (X2)

romance bright critic bore lazy

1. His negative speech about human rights drew strong ____________ from journalists

and they wrote their harsh opinions in the newspapers.

2. We always go to Fethiye on holiday because it is very lively at night. There are lots of nice

restaurants with different cuisines and streets are full of __________ lights and clubs.

3. Robert’s mother complains about his ___________ because he doesn’t study his lessons at

all, and he doesn’t care about his homework.

4. Some people say that being successful in life is the key to ____________, but I think if you

are ___________ with your life, it means that you are successful.

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MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH “-DOM, -NESS,-ISM”

5. Our boss is always talking about his achievements for hours at our meetings and it

__________us to death.
6. ____________ is the same thing as selfishness and caring about no one’s needs or feelings.

7. The prince left his family and _____________ then he started living on a farm with the

beautiful girl he fell in love with.

8. Last year we organised a very ___________ dinner for my parents’ 25th wedding

anniversary and it made them very surprised and happy at the same time.

9. Having kind and empathetic manners is very important and essential for ____________

life because everyone affects each other in a community.

10. It is a __________ thing to think twice before saying something especially when you are

so happy or angry.

Exercise E. Read the sentences and write the correct form of the words in each sentence.

1. kind

a. A ___________ man helped the women and children get out of the burning building and

he didn’t think of himself at all.

b. Every animal needs to be treated with ___________ but some people are very cruel, and

they don’t care about their feelings.

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MODULE 3 – NOUNS WITH “-DOM, -NESS,-ISM”

2. mad

a. Mark’s ______________ has a powerful effect on his art.

b. My mother was __________ at me for breaking her antique vase.

3. lonely

a. You should get married when you are ready, not because you feel

________________.

b. Being addicted to social media causes ____________ because it makes people unsocial.

3 THINK

Think about your performance in this module and put a tick in the suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this
question. question.

When we add ‘-
dom’, ‘-ness’ or ‘-ism’
to a word, how does
the meaning change?

When we add ‘-
dom’, ‘-ness’ or ‘-ism’
to a word, how does
the form change?

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MODULE 4 – PREFIXES “IM-, IR-, IL-,DIS-"

HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH PREFIXES?

In this module, we will …

• learn about FOUR prefixes to make new words.

• do some practice.
• fill in a checklist.

1. DISCOVER

PART A. Have a look at the pictures below and answer the questions. Look up the unknown words
in your dictionary.

a b

THIS IS ME WHEN I HAVE AN ESSAY TO

COMPLETE. AM I IRRESPONSIBLE? YES!

c d

IT IS ILLEGAL TO CHEW GUM IN

SINGAPORE. IT IS TRUE THAT I DISLIKE PEOPLE.

1. Can humans fly like birds? Is it possible or impossible?

__________________________________________________________________

2. Are you a responsible or an irresponsible student?

__________________________________________________________________

3. What can happen if you chew gum in Singapore?

__________________________________________________________________

4. Does the cat in picture D like people? How do you know?

__________________________________________________________________

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MODULE 4 – PREFIXES “IM-, IR-, IL-,DIS-" Student's Copy
PART B. Read the information below. If you have any questions, make a note of them and ask them
to your teacher.
HOW CAN WE MAKE NEW WORDS WITH PREFIXES?
There are different ways to make new words. In the previous modules, we learnt how to make new
words with the following prefixes: ‘inter-, in-‘.

In this module, we will learn about how to make new words with some prefixes: ‘im-‘,
‘ir-‘, ‘il-‘, ‘dis-'.

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MODULE 4 – PREFIXES “IM-, IR-, IL-,DIS-"

2. PRACTICE

Exercise A. Complete the table with “im-, ir-, il-, dis-, in-, inter-“ by using your dictionary.

Exercise B. Read the sentences. If you need an adjective,

write ‘ADJ’, if you need a verb, write ‘verb’
1 You always _______ from the meetings without saying a word.
We can’t find you anywhere.

2 It is very _______ to wear high-heel shoes if you go for a walk on

a beach. You should wear sneakers.

3. I must buy a new car because the damage is _______ and the
mechanic can’t fix it.

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4. This book has a lot of ________ information about our nation’s history. We should find
another book to use in our research.

5. His handwriting is ________. I can’t understand even one word in his essay.

6. Alice can’t _________ with other people easily because she is a very shy person.

7. You are asking ________ questions. Our topic is not global warming! It is nuclear energy.
8. It was very ___________ to lie to them about your job.

