MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL

AND BIO-ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

(UniKL MICET)

SUBJECT CODE : CLD 12003

SUBJECT TITLE : GENERAL CHEMISTRY
LEVEL : DIPLOMA
LECTURER’S NAME : DR NOR NADIAH MOHAMAD YUSOF

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME ID NUMBER

MUHAMMAD KHAIROL LUTHFI BIN KHAIROL AZNOL JOHARI 55106121047

NABILA BINTI GHAFFAR 55106121036

NUR FAZLINA BINTI SIDDIQ FIRDOUS 55106121081

HANIM NAZIRAH BINTI NASIR 55106121059

MOHAMMAD FAIZAL BIN MOHD AZRIN 55106121014

DUE DATE: 22 OCTOBER 2021

TABLE OF CONTENT
 Page no

TITLE PAGE 1

TABLE OF CONTENT 2

SUMMARY 3

OBJECTIVE 3

INTRODUCTION 4

DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENT 5

FORMULA TO CALCULATE STANDARD DEVIATION 5

MATERIALS 6

APPARATUS 6

PROCEDURES 6

RESULTS 7

CALCULATIONS 8-11

DISCUSSIONS 12-16

CONCLUSIONS 17

REFERENCES 18

APPENDIX 19-20

JOTTER NOTES 21-22

STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS

SUMMARY
In this experiment, the purpose was to prepare a solution of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) that has a concentration of 0.1M and then standardize it. Standardization is
carried out through titrations of a base against a known amount and concentration of
acid, which in this case was potassium acid phthalate (KHP). Using this method
allows for the exact concentration of an unknown solution to be determined using the
concentration of a known solution. To improve the accuracy of the results obtained,
three trials of titrations were carried out and recorded. The average molarity of all
three trials was then calculated. The average molarity of NaOH for standardization is
0.2016 M and for diluted standardized is 0.04034M.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this experiment is:

1. To comprehend the implications of neutralization titration.
2. To use potassium hydrogen phthalate to standardize a sodium hydroxide
solution.
3. To comprehend the titration calculation in order to obtain the standard
solution's concentration.

INTRODUCTION

This lab exercise or experiment is based on a titration technique to determine an

unknown concentration of monoprotic acid in solution. In the titration process, a basic
solution is gradually added to the acidic solution until complete neutralization is
achieved. The titration "endpoint" is detected using an indicator when the color of the
solution changes upon neutralization.
The concentration of an unknown solution can also be determined via volumetric
analysis. By measuring the volume of titrant required to reach the "endpoint", it is
possible to relate the acid concentration to the base concentration. In this way, the
unknown concentration can be expressed by the known concentration. The
concentration determination is repeated several times to improve the accuracy of the
measurements and estimate the experimental error.

The NaOH solution will be standardized in this experiment by titrating it against a

highly pure potassium acid phthalate (KHC8H4O4) sample of known mass.

NaOH (aq) + KHC8H4O4 (aq) NaKHC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l)

Considering the following reaction:

aA + bB → product

In a titration, if VA ml of A with molarity MA reacts thoroughly with VB ml of B with

molarity MB, the correlation is as follows:

MAVA a
--------- = --------
MBVB b

Diagram of the experiment:

NaOH Solution
 0.7 - 0.9 gram Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP

Formula to calculate the relative standard deviation

●
1. First, we have to calculate the Volume of NaOH by subtracting the final
burette reading and initial burette reading
2. we have to calculate the molarity of NaOH each trial by using formula

3. After we got the molarity of NaOH, we have to calculate the average

molarity of NaOH
4. Lastly, calculate the standard deviation by using the formula on the
picture.

