Meen211101109 Ali Armghan Sabir

Lab Session 04

Cantilever Beam with Point Load

Objective:
To find the deformation in a Cantilever beam with a end point load application, numerically
and analytically

Problem Statement:
To calculate the maximum deflection of a 6 m long cantilever beam which has fixed support at one end.
If this beam is loaded with point load of 15 kN at the free end. Young’s modulus of the material is 2.8e+10
N/m2 while cross section of beam is square 0.346 m x 0.346 m, do simulation on ANSYS and compare
results with analytical calculations.

Input data:
A beam is drawn in with 6 m length and 346 mm square cross section. I use the general (Structural
Steel).

Procedure:
1. Open Static Structure Analysis form left toolbox of Analysis Systems
2. Then double click on engineering data to add a required material, i.e. mild
steel.
3. Now again in work bench, open geometry in Design Modeler and draw
according to given data. Then save it and exit the modeler.
4. Now mesh the model with default mesh sizing and add named selections if
required. Then refine the mesh sizing and save the project.
5. Apply boundary conditions and then the loadings conditions as given. Then
save the project.
6. Now click on solution and select the stress, deformation, then click solve.
7. It will show the ANSYS analysis of stress and deformation in geometry
window. The minimum and maximum values will be shown on side with
colors.
8. Save the images of all analysis and save the project report.
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Theoretical Background:
Cantilever Beam
Cantilever beams are beams that are constrained at one end and free at the other. At the
fixed, or restrained, end of the beam the slope and deflection must be zero. Deflection
increases as we move towards the free end, with maximum deflection at the tip.
Cantilever beams can be either end-loaded or uniformly loaded. There’s a great video here
giving us details on the slope and deflection along the beam.

End-loaded Cantilever beams

Here the load is applied at a single point on the beam. The first diagram below shows a
cantilever beam with a deflected shape. The second diagram shows a cantilever beam
carrying a point load at its free end.

Uniformly loaded cantilever beams

These types of beams have the force acting uniformly along its length. An example of a
cantilever beam carrying uniformly distributed load (UDL) would be a balcony. The diagram
below shows a schematic representation of this type of cantilever beam.
Deformation (Deflection):
As the beam experiences the central point load, it will deflect (bend) slightly. The
amount of deflection depends on several factors, including:
• Beam Material: The material's stiffness (Young's modulus) influences its
resistance to bending.
• Beam Geometry: The cross-sectional area and moment of inertia (I) of the
beam profile affect its bending behavior.
• Span Length (L): A longer span allows for greater deflection under the same
load.
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• Magnitude of End Load (w): A higher load intensity will cause more
significant deflection.

Introduction to Static Structural Analysis System

A static structural analysis determines the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in
structures o components caused by loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping
effects. Stead loading and response conditions are assumed; that is, the loads and the
structure's response are assumed to vary slowly with respect to time. A static structural load
can be performed using the ANSYS, Samcef, or ABAQUS solver. The types of loading that
can be applied in a static analysi include:
• Externally applied forces and pressures
• Steady-state inertial forces (such as gravity or rotational velocity)
• Imposed (nonzero) displacements
• Temperatures (for thermal strain) A static structural analysis can be either linear
or nonlinear.

Basic Steps of Modeling and Analysis in Static Structural

Create Analysis System
From the Toolbox, drag a Static Structural, Static Structural (Samcef), or Static Structural
(ABAQUS) template to the Project Schematic.
Define Engineering Data
Material properties can be linear or nonlinear, isotropic or orthotropic, and constant or
temperature dependent. You must define stiffness in some form (for example, Young's
modulus, hyperelastic coefficients, and so on). For inertial loads (such as Standard Earth
Gravity), you must define the data required for mass calculations, such as density.
Attach Geometry
When 2D geometry is used, Generalized Plane Strain is not supported for the Samcef or
ABAQUS solver.
Define Connections:
Contact, joints, springs, beams, mesh connections, and end releases are all valid in a static
structural analysis. For the Samcef and ABAQUS solvers, only contacts, springs, and beams
are supported. Joints are not supported.
Apply Mesh:
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Provide an adequate mesh density on contact surfaces to allow contact stresses to be

distributed in smooth fashion. Likewise, provide a mesh density adequate for resolving
stresses; areas where stresses or strains are of interest require a relatively fine mesh
compared to that needed for displacement or nonlinearity resolution.
Apply Loads and Supports:
For a static structural analysis applicable loads are all inertial, structural, imported, and
interaction loads, and applicable supports are all structural supports. For the Samcef and
ABAQUS solvers, the following loads and supports are not available: Hydrostatic Pressure,
Bearing Load, Bolt Pretension Joint Load, Fluid Solid Interface, Motion Loads, Compression
Only Support, Elastic Support.
Loads and supports vary as a function of time even in a static analysis as explained in the
Role of Time in Tracking. In a static analysis, the load's magnitude could be a constant value
or could var with time as defined in a table or via a function.
Procedure:
 First of all, open Static Structure Analysis form left toolbox of Analysis Systems.
 Then double click on engineering data to select any material of the specimen or to
change the required properties or specifications of a material.
 Back to the work bench, open geometry and draw the framing of the specimen
according to given data.
 Now mesh the model and apply boundary conditions. Then save the project.
 Insert the analysis quantities you want to check i.e. stress, deformation, after it solve.
 It will show the ANSYS analysis of stress and deformation in geometry window. The
minimum and maximum values will be shown on side with colors.
 Save the images of all analysis and save the project report
Meen211101109 Ali Armghan Sabir