9. Our boss is too ________ with the new employee. She should give him a bit more time.
10. I respect your opinion but I firmly _________. I think we should find a different
solution.

Exercise C Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in

the box.

act agree accurate relevant reparable

appear patient practical legible honest

1. You always _________ from the meetings without saying a word. We can’t find you
anywhere.

2. It is very _________ to wear high-heel shoes if you go for a walk on a beach. You should
wear sneakers.

3. I must buy a new car because the damage is ___________ and the mechanic can’t fix it.

4. This book has a lot of ___________ information about our nation’s history. We should
find another book to use in our research.

5. His handwriting is ____________. I can’t understand even one word in his essay.

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6. Alice can’t ____________ with other people easily because she is a very shy person.

7. You are asking ____________ questions. Our topic is not global warming! It is nuclear energy.

8. It was very _____________ to lie to them about your job.

9. Our boss is too ____________ with the new employee. She should give him a bit more time.

10. I respect your opinion but I firmly ___________. I think we should find a different solution.

3. THINK

Think about your performance in this module and put a tick in the
suitable box/es.

WORD FORMATION CHECKLIST

Question I can answer this I can’t answer this
question. question.

How does the

meaning change
when we add
‘im-, ir-, il-, dis-, in-,
inter-‘ to a word?

How does the form

change when we add
‘im-, ir-, il-, dis-, in-,
inter-‘ to a word?

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F. Supplementary
Classroom
Materials

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EMPOWER B1

UNIT MODULE 1A VOCABULARY FOCUS

• Turn to your partner and talk about your last summer holiday using the adjectives below:

•alright
•awful
•strange
•delicious
•perfect
•boring

You can talk about topics like

• The weather
• The pool & sea
• The hotel
• The food at the hotel
• The view
• The town you went

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UNIT MODULE 1B GRAMMAR

PRESENT SIMPLE & PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Write a small paragraph comparing your schedule during school time and summer holiday as in the
example.

“In winter, when I go to school, I wake up at 7 a.m. and have my breakfast but now I am on summer
break, so I am having my breakfast now at 10 a.m.”

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EMPOWER B1

UNIT MODULE 2A GRAMMAR

PRACTICE PAST SIMPLE POSITIVE FORM

A. Rewrite the sentences in past simple form as in the example.

e.g. I wash my hair every day. I washed my hair.

1. Sam loves pancakes. _____________________________.

2. My father works for a technology company. _____________________________.
3. Helen studies art in university. _____________________________.
4. I enjoy watching volleyball. _____________________________.
5. Kate gets her milk from a farmer. _____________________________.
6. I take the bus to school in the morning. _____________________________.
7. I have a terrible headache. _____________________________.
8. My mother cooks fish for us. _____________________________.

B. Turn to your partner and talk about the online teaching experience that we had between

April 2020 and June 2020.

Here are some example sentences for you:

I studied more than I ever did before.

I thought the online classes were boring.

We didn’t go to school, but I woke up early.

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EMPOWER B1

UNIT MODULE 2B GRAMMAR

There is a beginning of a travel story below. Work in groups of five. Individually add four
more past simple and four more past continuous sentences to complete the story. When
you're finished, show your story to your friends in your group and choose the best one.

The beginning of the story

It was a hot and long summer. I was working on a project and feeling tired. Suddenly my friend called
and invited me to a trip to Budapest. It sounded interesting and I told her that I could go. While I was
packing for my trip, I thought about my project. “Should I take a break?”, I asked myself…

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EMPOWER B1

UNIT MODULE 3A GRAMMAR

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE

Write a paragraph comparing two writers below. There are two example sentences or you.

Search for more information online. You can talk about their travels, family life and

achievements. Use "Present Perfect" or "Past Simple".

J.R.R Tolkien J.K. Rowling

He was born in 1892. She has released 17 books.

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EMPOWER B1

UNIT MODULE 3B LISTENING

LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

A. Go to part 3c (Audio: Empower B1 Unit 3B pg.31). Listen and answer the questions below

accordingly.

1. How does he/she feel about saving money?

_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why does the last speaker think money should be spent?

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why is the presenter asking people about their spending habits?

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why does Speaker 2 thinks everyone should save up when they’re older?