MATERIAL:

Apparatus / Glassware
100 ml Erlenmeyer Flasks
50 ml Graduated Cylinder
Titration Setup
Spatula
Burette
Top loading balance 0.01g

Chemicals
50 % W/W NaOH
Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP
Distilled Water

PROCEDURE :

Standardization NaOH

1. Weigh three samples of approximately 0.7 g to 0.9 g solid KHP into each of three
clean, numbered Erlenmeyer flasks.
2. Add 50 ml of distilled water from a graduated cylinder to each flask and gently shake
until the KHP is dissolved. Fill each flask with 2 drops of phenolphthalein.
3. Titrate each of them with the NaOH solution until the first appearance of a faint pink
color lasts 15 seconds. As CO2 from the air dissolves in the solution, the colour will
fade
4. Calculate the average molarity, the standard deviation and relative standard Deviation
(S/X)

Diluted Standardization NaOH

1. In a 250 ml volumetric flask, make a diluted standardization of NaOH (diluted 5

times).
2. Weigh three samples of approximately 0.7 g to 0.9 g solid KHP into each of three
clean, numbered Erlenmeyer flasks.
3. Add 50 ml of distilled water from a graduated cylinder to each flask and gently shake
until the KHP is dissolved. Fill each flask with 2 drops of phenolphthalein.
4. Titrate each of them with NaOH solution until the first appearance of a faint pink
colour lasts for 15 seconds. As CO2 from the air dissolves in the solution, the colour
will fade.
5. Determine the average molarity, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation
(S/ X).

RESULT

1) Standardization of NaOH solution

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Mass of KHP 0.8 0.8 0.8

Final burette reading, NaOH (mL) 19.5 38.5 49.8

Initial burette reading, NaOH (mL) 0 19.5 19.8

Volume of NaOH (M) 19.5 19.0 19.8

Molarity of NaOH (M) 0.2009 0.2062 0.1978

Average molarity of NaOH (M) 0.2016

Standard deviation, σ 3.468 ×10−3

2) Diluted standardized NaOH solution

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Mass of KHP 0.8 0.8 0.8

Final burette reading, NaOH (mL) 103.1 90.1 99.0

Initial burette reading, NaOH (mL) 0 0 0

Volume of NaOH (M) 103.1 90.1 99.0

Molarity of NaOH (M) 0.03799 0.04347 0.03957

Average molarity of NaOH (M) 0.04034

Standard deviation, σ 2.303 ×10

−3

Calculation
DISCUSSION

The experiment's goal was to understand the application of neutralization titration.

The experiment involves two steps: (i) Standardization of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) solution, and (ii) Diluted Standardization
(NaOH). The two steps, (i) and (ii), are essentially similar. This procedure is called
standardization and the titrant is a standard solution.

Sodium hydroxide solution with potassium phthalate must be standardized and so as to urge
the concentration of the quality solution by using the calculation for titration method.
Standardization is the process of determining the precise concentration which may be a
molarity of an answer while titration is one kind of the analytical procedure utilized in
standardization. Therefore, the neutralization reaction proceeds as follows:

NaOH + KHC8H4O4 NaKC8H4O4 + H2O

Once, sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) can be determined by titrating the solution against
a sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate KHC8H4O4 (an endpoint occurs in the appearance
of a faint pink and then the reaction is over).

To achieve the purpose of the experiment for the standardization step, we accurately weigh
three samples of solid KHP which have been prepared by weighing out for trial 1 until 3 are
0.8g and adding the samples into each of three clean numbered Erlenmeyer flasks. After that,
we added 50ml of distilled water into the flask from a graduate then the flask was shaken
gently to make sure all the KHP were dissolved within the H2O. Then 2 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator were added within the flask, the solution was then titrated with
NaOH solution to the top point with the primary appearance of a faint pink color that
persisted for 15 seconds as the color would fade out as CO2 from the air dissolved within the
solution. Furthermore, we made a mistake by performing the titration process like the
solution turned to a bright pink, not faint pink.

These steps are repeated for each standardization of NaOH solution and diluted
standardization of NaOH solution. The indicator used is phenolphthalein. The diluted solution
of NaOH may be a weak acid that responds to additions or subtractions of the cation so it had
been proper that the unknown potassium hydrogen phthalate was diluted with a neutral
diluent.

The titrations had to be through with much care and precision because of their sensitivity and
until we made a mistake by performing the diluted standardization, because of that there
might be some deviations from the results of the experiment because the volume of NaOH
solution dropped was slightly excess. However, for the diluted standardization of NaOH
solution, the mass of KHP we used is the same as the standardization of NaOH for trials 1
until 3 are 0.8g.