Analysis Calculation:
As we know, the formula for the deflection of simply supported beam with uniform
distributed load is,

Length of the Beam= L = 6m=6000mm

Central Point Load= W = 15000N

Young’s modulus of the material= 𝐸 = 2.8e

Cross Section of Beam is Square= 𝑎 = 0.346m= 346mm

𝐼=

𝐼=

𝐼 = 1194326721𝑚𝑚

𝑦=

𝑦 = 15000 ∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗

𝑦 = 32.295𝑚𝑚
Meen211101109 Ali Armghan Sabir

Project
First Saved Sunday, April 21, 2024
Last Saved Sunday, April 21, 2024
Product Version 16.0 Release
Save Project Before Solution No
Save Project After Solution No
 Meen211101109 Ali Armghan Sabir

Contents
 Units

 Model (A4)
o Geometry
 Solid
o Coordinate Systems
o Mesh
o Static Structural (A5)
 Analysis Settings
 Loads
 Solution (A6)
 Solution Information
 Results

 Material Data
o Structural Steel

Units
TABLE 1
Unit System Metric (mm, kg, N, s, mV, mA) Degrees rad/s Celsius
Angle Degrees
Rotational Velocity rad/s
Temperature Celsius

Model (A4)
Geometry
TABLE 2
Model (A4) > Geometry
Object Name Geometry
State Fully Defined
Definition
C:\Users\Micro Tech\Documents\Cantilever
Source
Beam_files\dp0\SYS\DM\SYS.agdb
Type DesignModeler
Length Unit Meters
Element Control Program Controlled
Display Style Body Color
Bounding Box
Length X 346. mm
Length Y 346. mm
Length Z 6000. mm
Properties
Volume 7.183e+008 mm³
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Mass 5638.6 kg
Scale Factor Value 1.
Statistics
Bodies 1
Active Bodies 1
Nodes 6275
Elements 1104
Mesh Metric None
Basic Geometry Options
Parameters Yes
Parameter Key DS
Attributes No
Named Selections No
Material Properties No
Advanced Geometry Options
Use Associativity Yes
Coordinate Systems No
Reader Mode Saves Updated
No
File
Use Instances Yes
Smart CAD Update No
Compare Parts On Update No
Attach File Via Temp File Yes
Temporary Directory C:\Users\Micro Tech\AppData\Local\Temp
Analysis Type 3-D
Decompose Disjoint Geometry Yes
Enclosure and Symmetry
Yes
Processing

TABLE 3
Model (A4) > Geometry > Parts
Object Name Solid
State Meshed
Graphics Properties
Visible Yes
Transparency 1
Definition
Suppressed No
Stiffness Behavior Flexible
Coordinate System Default Coordinate System
Reference Temperature By Environment
Material
Assignment Structural Steel
Nonlinear Effects Yes
Thermal Strain Effects Yes
Bounding Box
Length X 346. mm
Length Y 346. mm
Length Z 6000. mm
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Properties
Volume 7.183e+008 mm³
Mass 5638.6 kg
Centroid X 143. mm
Centroid Y 143. mm
Centroid Z 3000. mm
Moment of Inertia Ip1 1.6972e+010 kg·mm²
Moment of Inertia Ip2 1.6972e+010 kg·mm²
Moment of Inertia Ip3 1.1251e+008 kg·mm²
Statistics
Nodes 6275
Elements 1104
Mesh Metric None

FIGURE 1
Model (A4) > Geometry > Solid > Image

Coordinate Systems
TABLE 4
Model (A4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System
Object Name Global Coordinate System
State Fully Defined
Definition
Type Cartesian
Coordinate System ID 0.
Origin
Origin X 0. mm
Origin Y 0. mm
Origin Z 0. mm
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Directional Vectors
X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ]
Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ]
Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ]

Mesh
TABLE 5
Model (A4) > Mesh
Object Name Mesh
State Solved
Display
Display Style Body Color
Defaults
Physics Preference Mechanical
Relevance 0
Sizing
Use Advanced Size Function Off
Relevance Center Fine
Element Size Default
Initial Size Seed Active Assembly
Smoothing Medium
Transition Fast
Span Angle Center Coarse
Minimum Edge Length 346.0 mm
Inflation
Use Automatic Inflation None
Inflation Option Smooth Transition
Transition Ratio 0.272
Maximum Layers 5
Growth Rate 1.2
Inflation Algorithm Pre
View Advanced Options No
Patch Conforming Options
Triangle Surface Mesher Program Controlled
Patch Independent Options
Topology Checking No
Advanced
Number of CPUs for Parallel Part Meshing Program Controlled
Shape Checking Standard Mechanical
Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled
Straight Sided Elements No
Number of Retries Default (4)
Extra Retries For Assembly Yes
Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced
Mesh Morphing Disabled
Defeaturing
Pinch Tolerance Please Define
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Generate Pinch on Refresh No