_________________________________________________________________________________

5. Does Speaker 3 owe money to anyone?

_________________________________________________________________________________

B. Discuss the questions below with your partner.

1. Which speaker do you agree with the most?

2. Do you think young people save money or spend it?

3. Which way do you think is better to buy something big like a car; saving money or taking a
loan?

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EMPOWER B1

UNIT MODULE 3D LISTENING

LISTENING FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION

A. Listen to the recording in Exercise 1d again (Audio: Empower B1 Unit 3D pg.34). Answer the
questions below accordingly.

1. What is their motivation in supporting a charity?

__________________________________________________________________________
2. Whose charity is the easiest to donate?
__________________________________________________________________________
3. Why can’t Jessica donate to any charity?
__________________________________________________________________________
4. How did William collect money for his charity?
__________________________________________________________________________

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EMPOWER B1

UNIT MODULE 4B LISTENING

A. Listen to the recording in Exercise 1c again (Audio: Empower B1 Unit 4B pg.42). While
listening take some notes to answer the questions below.

1. Make notes of the places that they will avoid.

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2. Why doesn’t he want to go to all the tourist places?

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3. What do you think about his decision? When you travel do you go to tourist places or do you

avoid them?

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You can take your notes here.

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UNIT MODULE 5A READING

A. Answer the questions according to the article: The happiest Jobs.

1. Based on the text, what do you think makes people happy at work?

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2. Based on the text what do you think makes people unhappy at work?

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3. What is the relationship between income and happiness in workplace?

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UNIT MODULE 5A LISTENING

A. Discuss the questions with your partner.

1. What do you think a career fair is? What kind of an image comes to your mind?

2. Which professions do you think are the most suitable ones for career fairs? Why?

3. Would you like to attend a career fair? Why?

B. Role Play Activity

Group A: You are going to give information about your department/job at a career fair. Get
prepared for your role. After finishing your preparations AT YOUR DESK wait for people who are
looking for jobs and answer their questions.

Group B: You are trying to find the most suitable job for yourself at a career fair. Ask questions to
learn more about the job. Prepare your questions. Walk around the class and find at least 3
different people from group A to ask your questions. Don't forget to introduce yourself first.

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UNIT MODULE 5B GRAMMAR

WILL & MIGHT/COULD/MAY for PREDICTIONS & FUTURE POSSIBILITY

(almost certain) (almost certain)

SURE it won’t SURE it will

happen / it happen / it is
isn’t true. true.

WON’T (uncertain) WILL

We can use “will, may, might or could” to show how sure we are about the future.

SURE/ALMOST CERTAIN about the FUTURE

“Will, won’t” express certainty in the future.

• People will work from home more in the future.

• According to the scientists, robots won’t replace all human jobs.
• You won’t regret it!
• We must leave in 5 mins, or we will miss the beginning of the film!
• Will humans reach Mars in our lifetime?

POSSIBLE in the FUTURE

(NOT SURE/UNCERTAIN)

“May, might, could” express possibility in the future.

• It’s 3 o’clock. I may/might/could miss the bus. (I am not sure but it’s possible.)
• Tigers may/might/could disappear soon if hunters keep killing them at this rate.
• Entire populations of fish may/might/could become extinct in the next few years.
• He hasn’t studied much. He might not/may not pass the exam.
To express the idea that a future event will possibly not take place, use may not or might not.
DO NOT USE could not.

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UNIT MODULE 5B GRAMMAR
WILL & MIGHT/COULD/MAY for PREDICTIONS & FUTURE POSSIBILITY
A. Read the sentences and choose the best option.

1. We ________ have a test next week, but our teacher isn’t sure yet.

a. will b. may c. won’t

2. I _______ accept the job offer. It’s a good opportunity.

a. might b. could c. will

3. Perhaps my sister ________ spend her holiday in New York. She wants to improve her English.

a. will b. might c. might not

4. I'm sure life for most people in the future _________ be better than it is today.

a. may b. might c.will

5. We _______________ find life on other planets one day - I really don't know.

a. will b. could c. won’t

B. Rewrite the given ideas using “will, may/might/could” and/or their negative forms in
complete sentences.

1. There is definitely a party tomorrow evening at my house.

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2. There is a fifty-fifty chance that she will be on time for her English class tomorrow.

_________________________________________________________________________

3. There is a possibility that I will study in Spain.

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4. It is not certain that he will like his gift.