The molarity of sodium hydroxide is calculated by using the formula :

NUMBER OF MOLES OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION

MOLARITY =
VOLUME OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION
The titration (standardization) results using 0.8g of the KHP (NaOH) solution are
summarized in Table 1 below.

1) STANDARDIZATION OF NaOH SOLUTION

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Initial volume (mL) 0 19.5 19.8

Final volume (mL) 19.5 38.5 49.8

Volume (mL) 19.5 19 19.8

TABLE 1

Table 1. Volume data from NaOH standardization measurements using KHP solution. The
data are obtained from the burette readings.

The Molarity of Sodium Hydroxide

Trial 1 = 0.2009 M

Trial 2 = 0.2062 M

Trial 3 = 0.1978 M
 TOTAL ADDING ALLTHREE TRIALS
AVERAGE MOLARITY =
NUMBER OF TRIALS

0.2009+ 0.2062+ 0.1978

¿
3
¿ 0.2016

STANDARD DEVIATION

√❑
❑

√❑
❑
√❑
−3
3.468 ×10 M @ 0.003468 M

The diluted standardization of NaOH solution will be diluted 5 times with 250 ml volumetric
flask. The same procedure was applied with the same mass for three trials and the data be
recorded in Table 2 above.

The titration (diluted) results using 0.8g of the KHP (NaOH) solution are summarized in
Table 2 below.

2) DILUTED STANDARDIZATION OF NaOH SOLUTION

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Initial volume (mL) 0 0 0

Final volume (mL) 103.1 90.1 99

Volume (mL) 103.1 90.2 99

TABLE 2

Table 2. Volume data from NaOH diluted measurements using KHP solution. The
data are obtained from the burette readings.

The Molarity of Sodium Hydroxide

Trial 1 = 0.03799 M

Trial 2 = 0.04347 M

Trial 3 = 0.03957 M

On the other hand, the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, is determined based on
the mass of the KHP and the stoichiometric from the balanced chemical equation.

STANDARD DEVIATION
−3
¿ 2.303× 1 0 M
In conclusion, we need to be responsible in conducting the experiment so that each reading
for the end of the experiment is recorded correctly. Therefore, while conducting this
experiment, we should need a regular person to handle each such activity so that no errors
occur as the burette opening is not too large and can control the activity well. This can avoid
differences in recording inaccuracies in measurements and calculations in a data set.

CONCLUSION:
The purpose of this lab was to determine the concentration of a sodium hydroxide
solution by titrating it with a standard solution of known concentration. The standard
solution of known concentration was used as KHP. During the titration, the
stoichiometric ratios between NaOH and KHP are met and the equivalence point is
reached. The equivalence point tells the volume needed of the unknown concentration
NaOH solution in order for the KHP and NaOH to react in a stoichiometric ratio.
Once the volume of NaOH is found, the number of moles of KHP and the
stoichiometric ratio is used to find the concentration of NaOH. The concentration for
NaOH was 0.1 M during the lab.

Some sources of error could of been for example, we failed to properly measure
the mass of the solutes (thus reducing the accuracy of all further calculations) and
failed to keep the solution mixed while titrating, introducing the possibility that the
solution may not completely react in areas and the possibility of inaccurate
measurement.To improve this lab, we are able to make sure to repeat the
experiment multiple times to minimize the impact of an anomalous result before
performing the titration.
REFERENCE:

https://www.cerritos.edu/chemistry/_includes/docs/Chem_111/Lab/Exp%2012%20-A
%20Standardization%20of%20NaOH%20F%2008.pdf

https://slideplayer.com/slide/5853395/
APPENDICES:

1.
i. Titration is a procedure for determining the concentration of a solution by
allowing a carefully measured volume to react with a standard solution of another
substance, whose concentration is known.

ii. The reagent is added to a solution containing the analyte and whose
volume is the signal.

2.
3. Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more
concentrated solution. Please show a flow chart and calculation step on how to
prepare a diluted standardization NaOH (diluted 5 times) in a 250 ml volumetric
flask.