CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.
CREATE TABLE <TABLE_NAME>
(COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES,[,....] [ Constaints]);
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
(Name VARCHAR2(20),
Email VARCHAR2(100),
DOB DATE);
CREATE TABLE Students(
id int,
name varchar(50),
address text,
grades varchar(50),
phone varchar(10)
);
The constraints used in SQL are:
Constraint Description
NOT NULL values cannot be null
UNIQUE values cannot match any older value
PRIMARY KEY used to uniquely identify a row
FOREIGN KEY references a row in another table
CHECK validates condition for new value
DEFAULT set default value if not passed
CREATE INDEX used to speedup the read process
NOT NULL Constraint
CREATE TABLE Colleges (
college_id INT NOT NULL,
college_code VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
college_name VARCHAR(50)
);
UNIQUE Constraint
CREATE TABLE Colleges (
college_id INT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
college_code VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE,
college_name VARCHAR(50)
);
PRIMARY KEY Constraint
CREATE TABLE Colleges (
college_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
college_code VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
college_name VARCHAR(50)
);
FOREIGN KEY Constraint
CREATE TABLE Orders (
order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
customer_id int REFERENCES Customers(id)
);
CHECK Constraint
CREATE TABLE Orders (
order_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
amount int CHECK (amount >= 100)
);
DEFAULT Constraint
CREATE TABLE College (
college_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
college_code VARCHAR(20),
college_country VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'US'
);
CREATE INDEX Constraint
If a column has CREATE INDEX constraint, it's faster to
retrieve data if we use that column for data retrieval.
CREATE TABLE Colleges (
college_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
college_code VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
college_name VARCHAR(50)
);
CREATE INDEX college_index
ON Colleges(college_code);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS
If we try to create a table that already exists, we
get an error message 'Error: table already
exists' .
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Companies (
id int,
name varchar(50),
address text,
email varchar(50),
phone varchar(10)
);
Create Table Using Another Existing Table
CREATE TABLE CustomersBackup
AS
SELECT *
FROM Customers;
DROP TABLE Statement
DROP TABLE is used to delete the tables in our
database.
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example
DROP TABLE student;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS <tablename>;
ALTER TABLE Statement
ALTER TABLE Operations - We can perform the
following operations on a table using the ALTER
TABLE command:
Add a column
Rename a column
Modify a column
Delete a column
Rename a table
Add Column in a Table
ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD phone varchar(10);
Add Multiple Columns in a Table
ALTER TABLE Customers
ADD phone varchar(10), age int;
Rename Column in a Table
ALTER TABLE Customers
RENAME COLUMN customer_id TO c_id;
Modify the Data Type of a Column
ALTER TABLE Customers
MODIFY age VARCHAR(2);
Modify the Data Type of a Column
ALTER TABLE Customers
MODIFY age VARCHAR(2);
Drop Column in a Table
We can also drop (remove) columns in a table using the ALTER
TABLE command with the DROP clause.
ALTER TABLE Customers
DROP COLUMN country;
Rename a Table
We can change the name of a table using the ALTER TABLE command with
the RENAME clause.
ALTER TABLE Customers
RENAME TO New_customers;
Syntax
RENAME TABLE table-Name TO new-Table-Name
b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.
Syntax
1. DROP TABLE table_name;
Example
1. DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;
c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either
to modify the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new
attribute.
Syntax:
ADVERTISEMENT
To add a new column in the table
1. ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;
To modify existing column in the table:
1. ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY(column_definitions....);
EXAMPLE
1. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));
2. ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));
d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space
containing the table.
Syntax:
1. TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example:
1. TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