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UNIT MODULE 6D READING

A.After reading Eliza’s reply to Sevim;

Work in groups. Individually, write your own advice on how to learn a language. Write at least 5
pieces of advice in details. When you’re finished, share your ideas with your group and choose the
best ones.
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT MODULE 7A GRAMMAR

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES

Individually write a paragraph and in your paragraph compare yourself with your favourite
famous person. You can talk about your age, physical appearance, your life experiences,
possessions etc. Write at least five sentences. When you’re finished, compare your paragraphs
with your partner. There is an example sentence below for you.

e.g. Margot Robbie is taller than me.

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT MODULE 8A GRAMMAR

THE PASSIVE PRESENT AND PAST SIMPLE

Write a film review using the simple present and/or past passive. Write at least 5 sentences.
You can talk about the plot, setting, actors & actresses with their performances, characters,
director, producers, cost... etc.

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UNIT MODULE 8B GRAMMAR

PRESENT PERFECT with FOR and SINCE

Talk about your life and what you have and haven’t done since the pandemic started with your
partner. Use "for" and "since" as much as possible. There are some examples below:

e.g.

I have worked from home for one year.

I have consumed one hundred soap bars since the pandemic started.

UNIT MODULE 8C EVERYDAY ENGLISH

APOLOGIES AND MAKING EXCUSES

Work with your partner. In turns say a sentence and the other tries to guess if the speaker has
something more to say or the information they’re giving has finished.

UNIT MODULE: 9A VOCABULARY

EDUCATION COLLOCATIONS

Use the phrases below and write about your high school/university experiences.

fail an exam

hand in an essay

get into university

do a degree in

revise

take notes

get good marks

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UNIT MODULE 10A GRAMMAR

IF CLAUSE-SECOND CONDITIONAL

“What would you do if you won the lottery? Write 5 sentences. Then turn to your partner and read
each other’s ideas. Discuss and decide which idea is the most interesting one and explain why you
think it is the most interesting idea.

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G. Additional
Materials

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Dictionary Skills
Why should I use a dictionary?

• In order to find out the correct definition of the words, it is suggested to look them up a
dictionary. For C (pre-intermediate) levels, it is recommended to use monolingual
dictionaries. Monolingual dictionaries explain the words by using the target language. Our
target language is English.

• Dictionaries also give you more information about the parts of speech such as verb, noun,
adjective and adverb.

• The words which are in the same family are generally written together, so you can learn
more than one word by using a dictionary.

• It is also possible to check the spelling of that word.

• Italic words between slashes show how to pronounce that word in the international phonetic
alphabet.

e.g. Accountant: noun [ C ] /əˈkaʊntənt/: someone whose job is to keep or examine the financial
records of a company or organization.

The accountant of the company should prepare yearly reports and financial preparation of the next
year.

Useful abbreviations and their definitions for dictionary use:

Verb: V A word that is used to say that someone does something or that
something happens.
Noun: N A word that refers to a person, place, object, event, substance, idea,
feeling or quality.
Adjective: ADJ A word that describes a noun or pronoun.
Adverb: ADV A word that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective,
phrase or other verbs.
Transitive: T A transitive verb always has an object. In the sentence ‘I’ll make a coffee’
‘make’ is a transitive verb.
Intransitive: I Intransitive verb does not have an object. In the sentence ‘John arrived
first’ ‘arrived’ is an intransitive verb.
Uncountable: U A noun that does not have a plural form and cannot be used with ‘a’ or
‘one’.
Countable: C A noun that has both plural and singular nouns.

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Dictionary Skills
Why should I use a dictionary?

A. Now use your dictionary to fill in the blanks. DO NOT write something in the grey parts.

Words Part of a speech Countable/Uncountable Transitive/Intransitive

(Noun/Adjective/ (Only for nouns) (Only for verbs)
Adverb/Verb)
1.delicious
2.set off
3.owe
4.plumber
5.luggage
6.hitchhike
7.backpack
8.annoying
9.direct
10.live

B. Fill in the blanks with the given prompts and change the verbs when necessary.

delicious set off owe plumber luggage

hitchhike backpack annoying direct live

1. A lot of students have started to ____________ after the latest increase in transportation prices.

2. It is _____________ to speak loudly on the phone in public.

3. Tomorrow we will _____________ after breakfast because our destination is far away.

4. I have _____________ in Ankara for almost ten years since I graduated from university.

5. We have a lot of _____________ so we should find a carrier.

6. Do not put a lot in your _____________ because we should travel light.

7. This hamburger is the most _____________ one I have ever had.

8. Quentin Tarantino _____________ this film, so you must see it.

9. He _____________ me 1000 Turkish Lira and I need it now!

10. You need to call a _____________ . This pipe is broken!

Taken and edited from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/bbc-english and