Automatic Mesh Based Defeaturing On
Defeaturing Tolerance Default
Statistics
Nodes 6275
Elements 1104
Mesh Metric None

FIGURE 2
Model (A4) > Mesh > Image

Static Structural (A5)

TABLE 6
Model (A4) > Analysis
Object Name Static Structural (A5)
State Solved
Definition
Physics Type Structural
Analysis Type Static Structural
Solver Target Mechanical APDL
Options
Environment Temperature 22. °C
Generate Input Only No

TABLE 7
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Analysis Settings
Object Name Analysis Settings
State Fully Defined
Step Controls
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Number Of Steps 1.
Current Step Number 1.
Step End Time 1. s
Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled
Solver Controls
Solver Type Program Controlled
Weak Springs Program Controlled
Solver Pivot Checking Program Controlled
Large Deflection Off
Inertia Relief Off
Restart Controls
Generate Restart Points Program Controlled
Retain Files After Full Solve No
Nonlinear Controls
Newton-Raphson Option Program Controlled
Force Convergence Program Controlled
Moment Convergence Program Controlled
Displacement Convergence Program Controlled
Rotation Convergence Program Controlled
Line Search Program Controlled
Stabilization Off
Output Controls
Stress Yes
Strain Yes
Nodal Forces No
Contact Miscellaneous No
General Miscellaneous No
Store Results At All Time Points
Analysis Data Management
Solver Files Directory C:\Users\Micro Tech\Documents\Cantilever Beam_files\dp0\SYS\MECH\
Future Analysis None
Scratch Solver Files Directory
Save MAPDL db No
Delete Unneeded Files Yes
Nonlinear Solution No
Solver Units Active System
Solver Unit System nmm

TABLE 8
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads
Object Name Fixed Support Force
State Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry 1 Face 1 Edge
Definition
Type Fixed Support Force
Suppressed No
Define By Components
Meen211101109 Ali Armghan Sabir

Coordinate System Global Coordinate System

X Component 0. N (ramped)
Y Component 15000 N (ramped)
Z Component 0. N (ramped)

FIGURE 3
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Fixed Support > Image

FIGURE 4
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force
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Solution (A6)
TABLE 9
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution
Object Name Solution (A6)
State Solved
Adaptive Mesh Refinement
Max Refinement Loops 1.
Refinement Depth 2.
Information
Status Done
Post Processing
Calculate Beam Section Results No

TABLE 10
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Solution Information
Object Name Solution Information
State Solved
Solution Information
Solution Output Solver Output
Newton-Raphson Residuals 0
Update Interval 2.5 s
Display Points All
FE Connection Visibility
Activate Visibility Yes
Display All FE Connectors
Draw Connections Attached To All Nodes
Line Color Connection Type
Visible on Results No
Line Thickness Single
Display Type Lines

TABLE 11
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Results
Object Name Total Deformation Equivalent Stress
State Solved
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry All Bodies
Definition
Type Total Deformation Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress
By Time
Display Time Last
Calculate Time History Yes
Identifier
Suppressed No
Results
Minimum 0. mm 1.0079e-002 MPa
Maximum 32.273 mm 13.38 MPa
Meen211101109 Ali Armghan Sabir

Information
Time 1. s
Load Step 1
Substep 1
Iteration Number 1
Integration Point Results
Display Option Averaged
Average Across Bodies No

FIGURE 5
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Total Deformation

TABLE 12
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Total Deformation
Time [s] Minimum [mm] Maximum [mm]
1. 0. 32.273
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FIGURE 6
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Total Deformation > Image

FIGURE 7
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress

TABLE 13
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress
Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa]
1. 1.0079e-002 13.38
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FIGURE 8
Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Solution (A6) > Equivalent Stress > Image

Material Data
Structural Steel
TABLE 14
Structural Steel > Constants
Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1
Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1
Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1
Resistivity 1.7e-004 ohm mm

TABLE 15
Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength
Compressive Ultimate Strength MPa
0

TABLE 16
Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength
Compressive Yield Strength MPa
250
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TABLE 17
Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength
Tensile Yield Strength MPa
250

TABLE 18
Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength
Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa
460

TABLE 19
Structural Steel > Isotropic Secant Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Reference Temperature C
22

TABLE 20
Structural Steel > Alternating Stress Mean Stress
Alternating Stress MPa Cycles Mean Stress MPa
3999 10 0
2827 20 0
1896 50 0
1413 100 0
1069 200 0
441 2000 0
262 10000 0
214 20000 0
138 1.e+005 0
114 2.e+005 0
86.2 1.e+006 0

TABLE 21
Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters
Strength Strength Ductility Ductility Cyclic Strength Cyclic Strain
Coefficient MPa Exponent Coefficient Exponent Coefficient MPa Hardening Exponent
920 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1000 0.2

TABLE 22
Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity
Temperature C Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa Shear Modulus MPa
28000 0.3 23333 10769

TABLE 23
Structural Steel > Isotropic Relative Permeability
Relative Permeability
10000