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/

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Unit Module 4A
The Present Simple and The Present Continuous Tense for future events and Be Going To

Present Continuous Tense Be going to Simple Present Tense

The present continuous is used Be going to is used for plans The present simple is used for
for fixed arrangements in the and intentions. events in the future when
near future. there is a clear or fixed
schedule or timetable:

I am flying to Paris next week. After the lesson, my friends The plane takes off at 09.30.
(I have arranged and bought and I are going to have coffee. (a schedule)
my ticket.)
(We have decided, but we What time does the lesson
haven’t arranged yet.) start? (a timetable)
She is visiting her grandmother
tomorrow.
We are going to have a ten-day
(It is arranged.) holiday.
(I don’t know the exact time
and place, but we have a plan.)

A. Fill in the blanks with simple present, present continuous or be going to.

1. The bus _______________ at 9 o’clock on Mondays. (leave)

2. We haven’t arranged something certain yet, but we _______________a movie. (watch)
3. We have planned that we _______a weekend break. Would you like to come with us? (have)
4. What time _____________ the train to Istanbul ______________ at the station? (arrive)
5. I’ve made an arrangement for tomorrow. I __________ my friends in Ankamall at 10 o’clock.
(meet)
6. The movie ____________ at 9 o’clock. (start)
7. Online lessons _______________ at 3.15 p.m. every day. (finish)
8. Guess what! I _________________ next week! (get married)
9. I have a surprise for you! I have talked with the previous owner and I _____________a dog
tomorrow. (adopt)
10. I really need a break and I ________________it. However, I don’t know where to go. (have)

Taken and adapted from Round-Up 5

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Unit Module 6B
"-ed/ing adjectives"

A. Choose the correct form of the adjectives.

1. Isn’t it annoyed/annoying to chew gum loudly in public?

2. I was annoyed/annoying when I saw him with his new girlfriend just after we broke up.

3. Using navigation to find one’s way might be confused/confusing for some people.

4. He was confused/confusing about what to say when the teacher asked the question
directly.

5. I am excited/exciting to see my primary school friends after so many years.

6. I find bungee jumping very excited/exciting and I hope I will try it one day.

7. The seven-year-old boy was amazed/amazing when he opened his birthday gift.

8. Is it amazed/amazing to watch the stars at night in the countryside?

9. I was really embarrassed/embarrassing when I forget my speech in front of so many

people.

10.It is embarrassed/ embarrassing to see your father in a bad situation like that.

11.After so many years of working, it is disappointed /disappointing not to buy even a car.

12.When I saw my exam results, I was disappointed /disappointing because I studied a lot.

13.I am interested/interesting in interior design, so I will subscribe to a home art magazine.

14.The little boy got frightened/frightening when he got into the horror tunnel.

15.I can’t watch horror movies because I find them frightened/frightening.

16.I was shocked/shocking when I saw so many people at my birthday party.

17.You didn’t seem surprised/surprising to see me again.

18.It is surprised/surprising to see your old friends in the street at an unexpected time.

19.It is really tired/tiring to work many hours in the job and come home and do housework
again.

20.I sometimes feel too tired/tiring to chew my food.

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If Conditional Type 2- Rewrite Exercises

A. Rewrite the sentences by using If conditional type 2.

1. She doesn’t study hard because her mother shouts at her.

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2. I cannot get a job in a bank easily because I don’t have a degree.

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3. He doesn’t study regularly, so he can’t get good marks.

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4. I don’t have enough money, so I can’t go abroad.

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5. It is a pity that I am not tall enough, so I can’t win the beauty contest.

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6. I am not happy because I don’t have enough money.

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7. I have to take the train because I don’t have a car.

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8. I cannot go for a walk because I don’t have my trainers with me.

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9. She is so nervous because she drinks too much coffee.

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10. I don’t have electricity, so I can’t do my homework.

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11. She lives with her sister because she can’t buy a flat.

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12. She is not happy because she has an old car.

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13. My student can pass the APEX exam if he isn’t nervous.

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14. I don’t know his illness, so I can’t help him.

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15. I am busy, so I can’t help my son to do his homework.

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16. I am not very intelligent, so I can’t get a place in Cambridge University.

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17. It rains a lot that’s why we can’t go for a picnic.

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18. I can’t understand you, so I can’t help you.

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19. I have a lot of things to do, and I can’t concentrate on my job.

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20. She is selfish and she only thinks of herself.

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